The behavior is that the required sequence is created locally, which is
appropriate because the default expression will be evaluated locally.
Per gripe from Brad Nicholson that this case was refused with a confusing
error message.  We could have improved the error message but it seems
better to just allow the case.

Also, remove ALTER TABLE's arbitrary prohibition against being applied to
foreign tables, which was pretty inconsistent considering we allow it for
views, sequences, and other relation types that aren't even called tables.
This is needed to avoid breaking pg_dump, which sometimes emits column
defaults using separate ALTER TABLE commands.  (I think this can happen
even when the default is not associated with a sequence, so that was a
pre-existing bug once we allowed column defaults for foreign tables.)