Use Getopt::Long in preference to hand-rolled option parsing code.

Also, remove "-I .../backend/catalog" switch from the Makefile
invocations.  That's been unnecessary for some time, and leaving it
there gives the false impression it's needed in manual invocations.

John Naylor (extracted from a larger but more controversial patch)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CACPNZCsHdcQN2jQ1=ptbi1Co2Nj3aHgRCUMk62=ThgWNabPY+Q@mail.gmail.com