From: David Hartwig <daybee@bellatlantic.net>

I have attached a patch to allow GROUP BY and/or ORDER BY function or
expressions.  Note worthy items:

1. The expression or function need not be in the target list.
Example:
            SELECT  name FROM foo GROUP BY lower(name);

2.   Simplified the grammar to use expressions only.

3.  Cleaned up earlier patch in this area to make use of existing
utility functions.

3.  Reduced some of the members in the SortGroupBy parse node.   The
original data members were redundant with the new expression node.
(MUST do a "make clean" now)

4.  Added a new parse node "JoinUsing".   The JOIN USING clause was
overloading this SortGroupBy structure.   With the afore mentioned
reduction of members, the two clauses lost all their commonality.

5.  A bug still exist where, if a function or expression is GROUPed BY,
and an aggregate function does not include a attribute from the
expression or function, the backend crashes.   (or something like
that)   The bug pre-dates this patch.    Example:

    SELECT lower(a) AS lowcase, count(b) FROM foo GROUP BY lowcase;
                 *** BOOM  ***

    --Also when not in target list
    SELECT  count(b) FROM foo GROUP BY lower(a);
                *** BOOM  AGAIN ***

src/backend/parser/gram.y

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
  *
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/gram.y,v 2.20 1998/08/04 17:37:48 momjian Exp $
+ *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/gram.y,v 2.21 1998/08/05 04:49:08 scrappy Exp $
  *
  * HISTORY
  *	  AUTHOR			DATE			MAJOR EVENT
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ Oid	param_type(int t); /* used in parse_expr.c */
 	DefElem				*defelt;
 	ParamString			*param;
 	SortGroupBy			*sortgroupby;
+	JoinUsing			*joinusing;
 	IndexElem			*ielem;
 	RangeVar			*range;
 	RelExpr				*relexp;
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ Oid	param_type(int t); /* used in parse_expr.c */
 		sort_clause, sortby_list, index_params, index_list, name_list,
 		from_clause, from_list, opt_array_bounds, nest_array_bounds,
 		expr_list, attrs, res_target_list, res_target_list2,
-		def_list, opt_indirection, group_clause, groupby_list, TriggerFuncArgs
+		def_list, opt_indirection, group_clause, TriggerFuncArgs
 
 %type <node>	func_return
 %type <boolean>	set_opt
@@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ Oid	param_type(int t); /* used in parse_expr.c */
 
 %type <list>	union_clause, select_list
 %type <list>	join_list
-%type <sortgroupby>
+%type <joinusing>
 				join_using
 %type <boolean>	opt_union
 %type <boolean>	opt_table
@@ -211,7 +212,6 @@ Oid	param_type(int t); /* used in parse_expr.c */
 %type <node>	CreateAsElement
 %type <value>	NumericOnly, FloatOnly, IntegerOnly
 %type <attr>	event_object, attr
-%type <sortgroupby>		groupby
 %type <sortgroupby>		sortby
 %type <ielem>	index_elem, func_index
 %type <range>	from_val
@@ -2517,28 +2517,10 @@ sortby_list:  sortby							{ $$ = lcons($1, NIL); }
 		| sortby_list ',' sortby				{ $$ = lappend($1, $3); }
 		;
 
-sortby:  ColId OptUseOp
+sortby: a_expr OptUseOp
 				{
 					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
-					$$->resno = 0;
-					$$->range = NULL;
-					$$->name = $1;
-					$$->useOp = $2;
-				}
-		| ColId '.' ColId OptUseOp
-				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
-					$$->resno = 0;
-					$$->range = $1;
-					$$->name = $3;
-					$$->useOp = $4;
-				}
-		| Iconst OptUseOp
-				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
-					$$->resno = $1;
-					$$->range = NULL;
-					$$->name = NULL;
+					$$->node = $1;
 					$$->useOp = $2;
 				}
 		;
@@ -2570,40 +2552,10 @@ name_list:  name
 				{	$$ = lappend($1,makeString($3)); }
 		;
 
