create_lateral_join_info() computes a bunch of information about lateral
references between base relations, and then attempts to propagate those
markings to appendrel children of the original base relations.  But the
original coding neglected the possibility of indirect descendants
(grandchildren etc).  During v11 development we noticed that this was
wrong for partitioned-table cases, but failed to realize that it was just
as wrong for any appendrel.  While the case can't arise for appendrels
derived from traditional table inheritance (because we make a flat
appendrel for that), nested appendrels can arise from nested UNION ALL
subqueries.  Failure to mark the lower-level relations as having lateral
references leads to confusion in add_paths_to_append_rel about whether
unparameterized paths can be built.  It's not very clear whether that
leads to any user-visible misbehavior; the lack of field reports suggests
that it may cause nothing worse than minor cost misestimation.  Still,
it's a bug, and it leads to failures of Asserts that I intend to add
later.

To fix, we need to propagate information from all appendrel parents,
not just those that are RELOPT_BASERELs.  We can still do it in one
pass, if we rely on the append_rel_list to be ordered with ancestor
relationships before descendant ones; add assertions checking that.
While fixing this, we can make a small performance improvement by
traversing the append_rel_list just once instead of separately for
each appendrel parent relation.

Noted while investigating bug #15613, though this patch does not fix
that (which is why I'm not committing the related Asserts yet).

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3951.1549403812@sss.pgh.pa.us