The immediate motivation for this is to provide clean infrastructure
for the proposed \if...\endif patch for psql; but it seems like a good
thing to have even if that patch doesn't get in.  Previously the callback
functions could only make use of application-global state, which is a
pretty severe handicap.

For the moment, the pointer is only passed through to the get_variable
callback function.  I considered also passing it to the write_error
callback, but for now let's not.  Neither psql nor pgbench has a use
for that, and in the case of psql we'd have to invent a separate wrapper
function because we would certainly not want to change the signature of
psql_error().

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/10108.1489418309@sss.pgh.pa.us