-group_clause:  GROUP BY groupby_list			{ $$ = $3; }
+group_clause:  GROUP BY expr_list			{ $$ = $3; }
 		| /*EMPTY*/								{ $$ = NIL; }
 		;
 
-groupby_list:  groupby							{ $$ = lcons($1, NIL); }
-		| groupby_list ',' groupby				{ $$ = lappend($1, $3); }
-		;
-
-groupby:  ColId
-				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
-					$$->resno = 0;
-					$$->range = NULL;
-					$$->name = $1;
-					$$->useOp = NULL;
-				}
-		| ColId '.' ColId
-				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
-					$$->resno = 0;
-					$$->range = $1;
-					$$->name = $3;
-					$$->useOp = NULL;
-				}
-		| Iconst
-				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
-					$$->resno = $1;
-					$$->range = NULL;
-					$$->name = NULL;
-					$$->useOp = NULL;
-				}
-		;
-
 having_clause:  HAVING a_expr
 				{
 					$$ = $2;
@@ -2688,28 +2640,33 @@ join_list:  join_using							{ $$ = lcons($1, NIL); }
 		;
 
 join_using:  ColId
-				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
+				/*  Changed from SortGroupBy parse node to new JoinUsing node.
+			  	 *  SortGroupBy no longer needs these structure members.
+				 *
+			  	 *  Once, acknowledged, this comment can be removed by the
+				 *  developer(s) working on the JOIN clause.
+				 *
+			  	 *    - daveh@insightdist.com  1998-07-31
+				 */ 
+				{
+					$$ = makeNode(JoinUsing);
 					$$->resno = 0;
 					$$->range = NULL;
 					$$->name = $1;
-					$$->useOp = NULL;
 				}
 		| ColId '.' ColId
 				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
+					$$ = makeNode(JoinUsing);
 					$$->resno = 0;
 					$$->range = $1;
 					$$->name = $3;
-					$$->useOp = NULL;
 				}
 		| Iconst
 				{
-					$$ = makeNode(SortGroupBy);
+					$$ = makeNode(JoinUsing);
 					$$->resno = $1;
 					$$->range = NULL;
 					$$->name = NULL;
-					$$->useOp = NULL;
 				}
 		;
 

src/backend/parser/parse_clause.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  *
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/parse_clause.c,v 1.22 1998/08/02 13:34:26 thomas Exp $
+ *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/parse_clause.c,v 1.23 1998/08/05 04:49:09 scrappy Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -28,9 +28,15 @@
 #include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
 
 
+
+#define ORDER_CLAUSE 0
+#define GROUP_CLAUSE 1
+
+static char *clauseText[] = {"ORDER", "GROUP"};
+
 static TargetEntry *
-find_targetlist_entry(ParseState *pstate,
-					  SortGroupBy *sortgroupby, List *tlist);
+findTargetlistEntry(ParseState *pstate, Node *node, List *tlist, int clause);
+
 static void parseFromClause(ParseState *pstate, List *frmList);
 
 
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@ makeRangeTable(ParseState *pstate, char *relname, List *frmList)
 /*
  * transformWhereClause -
  *	  transforms the qualification and make sure it is of type Boolean
- *
+ *    
  */
 Node *
 transformWhereClause(ParseState *pstate, Node *a_expr)
@@ -128,130 +134,182 @@ parseFromClause(ParseState *pstate, List *frmList)
 }
 
