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<appendix id="release">
 <title>Release Notes</title>
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  <sect1 id="release-8-2">
   <title>Release 8.2</title>

   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
    <simpara>2005-1?-??</simpara>
    <para>CURRENT AS OF 2006-09-18</>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>
 
    <para>
     Major changes in this release:
    </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       XX
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        XX
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2</title>
                                       
    <para>
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     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
     release.
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    </para>
    
    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       XX
      </para>
      <para>
       YYY
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
    <title>Additional Changes</title>
 
    <para>
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     Below you will find a detailed account of the additional
     changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.2 and
     the previous major release.
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    </para>
 
    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve efficiency of <literal>IN</> (list-of-expressions)
	clauses (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Reduce locking requirements of sequential scans (Qingqing
	Zhou)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve subtransaction performance (Alvaro, Itagaki Takahiro,
	Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve locking performance by breaking locks into sections
	(Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows locking to be more fine-grained, reducing
	contention.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow the planner to re-order <literal>OUTER JOIN</>s when
	possible (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This makes a considerable difference for queries involving
	multiple outer joins.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve planning of joins to inherited tables and <literal>UNION
	ALL</> views (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve cost estimation for nestloop index scans (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This may eliminate the need to set unrealistically small
	values of <envar>random_page_cost</>.  If you have been
	using a very small <envar>random_page_cost</>, please
	recheck your test cases.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Increase default values for <envar>shared_buffers</> and
	<envar>max_fsm_pages</>(Andrew)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve the optimizer statistics used by <literal>LIKE</>,
	<literal>ILIKE</>, and regular expression operations (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow constraint exclusion to be applied to inherited
	<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</> queries (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	<command>SELECT</> already honored constraint exclusion.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve sorting speed and reduce memory usage (Simon, Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	<function>MIN()</>/<function>MAX()</> can now use indexes
	in more cases (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve concurrency for database creation and destruction
	(Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Speed up vacuuming of btree indexes (Heikki Linnakangas,
	Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve <command>COPY</> performance (Alon Goldshuv, Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <literal>FILLFACTOR</> to table and index creation
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	(ITAGAKI Takahiro)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This adds extra free space to each heap or index page,
	allowing improved performance as the database grows.  This
	is particularly valuable to maintain <command>CLUSTER</>ing.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Remove dead index entries before btree page split (Junji
	Teramoto)
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve performance of statistics monitoring, especially
	<literal>stats_command_string</> (Tom, Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
	This release sets <envar>stats_command_string</> to
	<literal>on</> by default, now that its overhead is minimal.
	This means <literal>pg_stat_activity</> now will show all
	active queries by default.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add support for include directives in <filename>postgresql.conf</>
	(Joachim Wieland)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add native <acronym>LDAP</> authentication (Magnus Hagander)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This is particularly useful for platforms that do not
	support <acronym>PAM</>, such as Win32.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Re-enable <envar>full_page_writes</> (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This flag can now be used even with <acronym>PITR</>. It
	is turned on automatically between <function>pg_start_backup()</>
	and <function>pg_stop_backup()</> calls.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add support for <acronym>SSL</> Certificate Revocation List
	(<acronym>CRL</>) files, <filename>root.crl</> (Libor
	Hoho&#353;)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This was added to <application>libpq</> as well.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Remove routine autovacuum server log entries (Bruce)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	<literal>pg_stat_activity</> now shows autovacuum activity.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <literal>GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE</>, to be used in
	addition to <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Gevik Babakhani)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This gives SQL-control over database access, and works in
	combination with the existing <filename>pg_hba.conf</>
	controls.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add last vacuum and analyze timestamp columns to the stats
	collector (Larry Rosenman)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	These values now appear in the <literal>pg_stat_*_tables</>
	system views, and are used by autovacuum. ?
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Deprecate use of <application>postmaster</> symlink (Peter)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	<application>postmaster</> and <application>postgres</>
	commands now act identically, with the behavior determined
	by switches.  The <application>postmaster</> symlink is
	kept for compatibility, but is not really needed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <acronym>GUC</> <envar>update_process_title</> to
	control whether the <application>ps</> display is updated
	for every command, default to <literal>on</> (Bruce)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Track tables needing vacuum with more accuracy (Alvaro)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This reduces the overhead involved in preventing transaction
	ID wraparound.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow units to be specified in configuration settings
	(Peter)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	You can now set <envar>shared_buffer</> to <literal>32000kB</>,
	for example.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve logging of protocol-level prepare/bind/execute
	messages (Bruce, Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Such logging now shows statement names, bind parameter
	values, and the text of the query being executed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Change <envar>log_duration</> to output even if the query
	is not output (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	In prior releases, <envar>log_duration</> only printed if
	the query appeared earlier in the logs.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow a forced switch to a new xlog file (Simon Riggs, Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This is valuable for keeping <acronym>PITR</> standby
	servers in sync with the master.  xlog file switching also
	happens automatically during <function>pg_stop_backup()</>.
	This ensures that <acronym>PITR</> servers have all xlog
	files needed for recovery.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <acronym>WAL</> informational functions (Simon Riggs)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Add functions for interrogating the current xlog insertion
	point and determining <acronym>WAL</> filenames from the
	hex <acronym>WAL</> locations displayed by
	<function>pg_stop_backup()</> and friends.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow <acronym>WAL</> replay to be restored quicker in case
	of a crash (Simon Riggs)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	The server now does periodic checkpoints during <acronym>WAL</>
	recovery, so if there is a crash, future <acronym>WAL</>
	recovery is shortened.  This also eliminates the need for
	<acronym>PITR</> standby servers to replay the entire log
	since the base backup if they crash.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <envar>archive_timeout</> to force xlog file switches
	at a given interval (Simon Riggs)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This enforces a maximum delay for <acronym>PITR</> standby
	servers.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add a <literal>waiting</> column to <literal>pg_stat_activity</>
	(Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows <literal>pg_stat_activity</> to show the same
	information as the <literal>ps</> display.
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       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Support portal parameters in <command>EXPLAIN</> and
	<command>EXECUTE</> (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows, for example, <literal>?</> parameters to work
	in these commands in <acronym>JDBC</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <literal>IS NOT DISTINCT FROM</> (Pavel Stehule)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	It is similar to equals (<literal>=</>), but is true when
	both left and right arguments are <literal>NULL</>, and
	false when just one is, rather than yielding <literal>NULL</>
	in these cases.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Make row comparisons follow <acronym>SQL</> standard
	semantics and allow them to be used in index scans (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Previously, row = and &lt;&gt; comparisons followed the
	standard but &lt; &lt;= &gt; &gt;= did not.  A row comparison
	can now be used as an index constraint for a multicolumn
	index matching the row value.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow additional row values comparison (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Add &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, &gt;=.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add system view <literal>pg_prepared_statements</> to show
	prepared statements (Joachim Wieland)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add system view <literal>pg_cursors</> to show open cursors
	(Joachim Wieland)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Both this and <literal>pg_prepared_statements</> are very
	useful for pooled connection setups.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	If <acronym>SQL</>-level <command>PREPARE</> parameters
	are unknown, infer their types from the context of the
	query (Neil)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Protocol-level <command>PREPARE</> already did this.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow <command>UPDATE</> and <command>DELETE</> to use an
	alias for the target table (Atsushi Ogawa)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows these statements to support self-joins more
	conveniently.  <command>UPDATE</> already supported as
	<literal>FROM</> clause, but <command>DELETE</> did not.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <literal>CASCADE</> option to <command>TRUNCATE</>
	(Joachim Wieland)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows <command>TRUNCATE</> also to automatically
	truncate all foreign-key referencing tables.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Enable <envar>standard_conforming_strings</> to be turned
	<literal>on</> (Kevin Grittner)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allow special backslash escaping in strings to be
	turned off so <productname>PostgreSQL</> is more
	standards-compliant.  The default is <literal>off</>, but
	future releases will default this to <literal>on</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Set <envar>escape_string_warning</> to <literal>on</> by
	default (Bruce)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This issues a warning if backslash escapes are used in
	non-escape (non-<literal>E''</>) strings.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Support <literal>FOR UPDATE</> and <literal>FOR SHARE</>
	in the same command (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Disallow aggregate functions in <command>UPDATE</> commands
	(unless within a subquery) (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	The standard disallows this, and it leads to unpredictable
	results.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Change the row constructor syntax (<literal>ROW(...)</>)
	so that list elements <literal>foo.*</> will be expanded
	to a list of their member fields, rather than creating a
	nested rowtype field as formerly (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	The new behavior is substantially more useful since it
	allows, for example, triggers to check for data changes
	with <literal>IF row(new.*) IS DISTINCT FROM row(old.*)</>.
	The old behavior is still available by omitting <literal>.*</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Change <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> to use
	<type>int8</> (Dhanaraj M)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> over
	two-billion.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add support for multi-row <literal>VALUES</> clauses as
	part of <command>INSERT</> and <command>SELECT</> statements
	(Joe, Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows <command>INSERT</> to insert multiple rows of
	constants, or queries to generate result sets using constants.
	For example, <literal>INSERT ...  VALUES (...), (...),
	....</>, and <literal>SELECT * FROM (VALUES (...), (...),
	....) AS alias(f1, ...)</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Improve the length output used by
	<literal>UNION</>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</>
	(Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	When all columns are of the same defined length, that length
	is used for output, rather than a generic length.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>
	<literal>RETURNING</> (Jonah Harris, Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows these commands to return values, such as the
	computed serial key for a new row.  In the <command>UPDATE</>
	case, values from the new state of the row are returned.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow <command>UPDATE</> to set multiple columns with a
	list of values (Susanne Ebrecht)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This is basically as short-hand for assigning the columns
	and values in pairs.  The syntax is <literal>UPDATE tab
	SET (col, ...) = (val, ...)</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Allow <literal>ILIKE</> to work for multi-byte encodings
	(Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	Internally, <literal>ILIKE</> now calls <function>lower()</>
	and then uses <literal>LIKE</>.  Locale-specific regular
	expression operations still do not work in these encodings.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Protocol-level unnamed prepared statements are re-planned
	for each set of <literal>BIND</> values (Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This improves performance because the exact parameter values
	can be used in the plan.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Do not flatten subqueries that contain <literal>VOLATILE</>
	functions in their target lists (Jaime Casanova)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This prevents surprising behavior due to multiple evaluation
	of a <literal>volatile</> function (such as <function>random()</>
	or <function>nextval()</>).  It may cause performance
	degradation in the presence of functions that are unnecessarily
	marked as <literal>volatile</>.
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       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <command>DROP</> object <literal>IF EXISTS</> for many
	object types (Andrew)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This allows <command>DROP</> operations on non-existent
	objects without generating an error.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <literal>DROP OWNED</> to drop all objects owned by a
	role (Alvaro)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <literal>REASSIGN OWNED</> to reassign ownership of
	all objects owned by a role (Alvaro)
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       </para>

       <para>
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	This, and <literal>DROP OWNED</> above, facilitate dropping
	roles.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Add <command>CREATE</>/<command>ALTER ROLE PASSWORD NULL</>,
	which removes the role's password (Peter)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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	Properly enforce <literal>DOMAIN</> check constraints
	everywhere (Neil, Tom)
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       </para>

       <para>
798 799 800
	For example, the result of a user-defined function that is
	declared to return a domain type is now checked against
	the constraints.
801 802 803 804 805
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
806
	Add <command>GRANT ON SEQUENCE</> syntax (Bruce)
807 808 809
       </para>

       <para>
810 811 812
	This was added for setting sequence-specific permissions.
	<literal>GRANT ON [TABLE]</> for sequences is still supported
	for backward compatibility.
813 814 815 816 817
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
818 819 820
	Add <literal>USAGE</> permission for sequences that allows
	only <function>currval()</> and <function>nextval()</>,
	not <function>setval()</> (Bruce)
821 822 823
       </para>

       <para>
824 825 826 827
	<literal>USAGE</> permission allows more find-grained
	control over sequence access.  It allows users to increment
	a sequence, but prevents them from setting the sequence to
	an arbitrary value using <function>setval()</>.
828 829 830 831 832
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
833 834
	Allow comments on global objects to be stored globally
	(Kris Jurka)
835 836 837
       </para>

       <para>
838 839 840
	Previously, global object comments were stored in individual
	databases, making them ineffective.  This adds a new
	<literal>pg_shdescription</> table.
841 842 843 844 845
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
846 847
	Add <literal>ON COMMIT</> clauses to <command>CREATE TABLE
	AS</> (Neil)
848 849 850
       </para>

       <para>
851 852 853
	This allows temporary tables to be truncated or dropped on
	transaction commit.  The default behavior is for the table
	to remain until the session ends.
854 855 856 857 858
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
859 860
	Add <literal>TABLESPACE</> and <literal>ON COMMIT</> clauses
	to <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> (Neil)
861 862 863
       </para>

       <para>
864 865
	This allows the tablespace to be specified for the new
	table.
866 867 868 869 870
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
871 872
	Allow placeholder (shell) types to be created (Martijn van
	Oosterhout)
873 874 875
       </para>

       <para>
876 877 878 879
	Shell types create a type reference, without specifying
	any of the aspects of the type.  It is useful for creating
	types with input/output functions that reference the data
	type.  The syntax is <command>CREATE TYPE typname</>.
880 881 882 883 884
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
885
	Add new aggregate creation syntax (Tom)
886 887 888
       </para>

       <para>
889 890 891 892
	The new syntax is <command>CREATE AGGREGATE</> aggname
	(input_type) (parameter_list).  This more naturally supports
	the new multi-parameter aggregate functionality.  The
	previous syntax is still supported.
893 894 895 896 897
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
898 899
	Aggregate functions now support multiple input parameters
	(Sergey Koposov, Tom)
900 901 902 903 904
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
905 906
	Have <command>SET CONSTRAINT</> affect only one constraint
	(Kris Jurka)
907 908 909
       </para>

       <para>
910 911 912 913 914
	In previous releases, <command>SET CONSTRAINT</> modified
	all constraints with a matching name.  In this release,
	the schema search path is used to modify only the first
	matching constraint.  A schema specification is also
	supported.
915 916 917 918 919
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
920 921
	Add <literal>INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS</> to <command>CREATE
	TABLE LIKE</> (Greg Stark)
922 923 924
       </para>

       <para>
925
	This allows the new table to receive matching constraints.
926 927 928 929 930
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
931
	Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... [NO] INHERIT</> (Greg Stark)
932 933 934
       </para>

       <para>
935 936 937 938
	This allow inheritance to be added and removed dynamically,
	rather than just at table creation and destruction.  This
	is very valuable for table partitioning using constraint
	exclusion.
939 940 941 942 943
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
944 945
	Remove rule permission for tables, for security reasons
	(Tom)
946 947 948
       </para>

       <para>
949 950 951 952
	In this release, only a table's owner can create or modify
	rules for the table.  For backwards compatibility,
	<command>GRANT</>/<command>REVOKE RULE</> is still accepted,
	but it does nothing.
953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
962
	Reduce progress messages displayed by initdb (Tom)
963 964 965 966 967
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
968 969
	Have initdb detect the operating system locale and set the
	default <envar>DateStyle</> accordingly (Peter)
970 971 972
       </para>

       <para>
973 974 975
	This make it more likely that the installed
	<filename>postgresql.conf</> <envar>DateStyle</> value will
	be correct.
976 977 978 979 980
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
981 982
	Have the <command>COPY</> command return a command tag that
	includes the number of rows copied (Volkan Yaz&#305;c&#305;)
983 984 985 986 987
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
988 989 990
	Allow <command>VACUUM</> to expire rows without being
	affected by other concurrent <command>VACUUM</>s (Hannu
	Krossing, Alvaro, Tom)
991 992 993 994 995
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
996 997
	Avoid extra scan of tables during <command>VACUUM</> of
	index-less table (Greg Stark)
998 999 1000 1001 1002
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1003 1004
	Add option to allow indexes to be created without blocking
	concurrent writes to the table (Greg Stark)
1005 1006 1007
       </para>

       <para>
1008 1009 1010
	The new syntax is <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</>.
	The default behavior is still to block table modification
	while a index is being created.
1011 1012 1013 1014 1015
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1016 1017
	Allow <command>COPY</> to dump a <command>SELECT</> query
	(Zoltan Boszormenyi, Karel Zak)
1018 1019 1020
       </para>

       <para>
1021 1022
	This allows <command>COPY</> to dump arbitrary <acronym>SQL</>
	queries. The syntax is <literal>COPY (SELECT ...) TO</>.
1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1032
	Allow arrays to contain <literal>NULL</> elements (Tom)
1033 1034 1035 1036 1037
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1038 1039
	Change array concatenation to match documented behavior
	(Tom)
1040 1041 1042
       </para>

       <para>
1043 1044
	This changes the previous behavior where concatenation
	would adjust the lower array dimensions.
1045 1046 1047 1048 1049
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1050
	Array comparison improvements (Tom)
1051 1052 1053
       </para>

       <para>
1054
	Now array dimensions are also compared.
1055 1056 1057 1058 1059
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1060 1061 1062
	Allow <function>to_char(time)</> and <function>to_char(interval)</>
	to output <acronym>AM</>/<acronym>PM</> specifications
	(Bruce)
1063 1064 1065
       </para>

       <para>
1066 1067
	Intervals and times are treated as 24-hour periods, e.g.
	<literal>25 hours</> is <acronym>AM</>.
1068 1069 1070 1071 1072
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1073 1074 1075
	Have <function>to_char(time)</> and <function>to_char(interval)</>
	treat <literal>'HH'</> and <literal>'HH12'</> as 12-hour
	intervals.
1076 1077

       <para>
1078 1079
	Most applications should use <literal>'HH24'</> unless they
	want a 12-hour display.
1080 1081 1082 1083 1084
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1085 1086
	Add a server-side sleep function <function>pg_sleep()</>
	(Joachim Wieland)
1087 1088 1089 1090 1091
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1092 1093
	Zero unmasked bits in conversion from <type>INET</> to
	<type>CIDR</> (Tom)
1094 1095 1096 1097 1098
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1099 1100
	Add convenient arithmetic operations on <type>INET</>/<type>CIDR</>
	values (Stephen R. van den Berg)
1101 1102 1103
       </para>

       <para>
1104 1105 1106 1107
	The new operators are <literal>&</> (and), <literal>|</>
	(or), <literal>~</> (not), <literal>+</> <type>int8</>,
	<literal>-</> <type>int8</>, and <type>inet</> <literal>-</>
	<type>inet</>.
1108 1109 1110 1111 1112
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1113 1114
	Allow <function>to_char()</> to print localized month and
	day names (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
1115 1116 1117 1118 1119
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1120 1121
	Add all comparison operators for the <type>tid</> data type
	(Mark Kirkwood, Greg Stark, Tom)
1122 1123 1124 1125 1126
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1127 1128
	Add new function <function>justify_interval()</> to adjust
	interval units (Mark Dilger)
1129 1130 1131 1132 1133
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1134
	Add new aggregate functions from SQL2003 (Neil)
1135 1136 1137
       </para>

       <para>
1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144
	The new functions are <function>var_pop()</>,
	<function>var_samp()</>, <function>stddev_pop()</>, and
	<function>stddev_samp()</>.  <function>var_samp()</> and
	<function>stddev_samp()</> are merely renamings of the
	existing aggregates <function>variance()</> and
	<function>stddev()</>.  The latter names have been kept
	for backward compatibility.
1145 1146 1147 1148 1149
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1150 1151
	New operators for array-subset comparisons (<literal>@&gt;</>,
	<literal>&lt;@</>, <literal>&amp;&amp;</>) (Teodor, Tom)
1152 1153 1154
       </para>

       <para>
1155
	The old operators were kept for backward compatibility.
1156 1157 1158 1159 1160
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1161
	Allow domains to be created using other domains (Tom)
1162 1163 1164 1165 1166
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1167 1168 1169
	Add <function>clock_timestamp()</>,
	<function>statement_timestamp()</>, and
	<function>transaction_timestamp()</> (Bruce)
1170 1171 1172
       </para>

       <para>
1173 1174 1175 1176 1177
	<function>clock_timestamp()</> is the true current time,
	and <function>statement_timestamp()</> is the time the
	current command arrived at the server.
	<function>transaction_timestamp()</> is the same as
	<function>now()</>.
1178 1179 1180 1181 1182
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1183 1184
	Allow full timezone names in <type>timestamp</> values
	(Joachim Wieland)
1185 1186 1187
       </para>

       <para>
1188 1189
	For example, <literal>'2006-05-24 21:11
	America/New_York'::timestamptz</>.
1190 1191 1192 1193 1194
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1195 1196
	Create a configuration file of timezone abbreviations
	(Joachim Wieland)
1197 1198 1199
       </para>

       <para>
1200 1201
	The file name is controlled by GUC variable
	<envar>timezone_abbreviations</>.
1202 1203 1204 1205 1206
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1207 1208
	Remove <envar>australian_timezones</> configuration variable
	(Joachim Wieland)
1209 1210 1211
       </para>

       <para>
1212 1213
	No longer needed now that timezone abbreviations are
	configurable.
1214 1215 1216 1217 1218
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1219 1220
	Add <envar>pg_timezone_abbrevs</> and <envar>pg_timezone_names</>
	views to show supported timezones (Magnus Hagander)
1221 1222 1223 1224 1225
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1226
	Add SQL2003-standard statistical aggregates (Sergey Koposov)
1227 1228 1229
       </para>

       <para>
1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236
	New functions:  <function>regr_intercept()</>,
	<function>regr_slope()</>, <function>regr_r2()</>,
	<function>corr()</>, <function>covar_samp()</>,
	<function>covar_pop()</>, <function>regr_avgx()</>,
	<function>regr_avgy()</>, <function>regr_sxy()</>,
	<function>regr_sxx()</>, <function>regr_syy()</>,
	<function>regr_count()</>
1237 1238 1239 1240 1241
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1242 1243
	Fix problems with dumping renamed <type>SERIAL</> columns
	(Tom)
1244 1245 1246
       </para>

       <para>
1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252
	The fix is to dump a <type>SERIAL</> column by explicitly
	specifying its <literal>DEFAULT</> and sequence elements,
	and reconstructing the <type>SERIAL</> column on reload
	using a new <command>ALTER SEQUENCE OWNED BY</> command.
	This also allows dropping a <type>SERIAL</> column
	specification.
1253 1254 1255 1256 1257
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1258 1259
	Interval computation improvements (Michael Glaesemann,
	Bruce)
1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1269 1270
	Allow <literal>FOR</> statements to return values to scalars
	as well as records and row types (Pavel Stehule)
1271 1272 1273 1274 1275
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1276 1277
	Add a <literal>BY</> clause to the <literal>FOR</> loop,
	to control the iteration increment (Jaime Casanova)
1278 1279 1280 1281 1282
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1283 1284
	Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> as
	trigger data (Andrew)
1285 1286 1287 1288 1289
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1290 1291
	Add <literal>STRICT</> to <command>SELECT INTO</> (Matt
	Miller)
1292 1293 1294
       </para>

       <para>
1295 1296 1297
	<literal>STRICT</> mode throws an exception if more or less
	than one row is returned by the <command>SELECT</>, for
	<productname>Oracle PL/SQL</> compatibility.
1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1307
	Honor <envar>check_function_bodies</> (Tom)
1308 1309 1310 1311 1312
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1313
	Add prepared queries (Dmitry Karasik)
1314 1315 1316 1317 1318
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1319 1320
	Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> as
	trigger data (Adam Sj&oslash;gren)
1321 1322 1323
       </para>

       <para>
1324
	<literal>relname</> is kept but now deprecated
1325 1326 1327 1328 1329
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1330
	Make <literal>$_TD</> trigger data a global variable (Andrew)
1331 1332 1333
       </para>

       <para>
1334 1335
	Previously, it was lexical, which caused unexpected sharing
	violations.
1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1345
	Allow functions to return <literal>void</> (Neil)
1346 1347 1348 1349 1350
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1351 1352
	Add named parameters to the <literal>args[]</> array (Sven
	Suursoho)
1353 1354 1355 1356 1357
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1358
	Return composite-types as dictionary (Sven Suursoho)
1359 1360 1361 1362 1363
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1364 1365
	Return result-set as <literal>list</>, <literal>iterator</>,
	or <literal>generator </>(Sven Suursoho)
1366 1367 1368 1369 1370
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1371 1372
	Allow returning of <literal>composite types</> and
	<literal>result sets</> (Sven Suursoho)
1373 1374 1375 1376 1377
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1378 1379
	Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> as
	trigger data (Andrew)
1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1389 1390
	Add new command <literal>\password</> for changing role
	password with client-side password encryption (Peter)
1391 1392 1393 1394 1395
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1396 1397
	Allow multi-line values to align in the proper column
	(Martijn van Oosterhout)
1398 1399 1400 1401 1402
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1403 1404
	Save multi-line statements as a single entry, rather than
	one line at a time (Sergey E. Koposov)
1405 1406 1407
       </para>

       <para>
1408
	This makes up-arrow recall of queries easier.
1409 1410 1411 1412 1413
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1414 1415
	Allow <literal>\c</> to connect to a new host and port
	number (David, Volkan Yaz&#305;c&#305;)
1416 1417 1418 1419 1420
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1421 1422
	Add option to run the entire session in a single transaction
	(Simon)
1423 1424 1425
       </para>

       <para>
1426
	Use options <literal>-1</> or <literal>--single-transaction</>.
1427 1428 1429 1430 1431
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1432 1433
	Improve highlighting of error location in query in more
	cases (Tom)
1434 1435 1436 1437 1438
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1439
	Add tablespace display to <literal>\l+</> (Philip Yarra)
1440 1441 1442 1443 1444
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1445
	Support binary <command>COPY</> (Andreas Pflug)
1446 1447 1448 1449 1450
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1451 1452 1453
	Improve <literal>\df</> slash command to include the argument
	names and modes (<literal>OUT</> or <literal>INOUT</>) of
	the function (David Fetter)
1454 1455 1456 1457 1458
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1459 1460
	Make the line counter 64-bit so it can handle files over
	two billion lines (David Fetter)
1461 1462 1463 1464 1465
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1466 1467 1468
	Report both the returned data and the command status tag
	for <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE
	RETURNING</> (Tom)
1469 1470 1471 1472 1473
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1474 1475
	Support retrieving <command>SELECT</> results in batches
	using a cursor (Chris Mair)
1476 1477 1478
       </para>

       <para>
1479
	This is accomplished using <command>\set FETCH_COUNT</>.
1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1489 1490
	Allow complex selection of objects to be included or excluded
	by <application>pg_dump</> (Greg Sabino Mullane)
1491 1492 1493
       </para>

       <para>
1494 1495 1496 1497 1498
	<application>pg_dump</> now supports multiple <literal>-n</>
	(schema) and <literal>-t</> (table) options, and adds
	<literal>-T</> and <literal>-N</> options to exclude objects.
	Also adds support for regular expressions for object names
	in these switches.
1499 1500 1501 1502 1503
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1504 1505 1506 1507
	Add <application>pg_dump</> <literal>-X
	no-data-for-failed-tables</> option to suppress loading
	data if table creation failed (the table already exists)
	(Martin Pitt)
1508 1509 1510 1511 1512
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1513 1514
	Add <application>pg_restore</> option to run the entire
	session in a single transaction (Simon)
1515 1516 1517
       </para>

       <para>
1518
	Use options <literal>-1</> or <literal>--single-transaction</>.
1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>libpq</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1528 1529
	Add <function>PQencryptPassword()</> to encrypt passwords
	(Tom)
1530 1531 1532
       </para>

       <para>
1533 1534
	This allows passwords to be sent encrypted for commands
	like <command>ALTER USER ... PASSWORD</>.
1535 1536 1537 1538 1539
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1540 1541
	Change <function>PQdsplen()</> to return a useful value
	(Martijn van Oosterhout)
1542 1543 1544 1545 1546
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1547 1548
	Change <function>PQgetssl()</> to return a <literal>void*</>,
	rather than <literal>SSL*</> (Martijn van Oosterhout)
1549 1550 1551
       </para>

       <para>
1552 1553
	This allows applications to use the function without
	<acronym>SSL</> headers.
1554 1555 1556 1557 1558
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1559 1560 1561
	Allow the <filename>.pgpass</> hostname to match the default
	socket directory, as well as a blank <literal>pghost</>
	(Bruce)
1562 1563 1564 1565 1566
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1567
	Add function <function>PQisthreadsafe()</> (Bruce)
1568 1569 1570
       </para>

       <para>
1571 1572
	This allows applications to query the thread-safety status
	of the library.
1573 1574 1575 1576 1577
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1578 1579
	Allow <acronym>LDAP</> lookups from <filename>pg_service.conf</>
	(Albe Laurenz)
1580 1581 1582 1583 1584
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1585 1586 1587 1588
	Add <function>PQdescribePrepared()</>,
	<function>PQdescribePortal()</>, and related functions
	return information about previously prepared statements
	and open cursors (Volkan Yaz&#305;c&#305;)
1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>ecpg</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1598 1599
	Allow <command>SHOW</> to put its result into a variable
	(Joachim Wieland)
1600 1601 1602 1603 1604
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1605
	Add <command>COPY TO STDOUT</> (Joachim Wieland)
1606 1607 1608 1609 1610
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1611
	Add regression tests (Joachim Wieland, Michael)
1612 1613 1614 1615 1616
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1617
	Major source code cleanups (Joachim Wieland, Michael)
1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>Win32</> Port</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1627 1628
	Improve handling of intermittent file system and resource
	failures (Qingqing Zhou)
1629 1630 1631 1632 1633
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1634
	Stability fixes (Magnus)
1635 1636 1637
       </para>

       <para>
1638 1639
	Particularly, prevent the postmaster from stopping if too
	many connection requests arrive too rapidly.
1640 1641 1642 1643 1644
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1645 1646 1647
	Add support for Windows code pages <literal>1253</>,
	<literal>1254</>, <literal>1255</>, and <literal>1257</>
	(Kris Jurka)
1648 1649 1650 1651 1652
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1653 1654
	Allow <acronym>MSVC</> to compile the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
	server (Magnus, Hiroshi Saito)
1655 1656 1657 1658 1659
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1660 1661
	Add <acronym>MSVC</> support for utility commands and
	<application>pg_dump </>(Hiroshi Saito)
1662 1663 1664 1665 1666
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1667
	Add native semaphore implementation (Qingqing Zhou)
1668 1669 1670
       </para>

       <para>
1671
	Previous implementations mimicked SysV semaphores.
1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1681
	Remove R-tree indexing (Tom)
1682 1683 1684
       </para>

       <para>
1685
	Rtree has been re-implemented using <acronym>GIST</>.
1686 1687 1688 1689 1690
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1691 1692
	Reduce libraries linked into the backend needlessly (Martijn
	van Oosterhout, Tom)
1693 1694 1695 1696 1697
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1698 1699 1700
	New macro <literal>PG_VERSION_NUM</> for use by third-party
	applications wanting to test the backend version in C using
	&gt; and &lt; comparisons (Bruce)
1701 1702 1703 1704 1705
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1706
	Improve multicolumn <acronym>GIST</> indexing (Oleg, Teodor)
1707 1708 1709 1710 1711
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1712
	<acronym>GIST</> indexes now are clusterable (Teodor)
1713 1714 1715 1716 1717
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1718 1719
	Add a configure flag to allow libedit to be preferred over
	<acronym>GNU</> readline (Bruce)
1720 1721 1722
       </para>

       <para>
1723
	Use configure <literal>--with-libedit-preferred</>.
1724 1725 1726 1727 1728
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1729 1730
	Allow installation into directories containing spaces
	(Peter)
1731 1732 1733 1734 1735
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1736 1737
	Improve ability to relocate installs in more complex
	configurations (Tom)
1738 1739 1740 1741 1742
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1743 1744 1745
	Add support for <productname>Solaris x86_64</> using the
	<productname>Solaris</> compiler (Pierre Girard, Theo
	Schlossnagle, Bruce)
1746 1747 1748 1749 1750
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1751
	Remove <acronym>QNX</> and <acronym>BEOS</> ports (Bruce)
1752 1753 1754
       </para>

       <para>
1755
	These ports no longer had active maintainers.
1756 1757 1758 1759 1760
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1761 1762
	Make command-line options of postmaster and postgres
	identical (Peter)
1763 1764 1765
       </para>

       <para>
1766 1767
	This allows the postmaster to pass arguments to each backend
	without using <literal>-o</>.
1768 1769 1770 1771 1772
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1773 1774
	Add <literal>XLOG_BLCKSZ</> as independent from <literal>BLCKSZ</>
	(Mark Wong)
1775 1776 1777 1778 1779
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1780 1781
	Add <literal>LWLOCK_STATS</> define to report locking
	activity (Tom)
1782 1783 1784 1785 1786
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1787 1788
	Add <acronym>GIN</> (Generalized Inverted iNdex) index
	access method (Teodor)
1789 1790 1791 1792 1793
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1794 1795
	Emit warnings for unknown <application>configure</> options
	(Martijn van Oosterhout)
1796 1797 1798 1799 1800
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1801 1802
	Add <literal>PG_MODULE_MAGIC</> header block to all shared
	object files (Martijn van Oosterhout)
1803 1804 1805
       </para>

       <para>
1806 1807
	The magic blocks prevent version mismatches between object
	files and servers.
1808 1809 1810 1811 1812
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1813 1814
	Add a <acronym>GUC</> parameter <envar>seq_page_cost</>
	(Tom)
1815 1816 1817 1818 1819
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1820 1821
	Re-implement the regression test script as a C program
	(Magnus, Tom)
1822 1823 1824 1825 1826
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1827
	Add <application>DTrace</> support (Robert Lor)
1828 1829 1830 1831 1832
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1833 1834
	Allow loadable modules to allocate shared memory and
	lightweight locks (Marc Munro)
1835 1836 1837 1838 1839
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1840 1841
	Add automatic initialization and finalization of dynamically
	loaded libraries (Ralf Engelschall, Tom)
1842 1843 1844
       </para>

       <para>
1845 1846 1847 1848 1849
	New functions <function>_PG_init()</> and <function>_PG_fini()</>
	are called if the library defines such symbols.  Hence we
	no longer need to specify an initialization function in
	<envar>shared_preload_libraries</>; we can assume that the
	library used the <function>_PG_init()</> convention instead.
1850 1851 1852 1853 1854
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1855 1856
	Add support for libraries that enhance server-side languages
	(Korry Douglas)
1857 1858 1859
       </para>

       <para>
1860 1861
	Such libraries can be used for debugging or performance
	measurement.
1862 1863 1864 1865 1866
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1867 1868 1869
	Rename existing <acronym>GUC</> variable
	<envar>preload_libraries</> to <envar>shared_preload_libraries</>
	(Tom)
1870 1871 1872 1873 1874
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1875 1876
	Add new variable <envar>server_version_num</> (Greg Sabino
	Mullane)
1877 1878 1879
       </para>

       <para>
1880 1881 1882
	This is like server_version, but is an integer, e.g.
	<literal>80200</>. It allows easy applications version
	checks.
1883 1884 1885 1886 1887
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1888
	New <acronym>XML</> documentation section (Bruce)
1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897
       </para>
     </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1898
	Major tsearch2 improvements (Oleg, Teodor)
1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904
       </para>

       <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
         <para>
1905
	  multibyte encoding support, including <acronym>UTF8</>
1906 1907 1908 1909
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
1910
	  query rewriting support
1911 1912 1913 1914
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
1915
	  improved ranking functions
1916 1917 1918 1919
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
1920
	  thesaurus dictionary support
1921 1922 1923 1924
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
1925 1926
	  Ispell dictionaries now recognize <application>MySpell</>
	  format, used by <application>OpenOffice</>.
1927 1928 1929 1930
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
1931
	  <acronym>GIN</> support
1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
         </para>
        </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>

      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1941 1942
	Add pg_freespacemap to display free space map information
	(Mark Kirkwood)
1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1948
	New uninstall scripts (David)
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1954
	Add pgrowlocks (Tatsuo)
1955 1956 1957
       </para>

       <para>
1958
	This shows row locking information for a specified table.
1959 1960 1961 1962 1963
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1964 1965
	Add <application>Pgadmin</> administration functions to
	adminpack (Dave)
1966 1967 1968
       </para>

       <para>
1969 1970 1971
	These functions provide additional file system access
	routines not present in the default <productname>PostgreSQL</>
	server.
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1977 1978
	Add index information to pgstattuple (ITAGAKI Takahiro,
	Satoshi Nagayasu)
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1984
	pgcrypto now has all planned functionality (Marko Kreen)
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
1990
	Update cube (Joshua Reich)
1991 1992 1993
       </para>

       <para>
1994 1995 1996
	New functions are <function>cube(float[])</>,
	<function>cube(float[], float[])</>, and
	<function>cube_subset(cube, int4[])</>.
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2002 2003
	Added async query capability to dblink (Kai Londenberg,
	Joe Conway)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2009
	Add sslinfo (Victor Wagner)
2010 2011 2012
       </para>

       <para>
2013 2014
	Reports information about the current <acronym>SSL</>
	certificate.
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2020 2021
	Remove ora2pg, now at <ulink
	url="http://www.samse.fr/GPL/ora2pg"></ulink>
2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2027 2028
	Remove contrib modules that have been migrated to pgfoundry:
	adddepend, dbase, dbmirror, fulltextindex, mac, userlock
2029 2030 2031 2032 2033
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2034
	Remove abandoned modules:  mSQL-interface, ips
2035 2036 2037 2038 2039
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2040
	Add hstore module (Oleg, Teodor)
2041 2042 2043 2044 2045
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2046
	Add isn module, replacing isbn_issn (Jeremy Kronuz)
2047 2048 2049
       </para>

       <para>
2050 2051 2052
	This now supports <acronym>EAN13</>, <acronym>UPC</>,
	<acronym>ISBN</> (books), <acronym>ISMN</> (music), and
	<acronym>ISSN</> (serials).
2053 2054 2055 2056 2057
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2058 2059
	New operators for array-subset comparisons (<literal>@&gt;</>,
	<literal>&lt;@</>, <literal>&amp;&amp;</>) (Tom)
2060 2061 2062 2063 2064
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
2065 2066
	In xml, rename <function>xml_valid()</> to
	<function>xml_is_well_formed()</> (Tom)
2067 2068 2069
       </para>

       <para>
2070 2071 2072
	<function>xml_valid()</> will remain for backward compability,
	but its behavior will change to do schema checks in future
	releases.
2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

2082 2083 2084 2085 2086
  <sect1 id="release-8-1-4">
   <title>Release 8.1.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
2087
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
2088 2089 2090 2091
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.3,
2092
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>
2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 may require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 may require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations and
<varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix weak key selection in pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)</para>
<para>Errors in fortuna PRNG reseeding logic could cause a predictable
session key to be selected by <function>pgp_sym_encrypt()</> in some cases.
This only affects non-OpenSSL-using builds.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>win866_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
2168
</para></listitem>
2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Make autovacuum visible in <structname>pg_stat_activity</>
(Alvaro)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Disable <literal>full_page_writes</> (Tom)</para>
<para>In certain cases, having <literal>full_page_writes</> off would cause
crash recovery to fail.  A proper fix will appear in 8.2; for now it's just
disabled.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Various planner fixes, particularly for bitmap index scans and
MIN/MAX optimization (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix incorrect optimization in merge join (Tom)</para>
<para>Outer joins could sometimes emit multiple copies of unmatched rows.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix crash from using and modifying a plpgsql function in the
same transaction</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
truncated</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
<literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <command>SELECT INTO</> and <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> to
create tables in the default tablespace, not the base directory (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve qsort performance (Dann Corbit)</para>
<para>Currently this code is only used on Solaris.
</para></listitem>

2209
<listitem><para>Fix for OS/X Bonjour on x86 systems (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>
2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problem with password prompting on some Win32 systems
(Robert Kinberg)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve <application>pg_dump</>'s handling of default values
for domains</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dumpall</> to handle identically-named
users and groups reasonably (only possible when dumping from a pre-8.1 server)
(Tom)</para>
<para>The user and group will be merged into a single role with
<literal>LOGIN</> permission.  Formerly the merged role wouldn't have
<literal>LOGIN</> permission, making it unusable as a user.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_restore</> <literal>-n</> to work as
documented (Tom)</para></listitem>
2229 2230 2231 2232 2233
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242
  <sect1 id="release-8-1-3">
   <title>Release 8.1.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
Tom Lane's avatar
Tom Lane committed
2243 2244
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.2,
    including one very serious security issue.
2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2, 
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

Tom Lane's avatar
Tom Lane committed
2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280
<listitem><para>Fix bug that allowed any logged-in user to <command>SET
ROLE</> to any other database user id (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>Due to inadequate validity checking, a user could exploit the special
case that <command>SET ROLE</> normally uses to restore the previous role
setting after an error.  This allowed ordinary users to acquire superuser
status, for example.
The escalation-of-privilege risk exists only in 8.1.0-8.1.2.
However, in all releases back to 7.3 there is a related bug in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> that allows unprivileged users to crash the server,
if it has been compiled with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 8.0.4, 7.4.9, and 7.3.11 releases.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog and pg_subtrans file creation
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(Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix cases that could lead to crashes if a cache-invalidation
message arrives at just the wrong time (Tom)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
<literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
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(Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Ensure <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> will process
<literal>FOREIGN KEY</>, <literal>UNIQUE</>, and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</>
constraints in the proper order (Nakano Yoshihisa)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fixes to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators or operator classes (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_restore</> to continue properly after a
<command>COPY</> failure; formerly it tried to treat the remaining 
<command>COPY</> data as SQL commands (Stephen Frost)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_ctl</> <literal>unregister</> crash
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when the  data directory is not specified (Magnus)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>libpq</> <function>PQprint</> HTML tags
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(Christoph Zwerschke)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>ecpg</> crash on AMD64 and PPC
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(Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow <literal>SETOF</> and <literal>%TYPE</> to be used
together in function result type declarations</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Recover properly if error occurs during argument passing
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in <application>PL/python</> (Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix memory leak in <function>plperl_return_next</>
(Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>PL/perl</>'s handling of locales on
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Win32 to match the backend (Andrew)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Various optimizer fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix crash when <literal>log_min_messages</> is set to
<literal>DEBUG3</> or above in <filename>postgresql.conf</> on Win32
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(Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>pgxs</> <literal>-L</> library path
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specification for Win32, Cygwin, OS X, AIX (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Check that SID is enabled while checking for Win32 admin
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privileges (Magnus)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Properly reject out-of-range date inputs (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve speed of <command>COPY IN</> via libpq, by
avoiding a kernel call per data line (Alon Goldshuv)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Improve speed of <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> index
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creation (Tom)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-1-2">
   <title>Release 8.1.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.1.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
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     However, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

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<listitem><para>Fix Windows code so that postmaster will continue rather
than exit if there is no more room in ShmemBackendArray (Magnus)</para>
<para>The previous behavior could lead to a denial-of-service situation if too
many connection requests arrive close together.  This applies
<emphasis>only</> to the Windows port.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug introduced in 8.0 that could allow ReadBuffer
to return an already-used page as new, potentially causing loss of
recently-committed data (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You may need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow more flexible relocation of installation
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directories (Tom)</para>
<para>Previous releases supported relocation only if all installation
directory paths were the same except for the last component.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Prevent crashes caused by the use of
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<literal>ISO-8859-5</> and <literal>ISO-8859-9</> encodings
(Tatsuo)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
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</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug where COPY CSV mode considered any
<literal>\.</> to terminate the copy data</para> <para>The new code
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requires <literal>\.</> to appear alone on a line, as per
documentation.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Make COPY CSV mode quote a literal data value of
<literal>\.</> to ensure it cannot be interpreted as the
end-of-data marker (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Various fixes for functions returning <literal>RECORD</>s
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(Tom) </para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix processing of <filename>postgresql.conf</> so a
final line with no newline is processed properly (Tom)
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
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which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix autovacuum crash when processing expression indexes
</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-1-1">
   <title>Release 8.1.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.0.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Fix incorrect optimizations of outer-join conditions
(Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix problems with wrong reported column names in cases
involving sub-selects flattened by the optimizer (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix update failures in scenarios involving CHECK constraints,
toasted columns, <emphasis>and</> indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix bgwriter problems after recovering from errors
(Tom)</para>
<para>
The background writer was found to leak buffer pins after write errors.
While not fatal in itself, this might lead to mysterious blockages of
later VACUUM commands.
</para>
</listitem>
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<listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> and <filename>/contrib/ltree</>
fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with translated error messages in
languages that require word reordering, such as Turkish; also problems with
unexpected truncation of output strings and wrong display of the smallest
possible bigint value (Andrew, Tom)</para>
<para>
These problems only appeared on platforms that were using our
<filename>port/snprintf.c</> code, which includes BSD variants if
<literal>--enable-nls</> was given, and perhaps others.  In addition,
a different form of the translated-error-message problem could appear
on Windows depending on which version of <filename>libintl</> was used.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Re-allow <literal>AM</>/<literal>PM</>, <literal>HH</>,
<literal>HH12</>, and <literal>D</> format specifiers for
<function>to_char(time)</> and <function>to_char(interval)</>.
(<function>to_char(interval)</> should probably use
<literal>HH24</>.) (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>AIX, HPUX, and MSVC compile fixes (Tom, Hiroshi 
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Saito)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Retry file reads and writes after Windows
NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES error (Qingqing Zhou)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Prevent <application>autovacuum</> from crashing during
ANALYZE of expression index (Alvaro)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS temp
tables</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems when a trigger alters the output of a SELECT
DISTINCT query</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Add 8.1.0 release note item on how to migrate invalid
<literal>UTF-8</> byte sequences (Paul Lindner)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-1">
   <title>Release 8.1</title>

   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
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    <simpara>2005-11-08</simpara>
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   </note>
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   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>
 
    <para>
     Major changes in this release:
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    </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry>
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      <term>
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       Improve concurrent access to the shared buffer cache (Tom)
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      </term>
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      <listitem>
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       <para>
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        Access to the shared buffer cache was identified as a
        significant scalability problem, particularly on multi-CPU
        systems. In this release, the way that locking is done in the
        buffer manager has been overhauled to reduce lock contention
        and improve scalability. The buffer manager has also been
        changed to use a <quote>clock sweep</quote> replacement
        policy.
       </para>
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      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
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       Allow index scans to use an intermediate in-memory bitmap (Tom)
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      </term>
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      <listitem>
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       <para>
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        In previous releases, only a single index could be used to do
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        lookups on a table. With this feature, if a query has
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        <command>WHERE tab.col1 = 4 and tab.col2 = 9</>, and there is
        no multicolumn index on <literal>col1</> and <literal>col2</>,
        but there is an index on <literal>col1</> and another on
        <literal>col2</>, it is possible to search both indexes and
        combine the results in memory, then do heap fetches for only
        the rows matching both the <literal>col1</> and
        <literal>col2</> restrictions. This is very useful in
        environments that have a lot of unstructured queries where it
        is impossible to create indexes that match all possible access
        conditions.  Bitmap scans are useful even with a single index,
        as they reduce the amount of random access needed; a bitmap
        index scan is efficient for retrieving fairly large fractions
        of the complete table, whereas plain index scans are not.
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       </para>
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      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
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       Add two-phase commit (Heikki Linnakangas, Alvaro, Tom)
      </term>
      
