The expected-output files for these tests were broken by the recent
addition of a warning for hash indexes.  Update them.

Also add a test case for GB18030 encoding, similar to the other ones.
This is a pretty weak test, but it's better than nothing.

In 'always' mode, the standby independently archives all files it receives
from the primary.

Original patch by Fujii Masao, docs and review by me.

Consistently uppercase index method names, e.g. GIN, and add space after
the index method name and the parentheses enclosing the column names.

The expected output contained some floating point values which might get
rounded slightly differently on different platforms. The exact output isn't
very interesting in this test, so just round it.

Per buildfarm member rover_firefly.

We can only support a lossy distance function when the distance function's
datatype is comparable with the original ordering operator's datatype.
The distance function always returns a float8, so we are limited to float8,
and float4 (by a hard-coded cast of the float8 to float4).

In light of this limitation, it seems like a good idea to have a separate
'recheck' flag for the ORDER BY expressions, so that if you have a non-lossy
distance function, it still works with lossy quals. There are cases like
that with the build-in or contrib opclasses, but it's plausible.

There was a hidden assumption that the ORDER BY values returned by GiST
match the original ordering operator's return type, but there are plenty
of examples where that's not true, e.g. in btree_gist and pg_trgm. As long
as the distance function is not lossy, we can tolerate that and just not
return the distance to the executor (or rather, always return NULL). The
executor doesn't need the distances if there are no lossy results.

There was another little bug: the recheck variable was not initialized
before calling the distance function. That revealed the bigger issue,
as the executor tried to reorder tuples that didn't need reordering, and
that failed because of the datatype mismatch.

The previous coding effectively only verified that the second byte of a
multibyte character was in the expected range; moreover, it wasn't careful
to make sure that the second byte even exists in the buffer before touching
it.  The latter seems unlikely to cause any real problems in the field
(in particular, it could never be a problem with null-terminated input),
but it's still a bug.

Since GB18030 is not a supported backend encoding, the only thing we'd
really be doing with GB18030 text is converting it to UTF8 in LocalToUtf,
which would fail anyway on any invalid character for lack of a match in
its lookup table.  So the only user-visible consequence of this change
should be that you'll get "invalid byte sequence for encoding" rather than
"character has no equivalent" for malformed GB18030 input.  However,
impending changes to the GB18030 conversion code will require these tighter
up-front checks to avoid producing bogus results.

No need to have pg_audit.conf any longer since the regression tests are
just loading the module at the start of each session (to simulate being
in shared_preload_libraries, which isn't something we can actually make
happen on the buildfarm itself, it seems).

Pointed out by Tom

Sawada Masahiko, reviewed by Fabrízio Mello

The distance function can now set *recheck = false, like index quals. The
executor will then re-check the ORDER BY expressions, and use a queue to
reorder the results on the fly.

This makes it possible to do kNN-searches on polygons and circles, which
don't store the exact value in the index, but just a bounding box.

Alexander Korotkov and me

When this option is specified, a progress report is printed as each index
is reindexed.

Per discussion, we agreed on the following syntax for the extensibility of
the options.

    REINDEX (flexible options) { INDEX | ... } name

Sawada Masahiko.
Reviewed by Robert Haas, Fabrízio Mello, Alvaro Herrera, Kyotaro Horiguchi,
Jim Nasby and me.

Discussion: CAD21AoA0pK3YcOZAFzMae+2fcc3oGp5zoRggDyMNg5zoaWDhdQ@mail.gmail.com

We've conformed to this limit in the past, so might as well continue to.

Aaron Swenson

Until now, these functions have only supported encoding conversions using
lookup tables, which is fine as long as there's not too many code points
to convert.  However, GB18030 expects all 1.1 million Unicode code points
to be convertible, which would require a ridiculously-sized lookup table.
Fortunately, a large fraction of those conversions can be expressed through
arithmetic, ie the conversions are one-to-one in certain defined ranges.
To support that, provide a callback function that is used after consulting
the lookup tables.  (This patch doesn't actually change anything about the
GB18030 conversion behavior, just provide infrastructure for fixing it.)

Since this requires changing the APIs of UtfToLocal/LocalToUtf anyway,
take the opportunity to rearrange their argument lists into what seems
to me a saner order.  And beautify the call sites by using lengthof()
instead of error-prone sizeof() arithmetic.

In passing, also mark all the lookup tables used by these calls "const".
This moves an impressive amount of stuff into the text segment, at least
on my machine, and is safer anyhow.