 /*
- *	find_targetlist_entry -
+ *	findTargetlistEntry -
  *	  returns the Resdom in the target list matching the specified varname
- *	  and range
+ *	  and range. If none exist one is created.
+ *
+ *    Rewritten for ver 6.4 to handle expressions in the GROUP/ORDER BY clauses.
+ *     - daveh@insightdist.com  1998-07-31
  *
  */
 static TargetEntry *
-find_targetlist_entry(ParseState *pstate, SortGroupBy *sortgroupby, List *tlist)
+findTargetlistEntry(ParseState *pstate, Node *node, List *tlist, int clause)
 {
-	List	    *i;
-	int			 real_rtable_pos = 0,
-				 target_pos = 0;
+	List	    *l;
+	int			 rtable_pos = 0,
+				 target_pos = 0,
+				 targetlist_pos = 0;
 	TargetEntry *target_result = NULL;
+	Value		*val = NULL;
+	char		*relname = NULL;
+	char		*name = NULL;
+	Node		*expr = NULL;
+	int			relCnt = 0;
+
+	/* Pull out some values before looping thru target list  */
+	switch(nodeTag(node))
+	{
+		case T_Attr: 
+			relname = ((Attr*)node)->relname;
+			val = (Value *)lfirst(((Attr*)node)->attrs);
+			name = strVal(val);
+			rtable_pos = refnameRangeTablePosn(pstate, relname, NULL);
+			relCnt = length(pstate->p_rtable);
+			break;
+
+		case T_Ident:
+			name = ((Ident*)node)->name;
+			relCnt = length(pstate->p_rtable);
+			break;
+
+		case T_A_Const:
+			val = &((A_Const*)node)->val;
+	
+			if (nodeTag(val) !=  T_Integer)  
+				elog(ERROR, "Illegal Constant in %s BY", clauseText[clause]);
+			target_pos = intVal(val);
+			break;
+
+		case T_FuncCall:
+		case T_A_Expr:
+			expr = transformExpr(pstate, node, EXPR_COLUMN_FIRST);
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "Illegal %s BY node = %d", clauseText[clause], nodeTag(node));
+	}
 
-	if (sortgroupby->range != NULL)
-		real_rtable_pos = refnameRangeTablePosn(pstate, sortgroupby->range, NULL);
-
-	foreach(i, tlist)
+	/*
+	 *  Loop through target entries and try to match to node
+	 */
+	foreach(l, tlist)
 	{
-		TargetEntry *target = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(i);
+		TargetEntry *target = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(l);
 		Resdom	   *resnode = target->resdom;
 		Var		   *var = (Var *) target->expr;
 		char	   *resname = resnode->resname;
 		int			test_rtable_pos = var->varno;
 
-		/* no name specified? then must have been a column number instead... */
-		if (sortgroupby->name == NULL)
+		++targetlist_pos;
+
+		switch(nodeTag(node))
 		{
-			if (sortgroupby->resno == ++target_pos)
+		case T_Attr:
+			if (strcmp(resname, name) == 0 && rtable_pos == test_rtable_pos)
 			{
-				target_result = target;
-				break;
+				/*   Check for only 1 table & ORDER BY -ambiguity does not matter here  */
+				if (clause == ORDER_CLAUSE && relCnt == 1)
+					return target;
+
+				if (target_result != NULL)
+					elog(ERROR, "%s BY '%s' is ambiguous", clauseText[clause], name);
+				else
+					target_result = target;
+				/*   Stay in loop to check for ambiguity */
 			}
-		}
-		/* otherwise, try to match name... */
-		else
-		{
-			/* same name? */
-			if (strcmp(resname, sortgroupby->name) == 0)
+			break;
+
+		case T_Ident:
+			if (strcmp(resname, name) == 0)
 			{
-				if (sortgroupby->range != NULL)
-				{
-					if (real_rtable_pos == test_rtable_pos)
-					{
-						if (target_result != NULL)
-							elog(ERROR, "ORDER/GROUP BY '%s' is ambiguous", sortgroupby->name);
-						else
-							target_result = target;
-					}
-				}
+				/*   Check for only 1 table & ORDER BY  -ambiguity does not matter here */
+				if (clause == ORDER_CLAUSE && relCnt == 1)
+					return target;
+
+				if (target_result != NULL)
+					elog(ERROR, "%s BY '%s' is ambiguous", clauseText[clause], name);
 				else
-				{
-					if (target_result != NULL)
-						elog(ERROR, "ORDER/GROUP BY '%s' is ambiguous", sortgroupby->name);
-					else
-						target_result = target;
-				}
+					target_result = target;
+				/*   Stay in loop to check for ambiguity  */
 			}
-		}
-	}
+			break;
 