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Two-phase commit allows transactions to be "prepared" on several
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        computers, and once all computers have successfully prepared
        their transactions (none failed), all transactions can be
        committed. Even if a machine crashes after a prepare, the
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        prepared transaction can be committed after the machine is
        restarted. New syntax includes <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> and
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        <command>COMMIT/ROLLBACK PREPARED</>. A new system view
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        <literal>pg_prepared_xacts</> has also been added.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
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       Create a new role system that replaces users and groups 
       (Stephen Frost)
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      </term>
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      <listitem>
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       <para>
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        Roles are a combination of users and groups. Like users, they
        can have login capability, and like groups, a role can have
        other roles as members. Roles basically remove the distinction
        between users and groups. For example, a role can:
       </para>

       <itemizedlist>
  
        <listitem>
         <para>
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           Have login capability (optionally)
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         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Own objects
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
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          Hold access permissions for database objects
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         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
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          Inherit permissions from other roles it is a member of
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         </para>
        </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>
       <para>
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        Once a user logs into a role, she obtains capabilities of
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        the login role plus any inherited roles, and can use
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        <command>SET ROLE</> to switch to other roles she is a member of.
        This feature is a generalization of the SQL standard's concept of
        roles.
        This change also replaces <structname>pg_shadow</> and 
        <structname>pg_group</> by new role-capable catalogs 
        <structname>pg_authid</> and <structname>pg_auth_members</>. The old
        tables are redefined as read-only views on the new role tables.
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       </para>
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      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
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       Automatically use indexes for <function>MIN()</> and
       <function>MAX()</> (Tom)
      </term>
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
        In previous releases, the only way to use an index for
        <function>MIN()</> or <function>MAX()</> was to rewrite the
        query as <command>SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY col LIMIT 1</>.
        Index usage now happens automatically.
       </para> 
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Move <filename>/contrib/pg_autovacuum</> into the main server
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       (Alvaro)
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      </term>
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      <listitem>
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       <para>
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        Integrating autovacuum into the server allows it to be
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        automatically started and stopped in sync with the database
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        server, and allows autovacuum to be configured from
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        <filename>postgresql.conf</>.
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       </para>
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      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
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       Add shared row level locks using <command>SELECT ... FOR SHARE</>
       (Alvaro)
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      </term>
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      <listitem>
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       <para>
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        While <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s MVCC locking
        allows <command>SELECT</> to never be blocked by writers and
        therefore does not need shared row locks for typical operations,
        shared locks are useful for applications that require shared row
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        locking.  In particular this reduces the locking requirements
        imposed by referential integrity checks.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Add dependencies on shared objects, specifically roles
       (Alvaro)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        This extension of the dependency mechanism prevents roles from
        being dropped while there are still database objects they own.
        Formerly it was possible to accidentally <quote>orphan</> objects by
        deleting their owner.  While this could be recovered from, it
        was messy and unpleasant.
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       </para>
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      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

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     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Improve performance for partitioned tables (Simon)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        The new <varname>constraint_exclusion</varname> configuration
        parameter avoids lookups on child tables where constraints indicate
        that no matching rows exist in the child table.
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows for a basic type of table partitioning. If child tables
        store separate key ranges and this is enforced using appropriate
        <command>CHECK</> constraints, the optimizer will skip child
        table accesses when the constraint guarantees no matching rows
        exist in the child table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

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    </variablelist>
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   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
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    <title>Migration to version 8.1</title>
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    <para>
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     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is required
     for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
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    </para>
    
    <para>
     The 8.0 release announced that the <function>to_char()</> function
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     for intervals would be removed in 8.1. However, since no better API
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     has been suggested, <function>to_char(interval)</> has been enhanced in
     8.1 and will remain in the server.
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    </para>

    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
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    </para>
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    <itemizedlist>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
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       <varname>add_missing_from</> is now false by default (Neil)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       By default, we now generate an error if a table is used in a query
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       without a <literal>FROM</> reference.  The old behavior is still
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       available, but the parameter must be set to 'true' to obtain it.
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      </para>
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      <para>
       It may be necessary to set <varname>add_missing_from</> to true
       in order to load an existing dump file, if the dump contains any
       views or rules created using the implicit-<literal>FROM</> syntax.
       This should be a one-time annoyance, because
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1 will convert
       such views and rules to standard explicit-<literal>FROM</> syntax.
       Subsequent dumps will therefore not have the problem.
      </para>
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     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Cause input of a zero-length string (<literal>''</literal>) for
       <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type>/<type>oid</type>
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       to throw an error, rather than treating it as a zero (Neil)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       This change is consistent with the current handling of
       zero-length strings for integers. The schedule for this change
       was announced in 8.0.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
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       <varname>default_with_oids</> is now false by default (Neil)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       With this option set to false, user-created tables no longer
       have an OID column unless <command>WITH OIDS</> is specified in
       <command>CREATE TABLE</>. Though OIDs have existed in all
       releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>, their use is limited
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       because they are only four bytes long and the counter is shared
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       across all installed databases. The preferred way of uniquely
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       identifying rows is via sequences and the <type>SERIAL</> type,
       which have been supported since <productname>PostgreSQL</> 6.4.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

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     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Add <literal>E''</> syntax so eventually ordinary strings can
       treat backslashes literally (Bruce)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       Currently <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> processes a
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       backslash in a string literal as introducing a special escape sequence,
       e.g. <literal>\n</> or <literal>\010</>.
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       While this allows easy entry of special values, it is
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       nonstandard and makes porting of applications from other
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       databases more difficult. For this reason, the
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> project is planning to
       remove the special meaning of backslashes in strings. For
       backward compatibility and for users who want special backslash
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       processing, a new string syntax has been created. This new string
       syntax is formed by writing an <literal>E</> immediately preceding the
       single quote that starts the string, e.g. <literal>E'hi\n'</>. While
       this release does not change the handling of backslashes in strings, it
2861
       does add new configuration parameters to help users migrate applications
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       for future releases:
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      </para>
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      <itemizedlist>

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       <listitem>
        <para>
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         <varname>standard_conforming_strings</> &mdash; does this release
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         treat backslashes literally in ordinary strings?
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        </para>
       </listitem>
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       <listitem>
       <para>
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        <varname>escape_string_warning</> &mdash; warn about backslashes in
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        ordinary (non-E) strings
       </para>
      </listitem>
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      </itemizedlist>

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      <para>
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       The <varname>standard_conforming_strings</> value is read-only.
       Applications can retrieve the value to know how backslashes are
       processed.  (Presence of the parameter can also be taken as an
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       indication that <literal>E''</> string syntax is supported.)
       In a future release, <varname>standard_conforming_strings</>
       will be true, meaning backslashes will be treated literally in
       non-E strings. To prepare for this change, use <literal>E''</>
       strings in places that need special backslash processing, and
       turn on <varname>escape_string_warning</> to find additional
       strings that need to be converted to use <literal>E''</>.
       Also, use two single-quotes (<literal>''</>) to embed a literal
       single-quote in a string, rather than the
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-supported syntax of
       backslash single-quote (<literal>\'</>).  The former is
       standards-conforming and does not require the use of the
       <literal>E''</> string syntax.  You can also use the
       <literal>$$</> string syntax, which does not treat backslashes
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       specially.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Make <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> reindex all indexes in the
       database (Tom)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       Formerly, <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> reindexed only
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       system tables. This new behavior seems more intuitive. A new
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       command <command>REINDEX SYSTEM</> provides the old functionality
       of reindexing just the system tables.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Read-only large object descriptors now obey MVCC snapshot semantics
      </para>
      <para>
       When a large object is opened with <literal>INV_READ</> (and not
       <literal>INV_WRITE</>), the data read from the descriptor will now
       reflect a <quote>snapshot</> of the large object's state at the
       time of the transaction snapshot in use by the query that called
       <function>lo_open()</>.  To obtain the old behavior of always
       returning the latest committed data, include <literal>INV_WRITE</>
       in the mode flags for <function>lo_open()</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

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     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Add proper dependencies for arguments of sequence functions (Tom)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       In previous releases, sequence names passed to <function>nextval()</>,
       <function>currval()</>, and <function>setval()</> were stored as
       simple text strings, meaning that renaming or dropping a
       sequence used in a <literal>DEFAULT</> clause made the clause
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       invalid. This release stores all newly-created sequence function
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       arguments as internal OIDs, allowing them to track sequence
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       renaming, and adding dependency information that prevents
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       improper sequence removal. It also makes such <literal>DEFAULT</>
       clauses immune to schema renaming and search path changes.
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      </para>
      <para>
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       Some applications might rely on the old behavior of
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       run-time lookup for sequence names. This can still be done by
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       explicitly casting the argument to <type>text</>, for example
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       <literal>nextval('myseq'::text)</>.
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      </para>
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      <para>
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       Pre-8.1 database dumps loaded into 8.1 will use the old text-based
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       representation and therefore will not have the features of
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       OID-stored arguments. However, it is possible to update a
       database containing text-based <literal>DEFAULT</> clauses.
       First, save this query into a file, such as <filename>fixseq.sql</>:
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<programlisting>
SELECT  'ALTER TABLE ' ||
    pg_catalog.quote_ident(n.nspname) || '.' ||
    pg_catalog.quote_ident(c.relname) ||
    ' ALTER COLUMN ' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(a.attname) ||
    ' SET DEFAULT ' ||
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    regexp_replace(d.adsrc,
                   $$val\(\(('[^']*')::text\)::regclass$$,
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                   $$val(\1$$,
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                   'g') ||
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    ';'
FROM    pg_namespace n, pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_attrdef d
WHERE   n.oid = c.relnamespace AND
    c.oid = a.attrelid AND
    a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND
    a.attnum = d.adnum AND
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    d.adsrc ~ $$val\(\('[^']*'::text\)::regclass$$;
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</programlisting>
       Next, run the query against a database to find what
       adjustments are required, like this for database <literal>db1</>:
<programlisting>
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psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1
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</programlisting>
       This will show the <command>ALTER TABLE</> commands needed to
       convert the database to the newer OID-based representation.
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       If the commands look reasonable, run this to update the database:
2985
<programlisting>
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psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1 | psql -e db1
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</programlisting>
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       This process must be repeated in each database to be updated.
      </para>
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     </listitem>

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     <listitem>
      <para>
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       In <application>psql</application>, treat unquoted
       <literal>\{digit}+</> sequences as octal (Bruce)
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      </para>
      <para>
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       In previous releases, <literal>\{digit}+</> sequences were
       treated as decimal, and only <literal>\0{digit}+</> were treated
       as octal. This change was made for consistency.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Remove grammar productions for prefix and postfix <literal>%</>
       and <literal>^</> operators
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       (Tom)
      </para>
      <para>
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       These have never been documented and complicated the use of the
       modulus operator (<literal>%</>) with negative numbers.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
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3018 3019
       Make <literal>&amp;&lt;</> and <literal>&amp;&gt;</> for polygons
       consistent with the box "over" operators (Tom)
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      </para>
     </listitem>

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       <command>CREATE LANGUAGE</> may ignore the provided arguments
       in favor of information from <structname>pg_pltemplate</>
       (Tom)
      </para>
      <para>
       A new system catalog <structname>pg_pltemplate</> has been defined
       to carry information about the preferred definitions of procedural
       languages (such as whether they have validator functions).  When
       an entry exists in this catalog for the language being created,
       <command>CREATE LANGUAGE</> will ignore all its parameters except the
       language name and instead use the catalog information.  This measure
       was taken because of increasing problems with obsolete language
       definitions being loaded by old dump files.  As of 8.1,
       <application>pg_dump</> will dump procedural language definitions as
       just <command>CREATE LANGUAGE <replaceable>name</></command>, relying
       on a template entry to exist at load time.  We expect this will be a
       more future-proof representation.
      </para>
     </listitem>

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <function>pg_cancel_backend(int)</function> return a
       <type>boolean</type> rather than an <type>integer</type> (Neil)
      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Some users are having problems loading UTF-8 data into 8.1.X.
       This is because previous versions allowed invalid UTF-8 byte
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       sequences to be entered into the database, and this release
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       properly accepts only valid UTF-8 sequences. One way to correct a
       dumpfile is to run the command <command>iconv -c -f UTF-8 -t
       UTF-8 -o cleanfile.sql dumpfile.sql</>. The <literal>-c</> option
       removes invalid character sequences. A diff of the two files will
       show the sequences that are invalid. <command>iconv</> reads the
       entire input file into memory so it might be necessary to use
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       <application>split</> to break up the dump into multiple smaller
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       files for processing.
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      </para>
     </listitem>

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    </itemizedlist>
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   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
3072
    <title>Additional Changes</title>
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    <para>
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     Below you will find a detailed account of the additional changes
     between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1 and the
     previous major release.
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    </para>
 
    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>
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      <listitem>
       <para>
3086
        Improve GiST and R-tree index performance (Neil)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Improve the optimizer, including auto-resizing of hash joins
        (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Overhaul internal API in several areas
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Change WAL record CRCs from 64-bit to 32-bit (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        We determined that the extra cost of computing 64-bit CRCs was
        significant, and the gain in reliability too marginal to justify it.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Prevent writing large empty gaps in WAL pages (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve spinlock behavior on SMP machines, particularly Opterons (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
3127
        Allow nonconsecutive index columns to be used in a multicolumn
3128
        index (Tom)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        For example, this allows an index on columns a,b,c to be used in
        a query with <command>WHERE a = 4 and c = 10</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Skip WAL logging for <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> /
        <command>SELECT INTO</> (Simon)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Since a crash during <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> would cause the
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        table to be dropped during recovery, there is no reason to WAL
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        log as the table is loaded.  (Logging still happens if WAL
        archiving is enabled, however.)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow concurrent GIST index access (Teodor, Oleg)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add configuration parameter <varname>full_page_writes</> to
        control writing full pages to WAL (Bruce)
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       </para>
       <para>
        To prevent partial disk writes from corrupting the database,
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        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> writes a complete copy of
        each database disk page to WAL the first time it is modified
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        after a checkpoint. This option turns off that functionality for more
        speed.  This is safe to use with battery-backed disk caches where
        partial page writes cannot happen.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Use <literal>O_DIRECT</> if available when using
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        <literal>O_SYNC</> for <varname>wal_sync_method</varname>
        (Itagaki Takahiro)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        <literal>O_DIRECT</> causes disk writes to bypass the kernel
        cache, and for WAL writes, this improves performance.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Improve <command>COPY FROM</> performance (Alon Goldshuv)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This was accomplished by reading <command>COPY</> input in
        larger chunks, rather than character by character.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the performance of <function>COUNT()</function>,
        <function>SUM</function>, <function>AVG()</function>,
        <function>STDDEV()</function>, and
        <function>VARIANCE()</function> (Neil, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
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    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
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      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Prevent problems due to transaction ID (XID) wraparound (Tom)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        The server will now warn when the transaction counter approaches
        the wraparound point.  If the counter becomes too close to wraparound,
        the server will stop accepting queries.  This ensures that data is
        not lost before needed vacuuming is performed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Fix problems with object IDs (OIDs) conflicting with existing system
        objects after the OID counter has wrapped around (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>
  
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      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add warning about the need to increase
        <varname>max_fsm_relations</> and <varname>max_fsm_pages</>
        during <command>VACUUM</> (Ron Mayer)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <varname>temp_buffers</> configuration parameter to allow
        users to determine the size of the local buffer area for
        temporary table access (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add session start time and client IP address to
        <literal>pg_stat_activity</> (Magnus)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Adjust <literal>pg_stat</> views for bitmap scans (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The meanings of some of the fields have changed slightly.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enhance <literal>pg_locks</> view (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Log queries for client-side <command>PREPARE</> and
        <command>EXECUTE</> (Simon)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow Kerberos name and user name case sensitivity to be
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        specified in <filename>postgresql.conf</> (Magnus)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
3280
        Add configuration parameter <varname>krb_server_hostname</> so
3281
        that the server host name can be specified as part of service
3282
        principal (Todd Kover)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        If not set, any service principal matching an entry in the
        keytab can be used. This is new Kerberos matching behavior in
        this release.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <varname>log_line_prefix</> options for millisecond
        timestamps (<literal>%m</>) and remote host (<literal>%h</>) (Ed
        L.)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add WAL logging for GIST indexes (Teodor, Oleg)
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       </para>
       <para>
3304
        GIST indexes are now safe for crash and point-in-time recovery.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Remove old <filename>*.backup</> files when we do
        <function>pg_stop_backup()</> (Bruce)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This prevents a large number of <filename>*.backup</> files from
        existing in <filename>/pg_xlog</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add configuration parameters to control TCP/IP keep-alive
        times for idle, interval, and count (Oliver Jowett)
3323
       </para>
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       <para>
        These values can be changed to allow more rapid detection of
        lost client connections.
       </para>
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      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add per-user and per-database connection limits (Petr Jelinek)
       </para>
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3335
       <para>
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        Using <command>ALTER USER</> and <command>ALTER DATABASE</>,
3337 3338
        limits can now be enforced on the maximum number of sessions that
        can concurrently connect as a specific user or to a specific database.
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3339
        Setting the limit to zero disables user or database connections.
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3340
       </para>
3341 3342
      </listitem>

3343 3344
      <listitem>
       <para>
3345
        Allow more than two gigabytes of shared memory and per-backend
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        work memory on 64-bit machines (Koichi Suzuki)
       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        New system catalog <structname>pg_pltemplate</> allows overriding
        obsolete procedural-language definitions in dump files (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
3367
        Add temporary views (Koju Iijima, Neil) 
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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Tom Lane committed
3373 3374
        Fix <command>HAVING</> without any aggregate functions or
        <command>GROUP BY</> so that the query returns a single group (Tom)
3375
       </para>
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       <para>
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3377
        Previously, such a case would treat the <command>HAVING</>
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3378 3379
        clause the same as a <command>WHERE</> clause.  This was not per spec.
       </para>
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      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <command>USING</> clause to allow additional tables to be
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        specified to <command>DELETE</> (Euler Taveira de Oliveira, Neil)
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       </para>
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       <para>
        In prior releases, there was no clear method for specifying
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        additional tables to be used for joins in a <command>DELETE</>
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        statement. <command>UPDATE</> already has a <literal>FROM</>
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        clause for this purpose.
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       </para>
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      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex escapes in backend and ecpg
        strings (Bruce)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This is just like the standard C <literal>\x</> escape syntax.
        Octal escapes were already supported.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <command>BETWEEN SYMMETRIC</> query syntax (Pavel Stehule)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This feature allows <command>BETWEEN</> comparisons without
        requiring the first value to be less than the second. For
        example, <command>2 BETWEEN [ASYMMETRIC] 3 AND 1</> returns
        false, while <command>2 BETWEEN SYMMETRIC 3 AND 1</> returns
        true. <command>BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC</> was already supported.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <command>NOWAIT</> option to <command>SELECT ... FOR
        UPDATE/SHARE</> (Hans-Juergen Schoenig)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        While the <varname>statement_timeout</> configuration
        parameter allows a query taking more than a certain amount of
        time to be cancelled, the <command>NOWAIT</> option allows a
        query to be canceled as soon as a <command>SELECT ... FOR
        UPDATE/SHARE</> command cannot immediately acquire a row lock.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Track dependencies of shared objects (Alvaro)
       </para>
       <para>
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        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> allows global tables
        (users, databases, tablespaces) to reference information in
        multiple databases. This addition adds dependency information
        for global tables, so, for example, user ownership can be
        tracked across databases, so a user who owns something in any
        database can no longer be removed. Dependency tracking already
        existed for database-local objects.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow limited <command>ALTER OWNER</> commands to be performed 
        by the object owner (Stephen Frost)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Prior releases allowed only superusers to change object owners.
        Now, ownership can be transferred if the user executing the command
        owns the object and would be able to create it as the new owner
        (that is, the user is a member of the new owning role and that role
        has the CREATE permission that would be needed to create the object
        afresh).
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <command>ALTER</> object <command>SET SCHEMA</> capability
        for some object types (tables, functions, types) (Bernd Helmle)
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       </para>
       <para>
        This allows objects to be moved to different schemas.
       </para>
      </listitem>
    
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      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <command>ALTER TABLE ENABLE/DISABLE TRIGGER</command> to
        disable triggers (Satoshi Nagayasu)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow <command>TRUNCATE</> to truncate multiple tables in a
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        single command (Alvaro)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Because of referential integrity checks, it is not allowed to
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        truncate a table that is part of a referential integrity
        constraint. Using this new functionality, <command>TRUNCATE</>
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        can be used to truncate such tables, if both tables involved in
        a referential integrity constraint are truncated in a single
        <command>TRUNCATE</> command.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Properly process carriage returns and line feeds in
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        <command>COPY CSV</> mode (Andrew)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        In release 8.0, carriage returns and line feeds in <command>CSV
        COPY TO</> were processed in an inconsistent manner. (This was
        documented on the TODO list.)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <command>COPY WITH CSV HEADER</> to allow a header line as
        the first line in <command>COPY</> (Andrew)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This allows handling of the common <command>CSV</> usage of
        placing the column names on the first line of the data file. For
        <command>COPY TO</>, the first line contains the column names,
        and for <command>COPY FROM</>, the first line is ignored.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        On Windows, display better sub-second precision in
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        <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> (Magnus)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add trigger duration display to <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</>
        (Tom)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Prior releases included trigger execution time as part of the
        total execution time, but did not show it separately.  It is now
        possible to see how much time is spent in each trigger.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex escapes in <command>COPY</>
        (Sergey Ten)
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       </para>
       <para>
        Previous releases only supported octal escapes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Make <command>SHOW ALL</> include variable descriptions
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        (Matthias Schmidt)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        <command>SHOW</> varname still only displays the variable's
        value and does not include the description.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Make <application>initdb</application> create a new standard
        database called <literal>postgres</>, and convert utilities to
        use <literal>postgres</> rather than <literal>template1</> for
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        standard lookups (Dave)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        In prior releases, <literal>template1</> was used both as a
        default connection for utilities like
        <application>createuser</application>, and as a template for
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        new databases. This caused <command>CREATE DATABASE</> to
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        sometimes fail, because a new database cannot be created if
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        anyone else is in the template database. With this change, the
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        default connection database is now <literal>postgres</>,
        meaning it is much less likely someone will be using
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        <literal>template1</> during <command>CREATE DATABASE</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Create new <application>reindexdb</application> command-line
        utility by moving <filename>/contrib/reindexdb</> into the
        server (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>MAX()</> and <function>MIN()</> aggregates for
        array types (Koju Iijima)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Fix <function>to_date()</> and <function>to_timestamp()</> to
        behave reasonably when <literal>CC</> and <literal>YY</> fields
        are both used (Karel Zak)
3623 3624
       </para>
       <para>
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        If the format specification contains <literal>CC</> and a year
        specification is <literal>YYY</> or longer, ignore the
        <literal>CC</>. If the year specification is <literal>YY</> or
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        shorter, interpret <literal>CC</> as the previous century.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>md5(bytea)</> (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        <function>md5(text)</> already existed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
3643
        Add support for <command>numeric ^ numeric</> based on
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        <function>power(numeric, numeric)</>
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       </para>
       <para>
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        The function already existed, but there was no operator assigned
        to it.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Fix <type>NUMERIC</> modulus by properly truncating the quotient
        during computation (Bruce)
3656 3657
       </para>
       <para>
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        In previous releases, modulus for large values sometimes
3659
        returned negative results due to rounding of the quotient.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
3665
        Add a function <function>lastval()</> (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        <function>lastval()</> is a simplified version of
        <function>currval()</>. It automatically determines the proper
        sequence name based on the most recent <function>nextval()</> or
        <function>setval()</> call performed by the current session.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>to_timestamp(DOUBLE PRECISION) (Michael Glaesemann)</>
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Converts Unix seconds since 1970 to a <type>TIMESTAMP WITH
        TIMEZONE</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>pg_postmaster_start_time()</> function (Euler
        Taveira de Oliveira, Matthias Schmidt)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow the full use of time zone names in <command>AT TIME
        ZONE</>, not just the short list previously available (Magnus)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Previously, only a predefined list of time zone names were
        supported by <command>AT TIME ZONE</>. Now any supported time
        zone name can be used, e.g.:
        <programlisting>
3702
         SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/London';
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        </programlisting>
        In the above query, the time zone used is adjusted based on the
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        daylight saving time rules that were in effect on the supplied
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        date.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>GREATEST()</> and <function>LEAST()</> variadic
        functions (Pavel Stehule)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        These functions take a variable number of arguments and return
3717
        the greatest or least value among the arguments.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>pg_column_size()</> (Mark Kirkwood)
       </para>
       <para>
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        This returns storage size of a column, which might be compressed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>regexp_replace()</> (Atsushi Ogawa)
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       </para>
       <para>
3735 3736
        This allows regular expression replacement, like sed. An optional
        flag argument allows selection of global (replace all) and
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        case-insensitive modes.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
3743 3744 3745
        Fix interval division and multiplication (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
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        Previous versions sometimes returned unjustified results, like
        <command>'4 months'::interval / 5</> returning <command>'1 mon
        -6 days'</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix roundoff behavior in timestamp, time, and interval output (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This fixes some cases in which the seconds field would be shown as
        <literal>60</> instead of incrementing the higher-order fields.
       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
3764
        Add a separate day field to type <type>interval</> so a one day
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        interval can be distinguished from a 24 hour interval (Michael
        Glaesemann)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Days that contain a daylight saving time adjustment are not 24
        hours long, but typically 23 or 25 hours.  This change creates a
        conceptual distinction between intervals of <quote>so many days</>
        and intervals of <quote>so many hours</>.  Adding
        <literal>1 day</> to a timestamp now gives the same local time on
        the next day even if a daylight saving time adjustment occurs
        between, whereas adding <literal>24 hours</> will give a different
        local time when this happens.  For example, under US DST rules:
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        <programlisting>
3778 3779
         '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '1 day' = '2005-04-04 00:00:00-04'
         '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '24 hours' = '2005-04-04 01:00:00-04'
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        </programlisting>
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>justify_days()</> and <function>justify_hours()</>
        (Michael Glaesemann)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        These functions, respectively, adjust days to an appropriate
        number of full months and days, and adjust hours to an
        appropriate number of full days and hours.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Move <filename>/contrib/dbsize</> into the backend, and rename
        some of the functions (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
3800 3801
       </para>
       <para>
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        <itemizedlist>
  
         <listitem>
          <para>
            <function>pg_tablespace_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_database_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_relation_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
3824
           <function>pg_total_relation_size()</>
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          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_size_pretty()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>
 
        </itemizedlist>
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       </para>
       <para>
3837
        <function>pg_total_relation_size()</> includes indexes and TOAST
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        tables.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add functions for read-only file access to the cluster directory
        (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
3846 3847
       </para>
       <para>
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        <itemizedlist>
  
         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_stat_file()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>
3855

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         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_read_file()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_ls_dir()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>
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       </para>
      </listitem>
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      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>pg_reload_conf()</> to force reloading of the
        configuration files (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add <function>pg_rotate_logfile()</> to force rotation of the
3882
        server log file (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
3888
        Change <literal>pg_stat_*</> views to include TOAST tables (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Encoding and Locale Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Rename some encodings to be more consistent and to follow
3903
        international standards (Bruce)
3904 3905
       </para>
       <para>
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        <itemizedlist>
  
         <listitem>
          <para>
           <literal>UNICODE</> is now <literal>UTF8</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <literal>ALT</> is now <literal>WIN866</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <literal>WIN</> is now <literal>WIN1251</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
          <literal>TCVN</> is now <literal>WIN1258</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>
3933
       </para>
3934

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       <para>
        The original names still work.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add support for <literal>WIN1252</> encoding (Roland Volkmann)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
3948
        Add support for four-byte <literal>UTF8</> characters (John
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        Hansen)
3950 3951
       </para>
       <para>
3952
        Previously only one, two, and three-byte <literal>UTF8</> characters
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        were supported. This is particularly important for support for
3954
        some Chinese character sets.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow direct conversion between <literal>EUC_JP</> and
3961
        <literal>SJIS</> to improve performance (Atsushi Ogawa)
3962 3963 3964
       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
3967
        Allow the UTF8 encoding to work on Windows (Magnus)
3968 3969
       </para>
       <para>
3970
        This is done by mapping UTF8 to the Windows-native UTF16 
3971
        implementation.
3972
       </para>
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      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>General Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</> (Sergey Yatskevich)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow function characteristics, like strictness and volatility,
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Bruce Momjian committed
3992
        to be modified via <command>ALTER FUNCTION</> (Neil)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the maximum number of function arguments to 100 (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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Tom Lane committed
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        Allow SQL and PL/PgSQL functions to use <command>OUT</> and
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        <command>INOUT</> parameters (Tom)
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       </para>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        <command>OUT</> is an alternate way for a function to return
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Tom Lane committed
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        values. Instead of using <command>RETURN</>, values can be
        returned by assigning to parameters declared as <command>OUT</> or
        <command>INOUT</>.  This is notationally simpler in some cases,
        particularly so when multiple values need to be returned.
        While returning multiple values from a function
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        was possible in previous releases, this greatly simplifies the
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        process.  (The feature will be extended to other server-side
        languages in future releases.)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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Bruce Momjian committed
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      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Move language handler functions into the <literal>pg_catalog</> schema
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Bruce Momjian committed
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       </para>
       <para>
Tom Lane's avatar
Tom Lane committed
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        This makes it easier to drop the public schema if desired.
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Bruce Momjian committed
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>SPI_getnspname()</function> to SPI (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
    <sect3>
     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
4044
        Overhaul the memory management of PL/PgSQL functions (Neil)
4045 4046
       </para>
       <para>
4047
        The parsetree of each function is now stored in a separate
4048
        memory context. This allows this memory to be easily reclaimed
4049
        when it is no longer needed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4055
        Check function syntax at <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> time,
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        rather than at runtime (Neil)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        Previously, most syntax errors were reported only when the
        function was executed.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        Allow <command>OPEN</> to open non-<command>SELECT</> queries
        like <command>EXPLAIN</> and <command>SHOW</> (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
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        No longer require functions to issue a <command>RETURN</>
        statement (Tom)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This is a byproduct of the newly added <command>OUT</> and
4078
        <command>INOUT</> functionality.  <command>RETURN</> can
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        be omitted when it is not needed to provide the function's
        return value.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add support for an optional <command>INTO</> clause to
4087
        PL/PgSQL's <command>EXECUTE</> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        Make <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> set <command>ROW_COUNT</> (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
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        Define <literal>SQLSTATE</> and <literal>SQLERRM</> to return
        the <literal>SQLSTATE</> and error message of the current
4101
        exception (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
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       </para>
       <para>
4104
        These variables are only defined inside exception blocks.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow the parameters to the <command>RAISE</> statement to be
4111
        expressions (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Add a loop <command>CONTINUE</> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow block and loop labels (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
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      <listitem>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        Allow large result sets to be returned efficiently (Abhijit
        Menon-Sen)
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       </para>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        This allows functions to use <function>return_next()</> to avoid
        building the entire result set in memory.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
4148
        Allow one-row-at-a-time retrieval of query results (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
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       </para>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        This allows functions to use <function>spi_query()</> and
        <function>spi_fetchrow()</> to avoid accumulating the entire
        result set in memory.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        Force PL/Perl to handle strings as <literal>UTF8</> if the
        server encoding is <literal>UTF8</> (David Kamholz)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a validator function for PL/Perl (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        This allows syntax errors to be reported at definition time,
        rather than execution time.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
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        Allow PL/Perl to return a Perl array when the function returns
        an array type (Andrew)
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       </para>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
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        This basically maps <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> arrays
        to Perl arrays.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4187
        Allow Perl nonfatal warnings to generate <command>NOTICE</>
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4188
        messages (Andrew)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
4194
        Allow Perl's <literal>strict</> mode to be enabled (Andrew)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
4200 4201


4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207
    <sect3>
     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
4208 4209
        Add <command>\set ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</> to allow statements in
        a transaction to error without affecting the rest of the
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        transaction (Greg Sabino Mullane)
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       </para>
       <para>
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        This is basically implemented by wrapping every statement in a
4214
        sub-transaction.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4220 4221
        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex strings in
        <application>psql</> variables (Bruce)
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       </para>
       <para>
        Octal escapes were already supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4230
        Add support for <command>troff -ms</> output format (Roger
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4231
        Leigh)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4237
        Allow the history file location to be controlled by
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4238
        <envar>HISTFILE</> (Andreas Seltenreich)
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       </para>
       <para>
        This allows configuration of per-database history storage.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4247
        Prevent <command>\x</> (expanded mode) from affecting
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Tom Lane committed
4248
        the output of <command>\d tablename</> (Neil)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4254 4255
        Add <option>-L</> option to <application>psql</application> to
        log sessions (Lorne Sunley)
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       </para>
       <para>
        This option was added because some operating systems do not have
        simple command-line activity logging functionality.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4265
        Make <command>\d</> show the tablespaces of indexes (Qingqing
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Bruce Momjian committed
4266
        Zhou)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4272 4273 4274
        Allow <application>psql</application> help (<command>\h</>) to
        make a best guess on the proper help information (Greg Sabino
        Mullane)
4275 4276
       </para>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4277 4278
        This allows the user to just add <command>\h</> to the front of
        the syntax error query and get help on the supported syntax.
4279 4280
        Previously any additional query text beyond the command name
        had to be removed to use <command>\h</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4286
        Add <command>\pset numericlocale</> to allow numbers to be
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4287
        output in a locale-aware format (Eugen Nedelcu)
4288 4289
       </para>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
4290
        For example, using <literal>C</> locale <literal>100000</> would
4291
        be output as <literal>100,000.0</> while a European locale might
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        output this value as <literal>100.000,0</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make startup banner show both server version number and
        <application>psql</>'s version number, when they are different (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Also, a warning will be shown if the server and <application>psql</>
        are from different major releases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
4317
        Add <option>-n</> / <option>--schema</> switch to 
4318
        <application>pg_restore</> (Richard van den Berg)
4319 4320
       </para>
       <para>
4321
        This allows just the objects in a specified schema to be restored.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to dump large objects even in 
        text mode (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        With this change, large objects are now always dumped; the former
        <option>-b</> switch is a no-op.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4338 4339
        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to dump a consistent snapshot of 
        large objects (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Dump comments for large objects (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4351 4352
        Add <option>--encoding</> to <application>pg_dump</> 
        (Magnus Hagander)
4353 4354
       </para>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4355 4356 4357
        This allows a database to be dumped in an encoding that is
        different from the server's encoding. This is valuable when
        transferring the dump to a machine with a different encoding.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rely on <structname>pg_pltemplate</> for procedural languages (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        If the call handler for a procedural language is in the
        <literal>pg_catalog</> schema, <application>pg_dump</> does not
        dump the handler.  Instead, it dumps the language using just
        <command>CREATE LANGUAGE <replaceable>name</></command>,
        relying on the <structname>pg_pltemplate</> catalog to provide
        the language's creation parameters at load time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

4375 4376 4377 4378 4379
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
4380
     <title><application>libpq</application> Changes</title>
4381 4382 4383 4384
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4385
        Add a <envar>PGPASSFILE</> environment variable to specify the
4386
        password file's filename (Andrew)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4392 4393 4394
        Add <function>lo_create()</>, that is similar to
        <function>lo_creat()</> but allows the OID of the large object
        to be specified (Tom)
4395 4396 4397
       </para>
      </listitem>

4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>libpq</application> consistently return an error
        to the client application on <function>malloc()</function>
        failure (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <application>pgxs</> to support building against a relocated
        installation
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
4420 4421
      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4422
        Add spinlock support for the Itanium processor using Intel
4423
        compiler (Vikram Kalsi)
4424 4425 4426 4427 4428
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4429
        Add Kerberos 5 support for Windows (Magnus)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add Chinese FAQ (laser@pgsqldb.com)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4441 4442
        Rename Rendezvous to Bonjour to match OS/X feature renaming
        (Bruce)
4443 4444 4445 4446 4447
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4448 4449
        Add support for <literal>fsync_writethrough</literal> on
        Darwin (Chris Campbell)
4450 4451 4452 4453 4454
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4455 4456
        Streamline the passing of information within the server, the
        optimizer, and the lock system (Tom)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4462
        Allow <application>pg_config</> to be compiled using MSVC (Andrew)
4463 4464
       </para>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4465
        This is required to build DBD::Pg using <application>MSVC</>.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove support for Kerberos V4 (Magnus)
       </para>
       <para>
4474
        Kerberos 4 had security vulnerabilities and is no longer
4475
        maintained.
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4481 4482
        Code cleanups (Coverity static analysis performed by
        EnterpriseDB)
4483 4484 4485 4486 4487
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4488
        Modify <filename>postgresql.conf</> to use documentation defaults
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4489 4490
        <literal>on</>/<literal>off</> rather than
        <literal>true</>/<literal>false</> (Bruce)
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       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4496 4497
        Enhance <application>pg_config</> to be able to report more
        build-time values (Tom)
4498 4499 4500
       </para>
      </listitem>

4501 4502
      <listitem>
       <para>
4503 4504
        Allow <application>libpq</application> to be built thread-safe
        on Windows (Dave Page)
4505 4506 4507
       </para>
      </listitem>

4508 4509
      <listitem>
       <para>
4510
        Allow IPv6 connections to be used on Windows (Andrew)
4511 4512 4513
       </para>
      </listitem>

4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add Server Administration documentation about I/O subsystem
        reliability (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

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      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move private declarations from <filename>gist.h</filename> to
        <filename>gist_private.h</filename> (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        In previous releases, <filename>gist.h</> contained both the
        public GiST API (intended for use by authors of GiST index
        implementations) as well as some private declarations used by
        the implementation of GiST itself. The latter have been moved
        to a separate file, <filename>gist_private.h</>. Most GiST
        index implementations should be unaffected.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Overhaul GiST memory management (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        GiST methods are now always invoked in a short-lived memory
        context. Therefore, memory allocated via <function>palloc()</>
        will be reclaimed automatically, so GiST index implementations
        do not need to manually release allocated memory via
        <function>pfree()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
4550 4551
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
4552 4553


4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559
    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4560 4561
        Add <filename>/contrib/pg_buffercache</> contrib module (Mark
        Kirkwood)
4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570
       </para>
       <para>
        This displays the contents of the buffer cache, for debugging and
        performance tuning purposes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
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Bruce Momjian committed
4571
        Remove <filename>/contrib/array</> because it is obsolete (Tom)
4572 4573 4574 4575 4576
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
4577
        Clean up the <filename>/contrib/lo</> module (Tom)
4578 4579 4580 4581 4582
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4583 4584
        Move <filename>/contrib/findoidjoins</> to
        <filename>/src/tools</> (Tom)
4585 4586 4587 4588 4589
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4590 4591 4592
        Remove the <literal>&lt;&lt</>, <literal>&gt;&gt;</>,
        <literal>&amp;&lt</>, and <literal>&amp;&gt;</> operators from
        <filename>/contrib/cube</>
4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600
       </para>
       <para>
        These operators were not useful.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4601
        Improve <filename>/contrib/btree_gist</> (Janko Richter)
4602 4603 4604
       </para>
      </listitem>

4605 4606
      <listitem>
       <para>
4607
        Improve <filename>/contrib/pgbench</> (Tomoaki Sato, Tatsuo)
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       </para>
       <para>
        There is now a facility for testing with SQL command scripts given
        by the user, instead of only a hard-wired command sequence.
       </para>
      </listitem>

4615 4616
      <listitem>
       <para>
4617
        Improve <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> (Marko Kreen)
4618 4619
       </para>

Bruce Momjian's avatar
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4620
       <itemizedlist>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
4621
  
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
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        <listitem>
         <para>
4624
          Implementation of OpenPGP symmetric-key and public-key encryption
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Bruce Momjian committed
4625 4626
         </para>
         <para>
4627
          Both RSA and Elgamal public-key algorithms are supported.
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         </para>
        </listitem>
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        <listitem>
         <para>
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          Stand alone build: include SHA256/384/512 hashes, Fortuna PRNG
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         </para>
        </listitem>
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        <listitem>
         <para>
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          OpenSSL build: support 3DES, use internal AES with OpenSSL &lt; 0.9.7
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         </para>
        </listitem>
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        <listitem>
         <para>
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          Take build parameters (OpenSSL, zlib) from <filename>configure</> result
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         </para>
         <para>
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          There is no need to edit the <filename>Makefile</> anymore.
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         </para>
        </listitem>
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        <listitem>
         <para>
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          Remove support for <filename>libmhash</> and <filename>libmcrypt</>
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         </para>
        </listitem>
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       </itemizedlist>
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      </listitem>
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     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-8-0-8">
   <title>Release 8.0.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.7,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 may require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 may require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations and
<varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug that sometimes caused OR'd index scans to
miss rows they should have returned</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
truncated</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
<literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <command>SELECT INTO</> and <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> to
create tables in the default tablespace, not the base directory (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for Bonjour on Intel Macs (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problem with password prompting on some Win32 systems
(Robert Kinberg)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-8-0-7">
   <title>Release 8.0.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.6.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.7</title>

    <para>
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     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

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<listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 8.0.4, 7.4.9, and 7.3.11 releases.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog and pg_subtrans file creation
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(Tom)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix cases that could lead to crashes if a cache-invalidation
message arrives at just the wrong time (Tom)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
<literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
(Neil)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Ensure <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> will process
<literal>FOREIGN KEY</>, <literal>UNIQUE</>, and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</>
constraints in the proper order (Nakano Yoshihisa)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fixes to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators or operator classes (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_restore</> to continue properly after a
<command>COPY</> failure; formerly it tried to treat the remaining 
<command>COPY</> data as SQL commands (Stephen Frost)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_ctl</> <literal>unregister</> crash
when the  data directory is not specified (Magnus)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>ecpg</> crash on AMD64 and PPC
(Neil)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Recover properly if error occurs during argument passing
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in <application>PL/python</> (Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>PL/perl</>'s handling of locales on
Win32 to match the backend (Andrew)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix crash when <literal>log_min_messages</> is set to
<literal>DEBUG3</> or above in <filename>postgresql.conf</> on Win32
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(Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pgxs</> <literal>-L</> library path
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specification for Win32, Cygwin, OS X, AIX (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Check that SID is enabled while checking for Win32 admin
privileges (Magnus)</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Properly reject out-of-range date inputs (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-0-6">
   <title>Release 8.0.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.5.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
     notes for 8.0.3.
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     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

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<listitem><para>Fix Windows code so that postmaster will continue rather
than exit if there is no more room in ShmemBackendArray (Magnus)</para>
<para>The previous behavior could lead to a denial-of-service situation if too
many connection requests arrive close together.  This applies
<emphasis>only</> to the Windows port.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug introduced in 8.0 that could allow ReadBuffer
to return an already-used page as new, potentially causing loss of
recently-committed data (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You may need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow more flexible relocation of installation
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directories (Tom)</para>
<para>Previous releases supported relocation only if all installation
directory paths were the same except for the last component.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
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</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Various fixes for functions returning <literal>RECORD</>s
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(Tom) </para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-0-5">
   <title>Release 8.0.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.4.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
     notes for 8.0.3.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
<para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
corruption.</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bgwriter problems after recovering from errors
(Tom)</para>
<para>
The background writer was found to leak buffer pins after write errors.
While not fatal in itself, this might lead to mysterious blockages of
later VACUUM commands.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>AIX and HPUX compile fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Retry file reads and writes after Windows
NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES error (Qingqing Zhou)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix intermittent failure when <varname>log_line_prefix</>
includes <literal>%i</></para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>psql</> performance issue with long scripts
on Windows (Merlin Moncure)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix missing updates of <filename>pg_group</> flat
file</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
<para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Postpone timezone initialization until after
<filename>postmaster.pid</> is created</para>
<para>This avoids confusing startup scripts that expect the pid file to appear
quickly.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
table has been dropped</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with whole-row references (<literal>foo.*</>)
to subquery results</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-0-4">
   <title>Release 8.0.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.3.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
     notes for 8.0.3.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
<literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
<literal>ctid</> links</para>
<para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
circumstances.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
<para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force a checkpoint before committing <command>CREATE
DATABASE</></para>
<para>This should fix recent reports of <quote>index is not a btree</>
failures when a crash occurs shortly after <command>CREATE
DATABASE</>.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix the sense of the test for read-only transaction
in <command>COPY</></para>
<para>The code formerly prohibited <command>COPY TO</>, where it should
prohibit <command>COPY FROM</>.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Handle consecutive embedded newlines in <command>COPY</>
CSV-mode input</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>date_trunc(week)</> for dates near year
end</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix planning problem with outer-join ON clauses that reference
only the inner-side relation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Further fixes for <literal>x FULL JOIN y ON true</> corner
cases</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix overenthusiastic optimization of <literal>x IN (SELECT
DISTINCT ...)</> and related cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-planning of queries with small <literal>LIMIT</>
values due to poorly thought out <quote>fuzzy</> cost
comparison</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>array_in</> and <function>array_recv</> more
paranoid about validating their OID parameter</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of datetime parsing</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
pages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
enabled</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve MIPS and M68K spinlock code</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't try to open more than <literal>max_files_per_process</>
files during postmaster startup</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update timezone data files</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve handling of DLL load failures on Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve random-number generation on Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <literal>psql -f filename</> return a nonzero exit code
when opening the file fails</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change <application>pg_dump</> to handle inherited check
constraints more reliably</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix password prompting in <application>pg_restore</> on
Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/Perl <literal>%_SHARED</> so it's actually
shared</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</> to allow sleep
intervals over 2000 sec</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to use current Snowball
code</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-8-0-3">
   <title>Release 8.0.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
5139
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.2, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     it is one possible way of handling two significant security problems
     that have been found in the initial contents of 8.0.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 8.0.3's initdb will
     automatically correct these problems.
    </para>

    <para>
     The larger security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
    </para>

    <para>
     The lesser problem is that the <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> module
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     creates several functions that are improperly declared to return
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     <type>internal</> when they do not accept <type>internal</> arguments.
     This breaks type safety for all functions using <type>internal</>
     arguments.
    </para>