Refactoring ahead of tablesample patch

Requested and reviewed by Michael Paquier

Petr Jelinek

Also add missing float8_pass_by_value check.

with input from David G. Johnston, Robert Haas, Michael Paquier

Report by Paul Jungwirth

In pg_audit, set client_min_messages up to warning, then reset the role
attributes, to completely reset the session while not making the
regression tests depend on being run by any particular user.

Instead of creating a new superuser role, extract out what the current
user is and use that user instead.  Further, clean up and drop all
objects created by the regression test.

Pointed out by Tom.

This encoding has characters up to 4 bytes long, not 2.

"%ld" is not a portable way to print int64's.  This may explain the
buildfarm crashes we're seeing --- it seems to make dromedary happy,
at least.

This patch introduces the ability for complex datatypes to have an
in-memory representation that is different from their on-disk format.
On-disk formats are typically optimized for minimal size, and in any case
they can't contain pointers, so they are often not well-suited for
computation.  Now a datatype can invent an "expanded" in-memory format
that is better suited for its operations, and then pass that around among
the C functions that operate on the datatype.  There are also provisions
(rudimentary as yet) to allow an expanded object to be modified in-place
under suitable conditions, so that operations like assignment to an element
of an array need not involve copying the entire array.

The initial application for this feature is arrays, but it is not hard
to foresee using it for other container types like JSON, XML and hstore.
I have hopes that it will be useful to PostGIS as well.

In this initial implementation, a few heuristics have been hard-wired
into plpgsql to improve performance for arrays that are stored in
plpgsql variables.  We would like to generalize those hacks so that
other datatypes can obtain similar improvements, but figuring out some
appropriate APIs is left as a task for future work.  (The heuristics
themselves are probably not optimal yet, either, as they sometimes
force expansion of arrays that would be better left alone.)

Preliminary performance testing shows impressive speed gains for plpgsql
functions that do element-by-element access or update of large arrays.
There are other cases that get a little slower, as a result of added array
format conversions; but we can hope to improve anything that's annoyingly
bad.  In any case most applications should see a net win.

Tom Lane, reviewed by Andres Freund

Also, use a function to load the extension ahead of all other calls,
simulating load from shared_libraries_preload, to make sure the
hooks are in place before logging start.

The database built by the buildfarm is specific to the extension, use
\connect - instead.

Remove the check that pg_audit be installed by
shared_preload_libraries as that's not going to work when running the
regressions tests in the buildfarm.  That check was primairly a nice to
have and isn't required anyway.

This extension provides detailed logging classes, ability to control
logging at a per-object level, and includes fully-qualified object
names for logged statements (DML and DDL) in independent fields of the
log output.

Authors: Ian Barwick, Abhijit Menon-Sen, David Steele
Reviews by: Robert Haas, Tatsuo Ishii, Sawada Masahiko, Fujii Masao,
Simon Riggs

Discussion with: Josh Berkus, Jaime Casanova, Peter Eisentraut,
David Fetter, Yeb Havinga, Alvaro Herrera, Petr Jelinek, Tom Lane,
MauMau, Bruce Momjian, Jim Nasby, Michael Paquier,
Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Neil Tiffin

The top-level makefile removes tmp_install in its "clean" target, but the
distclean and maintainer-clean targets overlooked that (and they don't
simply invoke clean, because that would result in an extra tree traversal).

While at it, let's just make sure that removing GNUmakefile itself is the
very last step of the recipe.

Commit 78efd5c1 overlooked this.

Report by Peter Geoghegan.

Andrew Gierth, reviewed by Peter Geoghegan and by me.

If a postgres_fdw foreign table is a non-locked source relation in an
UPDATE, DELETE, or SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE, and the query selects its
ctid column, the wrong value would be returned if an EvalPlanQual
recheck occurred.  This happened because the foreign table's result row
was copied via the ROW_MARK_COPY code path, and EvalPlanQualFetchRowMarks
just unconditionally set the reconstructed tuple's t_self to "invalid".

To fix that, we can have EvalPlanQualFetchRowMarks copy the composite
datum's t_ctid field, and be sure to initialize that along with t_self
when postgres_fdw constructs a tuple to return.