+		case T_A_Const:
+			if (target_pos == targetlist_pos)
+			{
+				/*   Can't be ambigious and we got what we came for  */
+				return target;
+			}
+			break;
 
-	/* No name specified and no target found?
-	 * Then must have been an out-of-range column number instead...
-	 * - thomas 1998-07-09
-	 */
-	if ((sortgroupby->name == NULL) && (target_result == NULL))
-	{
-		elog(ERROR, "ORDER/GROUP BY position %d is not in target list",
-			sortgroupby->resno);
-	}
+		case T_FuncCall:   
+		case T_A_Expr:
+			if (equal(expr, target->expr))
+			{
+				/*   Check for only 1 table & ORDER BY  -ambiguity does not matter here */
+				if (clause == ORDER_CLAUSE)
+					return target;
+
+				if (target_result != NULL)
+					elog(ERROR, "GROUP BY has ambiguous expression");
+				else
+					target_result = target;
+			}
+			break;
 
+		default:
+			elog(ERROR, "Illegal %s BY node = %d", clauseText[clause], nodeTag(node));
+		}
+	}
 
-	/* BEGIN add missing target entry hack.
-	 *
-	 * Prior to this hack, this function returned NIL if no target_result.
-	 * Thus, ORDER/GROUP BY required the attributes be in the target list.
-	 * Now it constructs a new target entry which is appended to the end of
-	 * the target list.   This target is set to be  resjunk = TRUE so that
+	/* 
+	 * If no matches, construct a new target entry which is appended to the end
+	 * of the target list.   This target is set to be  resjunk = TRUE so that
 	 * it will not be projected into the final tuple.
-	 *       daveh@insightdist.com    5/20/98
 	 */  
-	if ((target_result == NULL) && (sortgroupby->name != NULL)) {
-
-		List   *p_target = tlist;
-		TargetEntry *tent = makeNode(TargetEntry);
-
-		if (sortgroupby->range != NULL) {
-			Attr *missingAttr = (Attr *)makeNode(Attr);
-			missingAttr->type = T_Attr;
-
-			missingAttr->relname = palloc(strlen(sortgroupby->range) + 1);
-			strcpy(missingAttr->relname, sortgroupby->range);
-
-			missingAttr->attrs = lcons(makeString(sortgroupby->name), NIL);
-
-			tent = transformTargetIdent(pstate, (Node *)missingAttr, tent,
-										&missingAttr->relname, NULL,
-										missingAttr->relname, TRUE);
-		}
-		else
+	if (target_result == NULL)
+ 	{
+		switch(nodeTag(node))
 		{
-			Ident *missingIdent = (Ident *)makeNode(Ident);
-			missingIdent->type = T_Ident;
+			case T_Attr: 
+				target_result = transformTargetIdent(pstate, node, makeNode(TargetEntry),
+										&((Attr*)node)->relname, NULL,
+										((Attr*)node)->relname, TRUE);
+				lappend(tlist, target_result);
+				break;
 
-			missingIdent->name = palloc(strlen(sortgroupby->name) + 1);
-			strcpy(missingIdent->name, sortgroupby->name);
+			case T_Ident:
+				target_result = transformTargetIdent(pstate, node, makeNode(TargetEntry),
+										&((Ident*)node)->name, NULL,
+										((Ident*)node)->name, TRUE);
+				lappend(tlist, target_result);
+				break;
 
-			tent = transformTargetIdent(pstate, (Node *)missingIdent, tent,
-										&missingIdent->name, NULL,
-										missingIdent->name, TRUE);
-		}
+			case T_A_Const:
+				/* 
+			 	* If we got this far, then must have been an out-of-range column number
+			 	*/
+				elog(ERROR, "%s BY position %d is not in target list", clauseText[clause], target_pos);
+				break;
+
+			case T_FuncCall:
+			case T_A_Expr:
+				target_result = MakeTargetlistExpr(pstate, "resjunk", expr, FALSE, TRUE);
+				lappend(tlist, target_result);
+				break;
 