    <para>
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair these errors,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
     below.  The errors at least allow unprivileged database users to crash
     their server process, and may allow unprivileged users to gain the
     privileges of a database superuser.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the same manual repair
     procedures shown in the <link linkend="release-7-4-8">7.4.8 release
     notes</link>.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
misuse</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to avoid unsafe use of
<type>INTERNAL</> function results</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Guard against incorrect second parameter to
<function>record_out</></para></listitem>
5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207 5208 5209 5210 5211
<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230 5231 5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242 5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251
<listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
<para>
The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
<type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
<para>
This error only occurred when the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
<filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
<type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent crash on <literal>COALESCE(NULL,NULL)</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix Borland makefile for libpq</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> for <type>timetz</> type
(Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <command>pg_ctl</> check the PID found in
<filename>postmaster.pid</> to see if it is still a live
process</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>pg_dump</>/<command>pg_restore</> problems caused
by addition of dump timestamps</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix interaction between materializing holdable cursors and
firing deferred triggers during transaction commit</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix memory leak in SQL functions returning pass-by-reference
data types</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264 5265 5266 5267 5268
  <sect1 id="release-8-0-2">
   <title>Release 8.0.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-04-07</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.1.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.*.
5269 5270
     This release updates the major version number of the
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries, so it might be
5271 5272 5273 5274 5275 5276 5277 5278 5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285 5286 5287
     necessary to re-link some user applications if they cannot
     find the properly-numbered shared library.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Increment the major version number of all interface 
 libraries (Bruce)</para>
<para>
 This should have been done in 8.0.0.  It is required so 7.4.X versions 
 of PostgreSQL client applications, like <application>psql</>,
 can be used on the same machine as 8.0.X applications.  This might require 
 re-linking user applications that use these libraries.
</para></listitem>
5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294 5295 5296 5297 5298 5299 5300
<listitem><para>Add Windows-only <varname>wal_sync_method</> setting of
 <option>fsync_writethrough</> (Magnus, Bruce)</para>
<para>
 This setting causes <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to write through
 any disk-drive write cache when writing to WAL.
 This behavior was formerly called <option>fsync</>, but was
 renamed because it acts quite differently from <option>fsync</> on other
 platforms.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable the <varname>wal_sync_method</> setting of
 <option>open_datasync</> on Windows, and make it the default for that 
  platform (Magnus, Bruce)</para>
5301
<para>
5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313 5314 5315
 Because the default is no longer <option>fsync_writethrough</>,
 data loss is possible during a power failure if the disk drive has
 write caching enabled. To turn off the write cache on Windows, 
 from the <application>Device Manager</>, choose the drive properties, 
 then <literal>Policies</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>New cache management algorithm <acronym>2Q</> replaces 
 <acronym>ARC</> (Tom)</para>
<para>
 This was done to avoid a pending US patent on <acronym>ARC</>.  The 
 <acronym>2Q</> code might be a few percentage points slower than 
 <acronym>ARC</> for some work loads.  A better cache management algorithm
 will appear in 8.1.
5316
</para></listitem>
5317 5318 5319 5320
<listitem><para>Planner adjustments to improve behavior on freshly-created
tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow plpgsql to assign to an element of an array that is
initially <literal>NULL</> (Tom)</para>
5321
<para>
5322 5323 5324 5325 5326 5327 5328 5329 5330 5331 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339 5340 5341 5342 5343 5344 5345 5346 5347 5348 5349 5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356
 Formerly the array would remain <literal>NULL</>, but now it becomes a
 single-element array.  The main SQL engine was changed to handle
 <command>UPDATE</> of a null array value this way in 8.0, but the similar
 case in plpgsql was overlooked.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Convert <literal>\r\n</> and <literal>\r</> to <literal>\n</>
in plpython function bodies (Michael Fuhr)</para>
<para>
  This prevents syntax errors when plpython code is written on a Windows or
  Mac client.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow SPI cursors to handle utility commands that return rows,
such as <command>EXPLAIN</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>CLUSTER</> failure after <command>ALTER TABLE 
 SET WITHOUT OIDS</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce memory usage of <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</> 
 (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Document the Windows-only <literal>register</> and
<literal>unregister</> options of <application>pg_ctl</> (Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure operations done during backend shutdown are counted by
statistics collector</para>
<para>
 This is expected to resolve reports of <application>pg_autovacuum</>
 not vacuuming the system catalogs often enough &mdash; it was not being
 told about catalog deletions caused by temporary table removal during
 backend exit.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change the Windows default for configuration parameter
 <varname>log_destination</> to <option>eventlog</> (Magnus)</para>
<para>
 By default, a server running on Windows will now send log output to the
 Windows event logger rather than standard error.
5357
</para></listitem>
5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370 5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379
<listitem><para>Make Kerberos authentication work on Windows (Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow <command>ALTER DATABASE RENAME</> by superusers 
 who aren't flagged as having CREATEDB privilege (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Modify WAL log entries for <command>CREATE</> and
<command>DROP DATABASE</> to not specify absolute paths (Tom)</para>
 <para>This allows point-in-time recovery on a different machine with possibly
 different database location.  Note that <command>CREATE TABLESPACE</> still
 poses a hazard in such situations.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix crash from a backend exiting with an open transaction 
 that created a table and opened a cursor on it (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>array_map()</> so it can call PL functions 
 (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Several <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> and
<filename>contrib/btree_gist</> fixes (Teodor)
 </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix crash of some <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> 
 functions on some platforms (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/intagg</> for 64-bit platforms 
 (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ecpg bugs in parsing of <command>CREATE</> statement 
 (Michael)</para></listitem>
5380 5381
<listitem><para>Work around gcc bug on powerpc and amd64 causing problems in 
 ecpg (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
5382 5383 5384 5385 5386 5387
<listitem><para>Do not use locale-aware versions of <function>upper()</>, 
 <function>lower()</>, and <function>initcap()</> when the locale is
 <literal>C</> (Bruce)</para>
<para>
  This allows these functions to work on platforms that generate errors
  for non-7-bit data when the locale is <literal>C</>.
5388
</para></listitem>
5389
<listitem><para>Fix <function>quote_ident()</> to quote names that match keywords (Tom)</para></listitem>
5390 5391 5392 5393
<listitem><para>Fix <function>to_date()</> to behave reasonably when 
 <literal>CC</> and <literal>YY</> fields are both used (Karel)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from failing 
 when given a zero-month interval (Tom)</para></listitem>
5394 5395
<listitem><para>Fix wrong week returned by <function>date_trunc('week')</>
(Bruce)</para>
5396
<para>
5397 5398
 <function>date_trunc('week')</>
 returned the wrong year for the first few days of January in some years.
5399
</para></listitem>
5400 5401
<listitem><para>Use the correct default mask length for class <literal>D</>
 addresses in <type>INET</> data types (Tom)</para></listitem>
5402 5403
</itemizedlist>

5404 5405
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
5406

5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415 5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430 5431 5432 5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438 5439 5440 5441 5442 5443 5444 5445 5446 5447 5448 5449 5450 5451 5452 5453 5454 5455 5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5470
  <sect1 id="release-8-0-1">
   <title>Release 8.0.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.0, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.0.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
execute the specified transition functions</para>
<para>
This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
permission on a function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</> enforce domain
constraints in all cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve planning of grouped aggregate queries</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>ROLLBACK TO <replaceable>savepoint</></command>
closes cursors created since the savepoint</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix inadequate backend stack size on Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid SHGetSpecialFolderPath() on Windows
(Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix some problems in running pg_autovacuum as a Windows
service (Dave Page)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multiple minor bug fixes in
pg_dump/pg_restore</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ecpg segfault with named structs used in
typedefs (Michael)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

5471 5472
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
5473

5474 5475
  <sect1 id="release-8-0">
   <title>Release 8.0</title>
5476

5477 5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487
   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
    <simpara>2005-01-19</simpara>
   </note>
 
   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>
 
    <para>
     Major changes in this release:
    </para>
5488 5489 5490 5491 5492 5493 5494 5495 5496 5497 5498 5499 5500

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Microsoft Windows Native Server
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        This is the first <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> release
        to run natively on <trademark class=registered>Microsoft Windows</> as
        a server. It can run as a <productname>Windows</> service. This
        release supports NT-based Windows releases like
5501
        <productname>Windows 2000 SP4</>, <productname>Windows XP</>, and
5502 5503 5504 5505 5506 5507 5508 5509 5510 5511 5512 5513 5514 5515 5516 5517 5518 5519 5520 5521 5522 5523 5524 5525 5526 5527 5528 5529 5530 5531 5532 5533 5534 5535 5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542 5543 5544 5545 5546 5547 5548 5549 5550 5551 5552 5553 5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559 5560 5561 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570 5571 5572 5573 5574 5575 5576 5577 5578 5579 5580 5581 5582 5583 5584 5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591 5592 5593 5594 5595 5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602 5603 5604 5605 5606 5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5614 5615 5616 5617 5618 5619 5620 5621 5622 5623 5624 5625 5626 5627 5628 5629 5630
        <productname>Windows 2003</>. Older releases like
        <productname>Windows 95</>, <productname>Windows 98</>, and
        <productname>Windows ME</> are not supported because these operating
        systems do not have the infrastructure to support
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. A separate installer
        project has been created to ease installation on
        <productname>Windows</> &mdash; see <ulink
        url="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/win32/"></ulink>.
       </para>

       <para>
        Although tested throughout our release cycle, the Windows port
        does not have the benefit of years of use in production
        environments that <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has on
        Unix platforms.  Therefore it should be treated with the same
        level of caution as you would a new product.
       </para>

       <para>
        Previous releases required the Unix emulation toolkit
        <productname>Cygwin</> in order to run the server on Windows
        operating systems.  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has
        supported native clients on Windows for many years.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Savepoints
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Savepoints allow specific parts of a transaction to be aborted
        without affecting the remainder of the transaction. Prior
        releases had no such capability; there was no way to recover
        from a statement failure within a transaction except by
        aborting the whole transaction. This feature is valuable for
        application writers who require error recovery within a
        complex transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Point-In-Time Recovery
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In previous releases there was no way to recover from disk
        drive failure except to restore from a previous backup or use
        a standby replication server.  Point-in-time recovery allows
        continuous backup of the server.  You can recover either to
        the point of failure or to some transaction in the past.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Tablespaces
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Tablespaces allow administrators to select different file systems
        for storage of individual tables, indexes, and databases.
        This improves performance and control over disk space
        usage. Prior releases used <application>initlocation</> and
        manual symlink management for such tasks.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Improved Buffer Management, <command>CHECKPOINT</command>,
       <command>VACUUM</command>
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        This release has a more intelligent buffer replacement strategy,
        which will make better use of available shared buffers and
        improve performance. The performance impact of vacuum and
        checkpoints is also lessened.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Change Column Types
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        A column's data type can now be changed with <command>ALTER
        TABLE</command>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       New Perl Server-Side Language
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        A new version of the <application>plperl</> server-side language now
        supports a persistent shared storage area, triggers, returning records
        and arrays of records, and SPI calls to access the database.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
        Comma-separated-value (CSV) support in <command>COPY</command>
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>COPY</command> can now read and write
        comma-separated-value files. It has the flexibility to
5631
        interpret nonstandard quoting and separation characters too.
5632 5633 5634 5635 5636
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
5637 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5643 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 5649
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0</title>
                                       
    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
     release.
    </para>
    
    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
5650 5651 5652 5653
    </para>
    
    <itemizedlist>

5654 5655
     <listitem>
      <para>
5656 5657 5658 5659
       In <option>READ COMMITTED</> serialization mode, volatile functions
       now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the
       beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the
       beginning of the interactive command that called the function.
5660 5661
      </para>
     </listitem>
5662

5663 5664
     <listitem>
      <para>
5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670
       Functions declared <option>STABLE</> or <option>IMMUTABLE</> always
       use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the
       effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in
       their own transaction or other transactions.  Such a function must be
       read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than
       <command>SELECT</>.
5671 5672
      </para>
     </listitem>
5673

5674 5675
     <listitem>
      <para>
5676
       Nondeferred <option>AFTER</> triggers are now fired immediately
5677 5678 5679 5680 5681
       after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon
       finishing the current interactive command. This makes a
       difference when the triggering query occurred within a function:
       the trigger is invoked before the function proceeds to its next
       operation.
5682 5683
      </para>
     </listitem>
5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695 5696 5697 5698 5699 5700 5701 5702 5703 5704 5705 5706 5707 5708 5709 5710 5711 5712 5713 5714 5715 5716 5717 5718 5719 5720 5721 5722 5723 5724 5725 5726 5727 5728 5729 5730 5731 5732 5733 5734 5735 5736 5737 5738 5739 5740 5741 5742 5743 5744 5745 5746 5747 5748 5749 5750 5751 5752 5753 5754 5755 5756 5757

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameters <varname>virtual_host</> and
       <varname>tcpip_socket</> have been replaced with a more general
       parameter <varname>listen_addresses</>. Also, the server now listens on
       <literal>localhost</> by default, which eliminates the need for the
       <literal>-i</> postmaster switch in many scenarios.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameters <varname>SortMem</> and
       <varname>VacuumMem</> have been renamed to <varname>work_mem</>
       and <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> to better reflect their
       use. The original names are still supported in
       <command>SET</command> and <command>SHOW</command>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameters <varname>log_pid</>,
       <varname>log_timestamp</>, and <varname>log_source_port</> have been
       replaced with a more general parameter <varname>log_line_prefix</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameter <varname>syslog</> has been
       replaced with a more logical <varname>log_destination</> variable to
       control the log output destination.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameter <varname>log_statement</> has been
       changed so it can selectively log just database modification or
       data definition statements.  Server configuration parameter
       <varname>log_duration</> now prints only when <varname>log_statement</>
       prints the query.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameter <varname>max_expr_depth</> parameter has
       been replaced with <varname>max_stack_depth</> which measures the
       physical stack size rather than the expression nesting depth. This
       helps prevent session termination due to stack overflow caused by
       recursive functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <function>length()</> function no longer counts trailing spaces in
       <type>CHAR(n)</> values.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Casting an integer to <type>BIT(N)</> selects the rightmost N bits of the
      integer, not the leftmost N bits as before.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Updating an element or slice of a NULL array value now produces
5758
      a nonnull array result, namely an array containing
5759 5760 5761 5762 5763 5764 5765 5766 5767 5768 5769 5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783 5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5800
      just the assigned-to positions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Syntax checking of array input values has been tightened up
       considerably. Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with
       odd results now causes an error. Empty-string element values
       must now be written as <literal>""</>, rather than writing nothing.
       Also changed behavior with respect to whitespace surrounding
       array elements: trailing whitespace is now ignored, for symmetry
       with leading whitespace (which has always been ignored).
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected and
       reported as an error.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte
       <type>"char"</> data type have been removed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <function>extract()</> function (also called
       <function>date_part</>) now returns the proper year for BC dates.
       It previously returned one less than the correct year. The
       function now also returns the proper values for millennium and
       century.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
5801
      <type>CIDR</> values now must have their nonmasked bits be zero.
5802 5803 5804 5805 5806 5807 5808 5809 5810 5811 5812 5813 5814 5815 5816 5817 5818 5819 5820 5821 5822 5823 5824 5825 5826 5827 5828 5829 5830 5831 5832 5833 5834 5835 5836 5837 5838 5839 5840 5841 5842 5843 5844 5845 5846 5847 5848 5849 5850 5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878
      For example, we no longer allow
      <literal>204.248.199.1/31</literal> as a <type>CIDR</> value. Such
      values should never have been accepted by
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and will now be rejected.
     </para>
    </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <command>EXECUTE</command> now returns a completion tag that
       matches the executed statement.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <application>psql</>'s <command>\copy</> command now reads or
       writes to the query's <literal>stdin/stdout</>, rather than
       <application>psql</>'s <literal>stdin/stdout</>. The previous
       behavior can be accessed via new
       <option>pstdin</>/<option>pstdout</> parameters.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
      The JDBC client interface has been removed from the core
      distribution, and is now hosted at <ulink url=
      "http://jdbc.postgresql.org"></ulink>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
      The Tcl client interface has also been removed. There are several
      Tcl interfaces now hosted at <ulink url=
      "http://gborg.postgresql.org"></ulink>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The server now uses its own time zone database, rather than the
       one supplied by the operating system. This will provide consistent
       behavior across all platforms.  In most cases, there should be
       little noticeable difference in time zone behavior, except that
       the time zone names used by <command>SET</>/<command>SHOW</>
       <varname>TimeZone</> may
       be different from what your platform provides.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <application>Configure</>'s threading option no longer requires
       users to run tests or edit configuration files; threading options
       are now detected automatically.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Now that tablespaces have been implemented,
       <application>initlocation</> has been removed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The API for user-defined GiST indexes has been changed. The
       Union and PickSplit methods are now passed a pointer to a
       special <structname>GistEntryVector</structname> structure,
       rather than a <type>bytea</type>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
5879
   </sect2>
5880 5881 5882 5883 5884

  <sect2>
   <title>Deprecated Features</title>

   <para>
5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891 5892
     Some aspects of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s behavior
     have been determined to be suboptimal. For the sake of backward
     compatibility these have not been removed in 8.0, but they are
     considered deprecated and will be removed in the next major
     release.
     </para>
 
    <itemizedlist>
5893 5894
     <listitem>
      <para>
5895 5896
       The 8.1 release will remove the <function>to_char()</> function
       for intervals.
5897 5898
      </para>
     </listitem>
5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908 5909
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The server now warns of empty strings passed to
        <type>oid</type>/<type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> data
        types, but continues to interpret them as zeroes as before.
        In the next major release, empty strings will be considered
        invalid input for these data types.
       </para>
      </listitem>
 
5910 5911
     <listitem>
      <para>
5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920
       By default, tables in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.0
       and earlier are created with <type>OID</>s. In the next release,
       this will <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the case: to create a table
       that contains <type>OID</>s, the <option>WITH OIDS</> clause must
       be specified or the <varname>default_with_oids</varname>
       configuration parameter must be set. Users are encouraged to
       explicitly specify <option>WITH OIDS</> if their tables
       require OIDs for compatibility with future releases of
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
5921 5922
      </para>
     </listitem>
5923

5924
    </itemizedlist>
5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
 
    <para>
     Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
     release 8.0 and the previous major release.
5933
    </para>
5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 5939 5940 5941 5942 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947 5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953 5954 5955 5956 5957 5958 5959 5960 5961 5962 5963 5964 5965 5966 5967 5968 5969 5970 5971 5972 5973 5974 5975 5976 5977 5978 5979 5980 5981 5982 5983 5984 5985 5986 5987 5988 5989 5990 5991 5992 5993 5994 5995 5996 5997 5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006 6007 6008 6009 6010 6011 6012 6013 6014 6015 6016 6017 6018 6019 6020 6021 6022 6023 6024 6025 6026 6027 6028 6029 6030 6031 6032 6033 6034 6035 6036 6037 6038 6039 6040 6041 6042 6043 6044 6045 6046 6047 6048 6049 6050 6051 6052 6053 6054 6055 6056 6057 6058 6059 6060 6061 6062 6063 6064 6065 6066 6067 6068 6069 6070 6071 6072 6073 6074 6075 6076 6077 6078 6079 6080 6081 6082 6083 6084 6085 6086 6087
 
    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support cross-data-type index usage (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Before this change, many queries would not use an index if the data
        types did not match exactly. This improvement makes index usage more
        intuitive and consistent.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New buffer replacement strategy that improves caching (Jan)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prior releases used a least-recently-used (LRU) cache to keep
        recently referenced pages in memory. The LRU algorithm
        did not consider the number of times a specific cache entry was
        accessed, so large table scans could force out useful cache pages.
        The new cache algorithm uses four separate lists to track most
        recently used and most frequently used cache pages and dynamically 
        optimize their replacement based on the work load. This should
        lead to much more efficient use of the shared buffer cache.
        Administrators who have tested shared buffer sizes in the past
        should retest with this new cache replacement policy.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add subprocess to write dirty buffers periodically to reduce
        checkpoint writes (Jan)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous releases, the checkpoint process, which runs every few
        minutes, would write all dirty buffers to the operating system's
        buffer cache then flush all dirty operating system buffers to
        disk. This resulted in a periodic spike in disk usage that often
        hurt performance. The new code uses a background writer to trickle
        disk writes at a steady pace so checkpoints have far fewer dirty
        pages to write to disk. Also, the new code does not issue a global
        <function>sync()</> call, but instead <function>fsync()</>s just
        the files written since the last checkpoint. This should improve
        performance and minimize degradation during checkpoints.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add ability to prolong vacuum to reduce performance impact (Jan)
       </para>
       <para>
        On busy systems, <command>VACUUM</command> performs many I/O
        requests which can hurt performance for other users. This
        release allows you to slow down <command>VACUUM</command> to
        reduce its impact on other users, though this increases the
        total duration of <command>VACUUM</command>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve B-tree index performance for duplicate keys (Dmitry Tkach, Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This improves the way indexes are scanned when many duplicate
        values exist in the index.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use dynamically-generated table size estimates while planning (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Formerly the planner estimated table sizes using the values seen
        by the last <command>VACUUM</command> or <command>ANALYZE</command>,
        both as to physical table size (number of pages) and number of rows.
        Now, the current physical table size is obtained from the kernel,
        and the number of rows is estimated by multiplying the table size
        by the row density (rows per page) seen by the last
        <command>VACUUM</command> or <command>ANALYZE</command>.  This should
        produce more reliable estimates in cases where the table size has
        changed significantly since the last housekeeping command.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improved index usage with <literal>OR</> clauses (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows the optimizer to use indexes in statements with many OR
        clauses that would not have been indexed in the past.  It can also use
        multi-column indexes where the first column is specified and the second
        column is part of an <literal>OR</> clause.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve matching of partial index clauses (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The server is now smarter about using partial indexes in queries
        involving complex <option>WHERE</> clauses.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of the GEQO optimizer (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The GEQO optimizer is used to plan queries involving many tables (by
        default, twelve or more). This release speeds up the way queries are
        analyzed to decrease time spent in optimization.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Miscellaneous optimizer improvements
       </para>
       <para>
        There is not room here to list all the minor improvements made, but
        numerous special cases work better than in prior releases.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve lookup speed for C functions (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This release uses a hash table to lookup information for dynamically
        loaded C functions. This improves their speed so they perform nearly as
        quickly as functions that are built into the server executable.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add type-specific <command>ANALYZE</command> statistics
        capability (Mark Cave-Ayland)
       </para>
       <para>
        This feature allows more flexibility in generating statistics
6088
        for nonstandard data types.
6089 6090 6091 6092 6093 6094 6095 6096 6097 6098 6099 6100 6101 6102 6103 6104 6105 6106 6107 6108 6109 6110 6111 6112 6113 6114 6115 6116 6117 6118 6119 6120 6121 6122 6123 6124 6125 6126 6127 6128 6129 6130 6131 6132 6133 6134 6135 6136 6137 6138 6139 6140 6141 6142 6143 6144 6145 6146 6147 6148 6149 6150 6151 6152 6153 6154 6155 6156 6157 6158 6159 6160 6161 6162 6163 6164 6165 6166 6167 6168 6169 6170 6171 6172 6173 6174 6175 6176 6177 6178 6179 6180 6181 6182 6183 6184 6185 6186 6187 6188 6189 6190 6191 6192 6193 6194 6195 6196 6197 6198 6199 6200 6201 6202 6203 6204 6205 6206 6207 6208 6209 6210 6211 6212 6213 6214 6215 6216 6217 6218 6219 6220 6221 6222 6223 6224 6225 6226 6227 6228 6229 6230 6231 6232 6233 6234 6235 6236 6237 6238 6239 6240 6241 6242 6243 6244 6245 6246 6247 6248 6249 6250 6251 6252 6253 6254 6255 6256 6257 6258 6259 6260 6261 6262 6263 6264 6265 6266 6267 6268 6269 6270 6271 6272 6273 6274 6275 6276 6277 6278 6279 6280 6281 6282 6283 6284 6285 6286 6287 6288 6289 6290 6291 6292 6293 6294 6295 6296 6297 6298 6299 6300 6301 6302 6303 6304 6305 6306 6307 6308 6309 6310 6311 6312 6313 6314 6315 6316 6317 6318 6319 6320 6321 6322 6323 6324 6325 6326 6327 6328 6329 6330 6331 6332 6333 6334 6335 6336 6337 6338 6339 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6348 6349 6350 6351 6352 6353 6354 6355 6356 6357 6358 6359 6360 6361 6362 6363 6364 6365 6366 6367 6368 6369 6370 6371 6372 6373 6374 6375 6376 6377 6378 6379 6380 6381 6382 6383 6384 6385 6386 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6392 6393 6394 6395 6396 6397 6398 6399 6400 6401 6402 6403 6404 6405 6406 6407 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421 6422 6423 6424 6425 6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432 6433 6434 6435 6436 6437 6438 6439 6440 6441 6442 6443 6444 6445 6446 6447 6448 6449 6450 6451 6452 6453 6454 6455 6456 6457 6458 6459 6460 6461 6462 6463 6464 6465 6466 6467 6468 6469 6470 6471 6472 6473 6474 6475 6476 6477 6478 6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488 6489 6490 6491 6492 6493 6494 6495 6496 6497 6498 6499 6500 6501 6502 6503 6504 6505 6506 6507 6508 6509 6510 6511 6512 6513 6514 6515 6516 6517 6518 6519 6520 6521 6522 6523 6524 6525 6526 6527 6528 6529 6530 6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6537 6538 6539 6540 6541 6542 6543 6544 6545 6546 6547 6548 6549 6550 6551 6552 6553 6554 6555 6556 6557 6558 6559 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564 6565 6566 6567 6568 6569 6570 6571 6572 6573 6574 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579 6580 6581 6582 6583 6584 6585 6586 6587 6588 6589 6590 6591 6592 6593 6594 6595 6596 6597 6598 6599 6600 6601 6602 6603 6604 6605 6606 6607 6608 6609 6610 6611 6612 6613 6614 6615 6616 6617 6618 6619 6620 6621 6622 6623 6624 6625 6626 6627 6628 6629 6630 6631 6632 6633 6634 6635 6636 6637 6638 6639 6640 6641 6642 6643 6644 6645 6646 6647 6648 6649 6650 6651 6652 6653 6654 6655 6656 6657 6658 6659 6660 6661 6662 6663 6664 6665 6666 6667 6668 6669 6670 6671 6672 6673 6674 6675 6676 6677 6678 6679 6680 6681 6682 6683 6684 6685 6686 6687 6688 6689 6690 6691 6692 6693 6694 6695 6696 6697 6698 6699 6700 6701 6702 6703 6704 6705 6706 6707 6708 6709 6710 6711 6712 6713 6714 6715 6716 6717 6718 6719 6720 6721 6722 6723 6724 6725 6726 6727 6728 6729 6730 6731 6732 6733 6734 6735 6736 6737 6738 6739 6740 6741 6742 6743 6744 6745 6746 6747 6748 6749 6750 6751 6752 6753 6754 6755 6756 6757 6758 6759 6760 6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766 6767 6768 6769 6770 6771 6772 6773 6774 6775 6776 6777 6778 6779 6780 6781 6782 6783 6784 6785 6786 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792 6793 6794 6795 6796 6797 6798 6799 6800 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6806 6807 6808 6809 6810 6811 6812 6813 6814 6815 6816 6817 6818 6819 6820 6821 6822 6823 6824 6825 6826 6827 6828 6829 6830 6831 6832 6833 6834 6835 6836 6837 6838 6839
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>ANALYZE</command> now collects statistics for
        expression indexes (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Expression indexes (also called functional indexes) allow users to
        index not just columns but the results of expressions and function
        calls. With this release, the optimizer can gather and use statistics
        about the contents of expression indexes.  This will greatly improve
        the quality of planning for queries in which an expression index is
        relevant.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New two-stage sampling method for <command>ANALYZE</command>
        (Manfred Koizar)
       </para>
       <para>
        This gives better statistics when the density of valid rows is very
        different in different regions of a table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Speed up <command>TRUNCATE</command> (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This buys back some of the performance loss observed in 7.4, while still
        keeping <command>TRUNCATE</command> transaction-safe.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add WAL file archiving and point-in-time recovery (Simon Riggs)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add tablespaces so admins can control disk layout (Gavin)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a built-in log rotation program (Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now possible to log server messages conveniently without
        relying on either <application>syslog</> or an external log
        rotation program.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new read-only server configuration parameters to show server
        compile-time settings: <varname>block_size</>,
        <varname>integer_datetimes</>, <varname>max_function_args</>,
        <varname>max_identifier_length</>, <varname>max_index_keys</>  (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make quoting of <literal>sameuser</>, <literal>samegroup</>, and
        <literal>all</> remove special meaning of these terms in
        <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use clearer IPv6 name <literal>::1/128</> for
        <literal>localhost</> in default <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use CIDR format in <filename>pg_hba.conf</> examples (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename server configuration parameters <varname>SortMem</> and
        <varname>VacuumMem</> to <varname>work_mem</> and
        <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> (Old names still supported) (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This change was made to clarify that bulk operations such as index and
        foreign key creation use <varname>maintenance_work_mem</>, while
        <varname>work_mem</> is for workspaces used during query execution.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow logging of session disconnections using server configuration
        <varname>log_disconnections</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new server configuration parameter <varname>log_line_prefix</> to
        allow control of information emitted in each log line (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        Available information includes user name, database name, remote IP
        address, and session start time.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove server configuration parameters <varname>log_pid</>,
        <varname>log_timestamp</>, <varname>log_source_port</>; functionality
        superseded by <varname>log_line_prefix</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace the <varname>virtual_host</> and <varname>tcpip_socket</>
        parameters with a unified <varname>listen_addresses</> parameter
        (Andrew, Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        <varname>virtual_host</> could only specify a single IP address to
        listen on.  <varname>listen_addresses</> allows multiple addresses
        to be specified.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Listen on localhost by default, which eliminates the need for the
        <option>-i</> postmaster switch in many scenarios (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        Listening on localhost (<literal>127.0.0.1</>) opens no new
        security holes but allows configurations like Windows and JDBC,
        which do not support local sockets, to work without special
        adjustments.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <varname>syslog</> server configuration parameter, and add more
        logical <varname>log_destination</> variable to control log output
        location (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change server configuration parameter <varname>log_statement</> to take
        values <varname>all</>, <varname>mod</>, <varname>ddl</>, or
        <varname>none</> to select which queries are logged (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows administrators to log only data definition changes or
        only data modification statements.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Some logging-related configuration parameters could formerly be adjusted
        by ordinary users, but only in the <quote>more verbose</> direction.
        They are now treated more strictly: only superusers can set them.
        However, a superuser may use <command>ALTER USER</> to provide per-user
        settings of these values for non-superusers.  Also, it is now possible
        for superusers to set values of superuser-only configuration parameters
        via <literal>PGOPTIONS</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow configuration files to be placed outside the data directory (mlw)
       </para>
       <para>
        By default, configuration files are kept in the cluster's top directory.
        With this addition, configuration files can be placed outside the
        data directory, easing administration.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Plan prepared queries only when first executed so constants can be
        used for statistics (Oliver Jowett)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prepared statements plan queries once and execute them many
        times. While prepared queries avoid the overhead of re-planning
        on each use, the quality of the plan suffers from not knowing the exact
        parameters to be used in the query.  In this release, planning of
        unnamed prepared statements is delayed until the first execution,
        and the actual parameter values of that execution are used as
        optimization hints.  This allows use of out-of-line parameter passing
        without incurring a performance penalty.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> to take parameters
        (Oliver Jowett)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now useful to issue <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> in a
        <function>Parse</> message with parameters. The parameter values
        sent at <function>Bind</> time will be substituted into the
        execution of the cursor's query.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix hash joins and aggregates of <type>inet</type> and
        <type>cidr</type> data types (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Release 7.4 handled hashing of mixed <type>inet</type> and
        <type>cidr</type> values incorrectly.  (This bug did not exist
        in prior releases because they wouldn't try to hash either
        data type.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <varname>log_duration</> print only when <varname>log_statement</>
        prints the query (Ed L.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add savepoints (nested transactions) (Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Unsupported isolation levels are now accepted and promoted to the
        nearest supported level (Peter)
       </para>
       <para>
        The SQL specification states that if a database doesn't support a
        specific isolation level, it should use the next more restrictive level.
        This change complies with that recommendation.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>BEGIN WORK</command> to specify transaction
        isolation levels like <command>START TRANSACTION</command> does
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix table permission checking for cases in which rules generate
        a query type different from the originally submitted query (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement dollar quoting to simplify single-quote usage (Andrew, Tom, 
        David Fetter)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous releases, because single quotes had to be used to
        quote a function's body, the use of single quotes inside the
        function text required use of two single quotes or other error-prone
        notations. With this release we add the ability to use "dollar
        quoting" to quote a block of text.  The ability to use different
        quoting delimiters at different nesting levels greatly simplifies
        the task of quoting correctly, especially in complex functions.
        Dollar quoting can be used anywhere quoted text is needed.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>CASE val WHEN compval1 THEN ...</> evaluate <literal>val</> only once (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        <option>CASE</> no longer evaluates the tested expression multiple
        times. This has benefits when the expression is complex or is
        volatile.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Test <option>HAVING</> before computing target list of an
        aggregate query (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Fixes improper failure of cases such as <literal>SELECT SUM(win)/SUM(lose)
        ... GROUP BY ... HAVING SUM(lose) &gt; 0</>.  This should work but formerly
        could fail with divide-by-zero.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace <varname>max_expr_depth</> parameter with
        <varname>max_stack_depth</> parameter, measured in kilobytes of stack
        size (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
       This gives us a fairly bulletproof defense against crashing due to 
       runaway recursive functions. Instead of measuring the depth of expression
       nesting, we now directly measure the size of the execution stack.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow arbitrary row expressions (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This release allows SQL expressions to contain arbitrary composite
        types, that is, row values. It also allows functions to more easily
        take rows as arguments and return row values.
       </para>
      </listitem>
        
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <option>LIKE</>/<option>ILIKE</> to be used as the operator
        in row and subselect comparisons (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>
        
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid locale-specific case conversion of basic ASCII letters in
        identifiers and keywords (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This solves the <quote>Turkish problem</> with mangling of words
        containing <literal>I</> and  <literal>i</>.  Folding of characters
        outside the 7-bit-ASCII set is still locale-aware.
       </para>
      </listitem>
        
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve syntax error reporting (Fabien, Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Syntax error reports are more useful than before.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <command>EXECUTE</command> to return a completion tag
        matching the executed statement (Kris Jurka)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previous releases return an <command>EXECUTE</command> tag for
        any <command>EXECUTE</command> call. In this release, the tag
        returned will reflect the command executed.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid emitting <option>NATURAL CROSS JOIN</> in rule listings (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Such a clause makes no logical sense, but in some cases the rule
        decompiler formerly produced this syntax.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>COMMENT ON</> for casts, conversions, languages,
        operator classes, and large objects (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new server configuration parameter <varname>default_with_oids</> to
        control whether tables are created with <type>OID</>s by default (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows administrators to control whether <command>CREATE
        TABLE</command> commands create tables with or without <type>OID</>
        columns by default.  (Note: the current factory default setting for
        <varname>default_with_oids</> is <literal>TRUE</>, but the default
        will become <literal>FALSE</> in future releases.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>WITH</> / <option>WITHOUT OIDS</> clause to
        <command>CREATE TABLE AS</command> (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</> to drop an <type>OID</>
        column (<command>ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS</> still works)
        (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow composite types as table columns (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER ... ADD COLUMN</> with defaults and
        <option>NOT NULL</> constraints; works per SQL spec (Rod)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now possible for <option>ADD COLUMN</> to create a column
        that is not initially filled with NULLs, but with a specified
        default value.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> to change column's type (Rod)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now possible to alter a column's data type without dropping
        and re-adding the column.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multiple <command>ALTER</> actions in a single <command>ALTER
        TABLE</command> command (Rod)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is particularly useful for <command>ALTER</> commands that
        rewrite the table (which include <option>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> and
        <option>ADD COLUMN</> with a default). By grouping
        <command>ALTER</> commands together, the table need be rewritten
        only once.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE</command> to add <type>SERIAL</type>
        columns (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This falls out from the new capability of specifying defaults for new
        columns.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow changing the owners of aggregates, conversions, databases,
        functions, operators, operator classes, schemas, types, and tablespaces
        (Christopher, Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously this required modifying the system tables directly.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow temporary object creation to be limited to <option>SECURITY
        DEFINER</> functions (Sean Chittenden)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>ALTER TABLE ... SET WITHOUT CLUSTER</> (Christopher)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prior to this release, there was no way to clear an auto-cluster
        specification except to modify the system tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Constraint/Index/<type>SERIAL</> names are now
        <replaceable>table_column_type</>
        with numbers appended to guarantee uniqueness within the schema
        (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The SQL specification states that such names should be unique
        within a schema.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>pg_get_serial_sequence()</> to return a
        <type>SERIAL</> column's sequence name (Christopher)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows automated scripts to reliably find the <type>SERIAL</>
        sequence name.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Warn when primary/foreign key data type mismatch requires costly lookup
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <command>ALTER INDEX</> command to allow moving of indexes
        between tablespaces (Gavin)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>ALTER TABLE OWNER</> change dependent sequence
        ownership too (Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>CREATE SCHEMA</command> to create triggers,
        indexes, and sequences (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>ALSO</> keyword to <command>CREATE RULE</command> (Fabien
        Coelho)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows <option>ALSO</> to be added to rule creation to contrast it with
        <option>INSTEAD</> rules.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>NOWAIT</> option to <command>LOCK</command> (Tatsuo)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows the <command>LOCK</command> command to fail if it
        would have to wait for the requested lock.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>COPY</command> to read and write
        comma-separated-value (CSV) files (Andrew, Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Generate error if the <command>COPY</command> delimiter and NULL
        string conflict (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>GRANT</command>/<command>REVOKE</command> behavior
        follows the SQL spec more closely
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid locking conflict between <command>CREATE INDEX</command>
        and <command>CHECKPOINT</command> (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        In 7.3 and 7.4, a long-running B-tree index build could block concurrent
        <command>CHECKPOINT</>s from completing, thereby causing WAL bloat because the
        WAL log could not be recycled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Database-wide <command>ANALYZE</command> does not hold locks
        across tables (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This reduces the potential for deadlocks against other backends
        that want exclusive locks on tables.  To get the benefit of this
        change, do not execute database-wide <command>ANALYZE</command>
        inside a transaction block (<command>BEGIN</command> block); it
        must be able to commit and start a new transaction for each
        table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>REINDEX</command> does not exclusively lock the index's
        parent table anymore
       </para>
       <para>
        The index itself is still exclusively locked, but readers of the
        table can continue if they are not using the particular index
        being rebuilt.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Erase MD5 user passwords when a user is renamed (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses the user name as salt
        when encrypting passwords via MD5. When a user's name is changed,
        the salt will no longer match the stored MD5 password, so the
        stored password becomes useless.  In this release a notice is
        generated and the password is cleared.  A new password must then
        be assigned if the user is to be able to log in with a password.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <application>pg_ctl</> <option>kill</> option for Windows (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        Windows does not have a <literal>kill</> command to send signals to
        backends so this capability was added to <application>pg_ctl</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Information schema improvements
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>--pwfile</> option to
        <application>initdb</application> so the initial password can be
        set by GUI tools (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Detect locale/encoding mismatch in
        <application>initdb</application> (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>register</> command to <application>pg_ctl</> to
        register Windows operating system service (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        More complete support for composite types (row types)  (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Composite values can be used in many places where only scalar values
        worked before.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
6840
        Reject nonrectangular array values as erroneous (Joe)
6841 6842 6843 6844 6845 6846 6847 6848 6849 6850 6851 6852 6853 6854 6855 6856 6857 6858 6859 6860 6861 6862 6863 6864 6865 6866 6867 6868 6869 6870 6871 6872 6873 6874 6875 6876 6877 6878 6879 6880 6881 6882 6883 6884 6885 6886 6887 6888 6889 6890 6891 6892 6893 6894 6895 6896 6897 6898 6899 6900 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905 6906 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911 6912 6913 6914 6915 6916 6917 6918 6919 6920 6921 6922 6923 6924 6925 6926 6927 6928 6929 6930 6931 6932 6933 6934 6935 6936 6937 6938 6939 6940 6941 6942 6943 6944 6945 6946 6947 6948 6949 6950 6951 6952 6953 6954 6955 6956 6957 6958 6959 6960 6961 6962 6963 6964 6965 6966 6967 6968 6969 6970 6971 6972 6973 6974 6975 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980 6981 6982 6983 6984 6985 6986 6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996 6997 6998 6999 7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016 7017 7018 7019 7020 7021 7022 7023 7024 7025 7026 7027 7028 7029 7030 7031 7032 7033 7034 7035 7036 7037 7038 7039 7040 7041 7042 7043 7044 7045 7046 7047 7048 7049 7050 7051 7052 7053 7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059 7060 7061 7062 7063 7064 7065 7066 7067 7068 7069 7070 7071 7072 7073 7074 7075 7076 7077 7078 7079 7080 7081 7082 7083 7084 7085 7086 7087 7088 7089 7090 7091 7092 7093 7094 7095 7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101
       </para>
       <para>
        Formerly, <function>array_in</> would silently build a
        surprising result.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected (Tom)
        </para>
       </listitem>
  
