It's not easy to get signed integer overflow checks correct and
fast. Therefore abstract the necessary infrastructure into a common
header providing addition, subtraction and multiplication for 16, 32,
64 bit signed integers.

The new macros aren't yet used, but a followup commit will convert
several open coded overflow checks.

Author: Andres Freund, with some code stolen from Greg Stark
Reviewed-By: Robert Haas
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20171024103954.ztmatprlglz3rwke@alap3.anarazel.de