-		/* Add to the end of the target list */
-		while (lnext(p_target) != NIL) {
-			p_target = lnext(p_target);
+			default:
+				elog(ERROR, "Illegal %s BY node = %d", clauseText[clause], nodeTag(node));
+				break;
 		}
-		lnext(p_target) = lcons(tent, NIL);
-		target_result = tent;
 	}
-	/*    END add missing target entry hack.   */
 
 	return target_result;
 }
 
+
+
+
 /*
  * transformGroupClause -
  *	  transform a Group By clause
@@ -269,7 +327,7 @@ transformGroupClause(ParseState *pstate, List *grouplist, List *targetlist)
 		TargetEntry *restarget;
 		Resdom	   *resdom;
 
-		restarget = find_targetlist_entry(pstate, lfirst(grouplist), targetlist);
+		restarget = findTargetlistEntry(pstate, lfirst(grouplist), targetlist, GROUP_CLAUSE);
 
 		grpcl->entry = restarget;
 		resdom = restarget->resdom;
@@ -328,7 +386,7 @@ printf("transformSortClause: entering\n");
 		TargetEntry *restarget;
 		Resdom	   *resdom;
 
-		restarget = find_targetlist_entry(pstate, sortby, targetlist);
+		restarget = findTargetlistEntry(pstate, sortby->node, targetlist, ORDER_CLAUSE);
 
 #ifdef PARSEDEBUG
 printf("transformSortClause: find sorting operator for type %d\n",

src/backend/parser/parse_target.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  *
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/parse_target.c,v 1.19 1998/07/20 19:53:52 momjian Exp $
+ *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/parse_target.c,v 1.20 1998/08/05 04:49:11 scrappy Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -32,11 +32,7 @@
 
 static List *ExpandAllTables(ParseState *pstate);
 static char *FigureColname(Node *expr, Node *resval);
-static TargetEntry *
-MakeTargetlistExpr(ParseState *pstate,
-				   char *colname,
-				   Node *expr,
-				   List *arrayRef);
+					
 Node *
 SizeTargetExpr(ParseState *pstate,
 			   Node *expr,
@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ printf("transformTargetIdent- transform type %d to %d\n",
 			{
 				expr = coerce_type(pstate, node, attrtype_id, attrtype_target);
 				expr = transformExpr(pstate, expr, EXPR_COLUMN_FIRST);
-				tent = MakeTargetlistExpr(pstate, *resname, expr, FALSE);
+				tent = MakeTargetlistExpr(pstate, *resname, expr, FALSE, FALSE);
 				expr = tent->expr;
 			}
 			else
@@ -293,7 +289,7 @@ printf("transformTargetList: decode T_Expr\n");
 						constval->val.str = save_str;
 						tent = MakeTargetlistExpr(pstate, res->name,
 												  (Node *) make_const(constval),
-												  NULL);
+												  NULL, FALSE);
 						pfree(save_str);
 					}
 					else
@@ -326,7 +322,7 @@ printf("transformTargetList: decode T_Expr\n");
 						}
 						res->name = colname;
 						tent = MakeTargetlistExpr(pstate, res->name, expr,
-												  res->indirection);
+												  res->indirection, FALSE);
 					}
 					break;
 				}
@@ -570,12 +566,17 @@ printf("SizeTargetExpr: no conversion function for sizing\n");
  * For type mismatches between expressions and targets, use the same
  *  techniques as for function and operator type coersion.
  * - thomas 1998-05-08
+ *
+ * Added resjunk flag and made extern so that it can be use by GROUP/
+ * ORDER BY a function or expersion not in the target_list
+ * -  daveh@insightdist.com 1998-07-31 
  */
-static TargetEntry *
+TargetEntry *
 MakeTargetlistExpr(ParseState *pstate,
 					 char *colname,
 					 Node *expr,
-					 List *arrayRef)
+					 List *arrayRef,
+					 int16 resjunk)
 {
 	Oid			type_id,
 				attrtype;
@@ -698,7 +699,7 @@ printf("MakeTargetlistExpr: attrtypmod is %d\n", (int4) attrtypmod);
 						 colname,
 						 (Index) 0,
 						 (Oid) 0,
-						 0);
+						 resjunk);
 