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte
         <type>"char"</> data type have been removed.
        </para>
        <para>
         Formerly, the parser would select these operators in many situations
         where an <quote>unable to select an operator</> error would be more
         appropriate, such as <literal>null * null</>.  If you actually want
         to do arithmetic on a <type>"char"</> column, you can cast it to
         integer explicitly.
        </para>
       </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
        <para>
         Syntax checking of array input values considerably tightened up (Joe)
        </para>
       <para>
         Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with odd results
         now causes an <literal>ERROR</>, for example, non-whitespace
         after the closing right brace.
        </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
        <para>
         Empty-string array element values must now be written as
         <literal>""</>, rather than writing nothing (Joe)
        </para>
       <para>
         Formerly, both ways of writing an empty-string element value were
         allowed, but now a quoted empty string is required.  The case where
         nothing at all appears will probably be considered to be a NULL
         element value in some future release.
        </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
        <para>
         Array element trailing whitespace is now ignored (Joe)
        </para>
       <para>
         Formerly leading whitespace was ignored, but trailing whitespace
         between an element value and the delimiter or right brace was
         significant.  Now trailing whitespace is also ignored.
        </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Emit array values with explicit array bounds when lower bound is not one
        (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Accept <literal>YYYY-monthname-DD</> as a date string (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>netmask</> and <function>hostmask</> functions
        return maximum-length mask length (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change factorial function to return <type>numeric</type> (Gavin)
       </para>
       <para>
        Returning <type>numeric</type> allows the factorial function to
        work for a wider range of input values.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <function>to_char</>/<function>to_date()</> date conversion
        improvements (Kurt Roeckx, Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>length()</> disregard trailing spaces in
        <type>CHAR(n)</> (Gavin)
       </para>
       <para>
        This change was made to improve consistency: trailing spaces are
        semantically insignificant in <type>CHAR(n)</> data, so they
        should not be counted by <function>length()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Warn about empty string being passed to
        <type>OID</>/<type>float4</>/<type>float8</> data types (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        8.1 will throw an error instead.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow leading or trailing whitespace in
        <type>int2</>/<type>int4</>/<type>int8</>/<type>float4</>/<type>float8</>
        input routines
        (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Better support for IEEE <literal>Infinity</> and <literal>NaN</>
        values in <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        These should now work on all platforms that support IEEE-compliant
        floating point arithmetic.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>week</> option to <function>date_trunc()</> (Robert Creager)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>to_char</function> for <literal>1 BC</>
        (previously it returned <literal>1 AD</>) (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>date_part(year)</> for BC dates (previously it
        returned one less than the correct year) (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>date_part()</> to return the proper millennium and
        century (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous versions, the century and millennium results had a wrong
        number and started in the wrong year, as compared to standard
        reckoning of such things.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>ceiling()</> as an alias for <function>ceil()</>,
        and <function>power()</> as an alias for <function>pow()</> for
        standards compliance (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <function>ln()</>, <function>log()</>,
        <function>power()</>, and <function>sqrt()</> to emit the correct
        <literal>SQLSTATE</> error codes for certain error conditions, as
        specified by SQL:2003 (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>width_bucket()</> function as defined by SQL:2003 (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>generate_series()</> functions to simplify working
        with numeric sets (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>upper/lower/initcap()</> functions to work with
        multibyte encodings (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add boolean and bitwise integer <option>AND</>/<option>OR</>
        aggregates (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New session information functions to return network addresses for client
        and server (Sean Chittenden)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function to determine the area of a closed path (Sean Chittenden)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function to send cancel request to other backends (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <type>interval</> plus <type>datetime</> operators (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The reverse ordering, <type>datetime</> plus <type>interval</>,
        was already supported, but both are required by the SQL standard.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Casting an integer to <type>BIT(N)</> selects the rightmost N bits
        of the integer
        (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        In prior releases, the leftmost N bits were selected, but this was
        deemed unhelpful, not to mention inconsistent with casting from bit
        to int.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
7102
        Require <type>CIDR</> values to have all nonmasked bits be zero
7103 7104 7105 7106 7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 7113 7114 7115 7116 7117 7118 7119 7120 7121 7122 7123 7124 7125 7126 7127 7128 7129 7130 7131 7132 7133 7134 7135 7136 7137 7138
        (Kevin Brintnall)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> serialization mode, volatile functions
        now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the
        beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the
        beginning of the interactive command that called the function.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Functions declared <literal>STABLE</> or <literal>IMMUTABLE</> always
        use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the
        effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in
        their own transaction or other transactions.  Such a function must be
        read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than
        <command>SELECT</>.  There is a considerable performance gain from
        declaring a function <literal>STABLE</> or <literal>IMMUTABLE</>
        rather than <literal>VOLATILE</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
7139
        Nondeferred <option>AFTER</> triggers are now fired immediately
7140 7141 7142 7143 7144
        after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon
        finishing the current interactive command. This makes a difference
        when the triggering query occurred within a function: the trigger
        is invoked before the function proceeds to its next operation. For
        example, if a function inserts a new row into a table, any
7145
        nondeferred foreign key checks occur before proceeding with the
7146 7147 7148 7149 7150 7151
        function.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
7152
        Allow function parameters to be declared with names (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
7153 7154 7155 7156 7157 7158 7159 7160 7161 7162
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows better documentation of functions.  Whether the names
        actually do anything depends on the specific function language
        being used.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
7163
        Allow PL/pgSQL parameter names to be referenced in the function (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
7164 7165 7166 7167 7168 7169 7170 7171 7172 7173 7174 7175 7176 7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7186 7187 7188 7189 7190 7191 7192 7193 7194 7195 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201 7202 7203 7204 7205 7206 7207 7208 7209 7210 7211 7212 7213 7214 7215 7216 7217 7218 7219 7220 7221 7222 7223 7224 7225 7226 7227 7228 7229 7230 7231 7232 7233 7234 7235 7236 7237 7238 7239 7240 7241 7242 7243 7244 7245 7246 7247 7248 7249 7250 7251 7252 7253 7254 7255 7256 7257 7258 7259 7260 7261 7262 7263 7264 7265 7266 7267 7268 7269 7270 7271 7272 7273 7274 7275 7276 7277 7278 7279 7280 7281 7282 7283 7284 7285 7286 7287 7288 7289 7290 7291 7292 7293 7294 7295 7296 7297 7298 7299 7300 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308 7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326 7327 7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339
       </para>
       <para>
        This basically creates an automatic alias for each named parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Do minimal syntax checking of PL/pgSQL functions at creation time (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows us to catch simple syntax errors sooner.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        More support for composite types (row and record variables) in PL/pgSQL
       </para>
       <para>
        For example, it now works to pass a rowtype variable to another function
        as a single variable.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Default values for PL/pgSQL variables can now reference previously
        declared variables
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve parsing of PL/pgSQL FOR loops (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Parsing is now driven by presence of <literal>".."</> rather than
        data type of <option>FOR</> variable. This makes no difference for
        correct functions, but should result in more understandable error
        messages when a mistake is made.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major overhaul of PL/Perl server-side language (Command Prompt, Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        In PL/Tcl, SPI commands are now run in subtransactions.  If an error
        occurs, the subtransaction is cleaned up and the error is reported
        as an ordinary Tcl error, which can be trapped with <literal>catch</>.
        Formerly, it was not possible to catch such errors.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Accept <command>ELSEIF</> in PL/pgSQL (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously PL/pgSQL only allowed <command>ELSIF</>, but many people
        are accustomed to spelling this keyword <command>ELSEIF</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <application>psql</> information display about database
        objects (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</> to display group membership in
        <command>\du</> and <command>\dg</> (Markus Bertheau)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <application>psql</> <command>\dn</command> from showing
        temporary schemas (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</> to handle tilde user expansion for file
        names (Zach Irmen)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</> to display fancy prompts, including
        color, via <application>readline</> (Reece Hart, Chet Ramey)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>psql</> <command>\copy</> match <command>COPY</command> command syntax
        fully (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Show the location of syntax errors (Fabien Coelho, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>CLUSTER</command> information to <application>psql</>
        <command>\d</> display
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <application>psql</> <command>\copy stdin/stdout</> to read
        from command input/output (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>pstdin</>/<option>pstdout</> to read from
        <application>psql</>'s <literal>stdin</>/<literal>stdout</> (Mark
        Feit)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add global <application>psql</> configuration file, <filename>psqlrc.sample</filename>
        (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows a central file where global <application>psql</> startup commands can
        be stored.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>psql</> <command>\d+</> indicate if the table
        has an <type>OID</> column (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        On Windows, use binary mode in <application>psql</> when reading files so control-Z
        is not seen as end-of-file
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <command>\dn+</> show permissions and description for schemas (Dennis
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        Bj&ouml;rklund)
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       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve tab completion support (Stefan Kaltenbrunn, Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow boolean settings to be set using upper or lower case (Michael Paesold)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use dependency information to improve the reliability of
        <application>pg_dump</> (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This should solve the longstanding problems with related objects
        sometimes being dumped in the wrong order.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>pg_dump</> output objects in alphabetical order if possible (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This should make it easier to identify changes between
        dump files.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_restore</> to ignore some SQL errors (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
       <para>
        This makes <application>pg_restore</>'s behavior similar to the
        results of feeding a <application>pg_dump</> output script to
        <application>psql</>. In most cases, ignoring errors and plowing
        ahead is the most useful thing to do. Also added was a pg_restore
        option to give the old behavior of exiting on an error.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <application>pg_restore</> <option>-l</> display now includes
        objects' schema names
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New begin/end markers in <application>pg_dump</> text output (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add start/stop times for
        <application>pg_dump</>/<application>pg_dumpall</> in verbose mode
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow most <application>pg_dump</> options in
        <application>pg_dumpall</> (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>pg_dump</> use <command>ALTER OWNER</> rather
        than <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> by default
        (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>libpq Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make libpq's <option>SIGPIPE</> handling thread-safe (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>PQmbdsplen()</> which returns the display length
        of a character (Tatsuo)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add thread locking to <application>SSL</> and
        <application>Kerberos</> connections (Manfred Spraul)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <function>PQoidValue()</>, <function>PQcmdTuples()</>, and
        <function>PQoidStatus()</> to work on <command>EXECUTE</command>
        commands (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>PQserverVersion()</> to provide more convenient
        access to the server version number (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>PQprepare/PQsendPrepared()</> functions to support
        preparing statements without necessarily specifying the data types
        of their parameters (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Many ECPG improvements, including <command>SET DESCRIPTOR</> (Michael)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the database server to run natively on Windows (Claudio, Magnus, Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Shell script commands converted to C versions for Windows support (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create an extension makefile framework (Fabien Coelho, Peter)
       </para>
       <para>
        This simplifies the task of building extensions outside the original
        source tree.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support relocatable installations (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Directory paths for installed files (such as the
        <filename>/share</> directory) are now computed relative to the
        actual location of the executables, so that an installation tree
        can be moved to another place without reconfiguring and
        rebuilding.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use <option>--with-docdir</> to choose installation location of documentation; also
        allow <option>--infodir</> (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>--without-docdir</> to prevent installation of documentation (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Upgrade to <application>DocBook</> V4.2 SGML (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <literal>PostgreSQL</> <application>CVS</> tag (Marc)
       </para>
       <para>
        This was done to make it easier for organizations to manage their
        own copies of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
        <application>CVS</> repository. File version stamps from the master
        repository will not get munged by checking into or out of a copied
        repository.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clarify locking code (Manfred Koizar)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Buffer manager cleanup (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Decouple platform tests from CPU spinlock code (Bruce, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add inlined test-and-set code on PA-RISC for <application>gcc</>
        (ViSolve, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve i386 spinlock code (Manfred Spraul)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean up spinlock assembly code to avoid warnings from newer
        <application>gcc</> releases (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove JDBC from source tree; now a separate project
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove the libpgtcl client interface; now a separate project
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        More accurately estimate memory and file descriptor usage (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improvements to the Mac OS X startup scripts (Ray A.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <function>fsync()</> test program (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major documentation improvements (Neil, Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <application>pg_encoding</application>; not needed
        anymore
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <application>pg_id</application>; not needed anymore
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <application>initlocation</application>; not needed
        anymore
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Auto-detect thread flags (no more manual testing) (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use Olson's public domain <application>timezone</> library (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        With threading enabled, use thread flags on Unixware for 
        backend executables too (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
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        same executable, so everything must be compiled as threaded.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <application>psql</> now uses a <application>flex</>-generated
        lexical analyzer to process command strings
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reimplement the linked list data structure used throughout the
        backend (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        This improves performance by allowing list append and length
        operations to be more efficient.
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow dynamically loaded modules to create their own server configuration
        parameters (Thomas Hallgren)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New Brazilian version of FAQ (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add French FAQ (Guillaume Lelarge)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <application>pgevent</> for Windows logging
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make libpq and ECPG build as proper shared libraries on OS X (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
  
    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Overhaul of <filename>contrib/dblink</> (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <filename>contrib/dbmirror</> improvements (Steven Singer)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <filename>contrib/xml2</> (John Gray, Torchbox)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Updated <filename>contrib/mysql</filename>
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New version of <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <filename>contrib/trgm</>, trigram matching for
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Many <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> improvements (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add double metaphone to <filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</> to run as a Windows service (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions to <filename>contrib/dbsize</> (Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Removed <filename>contrib/pg_logger</>: obsoleted by integrated logging
        subprocess
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Removed <filename>contrib/rserv</>: obsoleted by various separate projects
       </para>
      </listitem>
  
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>
  
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-13">
   <title>Release 7.4.13</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.12,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.13</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 may require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 may require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations and
<varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug that sometimes caused OR'd index scans to
miss rows they should have returned</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
truncated</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
<literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for Bonjour on Intel Macs (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-12">
   <title>Release 7.4.12</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.11.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.12</title>

    <para>
Tom Lane's avatar
Tom Lane committed
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     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

Tom Lane's avatar
Tom Lane committed
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<listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 7.4.9 and 7.3.11 releases.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog file creation
(Tom)</para></listitem>
7970 7971 7972 7973 7974

<listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
<literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
(Neil)</para></listitem>

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Tom Lane committed
7975 7976
<listitem><para>Fix to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators (Tom)</para></listitem>
7977

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Tom Lane committed
7978 7979
<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
7986 7987 7988 7989 7990 7991 7992 7993 7994 7995 7996 7997 7998 7999 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004
  <sect1 id="release-7-4-11">
   <title>Release 7.4.11</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.10.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.11</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
     notes for 7.4.8.
8005 8006 8007
     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

8016 8017 8018 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 8025 8026 8027 8028 8029 8030 8031 8032 8033 8034
<listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You may need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
8035 8036
</para></listitem>

8037 8038 8039 8040
<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
8041

8042 8043 8044
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-10">
   <title>Release 7.4.10</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.9.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.10</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
     notes for 7.4.8.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
<para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
corruption.</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>AIX and HPUX compile fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
<para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
table has been dropped</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-9">
   <title>Release 7.4.9</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
8107
   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
8108 8109 8110 8111 8112 8113 8114 8115 8116 8117 8118 8119 8120 8121 8122 8123 8124 8125 8126 8127 8128 8129 8130 8131 8132 8133 8134 8135 8136 8137
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.8.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.9</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
     notes for 7.4.8.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
<literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
<literal>ctid</> links</para>
<para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
circumstances.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
<para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix the sense of the test for read-only transaction
in <command>COPY</></para>
<para>The code formerly prohibited <command>COPY TO</>, where it should
prohibit <command>COPY FROM</>.
</para></listitem>
8143 8144
<listitem><para>Fix planning problem with outer-join ON clauses that reference
only the inner-side relation</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Further fixes for <literal>x FULL JOIN y ON true</> corner
cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>array_in</> and <function>array_recv</> more
paranoid about validating their OID parameter</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of datetime parsing</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
pages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
enabled</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't try to open more than <literal>max_files_per_process</>
files during postmaster startup</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to use current Snowball
code</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-8">
   <title>Release 7.4.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
8174
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
8175 8176 8177 8178 8179 8180 8181 8182 8183 8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190 8191 8192 8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203 8204 8205 8206 8207 8208 8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 8219 8220 8221 8222 8223 8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231 8232 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254 8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264 8265 8266 8267 8268 8269 8270 8271 8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283 8284
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.7, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     it is one possible way of handling two significant security problems
     that have been found in the initial contents of 7.4.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.4.8's initdb will
     automatically correct these problems.
    </para>

    <para>
     The larger security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
    </para>

    <para>
     The lesser problem is that the <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> module
     creates several functions that are misdeclared to return
     <type>internal</> when they do not accept <type>internal</> arguments.
     This breaks type safety for all functions using <type>internal</>
     arguments.
    </para>

    <para>
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair these errors,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedures given
     below.  The errors at least allow unprivileged database users to crash
     their server process, and may allow unprivileged users to gain the
     privileges of a database superuser.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the following procedures instead.
     As the database superuser, do:

<programlisting>
BEGIN;
UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[3] = 'internal'::regtype
WHERE pronamespace = 11 AND pronargs = 5
      AND proargtypes[2] = 'cstring'::regtype;
-- The command should report having updated 90 rows;
-- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
COMMIT;
</programlisting>

     Next, if you have installed <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>, do

<programlisting>
BEGIN;
UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[0] = 'internal'::regtype
WHERE oid IN (
    'dex_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'snb_en_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'snb_ru_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'spell_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'syn_init(text)'::regprocedure
);
-- The command should report having updated 5 rows;
-- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
COMMIT;
</programlisting>

     If this command fails with a message like <quote>function
     "dex_init(text)" does not exist</>, then either <filename>tsearch2</>
     is not installed in this database, or you already did the update.
    </para>

    <para>
     The above procedures must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
     the same errors.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
     additional steps.  First, from any database issue
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
      procedures.  Finally, do
<programlisting>
-- re-freeze template0:
VACUUM FREEZE;
-- and protect it against future alterations:
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
misuse</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to avoid unsafe use of
<type>INTERNAL</> function results</para></listitem>
8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294 8295
<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
<para>
The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
<type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
<para>
This error only occurred when the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure operations done during backend shutdown are counted by
statistics collector</para>
<para>
 This is expected to resolve reports of <application>pg_autovacuum</>
 not vacuuming the system catalogs often enough &mdash; it was not being
 told about catalog deletions caused by temporary table removal during
 backend exit.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
(Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
(Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
<filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
<type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
month-related formats</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent crash on <literal>COALESCE(NULL,NULL)</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>array_map</> to call PL functions correctly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix permission checking in <command>ALTER DATABASE RENAME</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>RemoveFromWaitQueue</> clean up after itself</para>
<para>
This fixes a lock management error that would only be visible if a transaction
was kicked out of a wait for a lock (typically by query cancel) and then the
holder of the lock released it within a very narrow window.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with untyped parameter appearing in
<command>INSERT ... SELECT</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>CLUSTER</> failure after
<command>ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS</></para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

8348 8349
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-7">
   <title>Release 7.4.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.6, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
execute the specified transition functions</para>
<para>
This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
permission on a function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix plperl for quote marks in tuple fields</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
datestyles</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make age(timestamptz) do calculation in local timezone not
GMT</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

8406 8407
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-6">
   <title>Release 7.4.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.5.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
<para>
Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to 
<quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
it as a potential-data-loss bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
<para>
Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
</para></listitem>
8445
<listitem><para>Disallow running <application>pg_ctl</> as root</para>
8446 8447 8448
<para>
This is to guard against any possible security issues.
</para></listitem>
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Peter Eisentraut committed
8449
<listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in <filename>/tmp</> in <command>make_oidjoins_check</command></para>
8450 8451 8452 8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459
<para>
This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent forced backend shutdown from re-emitting prior command
result</para>
<para>
In rare cases, a client might think that its last command had succeeded when
it really had been aborted by forced database shutdown.
</para></listitem>
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8460
<listitem><para>Repair bug in <function>pg_stat_get_backend_idset</function></para>
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<para>
This could lead to misbehavior in some of the system-statistics views.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix small memory leak in postmaster</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <quote>expected both swapped tables to have TOAST
tables</> bug</para>
<para>
This could arise in cases such as CLUSTER after ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <literal>pg_ctl restart</> from adding <literal>-D</> multiple times</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with NULL values in GiST indexes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>::</> is no longer interpreted as a variable in an
ECPG prepare statement</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

8476 8477
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-5">
   <title>Release 7.4.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-18</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains one serious bug fix over 7.4.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
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8504
<listitem><para>Repair possible crash during concurrent B-tree index insertions</para>
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8505
<para>
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8506
This patch fixes a rare case in which concurrent insertions into a B-tree index
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Tom Lane committed
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could result in a server panic.  No permanent damage would result, but it's
still worth a re-release.  The bug does not exist in pre-7.4 releases.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

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   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-4">
   <title>Release 7.4.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.3.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
<para>
Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
</para></listitem>
8548 8549
<listitem><para>Check HAVING restriction before evaluating result list of an
aggregate plan</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Avoid crash when session's current user ID is deleted</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix hashed crosstab for zero-rows case (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force cache update after renaming a column in a foreign key</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Pretty-print UNION queries correctly</para></listitem>
8554
<listitem><para>Make psql handle <literal>\r\n</> newlines properly in COPY IN</para></listitem>
8555
<listitem><para><application>pg_dump</> handled ACLs with grant options incorrectly</para></listitem>
8556
<listitem><para>Fix thread support for OS X and Solaris</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Updated JDBC driver (build 215) with various fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPG fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Translation updates (various contributors)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

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   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-3">
   <title>Release 7.4.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-06-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.2.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Fix temporary memory leak when using non-hashed aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPG fixes, including some for Informix compatibility (Michael)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fixes for compiling with thread-safety, particularly Solaris (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix error in COPY IN termination when using the old network protocol (ljb)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Several important fixes in pg_autovacuum, including fixes for
large tables, unsigned oids, stability, temp tables, and debug mode
(Matthew T. O'Connor)</para></listitem> 
<listitem><para>Fix problem with reading tar-format dumps on NetBSD and BSD/OS (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8598
<listitem><para>Several JDBC fixes</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART where last_value equals the restart value (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Repair failure to recalculate nested sub-selects (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with non-constant expressions in LIMIT/OFFSET</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Support FULL JOIN with no join clause, such as X FULL JOIN Y ON TRUE (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix another zero-column table bug (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve handling of non-qualified identifiers in GROUP BY clauses in sub-selects (Tom)</para>
<para>
Select-list aliases within the sub-select will now take precedence over
names from outer query levels.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Do not generate <quote>NATURAL CROSS JOIN</> when decompiling rules (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add checks for invalid field length in binary COPY (Tom)</para>
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<para>
  This fixes a difficult-to-exploit security hole.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Avoid locking conflict between <command>ANALYZE</command> and <command>LISTEN</command>/<command>NOTIFY</command></para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Numerous translation updates (various contributors)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

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   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-2">
   <title>Release 7.4.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2004-03-08</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.1.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.2</title>

    <para>
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     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     it may be advisable as the easiest method of incorporating fixes for
     two errors that have been found in the initial contents of 7.4.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.4.2's initdb will
     automatically correct these problems.
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    </para>

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    <para>
     The more severe of the two errors is that data type <type>anyarray</>
     has the wrong alignment label; this is a problem because the
     <structname>pg_statistic</> system catalog uses <type>anyarray</>
     columns.  The mislabeling can cause planner misestimations and even
     crashes when planning queries that involve <literal>WHERE</> clauses on
     double-aligned columns (such as <type>float8</> and <type>timestamp</>).
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair this error,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
     below.
    </para>

    <para>
     The lesser error is that the system view <structname>pg_settings</>
     ought to be marked as having public update access, to allow
     <literal>UPDATE pg_settings</> to be used as a substitute for
     <command>SET</>.  This can also be fixed either by initdb or manually,
     but it is not necessary to fix unless you want to use <literal>UPDATE
     pg_settings</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, the following procedure will work
     for fixing <structname>pg_statistic</>.  As the database superuser,
     do:

<programlisting>
-- clear out old data in pg_statistic:
DELETE FROM pg_statistic;
VACUUM pg_statistic;
-- this should update 1 row:
UPDATE pg_type SET typalign = 'd' WHERE oid = 2277;
-- this should update 6 rows:
UPDATE pg_attribute SET attalign = 'd' WHERE atttypid = 2277;
--     
-- At this point you MUST start a fresh backend to avoid a crash!
--
-- repopulate pg_statistic:
ANALYZE;
</programlisting>

     This can be done in a live database, but beware that all backends
     running in the altered database must be restarted before it is safe to
     repopulate <structname>pg_statistic</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     To repair the <structname>pg_settings</> error, simply do:
<programlisting>
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON pg_settings TO PUBLIC;
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     The above procedures must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
     the same errors.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
     additional steps.  First, from any database issue
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
      procedures.  Finally, do
<programlisting>
-- re-freeze template0:
VACUUM FREEZE;
-- and protect it against future alterations:
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
    </para>
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   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

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<para>
    Release 7.4.2 incorporates all the fixes included in release 7.3.6,
    plus the following fixes:
</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Fix <structname>pg_statistics</> alignment bug that could crash optimizer</para>
<para>See above for details about this problem.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow non-super users to update <structname>pg_settings</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix several optimizer bugs, most of which led to
<quote>variable not found in subplan target lists</> errors</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid out-of-memory failure during startup of large multiple
index scan</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix multibyte problem that could lead to <quote>out of
memory</> error during <command>COPY IN</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with <command>SELECT INTO</> / <command>CREATE
TABLE AS</> from tables without OIDs</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with <filename>alter_table</> regression test
during parallel testing</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with hitting open file limit, especially on OS X (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Partial fix for Turkish-locale issues</para>
<para>initdb will succeed now in Turkish locale, but there are still some
inconveniences associated with the <literal>i/I</> problem.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump set client encoding on restore</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Other minor pg_dump fixes</para></listitem>
8748
<listitem><para>Allow ecpg to again use C keywords as column names (Michael)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Added ecpg <literal>WHENEVER NOT_FOUND</> to
<literal>SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE</> (Michael)</para></listitem> 
8751
<listitem><para>Fix ecpg crash for queries calling set-returning functions (Michael)</para></listitem>
8752
<listitem><para>Various other ecpg fixes (Michael)</para></listitem>
8753 8754
<listitem><para>Fixes for Borland compiler</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Thread build improvements (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8755 8756
<listitem><para>Various other build fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various JDBC fixes</para></listitem>
8757 8758
</itemizedlist>

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   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-4-1">
   <title>Release 7.4.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
8767
   <simpara>2003-12-22</simpara>
8768 8769 8770
   </note>

   <para>
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    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.
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   </para>


   <sect2>
8776
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.1</title>
8777 8778 8779 8780 8781

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.4.
    </para>
8782 8783 8784

    <para>
     If you want to install the fixes in the information schema
8785 8786
     you need to reload it into the database.
     This is either accomplished by initializing a new cluster
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     by running <command>initdb</command>, or by running the following
     sequence of SQL commands in each database (ideally including
     <literal>template1</literal>) as a superuser in
     <application>psql</application>, after installing the new release:
<programlisting>
DROP SCHEMA information_schema CASCADE;
\i /usr/local/pgsql/share/information_schema.sql
</programlisting>
     Substitute your installation path in the second command.
    </para>

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   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
8804 8805
<listitem><para>Fixed bug in <command>CREATE SCHEMA</command> parsing in ECPG (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix compile error when <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> and <option>--with-perl</option> are used together (Peter)</para></listitem>
8806 8807 8808 8809 8810 8811 8812 8813 8814 8815 8816 8817
<listitem><para>Fix for subqueries that used hash joins (Tom)</para>
<para>
    Certain subqueries that used hash joins would crash because of
    improperly shared structures.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix free space map compaction bug (Tom)</para>
<para>
    This fixes a bug where compaction of the free space map could lead
    to a database server shutdown.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for Borland compiler build of libpq (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8818
<listitem><para>Fix <function>netmask()</function> and <function>hostmask()</function> to return the maximum-length masklen (Tom)</para>
8819 8820 8821 8822 8823
<para>
    Fix these functions to return values consistent with pre-7.4
    releases.
</para>
</listitem>
8824
<listitem><para>Several <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</filename> fixes</para>
8825 8826
<para>
    Fixes include improper variable initialization, missing vacuum after
8827
    <command>TRUNCATE</command>, and duration computation overflow for long vacuums.
8828 8829
</para>
</listitem>
8830
<listitem><para>Allow compile of <filename>contrib/cube</filename> under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
8831 8832 8833 8834 8835 8836 8837
<listitem><para>Fix Solaris use of password file when no passwords are defined (Tom)</para>
<para>
    Fix crash on Solaris caused by use of any type of password
    authentication when no passwords were defined.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>JDBC fix for thread problems, other fixes</para></listitem>
8838 8839
<listitem><para>Fix for <type>bytea</type> index lookups (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix information schema for bit data types (Peter)</para></listitem>
8840
<listitem><para>Force zero_damaged_pages to be on during recovery from WAL</para></listitem>
8841 8842
<listitem><para>Prevent some obscure cases of <quote>variable not in subplan target lists</quote></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>PQescapeBytea</function> and <function>byteaout</function> consistent with each other (Joe)</para></listitem>
8843
<listitem><para>Escape <type>bytea</type> output for bytes &gt; 0x7e(Joe)</para>
8844
<para>
8845 8846
  If different client encodings are used for <type>bytea</type> output and input, it
  is possible for <type>bytea</type> values to be corrupted by the differing
8847 8848 8849
  encodings.  This fix escapes all bytes that might be affected.
</para>
</listitem>
8850
<listitem><para>Added missing <function>SPI_finish()</function> calls to dblink's <function>get_tuple_of_interest()</function> (Joe)</para></listitem>
8851
<listitem><para>New Czech FAQ</para></listitem>
8852 8853 8854
<listitem><para>Fix information schema view <literal>constraint_column_usage</literal> for foreign keys (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPG fixes (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bug with multiple <literal>IN</literal> subqueries and joins in the subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
8855
<listitem><para>Allow <literal>COUNT('x')</literal> to work (Tom)</para></listitem>
8856
<listitem><para>Install ECPG include files for Informix compatibility into separate directory (Peter)</para>
8857
<para>
8858
  Some names of ECPG include files for Informix compatibility conflicted with operating system include files.
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  By installing them in their own directory, name conflicts have been reduced.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix SSL memory leak (Neil)</para>
<para>
  This release fixes a bug in 7.4 where SSL didn't free all memory it allocated.
</para>
</listitem>
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<listitem><para>Prevent <filename>pg_service.conf</filename> from using service name as default dbname (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix local ident authentication on FreeBSD (Tom)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

8874
 <sect1 id="release-7-4">
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  <title>Release 7.4</title>
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  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-11-17</simpara>
  </note>

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  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>
8884

8885 8886
   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
8887
   </para>
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   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      <literal>IN</literal> / <literal>NOT IN</literal> subqueries are
      now much more efficient
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, <literal>IN</literal>/<literal>NOT
       IN</literal> subqueries were joined to the upper query by
       sequentially scanning the subquery looking for a match.  The
       7.4 code uses the same sophisticated techniques used by
       ordinary joins and so is much faster.  An
       <literal>IN</literal> will now usually be as fast as or faster
       than an equivalent <literal>EXISTS</literal> subquery; this
       reverses the conventional wisdom that applied to previous
       releases.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Improved <literal>GROUP BY</literal> processing by using hash buckets
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, rows to be grouped had to be sorted
       first.  The 7.4 code can do <literal>GROUP BY</literal>
       without sorting, by accumulating results into a hash table
       with one entry per group.  It will still use the sort
       technique, however, if the hash table is estimated to be too
       large to fit in <varname>sort_mem</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New multikey hash join capability
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, hash joins could only occur on single
       keys.  This release allows multicolumn hash joins.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Queries using the explicit <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax are
      now better optimized
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prior releases evaluated queries using the explicit
       <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax only in the order implied by
       the syntax. 7.4 allows full optimization of these queries,
       meaning the optimizer considers all possible join orderings
       and chooses the most efficient.  Outer joins, however, must
       still follow the declared ordering.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Faster and more powerful regular expression code
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The entire regular expression module has been replaced with a
       new version by Henry Spencer, originally written for Tcl.  The
       code greatly improves performance and supports several flavors
       of regular expressions.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Function-inlining for simple SQL functions
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Simple SQL functions can now be inlined by including their SQL
       in the main query.  This improves performance by eliminating
       per-call overhead.  That means simple SQL functions now
       behave like macros.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Full support for IPv6 connections and IPv6 address data types
     </term>
8993

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Previous releases allowed only IPv4 connections, and the IP
       data types only supported IPv4 addresses. This release adds
       full IPv6 support in both of these areas.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Major improvements in SSL performance and reliability
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Several people very familiar with the SSL API have overhauled
       our SSL code to improve SSL key negotiation and error
       recovery.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Make free space map efficiently reuse empty index pages,
      and other free space management improvements
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, B-tree index pages that were left empty
       because of deleted rows could only be reused by rows with
       index values similar to the rows originally indexed on that
       page. In 7.4, <command>VACUUM</command> records empty index
       pages and allows them to be reused for any future index rows.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      SQL-standard information schema
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The information schema provides a standardized and stable way
       to access information about the schema objects defined in a
       database.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Cursors conform more closely to the SQL standard
     </term>
9052

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The commands <command>FETCH</command> and
       <command>MOVE</command> have been overhauled to conform more
       closely to the SQL standard.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Cursors can exist outside transactions
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       These cursors are also called holdable cursors.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
9073

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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New client-to-server protocol
     </term>
9078

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The new protocol adds error codes, more status information,
       faster startup, better support for binary data transmission,
       parameter values separated from SQL commands, prepared
       statements available at the protocol level, and cleaner
       recovery from <command>COPY</command> failures.  The older
       protocol is still supported by both server and clients.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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9091 9092 9093 9094 9095 9096
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      <application>libpq</application> and
      <application>ECPG</application> applications are now fully
      thread-safe
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       While previous <application>libpq</application> releases
       already supported threads, this release improves thread safety
       by fixing some non-thread-safe code that was used during
       database connection startup.  The <command>configure</command>
       option <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> must be used to
       enable this feature.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
9109

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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New version of full-text indexing
     </term>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       A new full-text indexing suite is available in
       <filename>contrib/tsearch2</filename>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New autovacuum tool
     </term>
9127

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The new autovacuum tool in
       <filename>contrib/autovacuum</filename> monitors the database
       statistics tables for
       <command>INSERT</command>/<command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command>
       activity and automatically vacuums tables when needed.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Array handling has been improved and moved into the server core
     </term>
9143

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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Many array limitations have been removed, and arrays behave
       more like fully-supported data types.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>
9153
  </sect2>
9154

9155 9156 9157
  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.4</title>
                                      
9158
   <para>
9159 9160 9161
    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
    required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
    release.
9162
   </para>
9163 9164 9165
   
   <para>
    Observe the following incompatibilities:
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   </para>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The server-side autocommit setting was removed and
      reimplemented in client applications and languages.
      Server-side autocommit was causing too many problems with
      languages and applications that wanted to control their own
      autocommit behavior, so autocommit was removed from the server
      and added to individual client APIs as appropriate.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Error message wording has changed substantially in this
      release.  Significant effort was invested to make the messages
      more consistent and user-oriented.  If your applications try to
      detect different error conditions by parsing the error message,
      you are strongly encouraged to use the new error code facility instead.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Inner joins using the explicit <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax
      may behave differently because they are now better
      optimized.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      A number of server configuration parameters have been renamed
      for clarity, primarily those related to
      logging.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <literal>FETCH 0</literal> or <literal>MOVE 0</literal> now
      does nothing.  In prior releases, <literal>FETCH 0</literal>
      would fetch all remaining rows, and <literal>MOVE 0</literal>
      would move to the end of the cursor.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> now return
      the actual number of rows fetched/moved, or zero if at the
      beginning/end of the cursor.  Prior releases would return the
      row count passed to the command, not the number of rows
      actually fetched or moved.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>COPY</command> now can process files that use
      carriage-return or carriage-return/line-feed end-of-line
      sequences. Literal carriage-returns and line-feeds are no
      longer accepted in data values; use <literal>\r</literal> and
      <literal>\n</literal> instead.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Trailing spaces are now trimmed when converting from type
      <type>char(<replaceable>n</>)</type> to
      <type>varchar(<replaceable>n</>)</type> or <type>text</type>.
      This is what most people always expected to happen anyway.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The data type <type>float(<replaceable>p</>)</type> now
      measures <replaceable>p</> in binary digits, not decimal
      digits.  The new behavior follows the SQL standard.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ambiguous date values now must match the ordering specified by
      the <varname>datestyle</varname> setting.  In prior releases, a
      date specification of <literal>10/20/03</> was interpreted as a
      date in October even if <varname>datestyle</> specified that
      the day should be first.  7.4 will throw an error if a date
      specification is invalid for the current setting of
      <varname>datestyle</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The functions <function>oidrand</function>,
      <function>oidsrand</function>, and
      <function>userfntest</function> have been removed.  These
      functions were determined to be no longer useful.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      String literals specifying time-varying date/time values, such
      as <literal>'now'</literal> or <literal>'today'</literal> will
      no longer work as expected in column default expressions; they
      now cause the time of the table creation to be the default, not
      the time of the insertion.  Functions such as
      <function>now()</>, <function>current_timestamp</>, or
      <function>current_date</function> should be used instead.
     </para>
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     <para>
      In previous releases, there was special code so that strings
      such as <literal>'now'</literal> were interpreted at
      <command>INSERT</> time and not at table creation time, but
      this work around didn't cover all cases.  Release 7.4 now
      requires that defaults be defined properly using functions such
      as <function>now()</> or <function>current_timestamp</>. These
      will work in all situations.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The dollar sign (<literal>$</>) is no longer allowed in
      operator names.  It can instead be a non-first character in
      identifiers.  This was done to improve compatibility with other
      database systems, and to avoid syntax problems when parameter
      placeholders (<literal>$<replaceable>n</></>) are written
      adjacent to operators.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <para>
    Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
    release 7.4 and the previous major release.
   </para>

  <sect3>
   <title>Server Operation Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow IPv6 server connections (Nigel Kukard, Johan Jordaan,
      Bruce, Tom, Kurt Roeckx, Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix SSL to handle errors cleanly (Nathan Mueller)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, certain SSL API error reports were not
      handled correctly.  This release fixes those problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      SSL protocol security and performance improvements (Sean Chittenden)
     </para>
     <para>
      SSL key renegotiation was happening too frequently, causing poor
      SSL performance.  Also, initial key handling was improved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Print lock information when a deadlock is detected (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows easier debugging of deadlock situations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update <filename>/tmp</filename> socket modification times
      regularly to avoid their removal (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This should help prevent <filename>/tmp</filename> directory
      cleaner administration scripts from removing server socket
      files.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Enable PAM for Mac OS X (Aaron Hillegass)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make B-tree indexes fully WAL-safe (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, under certain rare cases, a server crash
      could cause B-tree indexes to become corrupt. This release
      removes those last few rare cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow B-tree index compaction and empty page reuse (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix inconsistent index lookups during split of first root page (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, when a single-page index split into two
      pages, there was a brief period when another database session
      could miss seeing an index entry.  This release fixes that rare
      failure case.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve free space map allocation logic (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Preserve free space information between server restarts (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, the free space map was not saved when the
      postmaster was stopped, so newly started servers had no free
      space information. This release saves the free space map, and
      reloads it when the server is restarted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Add start time to <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New code to detect corrupt disk pages; erase with <varname>zero_damaged_pages</varname> (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New client/server protocol: faster, no username length limit, allow clean exit from <command>COPY</command> (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add transaction status, table ID, column ID to client/server protocol (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add binary I/O to client/server protocol (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Remove autocommit server setting; move to client applications (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New error message wording, error codes, and three levels of error detail (Tom, Joe, Peter)</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Performance Improvements</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Add hashing for <literal>GROUP BY</literal> aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Make nested-loop joins be smarter about multicolumn indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow multikey hash joins (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve constant folding (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add ability to inline simple SQL functions (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Reduce memory usage for queries using complex functions (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, functions returning allocated memory would
      not free it until the query completed. This release allows the
      freeing of function-allocated memory when the function call
      completes, reducing the total memory used by functions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Improve GEQO optimizer performance (Tom)</para>
     <para>
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      This release fixes several inefficiencies in the way the GEQO optimizer
      manages potential query paths.
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <literal>IN</>/<literal>NOT IN</> to be handled via hash
      tables (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <literal>NOT IN (<replaceable>subquery</>)</literal>
      performance (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow most <literal>IN</literal> subqueries to be processed as
      joins (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Pattern matching operations can use indexes regardless of
      locale (Peter)
     </para>
     <para>
      There is no way for non-ASCII locales to use the standard
      indexes for <literal>LIKE</literal> comparisons. This release
      adds a way to create a special index for
      <literal>LIKE</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow the postmaster to preload libraries using <varname>preload_libraries</varname> (Joe)</para>
     <para>
      For shared libraries that require a long time to load, this
      option is available so the library can be preloaded in the
      postmaster and inherited by all database sessions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve optimizer cost computations, particularly for subqueries (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid sort when subquery <literal>ORDER BY</literal> matches upper query (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Deduce that <literal>WHERE a.x = b.y AND b.y = 42</literal> also
      means <literal>a.x = 42</literal> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow hash/merge joins on complex joins (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow hash joins for more data types (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow join optimization of explicit inner joins, disable with
      <varname>join_collapse_limit</varname> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add parameter <varname>from_collapse_limit</varname> to control
      conversion of subqueries to joins (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use faster and more powerful regular expression code from Tcl
      (Henry Spencer, Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use bit-mapped relation sets in the optimizer (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Improve connection startup time (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      The new client/server protocol requires fewer network packets to
      start a database session.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve trigger/constraint performance (Stephan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve speed of <literal>col IN (const, const, const, ...)</literal> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix hash indexes which were broken in rare cases (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve hash index concurrency and speed (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      Prior releases suffered from poor hash index performance,
      particularly for high concurrency situations. This release fixes
      that, and the development group is interested in reports
      comparing B-tree and hash index performance.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Align shared buffers on 32-byte boundary for copy speed improvement (Manfred Spraul)</para>
     <para>
      Certain CPU's perform faster data copies when addresses are
      32-byte aligned.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Data type <type>numeric</type> reimplemented for better performance (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      <type>numeric</type> used to be stored in base 100. The new code
      uses base 10000, for significantly better performance.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Server Configuration Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Rename server parameter <varname>server_min_messages</> to <varname>log_min_messages</> (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      This was done so most parameters that control the server logs
      begin with <literal>log_</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>show_*_stats</> to <varname>log_*_stats</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>show_source_port</> to <varname>log_source_port</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>hostname_lookup</> to <varname>log_hostname</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <varname>checkpoint_warning</> to warn of excessive checkpointing (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, it was difficult to determine if checkpoint
      was happening too frequently. This feature adds a warning to the
      server logs when excessive checkpointing happens.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>New read-only server parameters for localization (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change debug server log messages to output as <literal>DEBUG</>
      rather than <literal>LOG</> (Bruce)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent server log variables from being turned off by non-superusers (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      This is a security feature so non-superusers cannot disable
      logging that was enabled by the administrator.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <varname>log_min_messages</>/<varname>client_min_messages</> now
      controls <varname>debug_*</> output (Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      This centralizes client debug information so all debug output
      can be sent to either the client or server logs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add Mac OS X Rendezvous server support (Chris Campbell)</para>
     <para>
      This allows Mac OS X hosts to query the network for available
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      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers.
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add ability to print only slow statements using
      <varname>log_min_duration_statement</varname>
      (Christopher)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is an often requested debugging feature that allows
      administrators to see only slow queries in their server logs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> to accept netmasks in CIDR format (Andrew Dunstan)</para>
     <para>
      This allows administrators to merge the host IP address and
      netmask fields into a single CIDR field in <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>New read-only parameter <varname>is_superuser</varname> (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>New parameter <varname>log_error_verbosity</varname> to control error detail (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This works with the new error reporting feature to supply
      additional error information like hints, file names and line
      numbers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para><literal>postgres --describe-config</literal> now dumps server config variables (Aizaz Ahmed, Peter)</para>
     <para>
      This option is useful for administration tools that need to know
      the configuration variable names and their minimums, maximums,
      defaults, and descriptions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new columns in <literal>pg_settings</literal>:
      <literal>context</>, <literal>type</>, <literal>source</>,
      <literal>min_val</>, <literal>max_val</> (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make default <varname>shared_buffers</> 1000 and
      <varname>max_connections</> 100, if possible (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
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      Prior versions defaulted to 64 shared buffers so <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
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      would start on even very old systems. This release tests the
      amount of shared memory allowed by the platform and selects more
      reasonable default values if possible.  Of course, users are
      still encouraged to evaluate their resource load and size
      <varname>shared_buffers</varname> accordingly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      New <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> record type
      <literal>hostnossl</> to prevent SSL connections (Jon
      Jensen)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, there was no way to prevent SSL connections
      if both the client and server supported SSL. This option allows
      that capability.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove parameter <varname>geqo_random_seed</varname>
      (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add server parameter <varname>regex_flavor</varname> to control regular expression processing (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <command>pg_ctl</command> better handle nonstandard ports (Greg)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Query Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>New SQL-standard information schema (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add read-only transactions (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Print key name and value in foreign-key violation messages (Dmitry Tkach)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow users to see their own queries in <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Kevin Brown)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, only the superuser could see query strings
      using <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal>. Now ordinary users
      can see their own query strings.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix aggregates in subqueries to match SQL standard (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      The SQL standard says that an aggregate function appearing
      within a nested subquery belongs to the outer query if its
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      argument contains only outer-query variables.  Prior
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> releases did not handle
      this fine point correctly.
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add option to prevent auto-addition of tables referenced in query (Nigel J. Andrews)</para>
     <para>
      By default, tables mentioned in the query are automatically
      added to the <literal>FROM</> clause if they are not already
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      there.  This is compatible with historic
      <productname>POSTGRES</productname> behavior but is contrary to
      the SQL standard.  This option allows selecting
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      standard-compatible behavior.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <literal>UPDATE ... SET col = DEFAULT</literal> (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This allows <command>UPDATE</command> to set a column to its
      declared default value.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow expressions to be used in <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> could
      only use constants, not expressions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Implement <literal>CREATE TABLE AS EXECUTE</literal> (Neil, Peter)</para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
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     <para>Make <command>CREATE SEQUENCE</command> grammar more conforming to SQL:2003 (Neil)</para>
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    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add statement-level triggers (Neil)</para>
     <para>
      While this allows a trigger to fire at the end of a statement,
      it does not allow the trigger to access all rows modified by the
      statement.  This capability is planned for a future release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add check constraints for domains (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This greatly increases the usefulness of domains by allowing
      them to use check constraints.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <command>ALTER DOMAIN</command> (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This allows manipulation of existing domains.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix several zero-column table bugs (Tom)</para>
     <para>
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      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> supports zero-column tables. This fixes various bugs
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      that occur when using such tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Have <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD PRIMARY KEY</literal> add not-null constraint (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD
      PRIMARY</literal> would add a unique index, but not a not-null
      constraint.  That is fixed in this release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... WITHOUT OIDS</literal> (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This allows control over whether new and updated rows will have
      an OID column.  This is most useful for saving storage space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add <literal>ALTER SEQUENCE</literal> to modify minimum, maximum,
      increment, cache, cycle values (Rod)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... CLUSTER ON</literal> (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
     <para>
      This command is used by <command>pg_dump</command> to record the
      cluster column for each table previously clustered. This
      information is used by database-wide cluster to cluster all
      previously clustered tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve automatic type casting for domains (Rod, Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow dollar signs in identifiers, except as first character (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Disallow dollar signs in operator names, so <literal>x=$1</> works (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow copying table schema using <literal>LIKE
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      <replaceable>subtable</replaceable></literal>, also SQL:2003
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      feature <literal>INCLUDING DEFAULTS</literal> (Rod)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add <literal>WITH GRANT OPTION</literal> clause to
      <command>GRANT</command> (Peter)
     </para>
     <para>
      This enabled <command>GRANT</command> to give other users the
      ability to grant privileges on a object.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Utility Command Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Add <literal>ON COMMIT</literal> clause to <command>CREATE TABLE</command> for temporary tables (Gavin)</para>
     <para>
      This adds the ability for a table to be dropped or all rows
      deleted on transaction commit.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow cursors outside transactions using <literal>WITH HOLD</literal> (Neil)</para>
     <para>
      In previous releases, cursors were removed at the end of the
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      transaction that created them. Cursors can now be created with
      the <literal>WITH HOLD</literal> option, which allows them to
      continue to be accessed after the creating transaction has
      committed.
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para><literal>FETCH 0</literal> and <literal>MOVE 0 </literal> now do nothing (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      In previous releases, <literal>FETCH 0</literal> fetched all
      remaining rows, and <literal>MOVE 0</literal> moved to the end
      of the cursor.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cause <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> to
      return the number of rows fetched/moved, or zero if at the
      beginning/end of cursor, per SQL standard (Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, the row count returned by
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> did not
      accurately reflect the number of rows processed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Properly handle <literal>SCROLL</literal> with cursors, or
     report an error (Neil)</para>
     <para>
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      Allowing random access (both forward and backward scrolling) to
      some kinds of queries cannot be done without some additional
      work. If <literal>SCROLL</literal> is specified when the cursor
      is created, this additional work will be performed. Furthermore,
      if the cursor has been created with <literal>NO SCROLL</literal>,
      no random access is allowed.
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
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      Implement SQL-compatible options <literal>FIRST</>,
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      <literal>LAST</>, <literal>ABSOLUTE <replaceable>n</></>,
      <literal>RELATIVE <replaceable>n</></> for
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>EXPLAIN</command> on <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>CLUSTER</command> to use index marked as pre-clustered by default (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>CLUSTER</command> to cluster all tables (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
     <para>
      This allows all previously clustered tables in a database to be
      reclustered with a single command.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Prevent <command>CLUSTER</command> on partial indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow DOS and Mac line-endings in <command>COPY</> files (Bruce)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow literal carriage return as a data value,
      backslash-carriage-return and <literal>\r</> are still allowed
      (Bruce)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para><command>COPY</> changes (binary, <literal>\.</>) (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Recover from <command>COPY</command> failure cleanly (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent possible memory leaks in <command>COPY</command> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make <command>TRUNCATE</command> transaction-safe (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      <command>TRUNCATE</command> can now be used inside a
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      transaction. If the transaction aborts, the changes made by the
      <command>TRUNCATE</command> are automatically rolled back.
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow prepare/bind of utility commands like
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>EXPLAIN</command> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <command>EXPLAIN EXECUTE</command> (Neil)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Improve <command>VACUUM</command> performance on indexes by reducing WAL traffic (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Functional indexes have been generalized into indexes on expressions (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, functional indexes only supported a simple
      function applied to one or more column names.  This release
      allows any type of scalar expression.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Have <command>SHOW TRANSACTION ISOLATION</command> match input
      to <command>SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION</command>
      (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
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     <para>
       Have <command>COMMENT ON DATABASE</command> on nonlocal
       database generate a warning, rather than an error (Rod)
      </para>

