This is a backpatch to branches 10-14 of the following commits:

7170f2159fb2 Allow "in place" tablespaces.
c6f2f01611d4 Fix pg_basebackup with in-place tablespaces.
f6f0db4d6240 Fix pg_tablespace_location() with in-place tablespaces
7a7cd84893e0 doc: Remove mention to in-place tablespaces for pg_tablespace_location()
5344723755bd Remove unnecessary Windows-specific basebackup code.

In-place tablespaces were introduced as a testing helper mechanism, but
they are going to be used for a bugfix in WAL replay to be backpatched
to all stable branches.

I (Álvaro) had to adjust some code to account for lack of
get_dirent_type() in branches prior to 14.

Author: Thomas Munro <thomas.munro@gmail.com>
Author: Michaël Paquier <michael@paquier.xyz>
Author: Álvaro Herrera <alvherre@alvh.no-ip.org>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20220722081858.omhn2in5zt3g4nek@alvherre.pgsql