 	tent = makeTargetEntry(resnode, expr);
 

src/include/nodes/nodes.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $Id: nodes.h,v 1.25 1998/07/18 04:22:45 momjian Exp $
+ * $Id: nodes.h,v 1.26 1998/08/05 04:49:12 scrappy Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -211,7 +211,8 @@ typedef enum NodeTag
 	T_RangeTblEntry,
 	T_SortClause,
 	T_GroupClause,
-	T_SubSelect
+	T_SubSelect,
+	T_JoinUsing
 } NodeTag;
 
 /*

src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $Id: parsenodes.h,v 1.52 1998/07/26 04:31:29 scrappy Exp $
+ * $Id: parsenodes.h,v 1.53 1998/08/05 04:49:13 scrappy Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ typedef struct TypeName
 	char	   *name;			/* name of the type */
 	bool		timezone;		/* timezone specified? */
 	bool		setof;			/* is a set? */
-	int32		typmod;			/* type modifier */
+	int16		typmod;			/* type modifier */
 	List	   *arrayBounds;	/* array bounds */
 } TypeName;
 
@@ -787,13 +787,22 @@ typedef struct RelExpr
  * SortGroupBy - for order by clause
  */
 typedef struct SortGroupBy
+{
+	NodeTag		type;
+	char	   *useOp;			/* operator to use */
+	Node       *node;           /*  Expression  */    
+} SortGroupBy;
+
+/*
+ * JoinUsing - for join using clause
+ */
+typedef struct JoinUsing
 {
 	NodeTag		type;
 	int			resno;			/* target number */
 	char	   *range;
 	char	   *name;			/* name of column to sort on */
-	char	   *useOp;			/* operator to use */
-} SortGroupBy;
+} JoinUsing;
 
 /*
  * RangeVar - range variable, used in from clauses

src/include/parser/parse_target.h

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $Id: parse_target.h,v 1.8 1998/07/08 14:18:45 thomas Exp $
+ * $Id: parse_target.h,v 1.9 1998/08/05 04:49:15 scrappy Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -35,5 +35,10 @@ transformTargetIdent(ParseState *pstate,
 extern Node *
 CoerceTargetExpr(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr,
 				 Oid type_id, Oid attrtype);
+TargetEntry * MakeTargetlistExpr(ParseState *pstate,
+				   char *colname,
+				   Node *expr,
+				   List *arrayRef,
+				   int16 resjunk);
 
 #endif							/* PARSE_TARGET_H */

src/test/regress/expected/select_implicit.out

@@ -4,28 +4,32 @@ QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (1, 2, 'AAAA');
 QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (2, 2, 'AAAA');
 QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (3, 3, 'BBBB');
 QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (4, 3, 'BBBB');
-QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (5, 3, 'BBBB');
-QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (6, 4, 'CCCC');
-QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (7, 4, 'CCCC');
+QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (5, 3, 'bbbb');
+QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (6, 4, 'cccc');
+QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (7, 4, 'cccc');
 QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (8, 4, 'CCCC');
 QUERY: INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (9, 4, 'CCCC');
 QUERY: SELECT c, count(*) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY test_missing_target.c;
 c       |count
 --------+-----
 AAAA    |    2
-BBBB    |    3
-CCCC    |    4
+BBBB    |    2
+CCCC    |    2
 XXXX    |    1
-(4 rows)
+bbbb    |    1
+cccc    |    2
+(6 rows)
 