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     <para>
      Database comments are stored in database-local tables so
      comments on a database have to be stored in each database.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve reliability of <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>REINDEX</command> to reliably reindex nonshared system catalog indexes (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This allows system tables to be reindexed without the
      requirement of a standalone session, which was necessary in
      previous releases. The only tables that now require a standalone
      session for reindexing are the global system tables
      <literal>pg_database</>, <literal>pg_shadow</>, and
      <literal>pg_group</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      New server parameter <varname>extra_float_digits</varname> to
      control precision display of floating-point numbers (Pedro
      Ferreira, Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This controls output precision which was causing regression
      testing problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow <literal>+1300</literal> as a numeric time-zone specifier, for FJST (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove rarely used functions <function>oidrand</>,
      <function>oidsrand</>, and <function>userfntest</> functions
      (Neil)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <function>md5()</> function to main server, already in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename> (Joe)</para>
     <para>
      An MD5 function was frequently requested. For more complex
      encryption capabilities, use
      <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Increase date range of <type>timestamp</type> (John Cochran)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change <literal>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamp)</literal> so
      <type>timestamp without time zone</type> is assumed to be in
      local time, not GMT (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Trap division by zero in case the operating system doesn't prevent it (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Change the <type>numeric</type> data type internally to base 10000 (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New <function>hostmask()</function> function (Greg Wickham)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fixes for <function>to_char()</function> and <function>to_timestamp()</function> (Karel)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow functions that can take any argument data type and return
      any data type, using <type>anyelement</type> and
      <type>anyarray</type> (Joe)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows the creation of functions that can work with any
      data type.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Arrays may now be specified as <literal>ARRAY[1,2,3]</literal>,
      <literal>ARRAY[['a','b'],['c','d']]</literal>, or
      <literal>ARRAY[ARRAY[ARRAY[2]]]</literal> (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow proper comparisons for arrays, including <literal>ORDER
      BY</literal> and <literal>DISTINCT</literal> support
      (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow indexes on array columns (Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow array concatenation with <literal>||</literal> (Joe)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <literal>WHERE</literal> qualification
      <literal><replaceable>expr</> <replaceable>op</> ANY/SOME/ALL
      (<replaceable>array_expr</>)</literal> (Joe)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows arrays to behave like a list of values, for purposes
      like <literal>SELECT * FROM tab WHERE col IN
      (array_val)</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      New array functions <function>array_append</>,
      <function>array_cat</>, <function>array_lower</>,
      <function>array_prepend</>, <function>array_to_string</>,
      <function>array_upper</>, <function>string_to_array</> (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow user defined aggregates to use polymorphic functions (Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow assignments to empty arrays (Joe)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow 60 in seconds fields of <type>time</type>,
      <type>timestamp</type>, and <type>interval</type> input values
      (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      Sixty-second values are needed for leap seconds.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow <type>cidr</type> data type to be cast to <type>text</type> (Tom)</para></listitem>

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    <listitem><para>Disallow invalid time zone names in SET TIMEZONE</para></listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Trim trailing spaces when <type>char</type> is cast to
      <type>varchar</> or <type>text</> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <type>float(<replaceable>p</>)</> measure the precision
      <replaceable>p</> in binary digits, not decimal digits
      (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add IPv6 support to the <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type> data types (Michael Graff)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <function>family()</function> function to report whether address is IPv4 or IPv6 (Michael Graff)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Have <literal>SHOW datestyle</literal> generate output similar
      to that used by <literal>SET datestyle</literal> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <literal>EXTRACT(TIMEZONE)</literal> and <literal>SET/SHOW
      TIME ZONE</literal> follow the SQL convention for the sign of
      time zone offsets, i.e., positive is east from UTC (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
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     <para>Fix <literal>date_trunc('quarter', ...)</literal> (Bjthe Zoltn)</para>
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     <para>
      Prior releases returned an incorrect value for this function call.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make <function>initcap()</function> more compatible with Oracle (Mike Nolan)</para>
     <para>
      <function>initcap()</function> now uppercases a letter appearing
      after any non-alphanumeric character, rather than only after
      whitespace.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow only <varname>datestyle</varname> field order for date values not in ISO-8601 format (Greg)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new <varname>datestyle</varname> values <literal>MDY</>,
      <literal>DMY</>, and <literal>YMD</> to set input field order;
      honor <literal>US</> and <literal>European</> for backward
      compatibility (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      String literals like <literal>'now'</literal> or
      <literal>'today'</literal> will no longer work as a column
      default. Use functions such as <function>now()</function>,
      <function>current_timestamp</function> instead.  (change
      required for prepared statements) (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Treat NaN as larger than any other value in <function>min()</>/<function>max()</> (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      NaN was already sorted after ordinary numeric values for most
      purposes, but <function>min()</> and <function>max()</> didn't
      get this right.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent interval from suppressing <literal>:00</literal>
     seconds display</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
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      New functions <function>pg_get_triggerdef(prettyprint)</function>
      and <function>pg_conversion_is_visible()</function> (Christopher)
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     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow time to be specified as <literal>040506</> or <literal>0405</> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Input date order must now be <literal>YYYY-MM-DD</literal> (with 4-digit year) or
      match <varname>datestyle</varname>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
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      Make <function>pg_get_constraintdef</function> support
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      unique, primary-key, and check constraints (Christopher)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Server-Side Language Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent PL/pgSQL crash when <literal>RETURN NEXT</literal> is
      used on a zero-row record variable (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make PL/Python's <function>spi_execute</function> interface
      handle null values properly (Andrew Bosma)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow PL/pgSQL to declare variables of composite types without <literal>%ROWTYPE</literal> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix PL/Python's <function>_quote()</function> function to handle big integers</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make PL/Python an untrusted language, now called <literal>plpythonu</literal> (Kevin Jacobs, Tom)</para>
     <para>
      The Python language no longer supports a restricted execution
      environment, so the trusted version of PL/Python was removed. If
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      this situation changes, a version of PL/Python that can be used
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      by non-superusers will be readded.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
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     <para>Allow polymorphic PL/pgSQL functions (Joe, Tom)</para>
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    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow polymorphic SQL functions (Joe)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improved compiled function caching mechanism in PL/pgSQL with
      full support for polymorphism (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new parameter <literal>$0</> in PL/pgSQL representing the
      function's actual return type (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow PL/Tcl and PL/Python to use the same trigger on multiple tables (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fixed PL/Tcl's <function>spi_prepare</function> to accept fully
      qualified type names in the parameter type list
      (Jan)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>
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  <sect3>
   <title>psql Changes</title>
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   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Add <literal>\pset pager always</literal> to always use pager (Greg)</para>
     <para>
      This forces the pager to be used even if the number of rows is
      less than the screen height.  This is valuable for rows that
      wrap across several screen rows.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Improve tab completion (Rod, Ross Reedstrom, Ian Barwick)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Reorder <literal>\?</> help into groupings (Harald Armin Massa, Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add backslash commands for listing schemas, casts, and conversions (Christopher)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>\encoding</> now changes based on the server parameter
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      <varname>client_encoding</varname> (Tom)
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     </para>
     <para>
      In previous versions, <command>\encoding</command> was not aware
      of encoding changes made using <literal>SET
      client_encoding</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>Save editor buffer into readline history (Ross)</para>
     <para>
      When <command>\e</> is used to edit a query, the result is saved
      in the readline history for retrieval using the up arrow.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Improve <command>\d</command> display (Christopher)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Enhance HTML mode to be more standards-conforming (Greg)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>New <command>\set AUTOCOMMIT off</command> capability (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This takes the place of the removed server parameter <varname>autocommit</varname>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>New <command>\set VERBOSITY</command> to control error detail (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This controls the new error reporting details.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>New prompt escape sequence <literal>%x</literal> to show transaction status (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Long options for <application>psql</application> are now available on all platforms</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>
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  <sect3>
   <title>pg_dump Changes</title>
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   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Multiple pg_dump fixes, including tar format and large objects</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow pg_dump to dump specific schemas (Neil)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make pg_dump preserve column storage characteristics (Christopher)</para>
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     <para>
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      This preserves <literal>ALTER TABLE ... SET STORAGE</literal> information.
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     </para>
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    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Make pg_dump preserve <command>CLUSTER</command> characteristics (Christopher)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem>
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     <para>
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      Have pg_dumpall use <command>GRANT</>/<command>REVOKE</> to dump database-level privileges (Tom)
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     </para>
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    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow pg_dumpall to support the options <option>-a</>,
      <option>-s</>, <option>-x</> of pg_dump (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Prevent pg_dump from lowercasing identifiers specified on the command line (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
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     <para>
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      pg_dump options <option>--use-set-session-authorization</option>
      and <option>--no-reconnect</option> now do nothing, all dumps
      use <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>
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     </para>
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     <para>
      pg_dump no longer reconnects to switch users, but instead always
      uses <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>. This will
      reduce password prompting during restores.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>Long options for <application>pg_dump</application> are now available on all platforms</para>
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     <para>
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      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now includes its own
      long-option processing routines.
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     </para>
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    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>
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  <sect3>
   <title>libpq Changes</title>
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   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
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     <para>
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      Add function <function>PQfreemem</function> for freeing memory on
      Windows, suggested for <command>NOTIFY</command> (Bruce)
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     </para>
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     <para>
      Windows requires that memory allocated in a library be freed by
      a function in the same library, hence
      <function>free()</function> doesn't work for freeing memory
      allocated by libpq. <function>PQfreemem</function> is the proper
      way to free libpq memory, especially on Windows, and is
      recommended for other platforms as well.
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     </para>
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    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>Document service capability, and add sample file (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      This allows clients to look up connection information in a
      central file on the client machine.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>PQsetdbLogin</function> have the same defaults as
      <function>PQconnectdb</function> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Allow libpq to cleanly fail when result sets are too large (Tom)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
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      Improve performance of function <function>PQunescapeBytea</function> (Ben Lamb)
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     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow thread-safe libpq with <filename>configure</filename>
      option <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> (Lee Kindness,
      Philip Yarra)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow function <function>pqInternalNotice</function> to accept a
      format string and arguments instead of just a preformatted
      message (Tom, Sean Chittenden)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Control SSL negotiation with <literal>sslmode</literal> values
      <literal>disable</literal>, <literal>allow</literal>,
      <literal>prefer</literal>, and <literal>require</literal> (Jon
      Jensen)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>Allow new error codes and levels of text (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>Allow access to the underlying table and column of a query result (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This is helpful for query-builder applications that want to know
      the underlying table and column names associated with a specific
      result set.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Allow access to the current transaction status (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add ability to pass binary data directly to the server (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add function <function>PQexecPrepared</function> and
      <function>PQsendQueryPrepared</function> functions which perform
      bind/execute of previously prepared statements (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>JDBC Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Allow <function>setNull</function> on updateable result sets</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow <function>executeBatch</function> on a prepared statement (Barry)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Support SSL connections (Barry)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Handle schema names in result sets (Paul Sorenson)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add refcursor support (Nic Ferrier)</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Miscellaneous Interface Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent possible memory leak or core dump during libpgtcl shutdown (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>Add Informix compatibility to ECPG (Michael)</para>
     <para>
      This allows ECPG to process embedded C programs that were
      written using certain Informix extensions.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>Add type <type>decimal</type> to ECPG that is fixed length, for Informix (Michael)</para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow thread-safe embedded SQL programs with
      <filename>configure</filename> option
      <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> (Lee Kindness, Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows multiple threads to access the database at the same
      time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Moved Python client PyGreSQL to <ulink url="http://www.pygresql.org"></ulink> (Marc)</para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Source Code Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Prevent need for separate platform geometry regression result files (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improved PPC locking primitive (Reinhard Max)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New function <function>palloc0</function> to allocate and clear memory (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fix locking code for s390x CPU (64-bit) (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow OpenBSD to use local ident credentials (William Ahern)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Make query plan trees read-only to executor (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add Darwin startup scripts (David Wheeler)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow libpq to compile with Borland C++ compiler (Lester Godwin, Karl Waclawek)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Use our own version of <function>getopt_long()</function> if needed (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Convert administration scripts to C (Peter)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Merge documentation into one book (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add Windows compatibility functions (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow client interfaces to compile under MinGW (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New <function>ereport()</function> function for error reporting (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Support Intel compiler on Linux (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve Linux startup scripts (Slawomir Sudnik, Darko Prenosil)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add support for AMD Opteron and Itanium (Jeffrey W. Baker, Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>Remove <option>--enable-recode</option> option from <command>configure</command></para>
     <para>
      This was no longer needed now that we have <command>CREATE CONVERSION</command>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>Generate a compile error if spinlock code is not found (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      Platforms without spinlock code will now fail to compile, rather
      than silently using semaphores. This failure can be disabled
      with a new <command>configure</command> option.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Contrib Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Change dbmirror license to BSD</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve earthdistance (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Portability improvements to pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Prevent crash in xml (John Gray, Michael Richards)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update oracle</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update mysql</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update cube (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update earthdistance to use cube (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update btree_gist (Oleg)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New tsearch2 full-text search module (Oleg, Teodor)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add hash-based crosstab function to tablefuncs (Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add serial column to order <function>connectby()</> siblings in tablefuncs (Nabil Sayegh,Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add named persistent connections to dblink (Shridhar Daithanka)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New pg_autovacuum allows automatic <command>VACUUM</command> (Matthew T. O'Connor)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Make pgbench honor environment variables <envar>PGHOST</>, <envar>PGPORT</>, <envar>PGUSER</> (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve intarray (Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve pgstattuple (Rod)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fix bug in <function>metaphone()</function> in fuzzystrmatch</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve adddepend (Rod)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Update spi/timetravel (Bjthe Zoltn)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fix dbase <option>-s</> option and improve non-ASCII handling (Thomas Behr, Mrcio Smiderle)</para></listitem>
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    <listitem><para>Remove array module because features now included by default (Joe)</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-15">
   <title>Release 7.3.15</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.14,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.15</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 may require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 may require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations</para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-14">
   <title>Release 7.3.14</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.13.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.14</title>

    <para>
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     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

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<listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 7.3.11 release.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog file creation
(Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-13">
   <title>Release 7.3.13</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.12.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.13</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
     notes for 7.3.10.
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     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

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<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You may need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
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</para></listitem>

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<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-12">
   <title>Release 7.3.12</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.11.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.12</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
     notes for 7.3.10.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
  
<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
<para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
corruption.</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
<para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
table has been dropped</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-11">
   <title>Release 7.3.11</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.10.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.11</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
     notes for 7.3.10.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
<literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
<literal>ctid</> links</para>
<para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
circumstances.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
<para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
pages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
enabled</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-10">
   <title>Release 7.3.10</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
11048
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.9, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.10</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     it is one possible way of handling a significant security problem
     that has been found in the initial contents of 7.3.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.3.10's initdb will
     automatically correct this problem.
    </para>

    <para>
     The security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair this error,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
     below.  The error at least allows unprivileged database users to crash
     their server process, and may allow unprivileged users to gain the
     privileges of a database superuser.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the following procedure instead.
     As the database superuser, do:

<programlisting>
BEGIN;
UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[3] = 'internal'::regtype
WHERE pronamespace = 11 AND pronargs = 5
      AND proargtypes[2] = 'cstring'::regtype;
-- The command should report having updated 90 rows;
-- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
COMMIT;
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     The above procedure must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
     the same error.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
     additional steps.  First, from any database issue
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
      procedure.  Finally, do
<programlisting>
-- re-freeze template0:
VACUUM FREEZE;
-- and protect it against future alterations:
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
misuse</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
<para>
The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
<type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
<para>
This error only occurred when the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
(Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
month-related formats</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
(Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
<filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
<type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-9">
   <title>Release 7.3.9</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.8, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.9</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
execute the specified transition functions</para>
<para>
This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
permission on a function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix plperl for quote marks in tuple fields</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
datestyles</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-8">
   <title>Release 7.3.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.7.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
<para>
Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to 
<quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
it as a potential-data-loss bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
<para>
Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow running pg_ctl as root</para>
<para>
This is to guard against any possible security issues.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in /tmp in make_oidjoins_check</para>
<para>
This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-7">
   <title>Release 7.3.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains one critical fix over 7.3.6, and some minor items.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
<para>
Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove asymmetrical word processing in tsearch (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Properly schema-qualify function names when pg_dump'ing a CAST</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-6">
   <title>Release 7.3.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-03-02</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.5.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.3.*.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Revert erroneous changes in rule permissions checking</para>
<para>A patch applied in 7.3.3 to fix a corner case in rule permissions checks
turns out to have disabled rule-related permissions checks in many
not-so-corner cases.  This would for example allow users to insert into views
they weren't supposed to have permission to insert into.  We have therefore
11347
reverted the 7.3.3 patch.  The original bug will be fixed in 8.0.
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</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair incorrect order of operations in
GetNewTransactionId()</para>
<para>
This bug could result in failure under out-of-disk-space conditions, including
inability to restart even after disk space is freed.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure configure selects -fno-strict-aliasing even when
an external value for CFLAGS is supplied</para>
<para>
On some platforms, building with -fstrict-aliasing causes bugs.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_restore handle 64-bit off_t correctly</para>
<para>
This bug prevented proper restoration from archive files exceeding 4Gb.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make contrib/dblink not assume that local and remote type OIDs
match (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Quote connectby()'s start_with argument properly (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't crash when a rowtype argument to a plpgsql function is
NULL</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid generating invalid character encoding sequences in
corner cases when planning LIKE operations</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure text_position() cannot scan past end of source string
in multibyte cases (Korea PostgreSQL Users' Group)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix index optimization and selectivity estimates for LIKE
operations on bytea columns (Joe)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-5">
   <title>Release 7.3.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-12-03</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.3.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.3.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
11406
<listitem><para>Force zero_damaged_pages to be on during recovery from WAL</para></listitem>
11407
<listitem><para>Prevent some obscure cases of <quote>variable not in subplan target lists</quote></para></listitem>
11408 11409 11410 11411 11412 11413 11414 11415 11416 11417 11418 11419 11420 11421 11422 11423 11424 11425
<listitem><para>Force stats processes to detach from shared memory, ensuring cleaner shutdown</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make PQescapeBytea and byteaout consistent with each other (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added missing SPI_finish() calls to dblink's get_tuple_of_interest() (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for possible foreign key violation when rule rewrites INSERT (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Support qualified type names in PL/Tcl's spi_prepare command (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump handle a procedural language handler located in pg_catalog</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump handle cases where a custom opclass is in another schema</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump dump binary-compatible casts correctly (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix insertion of expressions containing subqueries into rule bodies</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect argument processing in clusterdb script (Anand Ranganathan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with dropped columns in plpython triggers</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair problems with to_char() reading past end of its input string (Karel)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix GB18030 mapping errors (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix several problems with SSL error handling and asynchronous SSL I/O</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove ability to bind a list of values to a single parameter in JDBC
(prevents possible SQL-injection attacks)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix some errors in HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP code paths</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner case for btree search in parallel with first root page split</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-3-4">
   <title>Release 7.3.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-07-24</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.3.3.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.3.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

11456 11457 11458 11459 11460 11461 11462 11463 11464 11465 11466
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair breakage in timestamp-to-date conversion for dates before 2000</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent rare possibility of server startup failure (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bugs in interval-to-time conversion (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add constraint names in a few places in pg_dump (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve performance of functions with many parameters (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to_ascii() buffer overruns (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent restore of database comments from throwing an error (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Work around buggy strxfrm() present in some Solaris releases (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Properly escape jdbc setObject() strings to improve security (Barry)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect2>
  </sect1>


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 <sect1 id="release-7-3-3">
  <title>Release 7.3.3</title>
11473

11474
  <note>
11475 11476
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-05-22</simpara>
11477
  </note>
11478

11479
  <para>
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   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.2.
11481
  </para>
11482

11483 11484
  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3.3</title>
11485

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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.3.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>
11491

11492 11493
  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
11494

11495 11496 11497
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair sometimes-incorrect computation of StartUpID after a crash</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid slowness with lots of deferred triggers in one transaction (Stephan)</para></listitem>
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11498
<listitem><para>Don't lock referenced row when <command>UPDATE</command> doesn't change foreign key's value (Jan)</para></listitem>
11499
<listitem><para>Use <command>-fPIC</command> not <command>-fpic</command> on Sparc (Tom Callaway)</para></listitem>
11500 11501 11502 11503
<listitem><para>Repair lack of schema-awareness in contrib/reindexdb</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix contrib/intarray error for zero-element result array (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure createuser script will exit on control-C (Oliver)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix errors when the type of a dropped column has itself been dropped</para></listitem>
11504
<listitem><para><command>CHECKPOINT</command> does not cause database panic on failure in noncritical steps</para></listitem>
11505
<listitem><para>Accept 60 in seconds fields of timestamp, time, interval input values</para></listitem>
11506 11507 11508 11509 11510
<listitem><para>Issue notice, not error, if <type>TIMESTAMP</type>,
<type> TIME</type>, or <type>INTERVAL</type> precision too large</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>abstime-to-time</function> cast function (fix is
       not applied unless you <application>initdb</application>)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_proc</application> entry for
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      <type>timestampt_izone</type> (fix is not applied unless you
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        <application>initdb</application>)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Make <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamp without time zone)</function> treat input as local time</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>'now'::timestamptz</command> gave wrong answer if timezone changed earlier in transaction</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP</envar> code for time with timezone overwrote its input</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Accept <command>GLOBAL TEMP/TEMPORARY</command> as a
       synonym for <command>TEMPORARY</command></para></listitem>
11518
<listitem><para>Avoid improper schema-privilege-check failure in foreign-key triggers</para></listitem>
11519 11520 11521 11522 11523
<listitem><para>Fix bugs in foreign-key triggers for <command>SET DEFAULT</command> action</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect time-qual check in row fetch for
       <command>UPDATE</command> and <command>DELETE</command> triggers</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Foreign-key clauses were parsed but ignored in
       <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</command></para></listitem>
11524
<listitem><para>Fix createlang script breakage for case where handler function already exists</para></listitem>
11525 11526 11527
<listitem><para>Fix misbehavior on zero-column tables in <application>pg_dump</application>, COPY, ANALYZE, other places</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix misbehavior of <function>func_error()</function> on type names containing '%'</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix misbehavior of <function>replace()</function> on strings containing '%'</para></listitem>
11528
<listitem><para>Regular-expression patterns containing certain multibyte characters failed</para></listitem>
11529 11530
<listitem><para>Account correctly for <command>NULL</command>s in more cases in join size estimation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid conflict with system definition of <function>isblank()</function> function or macro</para></listitem>
11531
<listitem><para>Fix failure to convert large code point values in EUC_TW conversions (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
11532
<listitem><para>Fix error recovery for <function>SSL_read</function>/<function>SSL_write</function> calls</para></listitem>
11533 11534 11535
<listitem><para>Don't do early constant-folding of type coercion expressions</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Validate page header fields immediately after reading in any page</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair incorrect check for ungrouped variables in unnamed joins</para></listitem>
11536
<listitem><para>Fix buffer overrun in <function>to_ascii</function> (Guido Notari)</para></listitem>
11537 11538 11539 11540
<listitem><para>contrib/ltree fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in deadlock detection on machines where char is unsigned</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid running out of buffers in many-way indexscan (bug introduced in 7.3)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planner's selectivity estimation functions to handle domains properly</para></listitem>
11541 11542 11543 11544
<listitem><para>Fix <application>dbmirror</application> memory-allocation bug (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent infinite loop in <function>ln(numeric)</function> due to roundoff error</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>GROUP BY</command> got confused if there were multiple equal GROUP BY items</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bad plan when inherited <command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command> references another inherited table</para></listitem>
11545 11546 11547 11548
<listitem><para>Prevent clustering on incomplete (partial or non-NULL-storing) indexes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Service shutdown request at proper time if it arrives while still starting up</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix left-links in temporary indexes (could make backwards scans miss entries)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect handling of client_encoding setting in postgresql.conf (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
11549
<listitem><para>Fix failure to respond to <command>pg_ctl stop -m fast</command> after Async_NotifyHandler runs</para></listitem>
11550
<listitem><para>Fix SPI for case where rule contains multiple statements of the same type</para></listitem>
11551
<listitem><para>Fix problem with checking for wrong type of access privilege in rule query</para></listitem>
11552
<listitem><para>Fix problem with <command>EXCEPT</command> in <command>CREATE RULE</command></para></listitem>
11553 11554 11555
<listitem><para>Prevent problem with dropping temp tables having serial columns</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix replace_vars_with_subplan_refs failure in complex views</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix regexp slowness in single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
11556 11557 11558 11559 11560 11561 11562 11563 11564 11565
<listitem><para>Allow qualified type names in <command>CREATE CAST</command>
       and <command> DROP CAST</command></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Accept <function>SETOF type[]</function>, which formerly had to
       be written <function>SETOF _type</function></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</application> core dump in some cases with procedural languages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force ISO datestyle in <application>pg_dump</application> output, for portability (Oliver)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dump</application> failed to handle error return
       from <function>lo_read</function> (Oleg Drokin)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dumpall</application> failed with groups having no members (Nick Eskelinen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dumpall</application> failed to recognize --globals-only switch</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>pg_restore failed to restore blobs if -X disable-triggers is specified</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair intrafunction memory leak in plpgsql</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>pltcl's <command>elog</command> command dumped core if given wrong parameters (Ian Harding)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>plpython used wrong value of <envar>atttypmod</envar> (Brad McLean)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix improper quoting of boolean values in Python interface (D'Arcy)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Added <function>addDataType()</function> method to PGConnection interface for JDBC</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fixed various problems with updateable ResultSets for JDBC (Shawn Green)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixed various problems with DatabaseMetaData for JDBC (Kris Jurka, Peter Royal)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixed problem with parsing table ACLs in JDBC</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Better error message for character set conversion problems in JDBC</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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 <sect1 id="release-7-3-2">
  <title>Release 7.3.2</title>
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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-02-04</simpara>
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  </note>
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  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.1.
  </para>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3.2</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.3.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Restore creation of OID column in CREATE TABLE AS / SELECT INTO</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> core dump when dumping views having comments</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Dump DEFERRABLE/INITIALLY DEFERRED constraints properly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix UPDATE when child table's column numbering differs from parent</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase default value of max_fsm_relations</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem when fetching backwards in a cursor for a single-row query</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make backward fetch work properly with cursor on SELECT DISTINCT query</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix problem with all-numeric user names</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix possible memory leak and core dump during disconnect in libpgtcl</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make plpython's spi_execute command handle nulls properly (Andrew Bosma)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Adjust plpython error reporting so that its regression test passes again</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Work with bison 1.875</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle mixed-case names properly in plpgsql's %type (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in pltcl when executing a query rewritten by a rule</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair array subscript overruns (per report from Yichen Xie)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce MAX_TIME_PRECISION from 13 to 10 in floating-point case</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correctly case-fold variable names in per-database and per-user settings</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix coredump in plpgsql's RETURN NEXT when SELECT into record returns no rows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix outdated use of pg_type.typprtlen in python client interface</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correctly handle fractional seconds in timestamps in JDBC driver</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve performance of getImportedKeys() in JDBC</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make shared-library symlinks work standardly on HPUX (Giles)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair inconsistent rounding behavior for timestamp, time, interval</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SSL negotiation fixes (Nathan Mueller)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make libpq's ~/.pgpass feature work when connecting with PQconnectDB</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update my2pg, ora2pg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Translation updates</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add casts between types lo and oid in contrib/lo</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>fastpath code now checks for privilege to call function</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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11642 11643
 <sect1 id="release-7-3-1">
  <title>Release 7.3.1</title>
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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-12-18</simpara>
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  </note>
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  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.
  </para>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3.1</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.3. However, it should be noted that the main
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    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> interface library, libpq,
    has a new major version number for this release, which may require
    recompilation of client code in certain cases.
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   </para>
  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix a core dump of COPY TO when client/server encodings don't match (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_dump</> to work with pre-7.2 servers (Philip)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>contrib/adddepend fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with deletion of per-user/per-database config settings (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/vacuumlo fix (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow 'password' encryption even when pg_shadow contains MD5 passwords (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/dbmirror fix (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimizer fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/tsearch fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow locale names to be mixed case (Nicolai Tufar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increment libpq library's major version number (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pg_hba.conf error reporting fixes (Bruce, Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SCO Openserver 5.0.4 as a supported platform (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent EXPLAIN from crashing server (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SSL fixes (Nathan Mueller)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent composite column creation via ALTER TABLE (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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 <sect1 id="release-7-3">
  <title>Release 7.3</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2002-11-27</simpara>
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  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
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   </para>
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   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Schemas</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Schemas allow users to create objects in separate namespaces,
       so two people or applications can have tables with the same
       name. There is also a public schema for shared tables.
       Table/index creation can be restricted by removing privileges
       on the public schema.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Drop Column</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now supports the
       <literal>ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN</literal> functionality.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Table Functions</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Functions returning multiple rows and/or multiple columns are
       now much easier to use than before.  You can call such a
       <quote>table function</quote> in the <literal>SELECT</literal>
       <literal>FROM</literal> clause, treating its output like a
       table. Also, <application>PL/pgSQL</application> functions can
       now return sets.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Prepared Queries</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now supports prepared
       queries, for improved performance.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Dependency Tracking</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now records object
       dependencies, which allows improvements in many areas.
       <command>DROP</command> statements now take either
       <literal>CASCADE</> or <literal>RESTRICT</> to control whether
       dependent objects are also dropped.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Privileges</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Functions and procedural languages now have privileges, and
       functions can be defined to run with the privileges of their
       creator.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Internationalization</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Both multibyte and locale support are now always enabled.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Logging</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       A variety of logging options have been enhanced.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Interfaces</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       A large number of interfaces have been moved to <ulink
       url="http://gborg.postgresql.org">http://gborg.postgresql.org</>
       where they can be developed and released independently.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Functions/Identifiers</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       By default, functions can now take up to 32 parameters, and
       identifiers can be up to 63 bytes long.  Also, <literal>OPAQUE</>
       is now deprecated: there are specific <quote>pseudo-datatypes</>
       to represent each of the former meanings of <literal>OPAQUE</>
       in function argument and result types.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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   </variablelist>
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  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3</title>

   <para>
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    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</> is required for those
    wishing to migrate data from any previous release. If your
    application examines the system catalogs, additional changes will
    be required due to the introduction of schemas in 7.3; for more
    information, see: <ulink
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   </para>

   <para>
    Observe the following incompatibilities:
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   </para>
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   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Pre-6.3 clients are no longer supported.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> now has a column for the user
      name and additional features.  Existing files need to be
      adjusted.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Several <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> logging parameters
      have been renamed.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <literal>LIMIT #,#</literal> has been disabled; use
      <literal>LIMIT # OFFSET #</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>INSERT</command> statements with column lists must
      specify a value for each specified column. For example,
      <literal>INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1')</literal>
      is now invalid.  It's still allowed to supply fewer columns than
      expected if the <command>INSERT</command> does not have a column list.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <type>serial</type> columns are no longer automatically
      <literal>UNIQUE</>; thus, an index will not automatically be
      created.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      A <command>SET</command> command inside an aborted transaction
      is now rolled back.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>COPY</command> no longer considers missing trailing
      columns to be null.  All columns need to be specified.
      (However, one may achieve a similar effect by specifying a
      column list in the <command>COPY</command> command.)
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The data type <type>timestamp</type> is now equivalent to
      <type>timestamp without time zone</type>, instead of
      <type>timestamp with time zone</type>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      Pre-7.3 databases loaded into 7.3 will not have the new object
      dependencies for <type>serial</type> columns, unique
      constraints, and foreign keys. See the directory
      <filename>contrib/adddepend/</filename> for a detailed
      description and a script that will add such dependencies.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      An empty string (<literal>''</literal>) is no longer allowed as
      the input into an integer field.  Formerly, it was silently
      interpreted as 0.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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   </itemizedlist>
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  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <sect3>
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    <title>Server Operation</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add pg_locks view to show locks (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Security fixes for password negotiation memory allocation (Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Remove support for version 0 FE/BE protocol (<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.2 and earlier) (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Reserve the last few backend slots for superusers, add parameter superuser_reserved_connections to control this (Nigel J. Andrews)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>
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   <sect3>
    <title>Performance</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Improve startup by calling localtime() only once (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cache system catalog information in flat files for faster startup (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve caching of index information (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom, Fernando Nasser)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Catalog caches now store failed lookups (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Hash function improvements (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve performance of query tokenization and network handling (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Speed improvement for large object restore (Mario Weilguni)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Mark expired index entries on first lookup, saving later heap fetches (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid excessive NULL bitmap padding (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add BSD-licensed qsort() for Solaris, for performance (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce per-row overhead by four bytes (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix GEQO optimizer bug (Neil Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make WITHOUT OID actually save four bytes per row (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add default_statistics_target variable to specify ANALYZE buckets (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use local buffer cache for temporary tables so no WAL overhead (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve free space map performance on large tables (Stephen Marshall, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved WAL write concurrency (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Privileges</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add privileges on functions and procedural languages (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add OWNER to CREATE DATABASE so superusers can create databases on behalf of unprivileged users (Gavin Sherry, Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add new object privilege bits EXECUTE and USAGE (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT and RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow functions to be executed with the privilege of the function owner (Peter)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Configuration</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Server log messages now tagged with LOG, not DEBUG (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add user column to pg_hba.conf (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have log_connections output two lines in log file (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove debug_level from postgresql.conf, now server_min_messages (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ALTER DATABASE/USER ... SET command for per-user/database initialization (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameters server_min_messages and client_min_messages to control which messages are sent to the server logs or client applications (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow pg_hba.conf to specify lists of users/databases separated by commas, group names prepended with +, and file names prepended with @ (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove secondary password file capability and pg_password utility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add variable db_user_namespace for database-local user names (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SSL improvements (Bear Giles)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make encryption of stored passwords the default (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow pg_statistics to be reset by calling pg_stat_reset() (Christopher)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add log_duration parameter (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename debug_print_query to log_statement (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename show_query_stats to show_statement_stats (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add param log_min_error_statement to print commands to logs on error (Gavin)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Make cursors insensitive, meaning their contents do not change (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>UNION fixes for merging &gt;= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add DEFAULT key word to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1');  (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for join aliases (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for FULL OUTER JOINs (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve reporting of invalid identifier and location (Tom, Gavin)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow 'ctid' to be used in a view and currtid(viewname) (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for CREATE TABLE AS with UNION (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SQL99 syntax improvements (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add statement_timeout variable to cancel queries (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow prepared queries with PREPARE/EXECUTE (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow FOR UPDATE to appear after LIMIT/OFFSET (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add variable autocommit (Tom, David Van Wie)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Manipulation</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Make equals signs optional in CREATE DATABASE (Gavin Sherry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make ALTER TABLE OWNER change index ownership too (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ALTER TABLE tabname ALTER COLUMN colname SET STORAGE controls TOAST storage, compression (John Gray)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add schema support, CREATE/DROP SCHEMA (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Create schema for temporary tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add variable search_path for schema search (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE SET/DROP NOT NULL (Christopher)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New CREATE FUNCTION volatility levels (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make rule names unique only per table (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add 'ON tablename' clause to DROP RULE and COMMENT ON RULE (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TRIGGER RENAME (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New current_schema() and current_schemas() inquiry functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow functions to return multiple rows (table functions) (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make WITH optional in CREATE DATABASE, for consistency (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add object dependency tracking (Rod, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add RESTRICT/CASCADE to DROP commands (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE DROP for non-CHECK CONSTRAINT (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Autodestroy sequence on DROP of table with SERIAL (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent column dropping if column is used by foreign key (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Automatically drop constraints/functions when object is dropped (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP OPERATOR CLASS (Bill Studenmund, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (Christopher, Tom, Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent inherited columns from being removed or renamed (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix foreign key constraints to not error on intermediate database states (Stephan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Propagate column or table renaming to foreign key constraints</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW (Gavin, Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE OR REPLACE RULE (Gavin, Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have rules execute alphabetically, returning more predictable values (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Triggers are now fired in alphabetical order (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/adddepend to handle pre-7.3 object dependencies (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow better casting when inserting/updating values (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Commands</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Have COPY TO output embedded carriage returns and newlines as \r and \n (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow DELIMITER in COPY FROM to be 8-bit clean (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Make <application>pg_dump</> use ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY, for performance (Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Disable brackets in multistatement rules (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable VACUUM from being called inside a function (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow dropdb and other scripts to use identifiers with spaces (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Restrict database comment changes to the current database</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow comments on operators, independent of the underlying function (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rollback SET commands in aborted transactions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>EXPLAIN now outputs as a query (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Display condition expressions and sort keys in EXPLAIN (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add 'SET LOCAL var = value' to set configuration variables for a single transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow ANALYZE to run in a transaction (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve COPY syntax using new WITH clauses, keep backward compatibility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> to consistently output tags in non-ASCII dumps (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Make foreign key constraints clearer in dump file (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow COPY TO/FROM to specify column names (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Dump UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints as ALTER TABLE (Rod)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Have SHOW output a query result (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Generate failure on short COPY lines rather than pad NULLs (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix CLUSTER to preserve all table attributes (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_settings table to view/modify GUC settings (Joe)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add smart quoting, portability improvements to <application>pg_dump</> output (Peter)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Dump serial columns out as SERIAL (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Enable large file support, &gt;2G for <application>pg_dump</> (Peter, Philip Warner, Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Disallow TRUNCATE on tables that are involved in referential constraints (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have TRUNCATE also auto-truncate the toast table of the relation (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add clusterdb utility that will auto-cluster an entire database based on previous CLUSTER operations (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Overhaul pg_dumpall (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow REINDEX of TOAST tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Implemented START TRANSACTION, per SQL99 (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix rare index corruption when a page split affects bulk delete (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN for inheritance (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types and Functions</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix factorial(0) to return 1 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Date/time/timezone improvements (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for array slice extraction (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix extract/date_part to report proper microseconds for timestamp (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow text_substr() and bytea_substr() to read TOAST values more efficiently (John Gray)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add domain support (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make WITHOUT TIME ZONE the default for TIMESTAMP and TIME data types (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow alternate storage scheme of 64-bit integers for date/time types using --enable-integer-datetimes in configure (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make timezone(timestamptz) return timestamp rather than a string (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow fractional seconds in date/time types for dates prior to 1BC (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Limit timestamp data types to 6 decimal places of precision (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change timezone conversion functions from timetz() to timezone() (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add configuration variables datestyle and timezone (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add OVERLAY(), which allows substitution of a substring in a string (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SIMILAR TO (Thomas, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add regular expression SUBSTRING(string FROM pat FOR escape) (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP functions (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add named composite types using CREATE TYPE typename AS (column) (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow composite type definition in the table alias clause (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add new API to simplify creation of C language table functions (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove ODBC-compatible empty parentheses from calls to SQL99 functions for which these parentheses do not match the standard (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow macaddr data type to accept 12 hex digits with no separators (Mike Wyer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP CAST (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add IS DISTINCT FROM operator (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SQL99 TREAT() function, synonym for CAST() (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_backend_pid() to output backend pid (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add IS OF / IS NOT OF type predicate (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow bit string constants without fully-specified length (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow conversion between 8-byte integers and bit strings (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Implement hex literal conversion to bit string literal (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow table functions to appear in the FROM clause (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase maximum number of function parameters to 32 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>No longer automatically create index for SERIAL column (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add current_database() (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix cash_words() to not overflow buffer (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add functions replace(), split_part(), to_hex() (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix LIKE for bytea as a right-hand argument (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent crashes caused by SELECT cash_out(2) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to_char(1,'FM999.99') to return a period (Karel)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix trigger/type/language functions returning OPAQUE to return proper type (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Internationalization</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add additional encodings: Korean (JOHAB), Thai (WIN874), Vietnamese (TCVN), Arabic (WIN1256), Simplified Chinese (GBK), Korean (UHC) (Eiji Tokuya)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable locale support by default (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add locale variables (Peter)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Escape byes &gt;= 0x7f for multibyte in PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add locale awareness to regular expression character classes</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Enable multibyte support by default (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add GB18030 multibyte support (Bill Huang)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP CONVERSION, allowing loadable encodings (Tatsuo, Kaori)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_conversion table (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SQL99 CONVERT() function (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pg_dumpall, pg_controldata, and pg_resetxlog now national-language aware (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New and updated translations</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server-side Languages</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow recursive SQL function (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change PL/Tcl build to use configured compiler and Makefile.shlib (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Overhaul the PL/pgSQL FOUND variable to be more Oracle-compatible (Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow PL/pgSQL to handle quoted identifiers (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow set-returning PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make PL/pgSQL schema-aware (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove some memory leaks (Nigel J. Andrews, Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
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    <title>psql</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Don't lowercase psql \connect database name for 7.2.0 compatibility (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add psql \timing to time user queries (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have psql \d show index information (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New psql \dD shows domains (Jonathan Eisler)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql to show rules on views (Paul ?)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for psql variable substitution (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql \d to show temporary table structure (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql \d to show foreign keys (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix \? to honor \pset pager (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have psql reports its version number on startup (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow \copy to specify column names (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
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    <title>libpq</title>
<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Add ~/.pgpass to store host/user password combinations (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add PQunescapeBytea() function to libpq (Patrick Welche)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for sending large queries over non-blocking connections (Bernhard Herzog)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for libpq using timers on Win9X (David Ford)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow libpq notify to handle servers with different-length identifiers (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add libpq PQescapeString() and PQescapeBytea() to Windows (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix for SSL with non-blocking connections (Jack Bates)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add libpq connection timeout parameter (Denis A Ustimenko)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>JDBC</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow JDBC to compile with JDK 1.4 (Dave)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add JDBC 3 support (Barry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allows JDBC to set loglevel by adding ?loglevel=X to the connection URL (Barry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Driver.info() message that prints out the version number (Barry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add updateable result sets (Raghu Nidagal, Dave)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add support for callable statements (Paul Bethe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add query cancel capability</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add refresh row (Dave)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix MD5 encryption handling for multibyte servers (Jun Kawai)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add support for prepared statements (Barry)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Miscellaneous Interfaces</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fixed ECPG bug concerning octal numbers in single quotes (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve Python interface (Elliot Lee, Andrew Johnson, Greg Copeland)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add libpgtcl connection close event (Gerhard Hintermayer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpq++ to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/odbc to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/perl5 to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove src/bin/pgaccess from main tree, now at http://www.pgaccess.org (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_on_connection_loss command to libpgtcl (Gerhard Hintermayer, Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
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    <title>Source Code</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix for parallel make (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>AIX fixes for linking Tcl (Andreas Zeugswetter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow PL/Perl to build under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve MIPS compiles (Peter, Oliver Elphick)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Require Autoconf version 2.53 (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Require readline and zlib by default in configure (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow Solaris to use Intimate Shared Memory (ISM), for performance (Scott Brunza, P.J. Josh Rovero)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Always enable syslog in compile, remove --enable-syslog option (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Always enable multibyte in compile, remove --enable-multibyte option (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Always enable locale in compile, remove --enable-locale option (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for Win9x DLL creation (Magnus Naeslund)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix for link() usage by WAL code on Windows, BeOS (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add sys/types.h to c.h, remove from main files (Peter, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix AIX hang on SMP machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>AIX SMP hang fix (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pre-1970 date handling on newer glibc libraries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PowerPC SMP locking (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent gcc -ffast-math from being used (Peter, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bison &gt;= 1.50 now required for developer builds</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Kerberos 5 support now builds with Heimdal (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add appendix in the User's Guide which lists SQL features (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve loadable module linking to use RTLD_NOW (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New error levels WARNING, INFO, LOG, DEBUG[1-5] (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New src/port directory holds replaced libc functions (Peter, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_namespace system catalog for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_class.relnamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_type.typnamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_proc.pronamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Restructure aggregates to have pg_proc entries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>System relations now have their own namespace, pg_* test not required (Fernando Nasser)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename TOAST index names to be *_index rather than *_idx (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add namespaces for operators, opclasses (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add additional checks to server control file (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New Polish FAQ (Marcin Mazurek)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Posix semaphore support (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Document need for reindex (Bruce)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Rename some internal identifiers to simplify Windows compile (Jan, Katherine Ward)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Add documentation on computing disk space (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove KSQO from GUC (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix memory leak in rtree (Kenneth Been)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Modify a few error messages for consistency (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove unused system table columns (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make system columns NOT NULL where appropriate (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Clean up use of sprintf in favor of snprintf() (Neil, Jukka Holappa)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove OPAQUE and create specific subtypes (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cleanups in array internal handling (Joe, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow pg_atoi('') (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove parameter wal_files because WAL files are now recycled (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add version numbers to heap pages (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow inet arrays in /contrib/array (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>GiST fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Upgrade /contrib/mysql</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/dbsize which shows table sizes without vacuum (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/intagg, integer aggregator routines (mlw)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/oid2name (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/tsearch (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cleanups of /contrib/rserver (Alexey V. Borzov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update /contrib/oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update /contrib/dblink (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve options supported by /contrib/vacuumlo (Mario Weilguni)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improvements to /contrib/intarray (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev, Andrey Oktyabrski)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/reindexdb utility (Shaun Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add indexing to /contrib/isbn_issn (Dan Weston)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/dbmirror (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/pgbench (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/tablefunc table function examples (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/ltree data type for tree structures (Teodor Sigaev, Oleg Bartunov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move /contrib/pg_controldata, pg_resetxlog into main tree (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes to /contrib/cube (Bruno Wolff)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/fulltextindex (Christopher)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

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  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-2-8">
   <title>Release 7.2.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.7, including one
    security-related issue.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
(Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump index names and trigger names containing
<literal>%</> correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
month-related formats</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
(Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-2-7">
   <title>Release 7.2.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.6, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
datestyles</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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  <sect1 id="release-7-2-6">
   <title>Release 7.2.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.5.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
<para>
Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to 
<quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
it as a potential-data-loss bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
<para>
Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow running pg_ctl as root</para>
<para>
This is to guard against any possible security issues.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in /tmp in make_oidjoins_check</para>
<para>
This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update to newer versions of Bison</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-2-5">
   <title>Release 7.2.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
<para>
Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner case for btree search in parallel with first root page split</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix buffer overrun in <function>to_ascii</function> (Guido Notari)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in deadlock detection on machines where char is unsigned</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix failure to respond to <command>pg_ctl stop -m fast</command> after Async_NotifyHandler runs</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Repair memory leaks in pg_dump</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid conflict with system definition of <function>isblank()</function> function or macro</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