If we just did that much then EvalPlanQualFetchRowMarks would start
returning "(0,0)" as ctid for all other ROW_MARK_COPY cases, which perhaps
does not matter much, but then again maybe it might.  The cause of that is
that heap_form_tuple, which is the ultimate source of all composite datums,
simply leaves t_ctid as zeroes in newly constructed tuples.  That seems
like a bad idea on general principles: a field that's really not been
initialized shouldn't appear to have a valid value.  So let's eat the
trivial additional overhead of doing "ItemPointerSetInvalid(&(td->t_ctid))"
in heap_form_tuple.

This closes out our handling of Etsuro Fujita's report that tableoid and
ctid weren't correctly set in postgres_fdw EvalPlanQual cases.  Along the
way we did a great deal of work to improve FDWs' ability to control row
locking behavior; which was not wasted effort by any means, but it didn't
end up being a fix for this problem because that feature would be too
expensive for postgres_fdw to use all the time.

Although the fix for the tableoid misbehavior was back-patched, I'm
hesitant to do so here; it seems far less likely that people would care
about remote ctid than tableoid, and even such a minor behavioral change
as this in heap_form_tuple is perhaps best not back-patched.  So commit
to HEAD only, at least for the moment.

Etsuro Fujita, with some adjustments by me

These operations now error out if attempted on scalars, and simply
return the input if attempted on empty arrays or objects. Along the way
we remove the unnecessary cloning of the input when it's known to be
unchanged. Regression tests covering these cases are added.

Here, snapshot->xcnt is an unsigned type, so it will always be
non-negative.

The new function allows to estimate bloat and other table level statics
in a faster, but approximate, way. It does so by using information from
the free space map for pages marked as all visible in the visibility
map. The rest of the table is actually read and free space/bloat is
measured accurately.  In many cases that allows to get bloat information
much quicker, causing less IO.

Author: Abhijit Menon-Sen
Reviewed-By: Andres Freund, Amit Kapila and Tomas Vondra
Discussion: 20140402214144.GA28681@kea.toroid.org

This was added to react to changes in the pg_transform catalog, but
building with CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS showed that PL/Python was not
prepared for having its procedure cache cleared.  Since this is a
marginal use case, and we don't do this for other catalogs anyway, we
can postpone this to another day.

Specifically the tlist and rti of the pseudo "excluded" relation weren't
properly treated by expression_tree_walker, which lead to errors when
excluded was referenced inside a rule because the varnos where not
properly adjusted.  Similar omissions in OffsetVarNodes and
expression_tree_mutator had less impact, but should obviously be fixed
nonetheless.

A couple tests of for ON CONFLICT UPDATE into INSERT rule bearing
relations have been added.

In passing I updated a couple comments.

The catalog version should have been bumped, and the alternative
regression result file was not up to date with the name of jsonb_pretty.

jsonb_pretty(jsonb) produces nicely indented json output.
jsonb || jsonb concatenates two jsonb values.
jsonb - text removes a key and its associated value from the json
jsonb - int removes the designated array element
jsonb - text[] removes a key and associated value or array element at
the designated path
jsonb_replace(jsonb,text[],jsonb) replaces the array element designated
by the path or the value associated with the key designated by the path
with the given value.

Original work by Dmitry Dolgov, adapted and reworked for PostgreSQL core
by Andrew Dunstan, reviewed and tidied up by Petr Jelinek.

Previously, FDWs could only do "early row locking", that is lock a row as
soon as it's fetched, even though local restriction/join conditions might
discard the row later.  This patch adds callbacks that allow FDWs to do
late locking in the same way that it's done for regular tables.

To make use of this feature, an FDW must support the "ctid" column as a
unique row identifier.  Currently, since ctid has to be of type TID,
the feature is of limited use, though in principle it could be used by
postgres_fdw.  We may eventually allow FDWs to specify another data type
for ctid, which would make it possible for more FDWs to use this feature.

This commit does not modify postgres_fdw to use late locking.  We've
tested some prototype code for that, but it's not in committable shape,
and besides it's quite unclear whether it actually makes sense to do late
locking against a remote server.  The extra round trips required are likely
to outweigh any benefit from improved concurrency.

Etsuro Fujita, reviewed by Ashutosh Bapat, and hacked up a lot by me

In pgbench, report, but ignore, any errors returned when attempting to
vacuum/truncate the default tables during startup.  If the tables are
needed, we'll error out soon enough anyway.

Per discussion with Tatsuo, David Rowley, Jim Nasby, Robert, Andres,
Fujii, Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Tomas Vondra, Michael Paquier, Peter,
based on a suggestion from Jeff Janes, patch from Robert, additional
message wording from Tom.