 QUERY: SELECT count(*) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY test_missing_target.c;
 count
 -----
     2
-    3
-    4
+    2
+    2
     1
-(4 rows)
+    1
+    2
+(6 rows)
 
 QUERY: SELECT count(*) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a ORDER BY b;
 ERROR:  parser: illegal use of aggregates or non-group column in target list
@@ -56,9 +60,9 @@ AAAA
 AAAA    
 BBBB    
 BBBB    
-BBBB    
-CCCC    
-CCCC    
+bbbb    
+cccc    
+cccc    
 CCCC    
 CCCC    
 (10 rows)
@@ -82,17 +86,54 @@ QUERY: SELECT c, count(*) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY 1;
 c       |count
 --------+-----
 AAAA    |    2
-BBBB    |    3
-CCCC    |    4
+BBBB    |    2
+CCCC    |    2
 XXXX    |    1
-(4 rows)
+bbbb    |    1
+cccc    |    2
+(6 rows)
 
 QUERY: SELECT c, count(*) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY 3;
-ERROR:  ORDER/GROUP BY position 3 is not in target list
+ERROR:  GROUP BY position 3 is not in target list
 QUERY: SELECT count(*) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
 	WHERE x.a = y.a
 	GROUP BY b ORDER BY b;
 ERROR:  Column b is ambiguous
+QUERY: SELECT a, a FROM test_missing_target
+	ORDER BY a;
+a|a
+-+-
+0|0
+1|1
+2|2
+3|3
+4|4
+5|5
+6|6
+7|7
+8|8
+9|9
+(10 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target
+	ORDER BY a/2;
+?column?|?column?
+--------+--------
+       0|       0
+       0|       0
+       1|       1
+       1|       1
+       2|       2
+       2|       2
+       3|       3
+       3|       3
+       4|       4
+       4|       4
+(10 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target
+	GROUP BY a/2;
+ERROR:  GROUP BY has ambiguous expression
 QUERY: SELECT x.b, count(*) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
 	WHERE x.a = y.a
 	GROUP BY x.b;
@@ -128,5 +169,100 @@ count
     4
 (4 rows)
 
+QUERY: SELECT a%2, count(a) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY test_missing_target.a%2;
+?column?|count
+--------+-----
+       0|    5
+       1|    5
+(2 rows)
+
+QUERY: /*
+	NOTE: as of 1998-08-01 a bug was detected unrelated to this feature which
+	requires the aggragate function argument to be the same as some non-agragate
+	in the target list.   (i.e. count(*) and count(b) crash the backend.)
+*/
+SELECT count(c) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY lower(test_missing_target.c);
+count
+-----
+    2
+    3
+    4
+    1
+(4 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT count(a) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a ORDER BY b;
+ERROR:  parser: illegal use of aggregates or non-group column in target list
+QUERY: SELECT count(b) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY b/2 ORDER BY b/2;
+count
+-----
+    1
+    5
+    4
+(3 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT lower(test_missing_target.c), count(c)
+  FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY lower(c) ORDER BY lower(c);
+lower   |count
+--------+-----
+aaaa    |    2
+bbbb    |    3
+cccc    |    4
+xxxx    |    1
+(4 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT a FROM test_missing_target ORDER BY upper(c);
+a
+-
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+0
+(10 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT count(b) FROM test_missing_target
+	GROUP BY (b + 1) / 2 ORDER BY (b + 1) / 2 desc;
+count
+-----
+    7
+    3
+(2 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT count(x.a) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY b/2 ORDER BY b/2;
+ERROR:  Column b is ambiguous
+QUERY: SELECT x.b/2, count(x.b) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY x.b/2;
+?column?|count
+--------+-----
+       0|    1
+       1|    5
+       2|    4
+(3 rows)
+
+QUERY: SELECT count(b) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY x.b/2;
+ERROR:  Column b is ambiguous
+QUERY: SELECT count(x.b) INTO TABLE test_missing_target3
+FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY x.b/2;
+QUERY: SELECT * FROM test_missing_target3;
+count
+-----
+    1
+    5
+    4
+(3 rows)
+
 QUERY: DROP TABLE test_missing_target;
 QUERY: DROP TABLE test_missing_target2;
+QUERY: DROP TABLE test_missing_target3;