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 <sect1 id="release-7-2-4">
  <title>Release 7.2.4</title>
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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-01-30</simpara>
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  </note>
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  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.3,
   including fixes to prevent possible data loss.
  </para>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.4</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix some additional cases of VACUUM "No one parent tuple was found" error</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent VACUUM from being called inside a function  (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure pg_clog updates are sync'd to disk before marking checkpoint complete</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid integer overflow during large hash joins</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make GROUP commands work when pg_group.grolist is large enough to be toasted</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix errors in datetime tables; some timezone names weren't being recognized</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix integer overflows in circle_poly(), path_encode(), path_add()  (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair long-standing logic errors in lseg_eq(), lseg_ne(), lseg_center()</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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12560 12561
 <sect1 id="release-7-2-3">
  <title>Release 7.2.3</title>
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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-10-01</simpara>
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  </note>
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  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.2,
   including fixes to prevent possible data loss.
  </para>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.3</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible compressed transaction log loss (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent non-superuser from increasing most recent vacuum info (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle pre-1970 date values in newer versions of glibc (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix possible hang during server shutdown</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent spinlock hangs on SMP PPC machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
12591
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> to properly dump FULL JOIN USING (Tom)</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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12597 12598
 <sect1 id="release-7-2-2">
  <title>Release 7.2.2</title>
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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-08-23</simpara>
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  </note>
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  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.1.
  </para>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.2</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow EXECUTE of "CREATE TABLE AS ... SELECT" in PL/pgSQL (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for compressed transaction log id wraparound (Tom)</para></listitem>
12624
<listitem><para>Fix PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea so that they handle bytes &gt; 0x7f (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
12625
<listitem><para>Fix for psql and <application>pg_dump</> crashing when invoked with non-existent long options (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix crash when invoking geometric operators (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for rtree_gist index build (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for dumping user-defined aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/intarray fixes (Oleg)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for complex UNION/EXCEPT/INTERSECT queries using parens (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to pg_convert (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix for crash with long DATA strings (Thomas, Neil)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix for repeat(), lpad(), rpad() and long strings (Neil)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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12640 12641
 <sect1 id="release-7-2-1">
  <title>Release 7.2.1</title>
12642

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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-03-21</simpara>
12646
  </note>
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  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.
  </para>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.1</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.
   </para>
  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Ensure that sequence counters do not go backwards after a crash (Tom)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Fix pgaccess kanji-conversion key binding (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cash I/O improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New Russian FAQ</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Compile fix for missing AuthBlockSig (Heiko)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional time zones and time zone fixes (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql \connect to handle mixed case database and user names (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Return proper OID on command completion even with ON INSERT rules (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow COPY FROM to use 8-bit DELIMITERS (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bug in extract/date_part for milliseconds/microseconds (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve handling of multiple UNIONs with different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/btree_gist improvements (Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/tsearch dictionary improvements, see README.tsearch for an additional installation step (Thomas T. Thai, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for array subscripts handling (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow EXECUTE of "CREATE TABLE AS ... SELECT" in PL/pgSQL (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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12686 12687
 <sect1 id="release-7-2">
  <title>Release 7.2</title>
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  <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2002-02-04</simpara>
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  </note>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>
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   <para>
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    This release improves <productname>PostgreSQL</> for use in
    high-volume applications.
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   </para>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
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   </para>
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   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>VACUUM</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Vacuuming no longer locks tables, thus allowing normal user
       access during the vacuum.  A new <command>VACUUM FULL</>
       command does old-style vacuum by locking the table and
       shrinking the on-disk copy of the table.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>Transactions</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       There is no longer a problem with installations that exceed
       four billion transactions.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>OIDs</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       OIDs are now optional.  Users can now create tables without
       OIDs for cases where OID usage is excessive.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Optimizer</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The system now computes histogram column statistics during
       <command>ANALYZE</>, allowing much better optimizer choices.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Security</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       A new MD5 encryption option allows more secure storage and
       transfer of passwords.  A new Unix-domain socket
       authentication option is available on Linux and BSD systems.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Statistics</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Administrators can use the new table access statistics module
       to get fine-grained information about table and index usage.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Internationalization</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Program and library messages can now be displayed in several
       languages.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>
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  </sect2>
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  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2</title>
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   <para>
    A dump/restore using <command>pg_dump</command> is required for
    those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
   </para>
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   <para>
    Observe the following incompatibilities:
12793
   </para>
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   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The semantics of the <command>VACUUM</command> command have
      changed in this release.  You may wish to update your
      maintenance procedures accordingly.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      In this release, comparisons using <literal>= NULL</literal>
      will always return false (or NULL, more precisely).  Previous
      releases automatically transformed this syntax to <literal>IS
      NULL</literal>.  The old behavior can be re-enabled using a
      <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> parameter.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The <filename>pg_hba.conf</> and <filename>pg_ident.conf</>
      configuration is now only reloaded after receiving a
      <systemitem>SIGHUP</> signal, not with each connection.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The function <filename>octet_length()</> now returns the uncompressed data length.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The date/time value <literal>'current'</literal> is no longer
      available.  You will need to rewrite your applications.
     </para>
    </listitem>
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    <listitem>
     <para>
      The <literal>timestamp()</literal>, <literal>time()</literal>,
      and <literal>interval()</literal> functions are no longer
      available.  Instead of <literal>timestamp()</literal>, use 
      <literal>timestamp 'string'</literal> or <literal>CAST</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>
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   <para>
    The <literal>SELECT ... LIMIT #,#</literal> syntax will be removed
    in the next release. You should change your queries to use
    separate LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, e.g. <literal>LIMIT 10 OFFSET
    20</literal>.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Operation</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Create temporary files in a separate directory (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Delete orphaned temporary files on postmaster startup (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added unique indexes to some system tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>System table operator reorganization (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Renamed pg_log to pg_clog (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable SIGTERM, SIGQUIT to kill backends (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed compile-time limit on number of backends (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Better cleanup for semaphore resource failure (Tatsuo, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow safe transaction ID wraparound (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed OIDs from some system tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed "triggered data change violation" error check (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SPI portal creation of prepared/saved plans (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow SPI column functions to work for system columns (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Long value compression improvement (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Statistics collector for table, index access (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Truncate extra-long sequence names to a reasonable value (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Measure transaction times in milliseconds (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix TID sequential scans (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Superuser ID now fixed at 1 (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_ctl "reload" option (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Performance</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New histogram column statistics for optimizer (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reuse write-ahead log files rather than discarding them (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cache improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>IS NULL, IS NOT NULL optimizer improvement (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve lock manager to reduce lock contention (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Keep relcache entries for index access support functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow better selectivity with NaN and infinities in NUMERIC (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>R-tree performance improvements (Kenneth Been)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>B-tree splits more efficient (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Privileges</title>
12901
<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>Change UPDATE, DELETE privileges to be distinct (Peter E)</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>New REFERENCES, TRIGGER privileges (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow GRANT/REVOKE to/from more than one user at a time (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New has_table_privilege() function (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow non-superuser to vacuum database (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION command (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bug in privilege modifications on newly created tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow access to pg_statistic for non-superuser, add user-accessible views (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
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   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Client Authentication</title>
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<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fork postmaster before doing authentication to prevent hangs (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ident authentication over Unix domain sockets on Linux, *BSD (Helge Bahmann, Oliver Elphick, Teodor Sigaev, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add a password authentication method that uses MD5 encryption (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow encryption of stored passwords using MD5 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>PAM authentication (Dominic J. Eidson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Load pg_hba.conf and pg_ident.conf only on startup and SIGHUP (Bruce)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
12923 12924 12925 12926
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Configuration</title>
12927 12928 12929 12930 12931 12932 12933 12934
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Interpretation of some time zone abbreviations as Australian rather than North American now settable at run time (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to set default transaction isolation level (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to enable conversion of "expr = NULL" into "expr IS NULL", off by default (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to control memory usage by VACUUM (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to set client authentication timeout (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to set maximum number of open files (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
12935 12936 12937 12938
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>
12939 12940 12941 12942 12943 12944 12945 12946 12947 12948 12949
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Statements added by INSERT rules now execute after the INSERT (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent unadorned relation names in target list (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>NULLs now sort after all normal values in ORDER BY (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New IS UNKNOWN, IS NOT UNKNOWN Boolean tests (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE lock mode (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New EXPLAIN ANALYZE command that shows run times and row counts (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with LIMIT and subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for LIMIT, DISTINCT ON pushed into subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix nested EXCEPT/INTERSECT (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
12950 12951 12952 12953
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Schema Manipulation</title>
12954 12955 12956 12957 12958 12959 12960 12961 12962 12963 12964 12965 12966 12967
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix SERIAL in temporary tables (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow temporary sequences (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Sequences now use int8 internally (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New SERIAL8 creates int8 columns with sequences, default still SERIAL4 (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make OIDs optional using WITHOUT OIDS (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add %TYPE syntax to CREATE TYPE (Ian Lance Taylor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE / DROP CONSTRAINT for CHECK constraints (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION to alter existing function (preserving the function OID) (Gavin Sherry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE / ADD [ UNIQUE | PRIMARY ] (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow column renaming in views</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make ALTER TABLE / RENAME COLUMN update column names of indexes (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for ALTER TABLE / ADD CONSTRAINT ... CHECK with inherited tables (Stephan Szabo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ALTER TABLE RENAME update foreign-key trigger arguments correctly (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
12968
<listitem><para>DROP AGGREGATE and COMMENT ON AGGREGATE now accept an aggtype (Tom)</para></listitem>
12969 12970 12971 12972
<listitem><para>Add automatic return type data casting for SQL functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow GiST indexes to handle NULLs and multikey indexes (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable partial indexes (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
12973 12974 12975 12976
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Commands</title>
12977 12978 12979 12980 12981 12982 12983 12984 12985
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add RESET ALL, SHOW ALL (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CREATE/ALTER USER/GROUP now allow options in any order (Vince)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add LOCK A, B, C functionality (Neil Padgett)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ENCRYPTED/UNENCRYPTED option to CREATE/ALTER USER (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New light-weight VACUUM does not lock table; old semantics are available as VACUUM FULL (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable COPY TO/FROM on views (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>COPY DELIMITERS string must be exactly one character (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>VACUUM warning about index tuples fewer than heap now only appears when appropriate (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
12986
<listitem><para>Fix privilege checks for CREATE INDEX (Tom)</para></listitem>
12987 12988
<listitem><para>Disallow inappropriate use of CREATE/DROP INDEX/TRIGGER/VIEW (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
12989 12990 12991 12992
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types and Functions</title>
12993 12994 12995 12996 12997 12998 12999 13000 13001
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>SUM(), AVG(), COUNT() now uses int8 internally for speed (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add convert(), convert2() (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New function bit_length() (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make the "n" in CHAR(n)/VARCHAR(n) represents letters, not bytes (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CHAR(), VARCHAR() now reject strings that are too long (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>BIT VARYING now rejects bit strings that are too long (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>BIT now rejects bit strings that do not match declared size (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>INET, CIDR text conversion functions (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
13002
<listitem><para>INET, CIDR operators &lt;&lt; and &lt;&lt;= indexable (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
13003
<listitem><para>Bytea \### now requires valid three digit octal number</para></listitem>
13004
<listitem><para>Bytea comparison improvements, now supports =, &lt;&gt;, &gt;, &gt;=, &lt;, and &lt;=</para></listitem>
13005 13006 13007 13008 13009 13010 13011 13012 13013 13014 13015
<listitem><para>Bytea now supports B-tree indexes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea now supports LIKE, LIKE...ESCAPE, NOT LIKE, NOT LIKE...ESCAPE</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea now supports concatenation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New bytea functions: position, substring, trim, btrim, and length</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New encode() function mode, "escaped", converts minimally escaped bytea to/from text</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_database_encoding_max_length() (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_client_encoding() function (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>now() returns time with millisecond precision (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE data type (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ISO date/time specification with "T", yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New xid/int comparison functions (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
13016
<listitem><para>Add precision to TIME, TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL data types (Thomas)</para></listitem>
13017 13018 13019 13020 13021 13022 13023 13024 13025 13026 13027 13028 13029 13030 13031
<listitem><para>Modify type coercion logic to attempt binary-compatible functions first (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New encode() function installed by default (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved to_*() conversion functions (Karel Zak)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimize LIKE/ILIKE when using single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New functions in contrib/pgcrypto: crypt(), hmac(), encrypt(), gen_salt() (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correct description of translate() function (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add INTERVAL argument for SET TIME ZONE (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH (etc.) syntax (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimize length functions when using single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix path_inter, path_distance, path_length, dist_ppath to handle closed paths (Curtis Barrett, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>octet_length(text) now returns non-compressed length (Tatsuo, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle "July" full name in date/time literals (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Some datatype() function calls now evaluated differently</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add support for Julian and ISO time specifications (Thomas)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13032 13033 13034 13035
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Internationalization</title>
13036
<itemizedlist>
13037
<listitem><para>National language support in psql, <application>pg_dump</>, libpq, and server (Peter E)</para></listitem>
13038 13039 13040 13041 13042 13043 13044 13045
<listitem><para>Message translations in Chinese (simplified, traditional), Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Russian, Swedish (Peter E, Serguei A. Mokhov, Karel Zak, Weiping He, Zhenbang Wei, Kovacs Zoltan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make trim, ltrim, rtrim, btrim, lpad, rpad, translate multibyte aware (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add LATIN5,6,7,8,9,10 support (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ISO 8859-5,6,7,8 support (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correct LATIN5 to mean ISO-8859-9, not ISO-8859-5 (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make mic2ascii() non-ASCII aware (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reject invalid multibyte character sequences (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13046 13047 13048
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
13049
    <title><application>PL/pgSQL</></title>
13050 13051 13052 13053 13054 13055 13056 13057 13058 13059 13060 13061 13062
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Now uses portals for SELECT loops, allowing huge result sets (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CURSOR and REFCURSOR support (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Can now return open cursors (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ELSEIF (Klaus Reger)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve PL/pgSQL error reporting, including location of error (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow IS or FOR key words in cursor declaration, for compatibility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SELECT ... FOR UPDATE (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for PERFORM returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make PL/pgSQL use the server's type coercion code (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Memory leak fix (Jan, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make trailing semicolon optional (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13063 13064 13065 13066
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>PL/Perl</title>
13067 13068 13069 13070
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New untrusted PL/Perl (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>PL/Perl is now built on some platforms even if libperl is not shared (Peter E)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13071 13072 13073 13074
    </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>PL/Tcl</title>
13075 13076 13077 13078
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Now reports errorInfo (Vsevolod Lobko)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add spi_lastoid function (bob@redivi.com)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13079 13080 13081 13082
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>PL/Python</title>
13083 13084 13085
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>...is new (Andrew Bosma)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13086 13087 13088
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
13089 13090 13091 13092 13093 13094 13095 13096
    <title><application>psql</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>\d displays indexes in unique, primary groupings (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow trailing semicolons in backslash commands (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Read password from /dev/tty if possible</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force new password prompt when changing user and database (Tatsuo, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Format the correct number of columns for Unicode (Patrice)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13097 13098 13099
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
13100 13101 13102 13103 13104
    <title><application>libpq</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New function PQescapeString() to escape quotes in command strings (Florian Weimer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New function PQescapeBytea() escapes binary strings for use as SQL string literals</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13105 13106 13107 13108
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>JDBC</title>
13109 13110 13111 13112 13113 13114 13115 13116 13117 13118 13119 13120 13121 13122 13123 13124 13125 13126 13127 13128 13129 13130 13131 13132 13133 13134 13135 13136 13137 13138 13139 13140 13141 13142
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Return OID of INSERT (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle more data types (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle single quotes and newlines in strings (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle NULL variables (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for time zone handling (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved Druid support</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow eight-bit characters with non-multibyte server (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Support BIT, BINARY types (Ned Wolpert)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce memory usage (Michael Stephens, Dave Cramer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update DatabaseMetaData (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add DatabaseMetaData.getCatalogs() (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Encoding fixes (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Get/setCatalog methods (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DatabaseMetaData.getColumns() now returns column defaults (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DatabaseMetaData.getColumns() performance improvement (Jeroen van Vianen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Some JDBC1 and JDBC2 merging (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Transaction performance improvements (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Array fixes (Greg Zoller)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Serialize addition </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix batch processing (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ExecSQL method reorganization (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>GetColumn() fixes (Jeroen van Vianen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix isWriteable() function (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved passage of JDBC2 conformance tests (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add bytea type capability (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add isNullable() (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>JDBC date/time test suite fixes (Liam Stewart)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SELECT 'id' AS xxx FROM table (Dave Cramer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix DatabaseMetaData to show precision properly (Mark Lillywhite)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New getImported/getExported keys (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>MD5 password encryption support (Jeremy Wohl)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to actually use type cache (Ned Wolpert)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13143 13144 13145 13146
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>ODBC</title>
13147 13148 13149 13150 13151 13152
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Remove query size limit (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove text field size limit (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SQLPrimaryKeys in multibyte mode (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow ODBC procedure calls (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve boolean handing (Aidan Mountford)</para></listitem>
13153
<listitem><para>Most configuration options now settable via DSN (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
13154 13155 13156 13157 13158
<listitem><para>Multibyte, performance fixes (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow driver to be used with iODBC or unixODBC (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>MD5 password encryption support (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add more compatibility functions to odbc.sql (Peter E)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13159 13160 13161
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
13162
    <title><application>ECPG</></title>
13163 13164 13165 13166 13167 13168 13169 13170 13171 13172 13173 13174
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>EXECUTE ... INTO implemented (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multiple row descriptor support (e.g. CARDINALITY) (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for GRANT parameters (Lee Kindness)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix INITIALLY DEFERRED bug</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various bug fixes (Michael, Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Auto allocation for indicator variable arrays (int *ind_p=NULL)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Auto allocation for string arrays (char **foo_pp=NULL)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPGfree_auto_mem fixed</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>All function names with external linkage are now prefixed by ECPG</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for arrays of structures (Michael)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13175 13176 13177 13178
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Misc. Interfaces</title>
13179 13180 13181 13182
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Python fix fetchone() (Gerhard Haring)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use UTF, Unicode in Tcl where appropriate (Vsevolod Lobko, Reinhard Max)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Tcl COPY TO/FROM (ljb)</para></listitem>
13183
<listitem><para>Prevent output of default index op class in <application>pg_dump</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
13184 13185
<listitem><para>Fix libpgeasy memory leak (Bruce)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13186 13187 13188 13189
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Build and Install</title>
13190 13191 13192
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Configure, dynamic loader, and shared library fixes (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes in QNX 4 port (Bernd Tegge)</para></listitem>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
13193 13194
<listitem><para>Fixes in Cygwin and Windows ports (Jason Tishler, Gerhard Haring, Dmitry Yurtaev, Darko Prenosil, Mikhail Terekhov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for Windows socket communication failures (Magnus, Mikhail Terekhov)</para></listitem>
13195 13196 13197 13198 13199 13200 13201 13202 13203
<listitem><para>Hurd compile fix (Oliver Elphick)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>BeOS fixes (Cyril Velter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove configure --enable-unicode-conversion, now enabled by multibyte (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>AIX fixes (Tatsuo, Andreas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix parallel make (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Install SQL language manual pages into OS-specific directories (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename config.h to pg_config.h (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reorganize installation layout of header files (Peter E)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13204 13205 13206 13207
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>
13208 13209 13210 13211 13212 13213 13214 13215 13216 13217 13218 13219 13220
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Remove SEP_CHAR (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New GUC hooks (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Merge GUC and command line handling (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove EXTEND INDEX (Martijn van Oosterhout, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pgjindent utility to indent java code (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove define of true/false when compiling under C++ (Leandro Fanzone, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pgindent fixes (Bruce, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Replace strcasecmp() with strcmp() where appropriate (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Dynahash portability improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add 'volatile' usage in spinlock structures</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve signal handling logic (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13221 13222 13223 13224
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>
13225 13226 13227 13228 13229 13230 13231 13232 13233 13234 13235 13236
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New contrib/rtree_gist (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New contrib/tsearch full-text indexing (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add contrib/dblink for remote database access (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/ora2pg Oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/xml XML conversion utility (John Gray)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/fulltextindex fixes (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New contrib/fuzzystrmatch with levenshtein and metaphone, soundex merged (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add contrib/intarray boolean queries, binary search, fixes (Oleg Bartunov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_upgrade utility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add new pg_resetxlog options (Bruce, Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
13237 13238 13239
   </sect3>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
13240 13241


13242 13243 13244 13245 13246 13247 13248 13249 13250 13251 13252 13253 13254 13255 13256 13257 13258 13259 13260 13261 13262 13263
  <sect1 id="release-7-1-3">
   <title>Release 7.1.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2001-08-15</simpara>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.1.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
13264
Remove unused WAL segments of large transactions (Tom)
13265
Multiaction rule fix (Tom)
13266
PL/pgSQL memory allocation fix (Jan)
13267 13268 13269 13270
VACUUM buffer fix (Tom)
Regression test fixes (Tom)
pg_dump fixes for GRANT/REVOKE/comments on views, user-defined types (Tom)
Fix subselects with DISTINCT ON or LIMIT (Tom)
13271
BeOS fix
13272 13273 13274 13275 13276 13277 13278 13279
Disable COPY TO/FROM a view (Tom)
Cygwin build (Jason Tishler)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


13280 13281 13282 13283 13284 13285 13286 13287 13288 13289 13290 13291 13292 13293 13294 13295 13296 13297 13298 13299 13300 13301 13302 13303 13304 13305 13306
  <sect1 id="release-7-1-2">
   <title>Release 7.1.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2001-05-11</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has one fix from 7.1.1.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.1.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
13307
Fix PL/pgSQL SELECTs when returning no rows
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
13308
Fix for psql backslash core dump
13309
Referential integrity privilege fix
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
13310 13311
Optimizer fixes
pg_dump cleanups 
13312 13313 13314 13315 13316 13317
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


13318 13319 13320 13321 13322
  <sect1 id="release-7-1-1">
   <title>Release 7.1.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2001-05-05</simpara>
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   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.1.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.1.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Fix for numeric MODULO operator (Tom)
pg_dump fixes (Philip)
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pg_dump can dump 7.0 databases (Philip)
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readline 4.2 fixes (Peter E)
JOIN fixes (Tom)
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AIX, MSWIN, VAX, N32K fixes (Tom)
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Multibytes fixes (Tom)
Unicode fixes (Tatsuo)
Optimizer improvements (Tom)
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Fix for whole rows in functions (Tom)
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Fix for pg_ctl and option strings with spaces (Peter E)
ODBC fixes (Hiroshi)
EXTRACT can now take string argument (Thomas)
Python fixes (Darcy)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


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  <sect1 id="release-7-1">
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   <title>Release 7.1</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2001-04-13</simpara>
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   </note>

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   <para>
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        This release focuses on removing limitations that have existed in the
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        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> code for many years.
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   </para>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
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   </para>
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   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Write-ahead Log (WAL)
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
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To maintain database consistency in case of an operating system crash,
previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> have forced
all data modifications to disk before each transaction commit.  With
WAL, only one log file must be flushed to disk, greatly improving
performance.  If you have been using -F in previous releases to
disable disk flushes, you may want to consider discontinuing its use.
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      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       TOAST
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       TOAST - Previous releases had a compiled-in row length limit,
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typically 8k - 32k. This limit made storage of long text fields
difficult.  With TOAST, long rows of any length can be stored with good
performance.
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      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Outer Joins
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
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We now support outer joins.  The UNION/NOT IN
workaround for outer joins is no longer required.  We use the SQL92
outer join syntax.
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      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Function Manager
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
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The previous C function manager did not
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handle null values properly, nor did it support 64-bit <acronym>CPU</acronym>'s (Alpha).  The new
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function manager does.  You can continue using your old custom
functions, but you may want to rewrite them in the future to use the new
function manager call interface.
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      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Complex Queries
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
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A large number of complex queries that were
unsupported in previous releases now work.  Many combinations of views,
aggregates, UNION, LIMIT, cursors, subqueries, and inherited tables
now work properly. Inherited tables are now accessed by default. 
Subqueries in FROM are now supported.
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      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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   </variablelist>
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   <sect2>
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    <title>Migration to version 7.1</title>
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    <para>
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        A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate
        data from any previous release.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
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Many multibyte/Unicode/locale fixes (Tatsuo and others)
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More reliable ALTER TABLE RENAME (Tom)
Kerberos V fixes (David Wragg)
Fix for INSERT INTO...SELECT where targetlist has subqueries (Tom)
Prompt username/password on standard error (Bruce)
Large objects inv_read/inv_write fixes (Tom)
Fixes for to_char(), to_date(), to_ascii(), and to_timestamp() (Karel, 
    Daniel Baldoni)
Prevent query expressions from leaking memory (Tom)
Allow UPDATE of arrays elements (Tom)
Wake up lock waiters during cancel (Hiroshi)
Fix rare cursor crash when using hash join (Tom)
Fix for DROP TABLE/INDEX in rolled-back transaction (Hiroshi)
Fix psql crash from \l+ if MULTIBYTE enabled (Peter E)
Fix truncation of rule names during CREATE VIEW (Ross Reedstrom)
Fix PL/perl (Alex Kapranoff)
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Disallow LOCK on views (Mark Hollomon)
Disallow INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on views (Mark Hollomon)
Disallow DROP RULE, CREATE INDEX, TRUNCATE on views (Mark Hollomon)
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Allow PL/pgSQL accept non-ASCII identifiers (Tatsuo)
Allow views to proper handle GROUP BY, aggregates, DISTINCT (Tom)
Fix rare failure with TRUNCATE command (Tom)
Allow UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT to be used with ALL, subqueries, views, 
    DISTINCT, ORDER BY, SELECT...INTO (Tom)
Fix parser failures during aborted transactions (Tom)
Allow temporary relations to properly clean up indexes (Bruce)
Fix VACUUM problem with moving rows in same page (Tom)
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Modify pg_dump to better handle user-defined items in template1 (Philip)
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Allow LIMIT in VIEW (Tom)
Require cursor FETCH to honor LIMIT (Tom)
Allow PRIMARY/FOREIGN Key definitions on inherited columns (Stephan)
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Allow ORDER BY, LIMIT in subqueries (Tom)
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Allow UNION in CREATE RULE (Tom)
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Make ALTER/DROP TABLE rollback-able (Vadim, Tom)
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Store initdb collation in pg_control so collation cannot be changed (Tom)
Fix INSERT...SELECT with rules (Tom)
Fix FOR UPDATE inside views and subselects (Tom)
Fix OVERLAPS operators conform to SQL92 spec regarding NULLs (Tom)
Fix lpad() and rpad() to handle length less than input string (Tom)
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Fix use of NOTIFY in some rules (Tom)
Overhaul btree code (Tom)
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Fix NOT NULL use in Pl/pgSQL variables (Tom)
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Overhaul GIST code (Oleg)
Fix CLUSTER to preserve constraints and column default (Tom)
Improved deadlock detection handling (Tom)
Allow multiple SERIAL columns in a table (Tom)
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Prevent occasional index corruption (Vadim)
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Enhancements
------------
Add OUTER JOINs (Tom)
Function manager overhaul (Tom)
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Allow ALTER TABLE RENAME on indexes (Tom)
Improve CLUSTER (Tom)
Improve ps status display for more platforms (Peter E, Marc)
Improve CREATE FUNCTION failure message (Ross)
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JDBC improvements (Peter, Travis Bauer, Christopher Cain, William Webber,
    Gunnar)
Grand Unified Configuration scheme/GUC.  Many options can now be set in 
    data/postgresql.conf, postmaster/postgres flags, or SET commands (Peter E)
Improved handling of file descriptor cache (Tom)
New warning code about auto-created table alias entries (Bruce)
Overhaul initdb process (Tom, Peter E)
Overhaul of inherited tables; inherited tables now accessed by default;
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   new ONLY key word prevents it (Chris Bitmead, Tom)
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ODBC cleanups/improvements (Nick Gorham, Stephan Szabo, Zoltan Kovacs, 
    Michael Fork)
Allow renaming of temp tables (Tom)
Overhaul memory manager contexts (Tom)
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pg_dumpall uses CREATE USER or CREATE GROUP rather using COPY (Peter E)
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Overhaul pg_dump (Philip Warner)
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Allow pg_hba.conf secondary password file to specify only username (Peter E)
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Allow TEMPORARY or TEMP key word when creating temporary tables (Bruce)
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New memory leak checker (Karel)
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New SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS (Thomas)
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Allow nested block comments (Thomas)
Add WITHOUT TIME ZONE type qualifier (Thomas)
New ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT (Stephan)
Use NUMERIC accumulators for INTEGER aggregates (Tom)
Overhaul aggregate code (Tom)
New VARIANCE and STDDEV() aggregates
Improve dependency ordering of pg_dump (Philip)
New pg_restore command (Philip)
New pg_dump tar output option (Philip)
New pg_dump of large objects  (Philip)
New ESCAPE option to LIKE (Thomas)
New case-insensitive LIKE - ILIKE (Thomas)
Allow functional indexes to use binary-compatible type (Tom)
Allow SQL functions to be used in more contexts (Tom)
New pg_config utility (Peter E)
New PL/pgSQL EXECUTE command which allows dynamic SQL and utility statements
    (Jan)
New PL/pgSQL GET DIAGNOSTICS statement for SPI value access (Jan)
New quote_identifiers() and quote_literal() functions (Jan)
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New ALTER TABLE table OWNER TO user command (Mark Hollomon)
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Allow subselects in FROM, i.e. FROM (SELECT ...) [AS] alias (Tom)
Update PyGreSQL to version 3.1 (D'Arcy)
Store tables as files named by OID (Vadim)
New SQL function setval(seq,val,bool) for use in pg_dump (Philip)
Require DROP VIEW to remove views, no DROP TABLE (Mark)
Allow DROP VIEW view1, view2 (Mark)
Allow multiple objects in DROP INDEX, DROP RULE, and DROP TYPE (Tom)
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Allow automatic conversion to/from Unicode (Tatsuo, Eiji)
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New /contrib/pgcrypto hashing functions (Marko Kreen)
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New pg_dumpall --globals-only option (Peter E)
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New CHECKPOINT command for WAL which creates new WAL log file (Vadim)
New AT TIME ZONE syntax (Thomas)
Allow location of Unix domain socket to be configurable (David J. MacKenzie)
Allow postmaster to listen on a specific IP address (David J. MacKenzie)
Allow socket path name to be specified in hostname by using leading slash
    (David J. MacKenzie)
Allow CREATE DATABASE to specify template database (Tom)
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New utility to convert MySQL schema dumps to SQL92 and PostgreSQL (Thomas)
New /contrib/rserv replication toolkit (Vadim)
New file format for COPY BINARY (Tom)
New /contrib/oid2name to map numeric files to table names (B Palmer)
New "idle in transaction" ps status message (Marc)
Update to pgaccess 0.98.7 (Constantin Teodorescu)
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pg_ctl now defaults to -w (wait) on shutdown, new -l (log) option
Add rudimentary dependency checking to pg_dump (Philip)
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Types
-----
Fix INET/CIDR type ordering and add new functions (Tom)
Make OID behave as an unsigned type (Tom)
Allow BIGINT as synonym for INT8 (Peter E)
New int2 and int8 comparison operators (Tom)
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New BIT and BIT VARYING types (Adriaan Joubert, Tom, Peter E)
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CHAR() no longer faster than VARCHAR() because of TOAST (Tom)
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New GIST seg/cube examples (Gene Selkov)
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Improved round(numeric) handling (Tom)
Fix CIDR output formatting (Tom)
New CIDR abbrev() function (Tom)
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Performance
-----------
Write-Ahead Log (WAL) to provide crash recovery with less performance 
    overhead (Vadim)
ANALYZE stage of VACUUM no longer exclusively locks table (Bruce)
Reduced file seeks (Denis Perchine)
Improve BTREE code for duplicate keys (Tom)
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Store all large objects in a single table (Denis Perchine, Tom)
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Improve memory allocation performance (Karel, Tom)

Source Code
-----------
New function manager call conventions (Tom)
SGI portability fixes (David Kaelbling)
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New configure --enable-syslog option (Peter E)
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New BSDI README (Bruce)
configure script moved to top level, not /src (Peter E)
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Makefile/configuration/compilation overhaul (Peter E)
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New configure --with-python option (Peter E)
Solaris cleanups (Peter E)
Overhaul /contrib Makefiles (Karel)
New OpenSSL configuration option (Magnus, Peter E)
AIX fixes (Andreas)
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QNX fixes (Maurizio)
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New heap_open(), heap_openr() API (Tom)
Remove colon and semi-colon operators (Thomas)
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New pg_class.relkind value for views (Mark Hollomon)
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Rename ichar() to chr() (Karel)
New documentation for btrim(), ascii(), chr(), repeat() (Karel)
Fixes for NT/Cygwin (Pete Forman)
AIX port fixes (Andreas)
New BeOS port (David Reid, Cyril Velter)
Add proofreader's changes to docs (Addison-Wesley, Bruce)
New Alpha spinlock code (Adriaan Joubert, Compaq)
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UnixWare port overhaul (Peter E)
New Darwin/MacOS X port (Peter Bierman, Bruce Hartzler)
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New FreeBSD Alpha port (Alfred)
Overhaul shared memory segments (Tom)
Add IBM S/390 support (Neale Ferguson)
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Moved macmanuf to /contrib (Larry Rosenman)
Syslog improvements (Larry Rosenman)
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New template0 database that contains no user additions (Tom)
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New /contrib/cube and /contrib/seg GIST sample code (Gene Selkov)
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Allow NetBSD's libedit instead of readline (Peter)
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Improved assembly language source code format (Bruce)
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New contrib/pg_logger
New --template option to createdb
New contrib/pg_control utility (Oliver)
New FreeBSD tools ipc_check, start-scripts/freebsd
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


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  <sect1 id="release-7-0-3">
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   <title>Release 7.0.3</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2000-11-11</simpara>
   </note>

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   <para>
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    This has a variety of fixes from 7.0.2.
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   </para>

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13676
   <sect2>
13677
    <title>Migration to version 7.0.3</title>
13678 13679

    <para>
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     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
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     7.0.*.
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    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
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Jdbc fixes (Peter)
Large object fix (Tom)
Fix lean in COPY WITH OIDS leak (Tom)
Fix backwards-index-scan (Tom)
Fix SELECT ... FOR UPDATE so it checks for duplicate keys (Hiroshi)
Add --enable-syslog to configure (Marc)
Fix abort transaction at backend exit in rare cases (Tom)
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Fix for psql \l+ when multibyte enabled (Tatsuo)
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Allow PL/pgSQL to accept non ascii identifiers (Tatsuo)
Make vacuum always flush buffers (Tom)
Fix to allow cancel while waiting for a lock (Hiroshi)
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Fix for memory allocation problem in user authentication code (Tom)
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Remove bogus use of int4out() (Tom)
Fixes for multiple subqueries in COALESCE or BETWEEN (Tom)
Fix for failure of triggers on heap open in certain cases (Jeroen van
    Vianen)
Fix for erroneous selectivity of not-equals (Tom)
Fix for erroneous use of strcmp() (Tom)
Fix for bug where storage manager accesses items beyond end of file
    (Tom)
Fix to include kernel errno message in all smgr elog messages (Tom)
Fix for '.' not in PATH at build time (SL Baur)
Fix for out-of-file-descriptors error (Tom)
Fix to make pg_dump dump 'iscachable' flag for functions (Tom)
Fix for subselect in targetlist of Append node (Tom)
Fix for mergejoin plans (Tom)
Fix TRUNCATE failure on relations with indexes (Tom)
Avoid database-wide restart on write error (Hiroshi)
Fix nodeMaterial to honor chgParam by recomputing its output (Tom)
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Fix VACUUM problem with moving chain of update row versions when source
    and destination of a row version lie on the same page (Tom)
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Fix user.c CommandCounterIncrement (Tom)
Fix for AM/PM boundary problem in to_char() (Karel Zak)
Fix TIME aggregate handling (Tom)
Fix to_char() to avoid coredump on NULL input (Tom)
Buffer fix (Tom)
Fix for inserting/copying longer multibyte strings into char() data
    types (Tatsuo)
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Fix for crash of backend, on abort (Tom)
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

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13735
  <sect1 id="release-7-0-2">
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   <title>Release 7.0.2</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2000-06-05</simpara>
   </note>

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   <para>
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    This is a repackaging of 7.0.1 with added documentation.
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   </para>
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13748
   <sect2>
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    <title>Migration to version 7.0.2</title>
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    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
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     7.*.
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    </para>
   </sect2>
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   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
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Added documentation to tarball.
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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13769
  <sect1 id="release-7-0-1">
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   <title>Release 7.0.1</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2000-06-01</simpara>
   </note>

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   <para>
    This is a cleanup release for 7.0.
   </para>
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   <sect2>
13782
    <title>Migration to version 7.0.1</title>
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    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
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     7.0.
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    </para>
   </sect2>
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   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
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13793 13794
    <para>
     <programlisting>
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Fix many CLUSTER failures (Tom)
Allow ALTER TABLE RENAME works on indexes (Tom)
13797
Fix plpgsql to handle datetime-&gt;timestamp and timespan-&gt;interval (Bruce)
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New configure --with-setproctitle switch to use setproctitle() (Marc, Bruce)
Fix the off by one errors in ResultSet from 6.5.3, and more.
jdbc ResultSet fixes (Joseph Shraibman)
optimizer tunings (Tom)
Fix create user for pgaccess
Fix for UNLISTEN failure
IRIX fixes (David Kaelbling)
QNX fixes (Andreas Kardos)
Reduce COPY IN lock level (Tom)
Change libpqeasy to use PQconnectdb() style parameters (Bruce)
Fix pg_dump to handle OID indexes (Tom)
Fix small memory leak (Tom)
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Solaris fix for createdb/dropdb (Tatsuo)
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Fix for non-blocking connections (Alfred Perlstein)
Fix improper recovery after RENAME TABLE failures (Tom)
Copy pg_ident.conf.sample into /lib directory in install (Bruce)
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Add SJIS UDC (NEC selection IBM kanji) support (Eiji Tokuya)
Fix too long syslog message (Tatsuo)
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Fix problem with quoted indexes that are too long (Tom)
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JDBC ResultSet.getTimestamp() fix (Gregory Krasnow & Floyd Marinescu)
ecpg changes (Michael)
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
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  <sect1 id="release-7-0">
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   <title>Release 7.0</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>2000-05-08</simpara>
   </note>

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   <para> 
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    This release contains improvements in many areas, demonstrating
    the continued growth of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
    There are more improvements and fixes in 7.0 than in any previous
    release. The developers have confidence that this is the best
    release yet; we do our best to put out only solid releases, and
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    this one is no exception.
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   </para>

   <para>
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    Major changes in this release:
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   </para>
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   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Foreign Keys
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Foreign keys are now implemented, with the exception of PARTIAL MATCH
       foreign keys. Many users have been asking for this feature, and we are
       pleased to offer it.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Optimizer Overhaul
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Continuing on work started a year ago, the optimizer has been
       improved, allowing better query plan selection and faster performance
       with less memory usage.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Updated <application>psql</application>
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <application>psql</application>, our interactive terminal monitor, has been
       updated with a variety of new features. See the <application>psql</application> manual page for details.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
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    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Join Syntax
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       SQL92 join syntax is now supported, though only as
       <literal>INNER JOIN</> for this release. <literal>JOIN</>,
       <literal>NATURAL JOIN</>, <literal>JOIN</>/<literal>USING</>,
       and <literal>JOIN</>/<literal>ON</> are available, as are
       column correlation names.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
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   <sect2>
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    <title>Migration to version 7.0</title>
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    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
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     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
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     For those upgrading from 6.5.*, you may instead use 
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     <application>pg_upgrade</application> to upgrade to this
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     release; however, a full dump/reload installation is always the
     most robust method for upgrades.
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    </para>
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    <para>
     Interface and compatibility issues to consider for the new
     release include:
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    </para>
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    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The date/time types <type>datetime</type> and
       <type>timespan</type> have been superseded by the
       SQL92-defined types <type>timestamp</type> and
       <type>interval</type>. Although there has been some effort to
       ease the transition by allowing
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to recognize
       the deprecated type names and translate them to the new type
       names, this mechanism may not be completely transparent to
       your existing application.
      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The optimizer has been substantially improved in the area of
       query cost estimation. In some cases, this will result in
       decreased query times as the optimizer makes a better choice
       for the preferred plan. However, in a small number of cases,
       usually involving pathological distributions of data, your
       query times may go up. If you are dealing with large amounts
       of data, you may want to check your queries to verify
       performance.
      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <acronym>JDBC</acronym> and <acronym>ODBC</acronym>
       interfaces have been upgraded and extended.
      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       The string function <function>CHAR_LENGTH</function> is now a
       native function. Previous versions translated this into a call
       to <function>LENGTH</function>, which could result in
       ambiguity with other types implementing
       <function>LENGTH</function> such as the geometric types.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
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   </sect2>
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   <sect2>
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    <title>Changes</title>

