Make simplehash.h grow hashtable in additional cases.

Increase the size when either the distance between actual and optimal
slot grows too large, or when too many subsequent entries would have
to be moved.

This addresses reports that the simplehash performed, sometimes
considerably, worse than dynahash.

The reason turned out to be that insertions into the hashtable where,
due to the use of parallel query, in effect done from another
hashtable, in hash-value order.  If the target hashtable, due to
mis-estimation, was sized a lot smaller than the source table(s) that
lead to very imbalanced tables; a lot of entries in many close-by
buckets from the source tables were inserted into a single, wider,
bucket on the target table.  As the growth factor was solely computed
based on the fillfactor, the performance of the table decreased
further and further.

b81b5a96 was an attempt to address this problem for hash
aggregates (but not for bitmap scans), but it turns out that the
current method of mixing hash values often actually leaves neighboring
hash-values close to each other, just in different value range.  It
might be worth revisiting that independently of the performance issues
addressed in this patch..

To address that problem resize tables in two additional cases: Firstly
when the optimal position for an entry would be far from the actual
position, secondly when many entries would have to be moved to make
space for the new entry (while satisfying the robin hood property).

Due to the additional resizing threshold it seems possible, and
testing confirms that so far, that a higher fillfactor doesn't hurt
performance and saves a bit of memory.  It seems better to increase it
now, before a release containing any of this code, rather than wonder
in some later release.

The various boundaries aren't determined in a particularly scientific
manner, they might need some fine-tuning.

In all my tests the new code now, even with parallelism, performs at
least as good as the old code, in several scenarios significantly
better.

Reported-By: Dilip Kumar, Robert Haas, Kuntal Ghosh
Discussion:
    https://postgr.es/m/CAFiTN-vagvuAydKG9VnWcoK=ADAhxmOa4ZTrmNsViBBooTnriQ@mail.gmail.com
    https://postgr.es/m/CAGz5QC+=fNTYgzMLTBUNeKt6uaWZFXJbkB5+7oWm-n9DwVxcLA@mail.gmail.com

src/include/lib/simplehash.h

@@ -157,13 +157,24 @@ SH_SCOPE void SH_STAT(SH_TYPE *tb);
 
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 
-/* conservative fillfactor for a robin hood table, might want to adjust */
-#define SH_FILLFACTOR (0.8)
-/* increase fillfactor if we otherwise would error out */
-#define SH_MAX_FILLFACTOR (0.95)
 /* max data array size,we allow up to PG_UINT32_MAX buckets, including 0 */
 #define SH_MAX_SIZE (((uint64) PG_UINT32_MAX) + 1)
 
+/* normal fillfactor, unless already close to maximum */
+#ifndef SH_FILLFACTOR
+#define SH_FILLFACTOR (0.9)
+#endif
+/* increase fillfactor if we otherwise would error out */
+#define SH_MAX_FILLFACTOR (0.98)
+/* grow if actual and optimal location bigger than */
+#ifndef SH_GROW_MAX_DIB
+#define SH_GROW_MAX_DIB 25
+#endif
+/* grow if more than elements to move when inserting */
+#ifndef SH_GROW_MAX_MOVE
+#define SH_GROW_MAX_MOVE 150
+#endif
+
 #ifdef SH_STORE_HASH
 #define SH_COMPARE_KEYS(tb, ahash, akey, b) (ahash == SH_GET_HASH(tb, b) && SH_EQUAL(tb, b->SH_KEY, akey))
 #else
@@ -466,12 +477,18 @@ SH_INSERT(SH_TYPE *tb, SH_KEY_TYPE key, bool *found)
 	uint32		startelem;
 	uint32		curelem;
 	SH_ELEMENT_TYPE *data;
-	uint32		insertdist = 0;
+	uint32		insertdist;
+
+restart:
+	insertdist = 0;
 
 	/*
 	 * We do the grow check even if the key is actually present, to avoid
 	 * doing the check inside the loop. This also lets us avoid having to
 	 * re-find our position in the hashtable after resizing.
+	 *
+	 * Note that this also reached when resizing the table due to
+	 * SH_GROW_MAX_DIB / SH_GROW_MAX_MOVE.
 	 */
 	if (unlikely(tb->members >= tb->grow_threshold))
 	{
@@ -536,6 +553,7 @@ SH_INSERT(SH_TYPE *tb, SH_KEY_TYPE key, bool *found)
 			SH_ELEMENT_TYPE *lastentry = entry;
 			uint32		emptyelem = curelem;
 			uint32		moveelem;
+			int32		emptydist = 0;
 
 			/* find next empty bucket */
 			while (true)
@@ -550,6 +568,19 @@ SH_INSERT(SH_TYPE *tb, SH_KEY_TYPE key, bool *found)
 					lastentry = emptyentry;
 					break;
 				}
+
+				/*
+				 * To avoid negative consequences from overly imbalanced
+				 * hashtables, grow the hashtable if collisions would require
+				 * us to move a lot of entries.  The most likely cause of such
+				 * imbalance is filling a (currently) small table, from a
+				 * currently big one, in hash-table order.
+				 */
+				if (++emptydist > SH_GROW_MAX_MOVE)
+				{
+					tb->grow_threshold = 0;
+					goto restart;
+				}
 			}
 
 			/* shift forward, starting at last occupied element */
@@ -585,6 +616,18 @@ SH_INSERT(SH_TYPE *tb, SH_KEY_TYPE key, bool *found)
 
 		curelem = SH_NEXT(tb, curelem, startelem);
 		insertdist++;
+
+		/*
+		 * To avoid negative consequences from overly imbalanced hashtables,
+		 * grow the hashtable if collisions lead to large runs. The most
+		 * likely cause of such imbalance is filling a (currently) small
+		 * table, from a currently big one, in hash-table order.
+		 */
+		if (insertdist > SH_GROW_MAX_DIB)
+		{
+			tb->grow_threshold = 0;
+			goto restart;
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -878,6 +921,8 @@ SH_STAT(SH_TYPE *tb)
 #undef SH_MAKE_NAME_
 #undef SH_FILLFACTOR
 #undef SH_MAX_FILLFACTOR
+#undef SH_GROW_MAX_DIB
+#undef SH_GROW_MAX_MOVE
 #undef SH_MAX_SIZE
 
 /* types */