src/test/regress/sql/select_implicit.sql

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (1, 2, 'AAAA');
 INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (2, 2, 'AAAA');
 INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (3, 3, 'BBBB');
 INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (4, 3, 'BBBB');
-INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (5, 3, 'BBBB');
-INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (6, 4, 'CCCC');
-INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (7, 4, 'CCCC');
+INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (5, 3, 'bbbb');
+INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (6, 4, 'cccc');
+INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (7, 4, 'cccc');
 INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (8, 4, 'CCCC');
 INSERT INTO test_missing_target VALUES (9, 4, 'CCCC');
 
@@ -59,6 +59,21 @@ SELECT count(*) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
 	WHERE x.a = y.a
 	GROUP BY b ORDER BY b;
 
+--   order w/ target under ambigious condition
+--   failure NOT expected
+SELECT a, a FROM test_missing_target
+	ORDER BY a;
+
+--   order expression w/ target under ambigious condition
+--   failure NOT expected
+SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target
+	ORDER BY a/2;
+
+--   group expression w/ target under ambigious condition
+--   failure expected
+SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target
+	GROUP BY a/2;
+
 --   group w/ existing GROUP BY target under ambigious condition
 SELECT x.b, count(*) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y 
 	WHERE x.a = y.a
@@ -77,7 +92,65 @@ FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y
 	GROUP BY x.b;
 SELECT * FROM test_missing_target2;
 
+
+--  Functions and expressions
+
+--   w/ existing GROUP BY target
+SELECT a%2, count(a) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY test_missing_target.a%2;
+/*
+	NOTE: as of 1998-08-01 a bug was detected unrelated to this feature which 
+	requires the aggragate function argument to be the same as some non-agragate 
+	in the target list.   (i.e. count(*) and count(b) crash the backend.)
+*/
+
+--   w/o existing GROUP BY target using a relation name in GROUP BY clause
+SELECT count(c) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY lower(test_missing_target.c);
+
+--   w/o existing GROUP BY target and w/o existing a different ORDER BY target
+--   failure expected
+SELECT count(a) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a ORDER BY b;
+
+--   w/o existing GROUP BY target and w/o existing same ORDER BY target
+SELECT count(b) FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY b/2 ORDER BY b/2;
+
+--   w/ existing GROUP BY target using a relation name in target
+SELECT lower(test_missing_target.c), count(c)
+  FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY lower(c) ORDER BY lower(c);
+
+--   w/o existing GROUP BY target
+SELECT a FROM test_missing_target ORDER BY upper(c);
+
+--   w/o existing ORDER BY target
+SELECT count(b) FROM test_missing_target
+	GROUP BY (b + 1) / 2 ORDER BY (b + 1) / 2 desc;
+
+--   group w/o existing GROUP BY and ORDER BY target under ambigious condition
+--   failure expected
+SELECT count(x.a) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y 
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY b/2 ORDER BY b/2;
+
+--   group w/ existing GROUP BY target under ambigious condition
+SELECT x.b/2, count(x.b) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y 
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY x.b/2;
+
+--   group w/o existing GROUP BY target under ambigious condition
+SELECT count(b) FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y 
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY x.b/2;
+
+--   group w/o existing GROUP BY target under ambigious condition
+--   into a table
+SELECT count(x.b) INTO TABLE test_missing_target3 
+FROM test_missing_target x, test_missing_target y 
+	WHERE x.a = y.a
+	GROUP BY x.b/2;
+SELECT * FROM test_missing_target3;
+
 --   Cleanup
 DROP TABLE test_missing_target;
 DROP TABLE test_missing_target2;
+DROP TABLE test_missing_target3;
+