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    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
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Prevent function calls exceeding maximum number of arguments (Tom)
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Improve CASE construct (Tom)
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Fix SELECT coalesce(f1,0) FROM int4_tbl GROUP BY f1 (Tom)
Fix SELECT sentence.words[0] FROM sentence GROUP BY sentence.words[0] (Tom)
Fix GROUP BY scan bug (Tom)
Improvements in SQL grammar processing (Tom)
Fix for views involved in INSERT ... SELECT ... (Tom)
Fix for SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a/2 (Tom)
Fix for subselects in INSERT ... SELECT (Tom)
Prevent INSERT ... SELECT ... ORDER BY (Tom)
Fixes for relations greater than 2GB, including vacuum
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Improve propagating system table changes to other backends (Tom)
Improve propagating user table changes to other backends (Tom)
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Fix handling of temp tables in complex situations (Bruce, Tom)
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Allow table locking at table open, improving concurrent reliability (Tom)
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Properly quote sequence names in pg_dump (Ross J. Reedstrom)
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Prevent DROP DATABASE while others accessing
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Prevent any rows from being returned by GROUP BY if no rows processed (Tom)
Fix SELECT COUNT(1) FROM table WHERE ...' if no rows matching WHERE (Tom)
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Fix pg_upgrade so it works for MVCC (Tom)
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Fix for SELECT ... WHERE x IN (SELECT ... HAVING SUM(x) &gt; 1) (Tom)
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Fix for "f1 datetime DEFAULT 'now'"  (Tom)
Fix problems with CURRENT_DATE used in DEFAULT (Tom)
Allow comment-only lines, and ;;; lines too. (Tom)
Improve recovery after failed disk writes, disk full (Hiroshi)
Fix cases where table is mentioned in FROM but not joined (Tom)
Allow HAVING clause without aggregate functions (Tom)
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Fix for "--" comment and no trailing newline, as seen in perl interface
Improve pg_dump failure error reports (Bruce)
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Allow sorts and hashes to exceed 2GB file sizes (Tom)
Fix for pg_dump dumping of inherited rules (Tom)
Fix for NULL handling comparisons (Tom)
Fix inconsistent state caused by failed CREATE/DROP commands (Hiroshi)
Fix for dbname with dash
Prevent DROP INDEX from interfering with other backends (Tom)
Fix file descriptor leak in verify_password()
Fix for "Unable to identify an operator =$" problem
Fix ODBC so no segfault if CommLog and Debug enabled (Dirk Niggemann)
Fix for recursive exit call (Massimo)
Fix for extra-long timezones (Jeroen van Vianen)
Make pg_dump preserve primary key information (Peter E)
Prevent databases with single quotes (Peter E)
Prevent DROP DATABASE inside  transaction (Peter E)
ecpg memory leak fixes (Stephen Birch)
Fix for SELECT null::text, SELECT int4fac(null) and SELECT 2 + (null) (Tom)
Y2K timestamp fix (Massimo)
Fix for VACUUM 'HEAP_MOVED_IN was not expected' errors (Tom)
Fix for views with tables/columns containing spaces  (Tom)
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Prevent privileges on indexes (Peter E)
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Fix for spinlock stuck problem when error is generated (Hiroshi)
Fix ipcclean on Linux
Fix handling of NULL constraint conditions (Tom)
Fix memory leak in odbc driver (Nick Gorham)
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Fix for privilege check on UNION tables (Tom)
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Fix to allow SELECT 'a' LIKE 'a' (Tom)
Fix for SELECT 1 + NULL (Tom)
Fixes to CHAR
Fix log() on numeric type (Tom)
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Deprecate ':' and ';' operators
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Allow vacuum of temporary tables
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Disallow inherited columns with the same name as new columns
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Recover or force failure when disk space is exhausted (Hiroshi)
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Fix INSERT INTO ... SELECT with AS columns matching result columns
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Fix INSERT ... SELECT ... GROUP BY groups by target columns not source columns (Tom)
Fix CREATE TABLE test (a char(5) DEFAULT text '', b int4) with INSERT (Tom)
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Fix UNION with LIMIT
Fix CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 2
Fix CREATE TABLE test(col char(2) DEFAULT user)
Fix mismatched types in CREATE TABLE ... DEFAULT
Fix SELECT * FROM pg_class where oid in (0,-1)
Fix SELECT COUNT('asdf') FROM pg_class WHERE oid=12
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Prevent user who can create databases can modifying pg_database table (Peter E)
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Fix btree to give a useful elog when key &gt; 1/2 (page - overhead) (Tom)
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Fix INSERT of 0.0 into DECIMAL(4,4) field (Tom)
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Enhancements
------------
New CLI interface include file sqlcli.h, based on SQL3/SQL98
Remove all limits on query length, row length limit still exists (Tom)
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Update jdbc protocol to 2.0 (Jens Glaser <email>jens@jens.de</email>)
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Add TRUNCATE command to quickly truncate relation (Mike Mascari)
Fix to give super user and createdb user proper update catalog rights (Peter E)
Allow ecpg bool variables to have NULL values (Christof)
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Issue ecpg error if NULL value for variable with no NULL indicator (Christof)
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Allow ^C to cancel COPY command (Massimo)
Add SET FSYNC and SHOW PG_OPTIONS commands(Massimo)
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Function name overloading for dynamically-loaded C functions (Frankpitt)
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Add CmdTuples() to libpq++(Vince)
New CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER and SET CONSTRAINTS commands(Jan)
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Allow CREATE FUNCTION/WITH clause to be used for all language types
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configure --enable-debug adds -g (Peter E)
configure --disable-debug removes -g (Peter E)
Allow more complex default expressions (Tom)
First real FOREIGN KEY constraint trigger functionality (Jan)
Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH FULL ... ON DELETE CASCADE (Jan)
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Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH &lt;unspecified&gt; referential actions (Don Baccus)
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Allow WHERE restriction on ctid (physical heap location) (Hiroshi)
Move pginterface from contrib to interface directory, rename to pgeasy (Bruce)
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Change pgeasy connectdb() parameter ordering (Bruce)
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Require SELECT DISTINCT target list to have all ORDER BY columns (Tom)
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Add Oracle's COMMENT ON command (Mike Mascari <email>mascarim@yahoo.com</email>)
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libpq's PQsetNoticeProcessor function now returns previous hook(Peter E)
Prevent PQsetNoticeProcessor from being set to NULL (Peter E)
Make USING in COPY optional (Bruce)
Allow subselects in the target list (Tom)
Allow subselects on the left side of comparison operators (Tom)
New parallel regression test (Jan)
Change backend-side COPY to write files with permissions 644 not 666 (Tom)
Force permissions on PGDATA directory to be secure, even if it exists (Tom)
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Added psql LASTOID variable to return last inserted oid (Peter E)
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Allow concurrent vacuum and remove pg_vlock vacuum lock file (Tom)
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Add privilege check for vacuum (Peter E)
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New libpq functions to allow asynchronous connections: PQconnectStart(), 
   PQconnectPoll(), PQresetStart(), PQresetPoll(), PQsetenvStart(), 
   PQsetenvPoll(), PQsetenvAbort (Ewan Mellor)
New libpq PQsetenv() function (Ewan Mellor)
create/alter user extension (Peter E)
New postmaster.pid and postmaster.opts under $PGDATA (Tatsuo)
New scripts for create/drop user/db (Peter E)
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Major psql overhaul (Peter E)
Add const to libpq interface (Peter E)
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New libpq function PQoidValue (Peter E)
Show specific non-aggregate causing problem with GROUP BY (Tom)
Make changes to pg_shadow recreate pg_pwd file (Peter E)
Add aggregate(DISTINCT ...) (Tom)
Allow flag to control COPY input/output of NULLs (Peter E)
Make postgres user have a password by default (Peter E)
Add CREATE/ALTER/DROP GROUP (Peter E)
All administration scripts now support --long options (Peter E, Karel)
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Vacuumdb script now supports --all option (Peter E)
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ecpg new portable FETCH syntax
Add ecpg EXEC SQL IFDEF, EXEC SQL IFNDEF, EXEC SQL ELSE, EXEC SQL ELIF 
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        and EXEC SQL ENDIF directives
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Add pg_ctl script to control backend start-up (Tatsuo)
Add postmaster.opts.default file to store start-up flags (Tatsuo)
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Allow --with-mb=SQL_ASCII
Increase maximum number of index keys to 16 (Bruce)
Increase maximum number of function arguments to 16 (Bruce)
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Allow configuration of maximum number of index keys and arguments (Bruce)
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Allow unprivileged users to change their passwords (Peter E)
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Password authentication enabled; required for new users (Peter E)
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Disallow dropping a user who owns a database (Peter E)
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Change initdb option --with-mb to --enable-multibyte
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Add option for initdb to prompts for superuser password (Peter E)
Allow complex type casts like col::numeric(9,2) and col::int2::float8 (Tom)
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Updated user interfaces on initdb, initlocation, pg_dump, ipcclean (Peter E)
New pg_char_to_encoding() and pg_encoding_to_char() functions (Tatsuo)
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libpq non-blocking mode (Alfred Perlstein)
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Improve conversion of types in casts that don't specify a length
New plperl internal programming language (Mark Hollomon)
Allow COPY IN to read file that do not end with a newline (Tom)
Indicate when long identifiers are truncated (Tom)
Allow aggregates to use type equivalency (Peter E)
Add Oracle's to_char(), to_date(), to_datetime(), to_timestamp(), to_number()
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        conversion functions (Karel Zak &lt;zakkr@zf.jcu.cz&gt;)
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Add SELECT DISTINCT ON (expr [, expr ...]) targetlist ... (Tom)
Check to be sure ORDER BY is compatible with the DISTINCT operation (Tom)
Add NUMERIC and int8 types to ODBC
Improve EXPLAIN results for Append, Group, Agg, Unique (Tom)
Add ALTER TABLE ... ADD FOREIGN KEY (Stephan Szabo)
Allow SELECT .. FOR UPDATE in PL/pgSQL (Hiroshi)
Enable backward sequential scan even after reaching EOF (Hiroshi)
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Add btree indexing of boolean values, &gt;= and &lt;= (Don Baccus)
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Print current line number when COPY FROM fails (Massimo)
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Recognize POSIX time zone e.g. "PST+8" and "GMT-8" (Thomas)
Add DEC as synonym for DECIMAL (Thomas)
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Add SESSION_USER as SQL92 key word, same as CURRENT_USER (Thomas)
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Implement SQL92 column aliases (aka correlation names) (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 join syntax (Thomas)
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Make INTERVAL reserved word allowed as a column identifier (Thomas)
Implement REINDEX command (Hiroshi)
Accept ALL in aggregate function SUM(ALL col) (Tom)
Prevent GROUP BY from using column aliases (Tom)
New psql \encoding option (Tatsuo)
Allow PQrequestCancel() to terminate when in waiting-for-lock state (Hiroshi)
Allow negation of a negative number in all cases
Add ecpg descriptors (Christof, Michael)
Allow CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT f1::char(8) FROM tbl
Allow casts with length, like foo::char(8)
New libpq functions PQsetClientEncoding(), PQclientEncoding() (Tatsuo)
Add support for SJIS user defined characters (Tatsuo)
Larger views/rules supported
Make libpq's PQconndefaults() thread-safe (Tom)
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Disable // as comment to be ANSI conforming, should use -- (Tom)
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Allow column aliases on views CREATE VIEW name (collist)
Fixes for views with subqueries (Tom)
Allow UPDATE table SET fld = (SELECT ...) (Tom)
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SET command options no longer require quotes
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Update pgaccess to 0.98.6
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New SET SEED command
New pg_options.sample file
New SET FSYNC command (Massimo)
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Allow pg_descriptions when creating tables
Allow pg_descriptions when creating types, columns, and functions
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Allow psql \copy to allow delimiters (Peter E)
Allow psql to print nulls as distinct from "" [null] (Peter E)
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Types
-----
Many array fixes (Tom)
Allow bare column names to be subscripted as arrays (Tom)
Improve type casting of int and float constants (Tom)
Cleanups for int8 inputs, range checking, and type conversion (Tom)
Fix for SELECT timespan('21:11:26'::time) (Tom)
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netmask('x.x.x.x/0') is 255.255.255.255 instead of 0.0.0.0 (Oleg Sharoiko)
Add btree index on NUMERIC (Jan)
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Perl fix for large objects containing NUL characters (Douglas Thomson) 
ODBC fix for for large objects (free)
Fix indexing of cidr data type
Fix for Ethernet MAC addresses (macaddr type) comparisons
Fix for date/time types when overflows happened in computations (Tom)
Allow array on int8 (Peter E)
Fix for rounding/overflow of NUMERIC type, like NUMERIC(4,4) (Tom)
Allow NUMERIC arrays
Fix bugs in NUMERIC ceil() and floor() functions (Tom)
Make char_length()/octet_length including trailing blanks (Tom)
Made abstime/reltime use int4 instead of time_t (Peter E)
New lztext data type for compressed text fields
Revise code to handle coercion of int and float constants (Tom)
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Start at new code to implement a BIT and BIT VARYING type (Adriaan Joubert)
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NUMERIC now accepts scientific notation (Tom)
NUMERIC to int4 rounds (Tom)
Convert float4/8 to NUMERIC properly (Tom)
Allow type conversion with NUMERIC (Thomas)
Make ISO date style (2000-02-16 09:33) the default (Thomas)
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Add NATIONAL CHAR [ VARYING ] (Thomas)
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Allow NUMERIC round and trunc to accept negative scales (Tom)
New TIME WITH TIME ZONE type (Thomas)
Add MAX()/MIN() on time type (Thomas)
Add abs(), mod(), fac() for int8 (Thomas)
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Rename functions to round(), sqrt(), cbrt(), pow() for float8 (Thomas)
Add transcendental math functions (e.g. sin(), acos()) for float8 (Thomas)
Add exp() and ln() for NUMERIC type
Rename NUMERIC power() to pow() (Thomas)
Improved TRANSLATE() function (Edwin Ramirez, Tom)
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Allow X=-Y operators  (Tom)
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Allow SELECT float8(COUNT(*))/(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t) FROM t GROUP BY f1; (Tom)
Allow LOCALE to use indexes in regular expression searches (Tom)
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Allow creation of functional indexes to use default types
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Performance
-----------
Prevent exponential space consumption with many AND's and OR's (Tom)
Collect attribute selectivity values for system columns (Tom)
Reduce memory usage of aggregates (Tom)
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Fix for LIKE optimization to use indexes with multibyte encodings (Tom)
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Fix r-tree index optimizer selectivity (Thomas)
Improve optimizer selectivity computations and functions (Tom)
Optimize btree searching for cases where many equal keys exist (Tom)
Enable fast LIKE index processing only if index present (Tom)
Re-use free space on index pages with duplicates (Tom)
Improve hash join processing (Tom)
Prevent descending sort if result is already sorted(Hiroshi)
Allow commuting of index scan query qualifications (Tom)
Prefer index scans in cases where ORDER BY/GROUP BY is required (Tom)
Allocate large memory requests in fix-sized chunks for performance (Tom)
Fix vacuum's performance by reducing memory allocation requests (Tom)
Implement constant-expression simplification (Bernard Frankpitt, Tom)
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Use secondary columns to be used to determine start of index scan (Hiroshi)
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Prevent quadruple use of disk space when doing internal sorting (Tom)
Faster sorting by calling fewer functions (Tom)
Create system indexes to match all system caches (Bruce, Hiroshi)
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Make system caches use system indexes (Bruce)
Make all system indexes unique (Bruce)
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Improve pg_statistics management for VACUUM speed improvement (Tom)
Flush backend cache less frequently (Tom, Hiroshi)
COPY now reuses previous memory allocation, improving performance (Tom)
Improve optimization cost estimation (Tom)
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Improve optimizer estimate of range queries x &gt; lowbound AND x &lt; highbound (Tom)
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Use DNF instead of CNF where appropriate (Tom, Taral)
Further cleanup for OR-of-AND WHERE-clauses (Tom)
Make use of index in OR clauses (x = 1 AND y = 2) OR (x = 2 AND y = 4) (Tom)
Smarter optimizer computations for random index page access (Tom)
New SET variable to control optimizer costs (Tom)
Optimizer queries based on LIMIT, OFFSET, and EXISTS qualifications (Tom)
Reduce optimizer internal housekeeping of join paths for speedup (Tom)
Major subquery speedup (Tom)
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Fewer fsync writes when fsync is not disabled (Tom)
Improved LIKE optimizer estimates (Tom)
Prevent fsync in SELECT-only queries (Vadim)
Make index creation use psort code, because it is now faster (Tom)
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Allow creation of sort temp tables &gt; 1 Gig
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Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Fix for linux PPC compile
New generic expression-tree-walker subroutine (Tom)
14260
Change form() to varargform() to prevent portability problems
14261
Improved range checking for large integers on Alphas
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Clean up #include in /include directory (Bruce)
Add scripts for checking includes (Bruce)
Remove un-needed #include's from *.c files (Bruce)
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Change #include's to use &lt;&gt; and "" as appropriate (Bruce)
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Enable Windows compilation of libpq
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Alpha spinlock fix from Uncle George <email>gatgul@voicenet.com</email>
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Overhaul of optimizer data structures (Tom)
Fix to cygipc library (Yutaka Tanida)
14270
Allow pgsql to work on newer Cygwin snapshots (Dan)
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14271
New catalog version number (Tom)
14272
Add Linux ARM
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14273
Rename heap_replace to heap_update
14274
Update for QNX (Dr. Andreas Kardos)
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14275
New platform-specific regression handling (Tom)
14276
Rename oid8 -&gt; oidvector and int28 -&gt; int2vector (Bruce)
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Included all yacc and lex files into the distribution (Peter E.)
Remove lextest, no longer needed (Peter E)
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14279
Fix for libpq and psql on Windows (Magnus)
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14280
Internally change datetime and timespan into timestamp and interval (Thomas)
14281
Fix for plpgsql on BSD/OS
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Add SQL_ASCII test case to the regression test (Tatsuo)
configure --with-mb now deprecated (Tatsuo)
NT fixes
14285
NetBSD fixes (Johnny C. Lam <email>lamj@stat.cmu.edu</email>)
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Fixes for Alpha compiles
New multibyte encodings
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

14293
  <sect1 id="release-6-5-3">
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   <title>Release 6.5.3</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>1999-10-13</simpara>
   </note>

14301 14302
   <para>
    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.2.  We have added a new
14303
    <application>PgAccess</> that was missing in 6.5.2, and installed an NT-specific fix.
14304
   </para>
14305 14306


14307
   <sect2>
14308
    <title>Migration to version 6.5.3</title>
14309

14310 14311 14312 14313 14314 14315 14316
    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     6.5.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
14317

14318 14319
    <para>
     <programlisting>
14320 14321
Updated version of pgaccess 0.98
NT-specific patch
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Fix dumping rules on inherited tables
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
14327 14328


14329
  <sect1 id="release-6-5-2">
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   <title>Release 6.5.2</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>1999-09-15</simpara>
   </note>

14337 14338 14339 14340
   <para>
    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.1.  We have fixed a variety of
    problems reported by 6.5.1 users.
   </para>
14341 14342


14343
   <sect2>
14344
    <title>Migration to version 6.5.2</title>
14345

14346 14347 14348 14349 14350
    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     6.5.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>
14351

14352 14353 14354 14355 14356
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
14357 14358 14359 14360
subselect+CASE fixes(Tom)
Add SHLIB_LINK setting for solaris_i386 and solaris_sparc ports(Daren Sefcik)
Fixes for CASE in WHERE join clauses(Tom)
Fix BTScan abort(Tom)
14361
Repair the check for redundant UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY indexes(Thomas)
14362
Improve it so that it checks for multicolumn constraints(Thomas)
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14363
Fix for Windows making problem with MB enabled(Hiroki Kataoka)
14364 14365 14366 14367 14368 14369 14370 14371 14372 14373 14374 14375
Allow BSD yacc and bison to compile pl code(Bruce)
Fix SET NAMES working
int8 fixes(Thomas)
Fix vacuum's memory consumption(Hiroshi,Tatsuo)
Reduce the total memory consumption of vacuum(Tom)
Fix for timestamp(datetime)
Rule deparsing bugfixes(Tom)
Fix quoting problems in mkMakefile.tcldefs.sh.in and mkMakefile.tkdefs.sh.in(Tom)
This is to re-use space on index pages freed by vacuum(Vadim)
document -x for pg_dump(Bruce)
Fix for unary operators in rule deparser(Tom)
Comment out FileUnlink of excess segments during mdtruncate()(Tom)
14376
IRIX linking fix from Yu Cao &gt;yucao@falcon.kla-tencor.com&lt;
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Repair logic error in LIKE: should not return LIKE_ABORT
   when reach end of pattern before end of text(Tom)
Repair incorrect cleanup of heap memory allocation during transaction abort(Tom)
Updated version of pgaccess 0.98
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
14385

14386
  <sect1 id="release-6-5-1">
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   <title>Release 6.5.1</title>

   <note>
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>1999-07-15</simpara>
   </note>

14394 14395 14396 14397
   <para>
    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.  We have fixed a variety of
    problems reported by 6.5 users.
   </para>
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14399
   <sect2>
14400
    <title>Migration to version 6.5.1</title>
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    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     6.5.
    </para>
   </sect2>
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14408 14409
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
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14411 14412
    <para>
     <programlisting>
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14413
Add NT README file
14414
Portability fixes for linux_ppc, IRIX, linux_alpha, OpenBSD, alpha
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14415 14416
Remove QUERY_LIMIT, use SELECT...LIMIT
Fix for EXPLAIN on inheritance(Tom)
14417
Patch to allow vacuum on multisegment tables(Hiroshi)
14418
R-Tree optimizer selectivity fix(Tom)
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14419
ACL file descriptor leak fix(Atsushi Ogawa)
14420
New expression subtree code(Tom)
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Avoid disk writes for read-only transactions(Vadim)
Fix for removal of temp tables if last transaction was aborted(Bruce)
14423
Fix to prevent too large row from being created(Bruce)
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14424 14425
plpgsql fixes
Allow port numbers 32k - 64k(Bruce)
14426
Add ^ precedence(Bruce)
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14427
Rename sort files called pg_temp to pg_sorttemp(Bruce)
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Fix for microseconds in time values(Tom)
Tutorial source cleanup
New linux_m68k port
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Fix for sorting of NULL's in some cases(Tom)
Shared library dependencies fixed (Tom)
Fixed glitches affecting GROUP BY in subselects(Tom)
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Fix some compiler warnings (Tomoaki Nishiyama)
Add Win1250 (Czech) support (Pavel Behal)
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

14441
  <sect1 id="release-6-5">
14442 14443 14444
   <title>Release 6.5</title>

   <note>
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14445
   <title>Release date</title>
14446 14447 14448
   <simpara>1999-06-09</simpara>
   </note>

14449 14450 14451 14452 14453 14454 14455 14456
   <para>
    This release marks a major step in the development team's mastery of the source
    code we inherited from Berkeley.  You will see we are now easily adding
    major features, thanks to the increasing size and experience of our
    world-wide development team.
   </para>

   <para>
14457
    Here is a brief summary of the more notable changes:
14458 14459 14460 14461

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>
14462
       Multiversion concurrency control(MVCC)
14463 14464 14465
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
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        This removes our old table-level locking, and replaces it with
        a locking system that is superior to most commercial database
        systems.  In a traditional system, each row that is modified
        is locked until committed, preventing reads by other users.
        MVCC uses the natural multiversion nature of
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to allow readers to
        continue reading consistent data during writer activity.
        Writers continue to use the compact pg_log transaction system.
        This is all performed without having to allocate a lock for
        every row like traditional database systems.  So, basically,
        we no longer are restricted by simple table-level locking; we
        have something better than row-level locking.
14478
       </para>
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      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Hot backups from <application>pg_dump</application>
      </term>
      <listitem>
14487
       <para>
14488 14489 14490
        <application>pg_dump</application> takes advantage of the new
        MVCC features to give a consistent database dump/backup while
        the database stays online and available for queries.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Numeric data type
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
14501 14502
        We now have a true numeric data type, with
        user-specified precision.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Temporary tables
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
14513 14514
        Temporary tables are guaranteed to have unique names
        within a database session, and are destroyed on session exit.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       New SQL features
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
14525 14526 14527
        We now have CASE, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT statement
        support.  We have new LIMIT/OFFSET, SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL,
        SELECT ... FOR UPDATE, and an improved LOCK TABLE command.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Speedups
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
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        We continue to speed up <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>,
        thanks to the variety of talents within our team.  We have
        sped up memory allocation, optimization, table joins, and row
        transfer routines.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Ports
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
14552 14553
        We continue to expand our port list, this time including
        <systemitem class="osname">Windows NT</>/<systemitem>ix86</> and <systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</>/<systemitem>arm32</>.
14554 14555 14556 14557 14558 14559 14560 14561 14562 14563
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Interfaces
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
14564 14565
        Most interfaces have new versions, and existing functionality
        has been improved.
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       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
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     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Documentation
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
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        New and updated material is present throughout the
        documentation. New <acronym>FAQ</acronym>s have been
        contributed for <systemitem class="osname">SGI</> and <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> platforms.
        The <citetitle>Tutorial</citetitle> has introductory information
        on <acronym>SQL</acronym> from Stefan Simkovics.
        For the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>, there are
        reference pages covering the postmaster and more utility
        programs, and a new appendix
        contains details on date/time behavior.
        The <citetitle>Administrator's Guide</citetitle> has a new
        chapter on troubleshooting from Tom Lane.
        And the <citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle> has a
        description of query processing, also from Stefan, and details 
        on obtaining the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source
        tree via anonymous <productname>CVS</productname> and
        <productname>CVSup</productname>. 
14592 14593 14594
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
14595 14596 14597 14598
    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <sect2>
14599
    <title>Migration to version 6.5</title>
14600 14601

    <para>
14602
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
14603
     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
14604
     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
14605 14606 14607
     <application>pg_upgrade</application> can <emphasis>not</emphasis>
     be used to upgrade to this release because the on-disk structure
     of the tables has changed compared to previous releases.
14608
    </para>
14609 14610

    <para>
14611 14612
     The new Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) features can
     give somewhat different behaviors in multiuser
14613 14614 14615
     environments. <emphasis>Read and understand the following section 
      to ensure that your existing applications will give you the
      behavior you need.</emphasis>
14616 14617
    </para>

14618
    <sect3>
14619
     <title>Multiversion Concurrency Control</title>
14620 14621 14622 14623

     <para>
      Because readers in 6.5 don't lock data, regardless of transaction
      isolation level, data read by one transaction can be overwritten by
14624
      another. In other words, if a row is returned by
14625 14626
      <command>SELECT</command> it doesn't mean that this row really exists
      at the time it is returned (i.e. sometime after the statement or
14627 14628
      transaction began) nor that the row is protected from being deleted or
      updated by concurrent transactions before the current transaction does
14629 14630 14631 14632
      a commit or rollback.
     </para>

     <para>
14633
      To ensure the actual existence of a row and protect it against
14634 14635 14636
      concurrent updates one must use <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</command> or
      an appropriate <command>LOCK TABLE</command> statement. This should be
      taken into account when porting applications from previous releases of
14637
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and other environments.
14638 14639 14640
     </para>

     <para>
14641 14642
      Keep the above in mind if you are using
      <filename>contrib/refint.*</filename> triggers for
14643
      referential integrity. Additional techniques are required now. One way is
14644 14645 14646 14647 14648 14649 14650
      to use <command>LOCK parent_table IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE</command>
      command if a transaction is going to update/delete a primary key and
      use <command>LOCK parent_table IN SHARE MODE</command> command if a
      transaction is going to update/insert a foreign key.

      <note>
       <para>
14651 14652 14653 14654 14655
        Note that if you run a transaction in SERIALIZABLE mode then you must
        execute the <command>LOCK</command> commands above before execution of any
        <acronym>DML</acronym> statement
        (<command>SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/FETCH/COPY_TO</command>) in the
        transaction.
14656 14657 14658 14659 14660 14661 14662 14663 14664 14665 14666
       </para>
      </note>
     </para>

     <para>
      These inconveniences will disappear in the future
      when the ability to read dirty
      (uncommitted) data (regardless of isolation level) and true referential
      integrity will be implemented.
     </para>
    </sect3>
14667
    </sect2>
14668 14669

   <sect2>
14670 14671
    <title>Changes</title>

14672 14673
    <para>
     <programlisting>
14674 14675
Bug Fixes
---------
14676
Fix text&lt;-&gt;float8 and text&lt;-&gt;float4 conversion functions(Thomas)
14677 14678 14679 14680 14681 14682
Fix for creating tables with mixed-case constraints(Billy)
Change exp()/pow() behavior to generate error on underflow/overflow(Jan)
Fix bug in pg_dump -z
Memory overrun cleanups(Tatsuo)
Fix for lo_import crash(Tatsuo)
Adjust handling of data type names to suppress double quotes(Thomas)
14683
Use type coercion for matching columns and DEFAULT(Thomas)
14684 14685 14686 14687 14688 14689 14690 14691 14692 14693 14694 14695 14696 14697 14698 14699 14700 14701 14702 14703 14704 14705 14706 14707 14708
Fix deadlock so it only checks once after one second of sleep(Bruce)
Fixes for aggregates and PL/pgsql(Hiroshi)
Fix for subquery crash(Vadim)
Fix for libpq function PQfnumber and case-insensitive names(Bahman Rafatjoo)
Fix for large object write-in-middle, no extra block, memory consumption(Tatsuo)
Fix for pg_dump -d or -D and  quote special characters in INSERT
Repair serious problems with dynahash(Tom)
Fix INET/CIDR portability problems
Fix problem with selectivity error in ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN(Bruce)
Fix executor so mergejoin of different column types works(Tom)
Fix for Alpha OR selectivity bug
Fix OR index selectivity problem(Bruce)
Fix so \d shows proper length for char()/varchar()(Ryan)
Fix tutorial code(Clark)
Improve destroyuser checking(Oliver)
Fix for Kerberos(Rodney McDuff)
Fix for dropping database while dirty buffers(Bruce)
Fix so sequence nextval() can be case-sensitive(Bruce)
Fix !!= operator
Drop buffers before destroying database files(Bruce)
Fix case where executor evaluates functions twice(Tatsuo)
Allow sequence nextval actions to be case-sensitive(Bruce)
Fix optimizer indexing not working for negative numbers(Bruce)
Fix for memory leak in executor with fjIsNull
Fix for aggregate memory leaks(Erik Riedel)
14709
Allow user name containing a dash to grant privileges
14710
Cleanup of NULL in inet types
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14711
Clean up system table bugs(Tom)
14712
Fix problems of PAGER and \? command(Masaaki Sakaida)
14713
Reduce default multisegment file size limit to 1GB(Peter)
14714 14715 14716 14717 14718 14719 14720 14721 14722 14723 14724
Fix for dumping of CREATE OPERATOR(Tom)
Fix for backward scanning of cursors(Hiroshi Inoue)
Fix for COPY FROM STDIN when using \i(Tom)
Fix for subselect is compared inside an expression(Jan)
Fix handling of error reporting while returning rows(Tom)
Fix problems with reference to array types(Tom,Jan)
Prevent UPDATE SET oid(Jan)
Fix pg_dump so -t option can handle case-sensitive tablenames
Fixes for GROUP BY in special cases(Tom, Jan)
Fix for memory leak in failed queries(Tom)
DEFAULT now supports mixed-case identifiers(Tom)
14725
Fix for multisegment uses of DROP/RENAME table, indexes(Ole Gjerde)
14726
Disable use of pg_dump with both -o and -d options(Bruce)
14727
Allow pg_dump to properly dump group privileges(Bruce)
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Fix GROUP BY in INSERT INTO table SELECT * FROM table2(Jan)
Fix for computations in views(Jan)
Fix for aggregates on array indexes(Tom)
Fix for DEFAULT handles single quotes in value requiring too many quotes
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14732 14733
Fix security problem with non-super users importing/exporting large objects(Tom)
Rollback of transaction that creates table cleaned up properly(Tom)
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14734
Fix to allow long table and column names to generate proper serial names(Tom)
14735 14736 14737 14738 14739

Enhancements
------------
Add "vacuumdb" utility
Speed up libpq by allocating memory better(Tom)
14740
EXPLAIN all indexes used(Tom)
14741 14742 14743
Implement CASE, COALESCE, NULLIF  expression(Thomas)
New pg_dump table output format(Constantin)
Add string min()/max() functions(Thomas)
14744
Extend new type coercion techniques to aggregates(Thomas)
14745 14746 14747 14748
New moddatetime contrib(Terry)
Update to pgaccess 0.96(Constantin)
Add routines for single-byte "char" type(Thomas)
Improved substr() function(Thomas)
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14749
Improved multibyte handling(Tatsuo)
14750
Multiversion concurrency control/MVCC(Vadim)
14751 14752 14753 14754 14755 14756 14757 14758 14759 14760 14761 14762 14763 14764 14765 14766 14767 14768 14769 14770 14771 14772 14773 14774 14775 14776 14777 14778 14779 14780 14781 14782 14783 14784 14785 14786 14787 14788 14789 14790 14791 14792 14793 14794 14795
New Serialized mode(Vadim)
Fix for tables over 2gigs(Peter)
New SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL(Vadim)
New LOCK TABLE IN ... MODE(Vadim)
Update ODBC driver(Byron)
New NUMERIC data type(Jan)
New SELECT FOR UPDATE(Vadim)
Handle "NaN" and "Infinity" for input values(Jan)
Improved date/year handling(Thomas)
Improved handling of backend connections(Magnus)
New options ELOG_TIMESTAMPS and USE_SYSLOG options for log files(Massimo)
New TCL_ARRAYS option(Massimo)
New INTERSECT and EXCEPT(Stefan)
New pg_index.indisprimary for primary key tracking(D'Arcy)
New pg_dump option to allow dropping of tables before creation(Brook)
Speedup of row output routines(Tom)
New READ COMMITTED isolation level(Vadim)
New TEMP tables/indexes(Bruce)
Prevent sorting if result is already sorted(Jan)
New memory allocation optimization(Jan)
Allow psql to do \p\g(Bruce)
Allow multiple rule actions(Jan)
Added LIMIT/OFFSET functionality(Jan)
Improve optimizer when joining a large number of tables(Bruce)
New intro to SQL from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis (Stefan, Thomas)
New intro to backend processing from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis (Stefan)
Improved int8 support(Ryan Bradetich, Thomas, Tom)
New routines to convert between int8 and text/varchar types(Thomas)
New bushy plans, where meta-tables are joined(Bruce)
Enable right-hand queries by default(Bruce)
Allow reliable maximum number of backends to be set at configure time
      (--with-maxbackends and postmaster switch (-N backends))(Tom)
GEQO default now 10 tables because of optimizer speedups(Tom)
Allow NULL=Var for MS-SQL portability(Michael, Bruce)
Modify contrib check_primary_key() so either "automatic" or "dependent"(Anand)
Allow psql \d on a view show query(Ryan)
Speedup for LIKE(Bruce)
Ecpg fixes/features, see src/interfaces/ecpg/ChangeLog file(Michael)
JDBC fixes/features, see src/interfaces/jdbc/CHANGELOG(Peter)
Make % operator have precedence like /(Bruce)
Add new postgres -O option to allow system table structure changes(Bruce)
Update contrib/pginterface/findoidjoins script(Tom)
Major speedup in vacuum of deleted rows with indexes(Vadim) 
Allow non-SQL functions to run different versions based on arguments(Tom)
Add -E option that shows actual queries sent by \dt and friends(Masaaki Sakaida)
14796
Add version number in start-up banners for psql(Masaaki Sakaida)
14797 14798 14799 14800 14801 14802 14803 14804 14805 14806 14807
New contrib/vacuumlo removes large objects not referenced(Peter)
New initialization for table sizes so non-vacuumed tables perform better(Tom)
Improve error messages when a connection is rejected(Tom)
Support for arrays of char() and varchar() fields(Massimo)
Overhaul of hash code to increase reliability and performance(Tom)
Update to PyGreSQL 2.4(D'Arcy)
Changed debug options so -d4 and -d5 produce different node displays(Jan)
New pg_options: pretty_plan, pretty_parse, pretty_rewritten(Jan)
Better optimization statistics for system table access(Tom)
Better handling of non-default block sizes(Massimo)
Improve GEQO optimizer memory consumption(Tom)
14808
UNION now supports ORDER BY of columns not in target list(Jan)
14809
Major libpq++ improvements(Vince Vielhaber)
14810 14811 14812 14813 14814
pg_dump now uses -z(ACL's) as default(Bruce)
backend cache, memory speedups(Tom)
have pg_dump do everything in one snapshot transaction(Vadim)
fix for large object memory leakage, fix for pg_dumping(Tom)
INET type now respects netmask for comparisons
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14815 14816
Make VACUUM ANALYZE only use a readlock(Vadim)
Allow VIEWs on UNIONS(Jan)
14817
pg_dump now can generate consistent snapshots on active databases(Vadim)
14818 14819 14820 14821 14822

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Improve port matching(Tom)
Portability fixes for SunOS
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14823
Add Windows NT backend port and enable dynamic loading(Magnus and Daniel Horak)
14824 14825 14826 14827 14828
New port to Cobalt Qube(Mips) running Linux(Tatsuo)
Port to NetBSD/m68k(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Port to NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Port to NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki)
Fix for tcl/tk configuration(Vince)
14829
Removed CURRENT key word for rule queries(Jan)
14830 14831
NT dynamic loading now works(Daniel Horak)
Add ARM32 support(Andrew McMurry)
14832
Better support for HP-UX 11 and UnixWare
14833 14834
Improve file handling to be more uniform, prevent file descriptor leak(Tom)
New install commands for plpgsql(Jan)
14835 14836 14837 14838
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
14839

14840

14841
<sect1 id="release-6-4-2">
14842 14843 14844
<title>Release 6.4.2</title>

   <note>
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14845
   <title>Release date</title>
14846
   <simpara>1998-12-20</simpara>
14847 14848
   </note>

14849 14850 14851 14852 14853 14854 14855
<para>
The 6.4.1 release was improperly packaged.  This also has one additional
bug fix.
</para>


<sect2>
14856
<title>Migration to version 6.4.2</title>
14857 14858 14859 14860 14861 14862 14863

<para>
A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
6.4.*.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
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14864
<title>Changes</title>
14865 14866 14867 14868 14869

<para>
<programlisting>
Fix for datetime constant problem on some platforms(Thomas)
</programlisting>
14870
</para>
14871
</sect2>
14872
</sect1>
14873 14874 14875



14876
<sect1 id="release-6-4-1">
14877 14878 14879
<title>Release 6.4.1</title>

   <note>
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14880
   <title>Release date</title>
14881
   <simpara>1998-12-18</simpara>
14882 14883
   </note>

14884 14885 14886 14887 14888 14889 14890
<para>
This is basically a cleanup release for 6.4.  We have fixed a variety of
problems reported by 6.4 users.
</para>


<sect2>
14891
<title>Migration to version 6.4.1</title>
14892 14893 14894 14895 14896 14897 14898

<para>
A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
6.4.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
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14899
<title>Changes</title>
14900 14901 14902 14903

<para>
<programlisting>
Add pg_dump -N flag to force double quotes around identifiers.  This is
14904
        the default(Thomas)
14905 14906 14907
Fix for NOT in where clause causing crash(Bruce)
EXPLAIN VERBOSE coredump fix(Vadim)
Fix shared-library problems on Linux
14908
Fix test for table existence to allow mixed-case and whitespace in
14909
        the table name(Thomas)
14910 14911 14912 14913 14914 14915 14916 14917 14918 14919 14920 14921
Fix a couple of pg_dump bugs
Configure matches template/.similar entries better(Tom)
Change builtin function names from SPI_* to spi_*
OR WHERE clause fix(Vadim)
Fixes for mixed-case table names(Billy)
contrib/linux/postgres.init.csh/sh fix(Thomas)
libpq memory overrun fix
SunOS fixes(Tom)
Change exp() behavior to generate error on underflow(Thomas)
pg_dump fixes for memory leak, inheritance constraints, layout change
update pgaccess to 0.93
Fix prototype for 64-bit platforms
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Multibyte fixes(Tatsuo)
14923 14924 14925 14926 14927
New ecpg man page
Fix memory overruns(Tatsuo)
Fix for lo_import() crash(Bruce)
Better search for install program(Tom)
Timezone fixes(Tom)
14928
HP-UX fixes(Tom)
14929
Use implicit type coercion for matching DEFAULT values(Thomas)
14930
Add routines to help with single-byte (internal) character type(Thomas)
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14931
Compilation of libpq for Windows fixes(Magnus)
14932 14933
Upgrade to PyGreSQL 2.2(D'Arcy)
</programlisting>
14934
</para>
14935
</sect2>
14936
</sect1>
14937 14938 14939



14940
<sect1 id="release-6-4">
14941 14942 14943
<title>Release 6.4</title>

   <note>
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14944
   <title>Release date</title>
14945 14946 14947
   <simpara>1998-10-30</simpara>
   </note>

14948 14949 14950 14951 14952 14953
<para>
There are <emphasis>many</emphasis> new features and improvements in this release.
Thanks to our developers and maintainers, nearly every aspect of the system
has received some attention since the previous release.
Here is a brief, incomplete summary:

14954
<itemizedlist>
14955 14956 14957 14958 14959 14960 14961 14962 14963
<listitem>
<para>
Views and rules are now functional thanks to extensive new code in the 
rewrite rules system from Jan Wieck. He also wrote a chapter on it
for the <citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
14964 14965
Jan also contributed a second procedural language, <application>PL/pgSQL</application>, to go with the
original <application>PL/pgTCL</application> procedural language he contributed last release.
14966 14967 14968 14969 14970
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
14971
We have optional multiple-byte character set support from Tatsuo Ishii
14972 14973 14974 14975 14976 14977 14978 14979 14980 14981 14982 14983 14984
to complement our existing locale support.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Client/server communications has been cleaned up, with better support for
asynchronous messages and interrupts thanks to Tom Lane.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
14985
The parser will now perform automatic type coercion to match arguments
14986 14987
to available operators and functions, and to match columns and expressions
with target columns. This uses a generic mechanism which supports
14988
the type extensibility features of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
14989 14990 14991 14992 14993 14994 14995 14996 14997 14998 14999 15000 15001 15002 15003 15004 15005 15006 15007 15008 15009 15010 15011 15012 15013 15014 15015 15016 15017 15018 15019 15020 15021 15022 15023 15024
There is a new chapter in the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>
which covers this topic.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Three new data types have been added. 
Two types, <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type>, support various forms
of IP network, subnet, and machine addressing. There is now an 8-byte integer
type available on some platforms. See the chapter on data types
in the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle> for details.
A fourth type, <type>serial</type>, is now supported by the parser as an
amalgam of the <type>int4</type> type, a sequence, and a unique index.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Several more <acronym>SQL92</acronym>-compatible syntax features have been
added, including <command>INSERT DEFAULT VALUES</command>
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
The automatic configuration and installation system has received some
attention, and should be more robust for more platforms than it has ever
been.
</para>
</listitem>

</itemizedlist>
</para>

<sect2>
15025
<title>Migration to version 6.4</title>
15026 15027 15028 15029 15030

<para>
A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> 
or <application>pg_dumpall</application>
is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
15031
previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
15032 15033 15034
</para>
</sect2>

15035 15036 15037 15038 15039
   <sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
15040 15041 15042 15043 15044 15045 15046 15047 15048 15049 15050 15051 15052 15053 15054 15055 15056 15057 15058 15059 15060 15061 15062 15063 15064 15065 15066
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix for a tiny memory leak in PQsetdb/PQfinish(Bryan)
Remove char2-16 data types, use char/varchar(Darren)
Pqfn not handles a NOTICE message(Anders)
Reduced busywaiting overhead for spinlocks with many backends (dg)
Stuck spinlock detection (dg)
Fix up "ISO-style" timespan decoding and encoding(Thomas)
Fix problem with table drop after rollback of transaction(Vadim)
Change error message and remove non-functional update message(Vadim)
Fix for COPY array checking
Fix for SELECT 1 UNION SELECT NULL
Fix for buffer leaks in large object calls(Pascal)
Change owner from oid to int4 type(Bruce)
Fix a bug in the oracle compatibility functions btrim() ltrim() and rtrim()
Fix for shared invalidation cache overflow(Massimo)
Prevent file descriptor leaks in failed COPY's(Bruce)
Fix memory leak in libpgtcl's pg_select(Constantin)
Fix problems with username/passwords over 8 characters(Tom)
Fix problems with handling of asynchronous NOTIFY in backend(Tom)
Fix of many bad system table entries(Tom)

Enhancements
------------
Upgrade ecpg and ecpglib,see src/interfaces/ecpc/ChangeLog(Michael)
Show the index used in an EXPLAIN(Zeugswetter)
EXPLAIN  invokes  rule system and shows plan(s) for rewritten queries(Jan)
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15067
Multibyte awareness of many data types and functions, via configure(Tatsuo)
15068 15069 15070 15071
New configure --with-mb option(Tatsuo)
New initdb --pgencoding option(Tatsuo)
New createdb -E multibyte option(Tatsuo)
Select version(); now returns PostgreSQL version(Jeroen)
15072
libpq now allows asynchronous clients(Tom)
15073
Allow cancel from client of backend query(Tom)
15074 15075
psql now cancels query with Control-C(Tom)
libpq users need not issue dummy queries to get NOTIFY messages(Tom)
15076 15077 15078 15079 15080 15081 15082 15083 15084 15085 15086 15087 15088 15089 15090 15091 15092 15093 15094 15095 15096 15097 15098 15099 15100 15101 15102 15103 15104 15105 15106 15107 15108 15109 15110 15111 15112
NOTIFY now sends sender's PID, so you can tell whether it was your own(Tom)
PGresult struct now includes associated error message, if any(Tom)
Define "tz_hour" and "tz_minute" arguments to date_part()(Thomas)
Add routines to convert between varchar and bpchar(Thomas)
Add routines to allow sizing of varchar and bpchar into target columns(Thomas)
Add bit flags to support timezonehour and minute in data retrieval(Thomas)
Allow more variations on valid floating point numbers (e.g. ".1", "1e6")(Thomas)
Fixes for unary minus parsing with leading spaces(Thomas)
Implement TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
Check for and properly ignore FOREIGN KEY column constraints(Thomas)
Define USER as synonym for CURRENT_USER per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
Enable HAVING clause but no fixes elsewhere yet.
Make "char" type a synonym for "char(1)" (actually implemented as bpchar)(Thomas)
Save string type if specified for DEFAULT clause handling(Thomas)
Coerce operations involving different data types(Thomas)
Allow some index use for columns of different types(Thomas)
Add capabilities for automatic type conversion(Thomas)
Cleanups for large objects, so file is truncated on open(Peter)
Readline cleanups(Tom)
Allow psql  \f \ to make spaces as delimiter(Bruce)
Pass pg_attribute.atttypmod to the frontend for column field lengths(Tom,Bruce)
Msql compatibility library in /contrib(Aldrin)
Remove the requirement that ORDER/GROUP BY clause identifiers be 
included in the target list(David)
Convert columns to match columns in UNION clauses(Thomas)
Remove fork()/exec() and only do fork()(Bruce)
Jdbc cleanups(Peter)
Show backend status on ps command line(only works on some platforms)(Bruce)
Pg_hba.conf now has a sameuser option in the database field
Make lo_unlink take oid param, not int4
New DISABLE_COMPLEX_MACRO for compilers that can't handle our macros(Bruce)
Libpgtcl now handles NOTIFY as a Tcl event, need not send dummy queries(Tom)
libpgtcl cleanups(Tom)
Add -error option to libpgtcl's pg_result command(Tom)
New locale patch, see docs/README/locale(Oleg)
Fix for pg_dump so CONSTRAINT and CHECK syntax is correct(ccb)
New contrib/lo code for large object orphan removal(Peter)
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15113
New psql command "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'encoding'" for multibytes
15114
feature, see /doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
15115
contrib/noupdate code to revoke update permission on a column
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15116
libpq can now be compiled on Windows(Magnus)
15117 15118 15119 15120 15121 15122 15123 15124 15125 15126 15127 15128 15129 15130 15131 15132 15133 15134 15135 15136 15137 15138 15139 15140
Add PQsetdbLogin() in libpq
New 8-byte integer type, checked by configure for OS support(Thomas)
Better support for quoted table/column names(Thomas)
Surround table and column names with double-quotes in pg_dump(Thomas)
PQreset() now works with passwords(Tom)
Handle case of GROUP BY target list column number out of range(David)
Allow UNION in subselects
Add auto-size to screen to \d? commands(Bruce)
Use UNION to show all \d? results in one query(Bruce)
Add \d? field search feature(Bruce)
Pg_dump issues fewer \connect requests(Tom)
Make pg_dump -z flag work better, document it in manual page(Tom)
Add HAVING clause with full support for subselects and unions(Stephan)
Full text indexing routines in contrib/fulltextindex(Maarten)
Transaction ids now stored in shared memory(Vadim)
New PGCLIENTENCODING when issuing COPY command(Tatsuo)
Support for SQL92 syntax "SET NAMES"(Tatsuo)
Support for LATIN2-5(Tatsuo)
Add UNICODE regression test case(Tatsuo)
Lock manager cleanup, new locking modes for LLL(Vadim)
Allow index use with OR clauses(Bruce)
Allows "SELECT NULL ORDER BY 1;"
Explain VERBOSE prints the plan, and now pretty-prints the plan to
the postmaster log file(Bruce)
15141
Add indexes display to \d command(Bruce)
15142 15143 15144 15145 15146
Allow GROUP BY on functions(David)
New pg_class.relkind for large objects(Bruce)
New way to send libpq NOTICE messages to a different location(Tom)
New \w write command to psql(Bruce)
New /contrib/findoidjoins scans oid columns to find join relationships(Bruce)
15147 15148
Allow binary-compatible indexes to be considered when checking for valid
Indexes for restriction clauses containing a constant(Thomas)
15149 15150 15151
New ISBN/ISSN code in /contrib/isbn_issn
Allow NOT LIKE, IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, and NOT BETWEEN constraint(Thomas)
New rewrite system fixes many problems with rules and views(Jan)
15152 15153 15154 15155 15156 15157 15158 15159 15160 15161 15162 15163 15164 15165 15166 15167
        * Rules on relations work
        * Event qualifications on insert/update/delete work
        * New OLD variable to reference CURRENT, CURRENT will be remove in future
        * Update rules can reference NEW and OLD in rule qualifications/actions
        * Insert/update/delete rules on views work
        * Multiple rule actions are now supported, surrounded by parentheses
        * Regular users can create views/rules on tables they have RULE permits
        * Rules and views inherit the privileges of the creator
        * No rules at the column level
        * No UPDATE NEW/OLD rules
        * New pg_tables, pg_indexes, pg_rules and pg_views system views
        * Only a single action on SELECT rules
        * Total rewrite overhaul, perhaps for 6.5
        * handle subselects
        * handle aggregates on views
        * handle insert into select from view works
15168
System indexes are now multikey(Bruce)
15169 15170 15171 15172 15173 15174 15175
Oidint2, oidint4, and oidname types are removed(Bruce)
Use system cache for more system table lookups(Bruce)
New backend programming language PL/pgSQL in backend/pl(Jan)
New SERIAL data type, auto-creates sequence/index(Thomas)
Enable assert checking without a recompile(Massimo)
User lock enhancements(Massimo)
New setval() command to set sequence value(Massimo)
15176
Auto-remove unix socket file on start-up if no postmaster running(Massimo)
15177 15178
Conditional trace package(Massimo)
New UNLISTEN command(Massimo)
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15179
psql and libpq now compile under Windows using win32.mak(Magnus)
15180 15181
Lo_read no longer stores trailing NULL(Bruce)
Identifiers are now truncated to 31 characters internally(Bruce)
15182
Createuser options now available on the command line
15183 15184 15185 15186 15187 15188 15189 15190 15191
Code for 64-bit integer supported added, configure tested, int8 type(Thomas)
Prevent file descriptor leaf from failed COPY(Bruce)
New pg_upgrade command(Bruce)
Updated /contrib directories(Massimo)
New CREATE TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
New INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
New DECLARE and FETCH feature(Thomas)
libpq's internal structures now not exported(Tom)
Allow up to 8 key indexes(Bruce)
15192
Remove ARCHIVE key word, that is no longer used(Thomas)
15193
pg_dump -n flag to suppress quotes around indentifiers
15194 15195 15196 15197 15198 15199 15200 15201 15202 15203 15204
disable system columns for views(Jan)
new INET and CIDR types for network addresses(TomH, Paul)
no more double quotes in psql output
pg_dump now dumps views(Terry)
new SET QUERY_LIMIT(Tatsuo,Jan)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
/contrib cleanup(Jun)
Inline some small functions called for every row(Bruce)
Alpha/linux fixes
15205
HP-UX cleanups(Tom)
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15206
Multibyte regression tests(Soonmyung.)
15207 15208 15209 15210 15211 15212 15213 15214 15215 15216 15217 15218
Remove --disabled options from configure
Define PGDOC to use POSTGRESDIR by default
Make regression optional
Remove extra braces code to pgindent(Bruce)
Add bsdi shared library support(Bruce)
New --without-CXX support configure option(Brook)
New FAQ_CVS
Update backend flowchart in tools/backend(Bruce)
Change atttypmod from int16 to int32(Bruce, Tom)
Getrusage() fix for platforms that do not have it(Tom)
Add PQconnectdb, PGUSER, PGPASSWORD to libpq man page
NS32K platform fixes(Phil Nelson, John Buller)
15219
SCO 7/UnixWare 2.x fixes(Billy,others)
15220 15221
Sparc/Solaris 2.5 fixes(Ryan)
Pgbuiltin.3 is obsolete, move to doc files(Thomas)
15222
Even more documentation(Thomas)
15223 15224 15225 15226 15227 15228 15229 15230 15231 15232
Nextstep support(Jacek)
Aix support(David)
pginterface manual page(Bruce)
shared libraries all have version numbers
merged all OS-specific shared library defines into one file
smarter TCL/TK configuration checking(Billy)
smarter perl configuration(Brook)
configure uses supplied install-sh if no install script found(Tom)
new Makefile.shlib for shared library configuration(Tom)
</programlisting>
15233
</para>
15234
</sect2>
15235
</sect1>
15236

