Reduce cost of test_decoding's new oldest_xmin test

Change a whole-database VACUUM into doing just pg_attribute, which is
the portion that verifies what we want it to do.  The original
formulation wastes a lot of CPU time, which leads the test to fail when
runtime exceeds isolationtester timeout when it's super-slow, such as
under CLOBBER_CACHE_ALWAYS.  Per buildfarm member friarbird.

It turns out that the previous shape of the test doesn't always detect
the condition it is supposed to detect (on unpatched reorderbuffer
code): the reason is that there is a good chance of encountering a
xl_running_xacts record (logged every 15 seconds) before the checkpoint
-- and because we advance the xmin when we receive that WAL record, and
we *don't* advance the xmin twice consecutively without receiving a
client message in between, that means the xmin is not advanced enough
for the tuple to be pruned from pg_attribute by VACUUM.  So the test
would spuriously pass.

The reason this test deficiency wasn't detected earlier is that HOT
pruning removes the tuple anyway, even if vacuum leaves it in place, so
the test correctly fails (detecting the coding mistake), but for the
wrong reason.

To fix this mess, run the s0_get_changes step twice before vacuum
instead of once: this seems to cause the xmin to be advanced reliably,
wreaking havoc with more certainty.

Author: Arseny Sher
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/87h8lkuxoa.fsf@ars-thinkpad

contrib/test_decoding/expected/oldest_xmin.out

 Parsed test spec with 2 sessions
 
-starting permutation: s0_begin s0_getxid s1_begin s1_insert s0_alter s0_commit s0_checkpoint s0_get_changes s1_commit s0_vacuum s0_get_changes
+starting permutation: s0_begin s0_getxid s1_begin s1_insert s0_alter s0_commit s0_checkpoint s0_get_changes s0_get_changes s1_commit s0_vacuum s0_get_changes
 step s0_begin: BEGIN;
 step s0_getxid: SELECT txid_current() IS NULL;
 ?column?       
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@ step s0_checkpoint: CHECKPOINT;
 step s0_get_changes: SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('isolation_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1');
 data           
 
+step s0_get_changes: SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('isolation_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1');
+data           
+
 step s1_commit: COMMIT;
-step s0_vacuum: VACUUM FULL;
+step s0_vacuum: VACUUM pg_attribute;
 step s0_get_changes: SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('isolation_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1');
 data           
 

contrib/test_decoding/specs/oldest_xmin.spec

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ step "s0_getxid" { SELECT txid_current() IS NULL; }
 step "s0_alter" { ALTER TYPE basket DROP ATTRIBUTE mangos; }
 step "s0_commit" { COMMIT; }
 step "s0_checkpoint" { CHECKPOINT; }
-step "s0_vacuum" { VACUUM FULL; }
+step "s0_vacuum" { VACUUM pg_attribute; }
 step "s0_get_changes" { SELECT data FROM pg_logical_slot_get_changes('isolation_slot', NULL, NULL, 'include-xids', '0', 'skip-empty-xacts', '1'); }
 
 session "s1"
@@ -30,8 +30,11 @@ step "s1_begin" { BEGIN; }
 step "s1_insert" { INSERT INTO harvest VALUES ((1, 2, 3)); }
 step "s1_commit" { COMMIT; }
 
-# Checkpoint with following get_changes forces to advance xmin. ALTER of a
+# Checkpoint with following get_changes forces xmin advancement. We do
+# get_changes twice because if one more xl_running_xacts record had slipped
+# before our CHECKPOINT, xmin will be advanced only on this record, thus not
+# reaching value needed for vacuuming corresponding pg_attribute entry. ALTER of
 # composite type is a rare form of DDL which allows T1 to see the tuple which
 # will be removed (xmax set) before T1 commits. That is, interlocking doesn't
 # forbid modifying catalog after someone read it (and didn't commit yet).
-permutation "s0_begin" "s0_getxid" "s1_begin" "s1_insert" "s0_alter" "s0_commit" "s0_checkpoint" "s0_get_changes" "s1_commit" "s0_vacuum" "s0_get_changes"
+permutation "s0_begin" "s0_getxid" "s1_begin" "s1_insert" "s0_alter" "s0_commit" "s0_checkpoint" "s0_get_changes" "s0_get_changes""s1_commit" "s0_vacuum" "s0_get_changes"