15237
<sect1 id="release-6-3-2">
15238 15239 15240
<title>Release 6.3.2</title>

   <note>
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15241
   <title>Release date</title>
15242 15243 15244
   <simpara>1998-04-07</simpara>
   </note>

15245
<para>
15246
This is a bug-fix release for 6.3.x.
15247
Refer to the release notes for version 6.3 for a more complete summary of new features.
15248
</para>
15249 15250 15251
<para>
Summary:

15252
<itemizedlist>
15253 15254 15255
<listitem>
<para>
Repairs automatic configuration support for some platforms, including Linux,
15256
from breakage inadvertently introduced in version 6.3.1.
15257 15258
</para>
</listitem>
15259 15260 15261

<listitem>
<para>
15262
Correctly handles function calls on the left side of BETWEEN and LIKE clauses.
15263 15264
</para>
</listitem>
15265 15266

</itemizedlist>
15267
</para>
15268
<para>
15269
A dump/restore is NOT required for those running 6.3 or 6.3.1.  A 
15270
<literal>make distclean</>, <literal>make</>, and <literal>make install</> is all that is required.
15271
This last step should be performed while the postmaster is not running.
15272
You should re-link any custom applications that use <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries.
15273
</para>
15274
<para>
15275 15276
For upgrades from pre-6.3 installations,
refer to the installation and migration instructions for version 6.3.
15277
</para>
15278

15279 15280
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
15281

15282 15283
    <para>
     <programlisting>
15284 15285 15286 15287 15288 15289 15290 15291 15292 15293 15294 15295 15296 15297 15298 15299 15300 15301
Configure detection improvements for tcl/tk(Brook Milligan, Alvin)
Manual page improvements(Bruce)
BETWEEN and LIKE fix(Thomas)
fix for psql \connect used by pg_dump(Oliver Elphick)
New odbc driver
pgaccess, version 0.86
qsort removed, now uses libc version, cleanups(Jeroen)
fix for buffer over-runs detected(Maurice Gittens)
fix for buffer overrun in libpgtcl(Randy Kunkee)
fix for UNION with DISTINCT or ORDER BY(Bruce)
gettimeofday configure check(Doug Winterburn)
Fix "indexes not used" bug(Vadim)
docs additions(Thomas)
Fix for backend memory leak(Bruce)
libreadline cleanup(Erwan MAS)
Remove DISTDIR(Bruce)
Makefile dependency cleanup(Jeroen van Vianen)
ASSERT fixes(Bruce)
15302 15303 15304 15305
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
15306

15307
  <sect1 id="release-6-3-1">
15308 15309 15310
   <title>Release 6.3.1</title>

   <note>
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15311
   <title>Release date</title>
15312 15313 15314
   <simpara>1998-03-23</simpara>
   </note>

15315 15316
   <para>
    Summary:
15317

15318
<itemizedlist>
15319 15320
<listitem>
<para>
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15321
Additional support for multibyte character sets.
15322 15323
</para>
</listitem>
15324 15325 15326 15327

<listitem>
<para>
Repair byte ordering for mixed-endian clients and servers.
15328 15329
</para>
</listitem>
15330 15331 15332 15333

<listitem>
<para>
Minor updates to allowed SQL syntax.
15334 15335
</para>
</listitem>
15336 15337 15338 15339

<listitem>
<para>
Improvements to the configuration autodetection for installation.
15340 15341
</para>
</listitem>
15342 15343

</itemizedlist>
15344
</para>
15345
<para>
15346
A dump/restore is NOT required for those running 6.3.  A 
15347
<literal>make distclean</>, <literal>make</>, and <literal>make install</> is all that is required.
15348
This last step should be performed while the postmaster is not running.
15349
You should re-link any custom applications that use <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries.
15350
</para>
15351
<para>
15352 15353
For upgrades from pre-6.3 installations,
refer to the installation and migration instructions for version 6.3.
15354
</para>
15355

15356 15357
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
15358

15359 15360
    <para>
     <programlisting>
15361 15362 15363 15364 15365 15366 15367 15368
ecpg cleanup/fixes, now version 1.1(Michael Meskes)
pg_user cleanup(Bruce)
large object fix for pg_dump and tclsh (alvin)
LIKE fix for multiple adjacent underscores
fix for redefining builtin functions(Thomas)
ultrix4 cleanup
upgrade to pg_access 0.83
updated CLUSTER manual page
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15369
multibyte character set support, see doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
15370 15371 15372 15373 15374 15375 15376 15377 15378 15379
configure --with-pgport fix
pg_ident fix
big-endian fix for backend communications(Kataoka)
SUBSTR() and substring() fix(Jan)
several jdbc fixes(Peter)
libpgtcl improvements, see libptcl/README(Randy Kunkee)
Fix for "Datasize = 0" error(Vadim)
Prevent \do from wrapping(Bruce)
Remove duplicate Russian character set entries
Sunos4 cleanup
15380
Allow optional TABLE key word in LOCK and SELECT INTO(Thomas)
15381 15382 15383 15384 15385 15386 15387
CREATE SEQUENCE options to allow a negative integer(Thomas)
Add "PASSWORD" as an allowed column identifier(Thomas)
Add checks for UNION target fields(Bruce)
Fix Alpha port(Dwayne Bailey)
Fix for text arrays containing quotes(Doug Gibson)
Solaris compile fix(Albert Chin-A-Young)
Better identify tcl and tk libs and includes(Bruce)
15388 15389 15390 15391
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
15392

15393
  <sect1 id="release-6-3">
15394 15395 15396
   <title>Release 6.3</title>

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
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   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>1998-03-01</simpara>
   </note>

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   <para>
    There are <emphasis>many</emphasis> new features and improvements in this release.
    Here is a brief, incomplete summary:
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    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Many new SQL features, including
       full <acronym>SQL92</acronym> subselect capability
       (everything is here but target-list subselects).
      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Support for client-side environment variables to specify time zone and date style.
      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Socket interface for client/server connection. This is the default now
       so you may need to start <application>postmaster</application> with the
       <option>-i</option> flag.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
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       Better password authorization mechanisms. Default table privileges have changed.
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      </para>
     </listitem>
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     <listitem>
      <para>
       Old-style <firstterm>time travel</firstterm>
       has been removed. Performance has been improved.
      </para>
     </listitem>
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    </itemizedlist>
   </para>
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   <note>
    <para>
     Bruce Momjian wrote the following notes to introduce the new release.
    </para>
   </note>
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   <para>
    There are some general 6.3 issues that I want to mention.  These are
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    only the big items that cannot be described in one sentence.  A review
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    of the detailed changes list is still needed.
   </para>
   <para>
    First, we now have subselects.  Now that we have them, I would like to
    mention that without subselects, SQL is a very limited language.
    Subselects are a major feature, and you should review your code for
    places where subselects provide a better solution for your queries.  I
    think you will find that there are more uses for subselects than you may
    think.  Vadim has put us on the big SQL map with subselects, and fully
    functional ones too.  The only thing you can't do with subselects is to
    use them in the target list.
   </para>
   <para>
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    Second, 6.3 uses Unix domain sockets rather than TCP/IP by default.  To
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    enable connections from other machines, you have to use the new
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    postmaster -i option, and of course edit <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>.  Also, for this
    reason, the format of <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> has changed.
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   </para>
   <para>
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    Third, <type>char()</type> fields will now allow faster access than <type>varchar()</type> or
    <type>text</type>. Specifically, the <type>text</> and <type>varchar()</type> have a penalty for access to
    any columns after the first column of this type.  <type>char()</type> used to also
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    have this access penalty, but it no longer does.  This may suggest that
    you redesign some of your tables, especially if you have short character
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    columns that you have defined as <type>varchar()</type> or <type>text</type>.  This and other
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    changes make 6.3 even faster than earlier releases.
   </para>
   <para>
    We now have passwords definable independent of any Unix file.  There are
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    new SQL USER commands.
    See the <citetitle>Administrator's Guide</citetitle> for more
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    information.  There is a new table, pg_shadow, which is used to store
    user information and user passwords, and it by default only SELECT-able
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    by the <systemitem>postgres</systemitem> super-user.  pg_user is now a view of pg_shadow, and is
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    SELECT-able by PUBLIC.  You should keep using pg_user in your
    application without changes.
   </para>
   <para>
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    User-created tables now no longer have SELECT privilege to PUBLIC by
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    default.  This was done because the ANSI standard requires it.  You can
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    of course GRANT any privileges you want after the table is created. 
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    System tables continue to be SELECT-able by PUBLIC.
   </para>
   <para>
    We also have real deadlock detection code.  No more sixty-second
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    timeouts.  And the new locking code implements a <acronym>FIFO</acronym> better, so there
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    should be less resource starvation during heavy use.
   </para>
   <para>
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    Many complaints have been made about inadequate documentation in previous
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    releases.  Thomas has put much effort into many new manuals for this
    release.  Check out the doc/ directory.
   </para>
   <para>
    For performance reasons, time travel is gone, but can be implemented
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    using triggers (see <filename>pgsql/contrib/spi/README</filename>).  Please check out the new
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    \d command for types, operators, etc.  Also, views have their own
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    privileges now, not based on the underlying tables, so privileges on
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    them have to be set separately.  Check <filename>/pgsql/interfaces</filename> for some new
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    ways to talk to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
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   </para>
   <para>
    This is the first release that really required an explanation for
    existing users.  In many ways, this was necessary because the new
    release removes many limitations, and the work-arounds people were using
    are no longer needed.
   </para>
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15520
   <sect2>
15521
    <title>Migration to version 6.3</title>
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    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> 
     or <application>pg_dumpall</application>
     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
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     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
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    </para>
   </sect2>
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15531 15532
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
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15534 15535
    <para>
     <programlisting>
15536 15537 15538 15539 15540 15541 15542 15543 15544 15545 15546 15547 15548 15549 15550 15551 15552 15553 15554
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix binary cursors broken by MOVE implementation(Vadim)
Fix for tcl library crash(Jan)
Fix for array handling, from Gerhard Hintermayer
Fix acl error, and remove duplicate pqtrace(Bruce)
Fix psql \e for empty file(Bruce)
Fix for textcat on varchar() fields(Bruce)
Fix for DBT Sendproc (Zeugswetter Andres)
Fix vacuum analyze syntax problem(Bruce)
Fix for international identifiers(Tatsuo)
Fix aggregates on inherited tables(Bruce)
Fix substr() for out-of-bounds data
Fix for select 1=1 or 2=2, select 1=1 and 2=2, and select sum(2+2)(Bruce)
Fix notty output to show status result.  -q option still turns it off(Bruce)
Fix for count(*), aggs with views and multiple tables and sum(3)(Bruce)
Fix cluster(Bruce)
Fix for PQtrace start/stop several times(Bruce)
Fix a variety of locking problems like newer lock waiters getting
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        lock before older waiters, and having readlock people not share
        locks if a writer is waiting for a lock, and waiting writers not
        getting priority over waiting readers(Bruce)
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Fix crashes in psql when executing queries from external files(James)
Fix problem with multiple order by columns, with the first one having
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        NULL values(Jeroen)
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Use correct hash table support functions for float8 and int4(Thomas)
Re-enable JOIN= option in CREATE OPERATOR statement (Thomas)
Change precedence for boolean operators to match expected behavior(Thomas)
Generate elog(ERROR) on over-large integer(Bruce)
Allow multiple-argument functions in constraint clauses(Thomas)
Check boolean input literals for 'true','false','yes','no','1','0'
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        and throw elog(ERROR) if unrecognized(Thomas)
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Major large objects fix
Fix for GROUP BY showing duplicates(Vadim)
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Fix for index scans in MergeJoin(Vadim)
15571 15572 15573

Enhancements
------------
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Subselects with EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANY key words (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas)
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New User Manual(Thomas, others)
Speedup by inlining some frequently-called functions
Real deadlock detection, no more timeouts(Bruce)
Add SQL92 "constants" CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, 
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        CURRENT_USER(Thomas)
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Modify constraint syntax to be SQL92-compliant(Thomas)
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Implement SQL92 PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE clauses using indexes(Thomas)
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Recognize SQL92 syntax for FOREIGN KEY. Throw elog notice(Thomas)
Allow NOT NULL UNIQUE constraint clause (each allowed separately before)(Thomas)
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Allow PostgreSQL-style casting ("::") of non-constants(Thomas)
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Add support for SQL3 TRUE and FALSE boolean constants(Thomas)
Support SQL92 syntax for IS TRUE/IS FALSE/IS NOT TRUE/IS NOT FALSE(Thomas)
Allow shorter strings for boolean literals (e.g. "t", "tr", "tru")(Thomas)
Allow SQL92 delimited identifiers(Thomas)
Implement SQL92 binary and hexadecimal string decoding (b'10' and x'1F')(Thomas)
Support SQL92 syntax for type coercion of literal strings
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        (e.g. "DATETIME 'now'")(Thomas)
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Add conversions for int2, int4, and OID types to and from text(Thomas)
15593
Use shared lock when building indexes(Vadim)
15594
Free memory allocated for an user query inside transaction block after
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        this query is done, was turned off in &lt;= 6.2.1(Vadim)
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New SQL statement CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE(Jan)
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New <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> Procedural Language (PL) backend interface(Jan)
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Rename pg_dump -H option to -h(Bruce)
Add Java support for passwords, European dates(Peter)
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Use indexes for LIKE and ~, !~ operations(Bruce)
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Add hash functions for datetime and timespan(Thomas)
Time Travel removed(Vadim, Bruce)
Add paging for \d and \z, and fix \i(Bruce)
Add Unix domain socket support to backend and to frontend library(Goran)
Implement CREATE DATABASE/WITH LOCATION and initlocation utility(Thomas)
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Allow more SQL92 and/or <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> reserved words as column identifiers(Thomas)
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Augment support for SQL92 SET TIME ZONE...(Thomas)
SET/SHOW/RESET TIME ZONE uses TZ backend environment variable(Thomas)
Implement SET keyword = DEFAULT and SET TIME ZONE DEFAULT(Thomas)
Enable SET TIME ZONE using TZ environment variable(Thomas)
Add PGDATESTYLE environment variable to frontend and backend initialization(Thomas)
Add PGTZ, PGCOSTHEAP, PGCOSTINDEX, PGRPLANS, PGGEQO
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        frontend library initialization environment variables(Thomas)
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Regression tests time zone automatically set with "setenv PGTZ PST8PDT"(Thomas)
Add pg_description table for info on tables, columns, operators, types, and
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        aggregates(Bruce)
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Increase 16 char limit on system table/index names to 32 characters(Bruce)
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Rename system indexes(Bruce)
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Add 'GERMAN' option to SET DATESTYLE(Thomas)
Define an "ISO-style" timespan output format with "hh:mm:ss" fields(Thomas)
Allow fractional values for delta times (e.g. '2.5 days')(Thomas)
Validate numeric input more carefully for delta times(Thomas)
Implement day of year as possible input to date_part()(Thomas)
Define timespan_finite() and text_timespan() functions(Thomas)
Remove archive stuff(Bruce)
Allow for a pg_password authentication database that is separate from
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        the system password file(Todd)
Dump ACLs, GRANT, REVOKE privileges(Matt)
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Define text, varchar, and bpchar string length functions(Thomas)
Fix Query handling for inheritance, and cost computations(Bruce)
Implement CREATE TABLE/AS SELECT (alternative to SELECT/INTO)(Thomas)
Allow NOT, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL in constraints(Thomas)
Implement UNIONs for SELECT(Bruce)
Add UNION, GROUP, DISTINCT to INSERT(Bruce)
varchar() stores only necessary bytes on disk(Bruce)
Fix for BLOBs(Peter)
Mega-Patch for JDBC...see README_6.3 for list of changes(Peter)
Remove unused "option" from PQconnectdb()
New LOCK command and lock manual page describing deadlocks(Bruce)
Add new psql \da, \dd, \df, \do, \dS, and \dT commands(Bruce)
Enhance psql \z to show sequences(Bruce)
Show NOT NULL and DEFAULT in psql \d table(Bruce)
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New psql .psqlrc file start-up(Andrew)
Modify sample start-up script in contrib/linux to show syslog(Thomas)
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New types for IP and MAC addresses in contrib/ip_and_mac(TomH)
Unix system time conversions with date/time types in contrib/unixdate(Thomas)
Update of contrib stuff(Massimo)
Add Unix socket support to DBD::Pg(Goran)
New python interface (PyGreSQL 2.0)(D'Arcy)
New frontend/backend protocol has a version number, network byte order(Phil)
Security features in pg_hba.conf enhanced and documented, many cleanups(Phil)
CHAR() now faster access than VARCHAR() or TEXT
ecpg embedded SQL preprocessor
Reduce system column overhead(Vadmin)
Remove pg_time table(Vadim)
Add pg_type attribute to identify types that need length (bpchar, varchar)
Add report of offending line when COPY command fails
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Allow VIEW privileges to be set separately from the underlying tables. 
        For security, use GRANT/REVOKE on views as appropriate(Jan)
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Tables now have no default GRANT SELECT TO PUBLIC.  You must
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        explicitly grant such privileges.
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Clean up tutorial examples(Darren)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Add new html development tools, and flow chart in /tools/backend
Fix for SCO compiles
Stratus computer port Robert Gillies
Added support for shlib for BSD44_derived & i386_solaris
Make configure more automated(Brook)
Add script to check regression test results
Break parser functions into smaller files, group together(Bruce)
Rename heap_create to heap_create_and_catalog, rename heap_creatr
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        to heap_create()(Bruce)
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Sparc/Linux patch for locking(TomS)
Remove PORTNAME and reorganize port-specific stuff(Marc)
Add optimizer README file(Bruce)
Remove some recursion in optimizer and clean up some code there(Bruce)
Fix for NetBSD locking(Henry)
Fix for libptcl make(Tatsuo)
AIX patch(Darren)
Change IS TRUE, IS FALSE, ... to expressions using "=" rather than
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        function calls to istrue() or isfalse() to allow optimization(Thomas)
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Various fixes NetBSD/Sparc related(TomH)
Alpha linux locking(Travis,Ryan)
Change elog(WARN) to elog(ERROR)(Bruce)
FAQ for FreeBSD(Marc)
Bring in the PostODBC source tree as part of our standard distribution(Marc)
A minor patch for HP/UX 10 vs 9(Stan)
New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce)
15691
UnixWare patches(Billy)
15692
New i386 'lock' for spinlock asm(Billy)
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Support for multiplexed backends is removed
Start an OpenBSD port
Start an AUX port
Start a Cygnus port
Add string functions to regression suite(Thomas)
Expand a few function names formerly truncated to 16 characters(Thomas)
Remove un-needed malloc() calls and replace with palloc()(Bruce)
</programlisting>
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</para>
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</sect2>
15703
</sect1>
15704

15705
<sect1 id="release-6-2-1">
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<title>Release 6.2.1</title>

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
15709
   <title>Release date</title>
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   <simpara>1997-10-17</simpara>
   </note>

15713
<para>
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6.2.1 is a bug-fix and usability release on 6.2.
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</para>
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<para>
Summary:

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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
<para>
Allow strings to span lines, per <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.
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</para>
</listitem>
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<listitem>
<para>
Include example trigger function for inserting user names on table updates.
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</para>
</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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This is a minor bug-fix release on 6.2. 
For upgrades from pre-6.2 systems, a full dump/reload is required. 
Refer to the 6.2 release notes for instructions.
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</para>
15739 15740

<sect2>
15741
<title>Migration from version 6.2 to version 6.2.1</title>
15742 15743

<para>
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This is a minor bug-fix release. A dump/reload is not required from version 6.2,
but is required from any release prior to 6.2.
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</para>
15747
<para>
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In upgrading from version 6.2, if you choose to dump/reload you will find that
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avg(money) is now calculated correctly. All other bug fixes take effect
upon updating the executables.
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</para>
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<para>
Another way to avoid dump/reload is to use the following SQL command
15754
from <command>psql</command> to update the existing system table:
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<programlisting>
  update pg_aggregate set aggfinalfn = 'cash_div_flt8'
   where aggname = 'avg' and aggbasetype = 790;
</programlisting>
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</para>
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<para>
This will need to be done to every existing database, including template1.
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</para>
</sect2>
15765

15766 15767 15768 15769 15770
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
15771 15772 15773 15774 15775 15776 15777 15778 15779 15780 15781
Allow TIME and TYPE column names(Thomas)
Allow larger range of true/false as boolean values(Thomas)
Support output of "now" and "current"(Thomas)
Handle DEFAULT with INSERT of NULL properly(Vadim)
Fix for relation reference counts problem in buffer manager(Vadim)
Allow strings to span lines, like ANSI(Thomas)
Fix for backward cursor with ORDER BY(Vadim)
Fix avg(cash) computation(Thomas)
Fix for specifying a column twice in ORDER/GROUP BY(Vadim)
Documented new libpq function to return affected rows, PQcmdTuples(Bruce)
Trigger function for inserting user names for INSERT/UPDATE(Brook Milligan)
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     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
15786

15787
<sect1 id="release-6-2">
15788 15789 15790
<title>Release 6.2</title>

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
15791
   <title>Release date</title>
15792 15793 15794
   <simpara>1997-10-02</simpara>
   </note>

15795 15796
<para>
A dump/restore is required for those wishing to migrate data from
15797
previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
15798
</para>
15799 15800

<sect2>
15801
<title>Migration from version 6.1 to version 6.2</title>
15802 15803 15804 15805

<para>
This migration requires a complete dump of the 6.1 database and a
restore of the database in 6.2.
15806
</para>
15807
<para>
15808
Note that the <command>pg_dump</command> and <command>pg_dumpall</command> utility from 6.2 should be used
15809
to dump the 6.1 database.
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</para>
</sect2>
15812 15813

<sect2>
15814
<title>Migration from version 1.<replaceable>x</> to version 6.2</title>
15815 15816 15817 15818

<para>
Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
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</para>
</sect2>
15821

15822 15823
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
15824

15825 15826
    <para>
     <programlisting>
15827 15828 15829 15830
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix problems with pg_dump for inheritance, sequences, archive tables(Bruce)
Fix compile errors on overflow due to shifts, unsigned, and bad prototypes
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         from Solaris(Diab Jerius)
15832 15833 15834 15835 15836
Fix bugs in geometric line arithmetic (bad intersection calculations)(Thomas)
Check for geometric intersections at endpoints to avoid rounding ugliness(Thomas)
Catch non-functional delete attempts(Vadim)
Change time function names to be more consistent(Michael Reifenberg)
Check for zero divides(Michael Reifenberg)
15837
Fix very old bug which made rows changed/inserted by a command
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        visible to the command itself (so we had multiple update of 
        updated rows, etc.)(Vadim)
15840 15841 15842
Fix for SELECT null, 'fail' FROM pg_am (Patrick)
SELECT NULL as EMPTY_FIELD now allowed(Patrick)
Remove un-needed signal stuff from contrib/pginterface
15843
Fix OR (where x != 1 or x isnull didn't return rows with x NULL) (Vadim)
15844 15845
Fix time_cmp function (Vadim)
Fix handling of functions with non-attribute first argument in 
15846
        WHERE clauses (Vadim)
15847
Fix GROUP BY when order of entries is different from order
15848
        in target list (Vadim)
15849 15850 15851 15852 15853 15854 15855 15856
Fix pg_dump for aggregates without sfunc1 (Vadim)

Enhancements
------------
Default genetic optimizer GEQO parameter is now 8(Bruce)
Allow use parameters in target list having aggregates in functions(Vadim)
Added JDBC driver as an interface(Adrian & Peter)
pg_password utility
15857
Return number of rows inserted/affected by INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE etc.(Vadim)
15858 15859
Triggers implemented with CREATE TRIGGER (SQL3)(Vadim)
SPI (Server Programming Interface) allows execution of queries inside 
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        C-functions (Vadim)
15861 15862 15863 15864 15865 15866 15867 15868 15869 15870
NOT NULL implemented (SQL92)(Robson Paniago de Miranda)
Include reserved words for string handling, outer joins, and unions(Thomas)
Implement extended comments ("/* ... */") using exclusive states(Thomas)
Add "//" single-line comments(Bruce)
Remove some restrictions on characters in operator names(Thomas)
DEFAULT and CONSTRAINT for tables implemented (SQL92)(Vadim & Thomas)
Add text concatenation operator and function (SQL92)(Thomas)
Support WITH TIME ZONE syntax (SQL92)(Thomas)
Support INTERVAL unit TO unit syntax (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define types DOUBLE PRECISION, INTERVAL, CHARACTER,
15871
        and CHARACTER VARYING (SQL92)(Thomas)
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Define type FLOAT(p) and rudimentary DECIMAL(p,s), NUMERIC(p,s) (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define EXTRACT(), POSITION(), SUBSTRING(), and TRIM() (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (SQL92)(Thomas)
Add syntax and warnings for UNION, HAVING, INNER and OUTER JOIN (SQL92)(Thomas)
Add more reserved words, mostly for SQL92 compliance(Thomas)
Allow hh:mm:ss time entry for timespan/reltime types(Thomas)
Add center() routines for lseg, path, polygon(Thomas)
Add distance() routines for circle-polygon, polygon-polygon(Thomas)
Check explicitly for points and polygons contained within polygons
15881
        using an axis-crossing algorithm(Thomas)
15882 15883
Add routine to convert circle-box(Thomas)
Merge conflicting operators for different geometric data types(Thomas)
15884
Replace distance operator "&lt;===&gt;" with "&lt;-&gt;"(Thomas)
15885
Replace "above" operator "!^" with "&gt;^" and "below" operator "!|" with "&lt;^"(Thomas)
15886 15887 15888 15889
Add routines for text trimming on both ends, substring, and string position(Thomas)
Added conversion routines circle(box) and poly(circle)(Thomas)
Allow internal sorts to be stored in memory rather than in files(Bruce & Vadim)
Allow functions and operators on internally-identical types to succeed(Bruce)
15890
Speed up backend start-up after profiling analysis(Bruce)
15891 15892 15893 15894 15895 15896 15897 15898 15899 15900 15901 15902
Inline frequently called functions for performance(Bruce)
Reduce open() calls(Bruce)
psql:  Add PAGER for \h and \?,\C fix
Fix for psql pager when no tty(Bruce)
New entab utility(Bruce)
General trigger functions for referential integrity (Vadim)
General trigger functions for time travel (Vadim)
General trigger functions for AUTOINCREMENT/IDENTITY feature (Vadim)
MOVE implementation (Vadim)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
15903
HP-UX 10 patches (Vladimir Turin)
15904
Added SCO support, (Daniel Harris)
15905
MkLinux patches (Tatsuo Ishii)
15906 15907 15908 15909 15910 15911 15912 15913 15914 15915 15916 15917 15918 15919 15920 15921 15922 15923
Change geometric box terminology from "length" to "width"(Thomas)
Deprecate temporary unstored slope fields in geometric code(Thomas)
Remove restart instructions from INSTALL(Bruce)
Look in /usr/ucb first for install(Bruce)
Fix c++ copy example code(Thomas)
Add -o to psql manual page(Bruce)
Prevent relname unallocated string length from being copied into database(Bruce)
Cleanup for NAMEDATALEN use(Bruce)
Fix pg_proc names over 15 chars in output(Bruce)
Add strNcpy() function(Bruce)
remove some (void) casts that are unnecessary(Bruce)
new interfaces directory(Marc)
Replace fopen() calls with calls to fd.c functions(Bruce)
Make functions static where possible(Bruce)
enclose unused functions in #ifdef NOT_USED(Bruce)
Remove call to difftime() in timestamp support to fix SunOS(Bruce & Thomas)
Changes for Digital Unix
Portability fix for pg_dumpall(Bruce)
15924
Rename pg_attribute.attnvals to attdispersion(Bruce)
15925 15926 15927 15928 15929 15930 15931 15932 15933 15934 15935
"intro/unix" manual page now "pgintro"(Bruce)
"built-in" manual page now "pgbuiltin"(Bruce)
"drop" manual page now "drop_table"(Bruce)
Add "create_trigger", "drop_trigger" manual pages(Thomas)
Add constraints regression test(Vadim & Thomas)
Add comments syntax regression test(Thomas)
Add PGINDENT and support program(Bruce)
Massive commit to run PGINDENT on all *.c and *.h files(Bruce)
Files moved to /src/tools directory(Bruce)
SPI and Trigger programming guides (Vadim & D'Arcy)
</programlisting>
15936 15937 15938
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
15939

15940
<sect1 id="release-6-1-1">
15941 15942 15943
<title>Release 6.1.1</title>

   <note>
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15944
   <title>Release date</title>
15945 15946 15947
   <simpara>1997-07-22</simpara>
   </note>

15948
<sect2>
15949
<title>Migration from version 6.1 to version 6.1.1</title>
15950 15951

<para>
15952 15953 15954
This is a minor bug-fix release. A dump/reload is not required from version 6.1,
but is required from any release prior to 6.1.
Refer to the release notes for 6.1 for more details.
15955 15956
</para>
</sect2>
15957

15958 15959
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
15960

15961 15962
    <para>
     <programlisting>
15963 15964
fix for SET with options (Thomas)
allow pg_dump/pg_dumpall to preserve ownership of all tables/objects(Bruce)
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Thomas G. Lockhart committed
15965
new psql \connect option allows changing usernames without changing databases
15966 15967 15968 15969 15970 15971 15972 15973 15974 15975 15976 15977 15978 15979
fix for initdb --debug option(Yoshihiko Ichikawa))
lextest cleanup(Bruce)
hash fixes(Vadim)
fix date/time month boundary arithmetic(Thomas)
fix timezone daylight handling for some ports(Thomas, Bruce, Tatsuo)
timestamp overhauled to use standard functions(Thomas)
other code cleanup in date/time routines(Thomas)
psql's \d now case-insensitive(Bruce)
psql's backslash commands can now have trailing semicolon(Bruce)
fix memory leak in psql when using \g(Bruce)
major fix for endian handling of communication to server(Thomas, Tatsuo)
Fix for Solaris assembler and include files(Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
allow underscores in usernames(Bruce)
pg_dumpall now returns proper status, portability fix(Bruce)
15980 15981 15982 15983
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
15984

15985
<sect1 id="release-6-1">
15986 15987 15988
<title>Release 6.1</title>

   <note>
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15989
   <title>Release date</title>
15990 15991 15992
   <simpara>1997-06-08</simpara>
   </note>

15993
<para>
15994
  The regression tests have been adapted and extensively modified for the
15995
  6.1 release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
15996
</para>
15997

15998
<para>
15999
  Three new data types (<type>datetime</type>, <type>timespan</type>, and <type>circle</type>) have been added to
16000
  the native set of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> types. Points, boxes, paths, and polygons
16001
  have had their output formats made consistent across the data types.
16002 16003
  The polygon output in misc.out has only been spot-checked for correctness
  relative to the original regression output.
16004
</para>
16005

16006
<para>
16007
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.1 introduces a new, alternate
16008
optimizer which uses <firstterm>genetic</firstterm>
16009 16010 16011 16012 16013 16014 16015
  algorithms. These algorithms introduce a random behavior in the ordering
  of query results when the query contains multiple qualifiers or multiple
  tables (giving the optimizer a choice on order of evaluation). Several
  regression tests have been modified to explicitly order the results, and
  hence are insensitive to optimizer choices. A few regression tests are
  for data types which are inherently unordered (e.g. points and time
  intervals) and tests involving those types are explicitly bracketed with
16016 16017
  <command>set geqo to 'off'</command> and <command>reset geqo</command>.
</para>
16018

16019
<para>
16020 16021
  The interpretation of array specifiers (the curly braces around atomic
  values) appears to have changed sometime after the original regression
16022
  tests were generated. The current <filename>./expected/*.out</filename> files reflect this
16023
  new interpretation, which may not be correct!
16024
</para>
16025

16026
<para>
16027
  The float8 regression test fails on at least some platforms. This is due
16028
  to differences in implementations of <function>pow()</function> and <function>exp()</function> and the signaling
16029
  mechanisms used for overflow and underflow conditions.
16030
</para>
16031

16032
<para>
16033 16034 16035 16036 16037
  The <quote>random</> results in the random test should cause the
  <quote>random</quote> test to be <quote>failed</quote>, since the
  regression tests are evaluated using a simple diff. However,
  <quote>random</> does not seem to produce random results on my test
  machine (Linux/<application>gcc</>/i686).
16038
</para>
16039

16040
<sect2>
16041
<title>Migration to version 6.1</title>
16042 16043 16044 16045

<para>
This migration requires a complete dump of the 6.0 database and a
restore of the database in 6.1.
16046
</para>
16047 16048 16049
<para>
Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
16050 16051
</para>
</sect2>
16052

16053 16054
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
16055

16056 16057
    <para>
     <programlisting>
16058 16059 16060 16061 16062
Bug Fixes
---------
packet length checking in library routines
lock manager priority patch
check for under/over flow of float8(Bruce)
16063
multitable join fix(Vadim)
16064 16065 16066 16067 16068 16069
SIGPIPE crash fix(Darren)
large object fixes(Sven)
allow btree indexes to handle NULLs(Vadim)
timezone fixes(D'Arcy)
select SUM(x) can return NULL on no rows(Thomas)
internal optimizer, executor bug fixes(Vadim)
16070
fix problem where inner loop in &lt; or &lt;= has no rows(Vadim)
16071 16072 16073 16074 16075
prevent re-commuting join index clauses(Vadim)
fix join clauses for multiple tables(Vadim)
fix hash, hashjoin for arrays(Vadim)
fix btree for abstime type(Vadim)
large object fixes(Raymond)
16076
fix buffer leak in hash indexes (Vadim)
16077 16078 16079 16080 16081 16082 16083
fix rtree for use in inner scan (Vadim)
fix gist for use in inner scan, cleanups (Vadim, Andrea)
avoid unnecessary local buffers allocation (Vadim, Massimo)
fix local buffers leak in transaction aborts (Vadim)
fix file manager memmory leaks, cleanups (Vadim, Massimo)
fix storage manager memmory leaks (Vadim)
fix btree duplicates handling (Vadim)
16084
fix deleted rows reincarnation caused by vacuum (Vadim)
16085 16086 16087 16088 16089 16090 16091 16092 16093 16094
fix SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE made zero-length fields(Bruce)
many psql, pg_dump, and libpq memory leaks fixed using Purify (Igor)

Enhancements
------------
attribute optimization statistics(Bruce)
much faster new btree bulk load code(Paul)
BTREE UNIQUE added to bulk load code(Vadim) 
new lock debug code(Massimo)
massive changes to libpg++(Leo)
16095
new GEQO optimizer speeds table multitable optimization(Martin)
16096 16097 16098 16099 16100 16101 16102 16103 16104 16105
new WARN message for non-unique insert into unique key(Marc)
update x=-3, no spaces, now valid(Bruce)
remove case-sensitive identifier handling(Bruce,Thomas,Dan)
debug backend now pretty-prints tree(Darren)
new Oracle character functions(Edmund)
new plaintext password functions(Dan)
no such class or insufficient privilege changed to distinct messages(Dan)
new ANSI timestamp function(Dan)
new ANSI Time and Date types (Thomas)
move large chunks of data in backend(Martin)
16106
multicolumn btree indexes(Vadim)
16107 16108 16109 16110 16111 16112 16113 16114 16115 16116 16117 16118 16119 16120 16121 16122 16123 16124 16125 16126 16127 16128 16129 16130 16131 16132 16133 16134 16135 16136 16137 16138 16139 16140 16141 16142 16143
new SET var TO value command(Martin)
update transaction status on reads(Dan)
new locale settings for character types(Oleg)
new SEQUENCE serial number generator(Vadim)
GROUP BY function now possible(Vadim)
re-organize regression test(Thomas,Marc)
new optimizer operation weights(Vadim)
new psql \z grant/permit option(Marc)
new MONEY data type(D'Arcy,Thomas)
tcp socket communication speed improved(Vadim)
new VACUUM option for attribute statistics, and for certain columns (Vadim)
many geometric type improvements(Thomas,Keith)
additional regression tests(Thomas)
new datestyle variable(Thomas,Vadim,Martin)
more comparison operators for sorting types(Thomas)
new conversion functions(Thomas)
new more compact btree format(Vadim)
allow pg_dumpall to preserve database ownership(Bruce)
new SET GEQO=# and R_PLANS variable(Vadim)
old (!GEQO) optimizer can use right-sided plans (Vadim)
typechecking improvement in SQL parser(Bruce)
new SET, SHOW, RESET commands(Thomas,Vadim)
new \connect database USER option
new destroydb -i option (Igor)
new \dt and \di psql commands (Darren)
SELECT "\n" now escapes newline (A. Duursma)
new geometry conversion functions from old format (Thomas)

Source tree changes
-------------------
new configuration script(Marc)
readline configuration option added(Marc)
OS-specific configuration options removed(Marc)
new OS-specific template files(Marc)
no more need to edit Makefile.global(Marc)
re-arrange include files(Marc)
nextstep patches (Gregor Hoffleit)
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
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16144
removed Windows-specific code(Bruce)
16145 16146 16147 16148 16149 16150
removed postmaster -e option, now only postgres -e option (Bruce)
merge duplicate library code in front/backends(Martin)
now works with eBones, international Kerberos(Jun)
more shared library support
c++ include file cleanup(Bruce)
warn about buggy flex(Bruce)
16151
DG/UX, Ultrix, IRIX, AIX portability fixes
16152
</programlisting>
16153 16154 16155
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16156

16157
<sect1 id="release-6-0">
16158 16159 16160
<title>Release 6.0</title>

   <note>
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16161
   <title>Release date</title>
16162 16163 16164
   <simpara>1997-01-29</simpara>
   </note>

16165 16166
<para>
A dump/restore is required for those wishing to migrate data from
16167
previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
16168
</para>
16169 16170

<sect2>
16171
<title>Migration from version 1.09 to version 6.0</title>
16172 16173 16174 16175

<para>
This migration requires a complete dump of the 1.09 database and a
restore of the database in 6.0.
16176 16177
</para>
</sect2>
16178 16179

<sect2>
16180
<title>Migration from pre-1.09 to version 6.0</title>
16181 16182 16183 16184

<para>
Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
16185 16186
</para>
</sect2>
16187

16188 16189
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>
16190

16191 16192
    <para>
     <programlisting>
16193 16194
Bug Fixes
---------
16195
ALTER TABLE bug - running postgres process needs to re-read table definition
16196 16197 16198 16199 16200 16201 16202
Allow vacuum to be run on one table or entire database(Bruce)
Array fixes
Fix array over-runs of memory writes(Kurt)
Fix elusive btree range/non-range bug(Dan)
Fix for hash indexes on some types like time and date
Fix for pg_log size explosion
Fix permissions on lo_export()(Bruce)
16203
Fix uninitialized reads of memory(Kurt)
16204 16205 16206
Fixed ALTER TABLE ... char(3) bug(Bruce)
Fixed a few small memory leaks
Fixed EXPLAIN handling of options and changed full_path option name
16207
Fixed output of group acl privileges
16208 16209 16210 16211 16212 16213 16214 16215 16216
Memory leaks (hunt and destroy with tools like Purify(Kurt)
Minor improvements to rules system
NOTIFY fixes
New asserts for run-checking
Overhauled parser/analyze code to properly report errors and increase speed
Pg_dump -d now handles NULL's properly(Bruce)
Prevent SELECT NULL from crashing server (Bruce)
Properly report errors when INSERT ... SELECT columns did not match
Properly report errors when insert column names were not correct
16217 16218
psql \g filename now works(Bruce)
psql fixed problem with multiple statements on one line with multiple outputs
16219
Removed duplicate system OIDs
16220 16221 16222 16223 16224 16225 16226 16227 16228 16229 16230 16231 16232 16233 16234 16235 16236 16237 16238 16239 16240 16241 16242 16243 16244 16245 16246
SELECT * INTO TABLE . GROUP/ORDER BY gives unlink error if table exists(Bruce)
Several fixes for queries that crashed the backend
Starting quote in insert string errors(Bruce)
Submitting an empty query now returns empty status, not just " " query(Bruce)

Enhancements
------------
Add EXPLAIN manual page(Bruce)
Add UNIQUE index capability(Dan)
Add hostname/user level access control rather than just hostname and user
Add synonym of != for &lt;&gt;(Bruce)
Allow "select oid,* from table"
Allow BY,ORDER BY to specify columns by number, or by non-alias table.column(Bruce)
Allow COPY from the frontend(Bryan)
Allow GROUP BY to use alias column name(Bruce)
Allow actual compression, not just reuse on the same page(Vadim)
Allow installation-configuration option to auto-add all local users(Bryan)
Allow libpq to distinguish between text value '' and null(Bruce)
Allow non-postgres users with createdb privs to destroydb's
Allow restriction on who can create C functions(Bryan)
Allow restriction on who can do backend COPY(Bryan)
Can shrink tables, pg_time and pg_log(Vadim & Erich)
Change debug level 2 to print queries only, changed debug heading layout(Bruce)
Change default decimal constant representation from float4 to float8(Bruce)
European date format now set when postmaster is started
Execute lowercase function names if not found with exact case
Fixes for aggregate/GROUP processing, allow 'select sum(func(x),sum(x+y) from z'
16247
Gist now included in the distribution(Marc)
16248 16249 16250
Idend authentication of local users(Bryan)
Implement BETWEEN qualifier(Bruce)
Implement IN qualifier(Bruce)
16251 16252
libpq has PQgetisnull()(Bruce)
libpq++ improvements
16253
New options to initdb(Bryan)
16254
Pg_dump allow dump of OIDs(Bruce)
16255 16256 16257 16258
Pg_dump create indexes after tables are loaded for speed(Bruce)
Pg_dumpall dumps all databases, and the user table
Pginterface additions for NULL values(Bruce)
Prevent postmaster from being run as root
16259 16260 16261 16262 16263 16264
psql \h and \? is now readable(Bruce)
psql allow backslashed, semicolons anywhere on the line(Bruce)
psql changed command prompt for lines in query or in quotes(Bruce)
psql char(3) now displays as (bp)char in \d output(Bruce)
psql return code now more accurate(Bryan?)
psql updated help syntax(Bruce)
16265 16266 16267 16268 16269 16270 16271 16272 16273 16274 16275
Re-visit and fix vacuum(Vadim)
Reduce size of regression diffs, remove timezone name difference(Bruce)
Remove compile-time parameters to enable binary distributions(Bryan)
Reverse meaning of HBA masks(Bryan)
Secure Authentication of local users(Bryan)
Speed up vacuum(Vadim)
Vacuum now had VERBOSE option(Bruce)

Source tree changes
-------------------
All functions now have prototypes that are compared against the calls
16276
Allow asserts to be disabled easily from Makefile.global(Bruce)
16277 16278 16279 16280 16281 16282 16283 16284 16285 16286 16287 16288
Change oid constants used in code to #define names
Decoupled sparc and solaris defines(Kurt)
Gcc -Wall compiles cleanly with warnings only from unfixable constructs
Major include file reorganization/reduction(Marc)
Make now stops on compile failure(Bryan)
Makefile restructuring(Bryan, Marc)
Merge bsdi_2_1 to bsdi(Bruce)
Monitor program removed
Name change from Postgres95 to PostgreSQL
New config.h file(Marc, Bryan)
PG_VERSION now set to 6.0 and used by postmaster
Portability additions, including Ultrix, DG/UX, AIX, and Solaris
16289
Reduced the number of #define's, centralized #define's
16290 16291 16292 16293 16294
Remove duplicate OIDS in system tables(Dan)
Remove duplicate system catalog info or report mismatches(Dan)
Removed many os-specific #define's
Restructured object file generation/location(Bryan, Marc)
Restructured port-specific file locations(Bryan, Marc)
16295
Unused/uninitialized variables corrected
16296
</programlisting>
16297 16298 16299
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16300

16301
<sect1 id="release-1-09">
16302
<title>Release 1.09</title>
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16303

16304 16305 16306 16307 16308
   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1996-11-04</simpara>
   </note>

16309
<para>
16310
Sorry, we didn't keep track of changes from 1.02 to 1.09.  Some of
16311 16312
the changes listed in 6.0 were actually included in the 1.02.1 to 1.09
releases.
16313 16314
</para>
</sect1>
16315

16316
<sect1 id="release-1-02">
16317 16318 16319
<title>Release 1.02</title>

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16320
   <title>Release date</title>
16321 16322 16323
   <simpara>1996-08-01</simpara>
   </note>

16324
<sect2>
16325
<title>Migration from version 1.02 to version 1.02.1</title>
16326 16327 16328

<para>
Here is a new migration file for 1.02.1.  It includes the 'copy' change
16329
and a script to convert old <acronym>ASCII</acronym> files.
16330
</para>
16331 16332 16333
<note>
<para>
The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate
16334
databases from <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01 and 1.02 to <productname>Postgres95</> 1.02.1.
16335
</para>
16336
<para>
16337
If you are starting afresh with <productname>Postgres95</> 1.02.1 and do not need
16338
to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further.
16339
</para>
16340 16341 16342
</note>

<para>
16343
In order to upgrade older <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.01 or 1.02 databases to
16344
version 1.02.1, the following steps are required:
16345
</para>
16346 16347 16348 16349
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Start up a new 1.02.1 postmaster
16350 16351
</para>
</step>
16352 16353 16354 16355 16356
<step>
<para>
Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.02.1 to 1.01 or 1.02
   databases.  This is done by running the new 1.02.1 server against
   your own 1.01 or 1.02 database and applying the queries attached at
16357 16358 16359
   the end of the file.   This can be done easily through <command>psql</>.  If your
   1.01 or 1.02 database is named <literal>testdb</literal> and you have cut the commands
   from the end of this file and saved them in <filename>addfunc.sql</filename>:
16360
<programlisting>
16361
        % psql testdb -f addfunc.sql
16362 16363 16364 16365 16366
</programlisting>

Those upgrading 1.02 databases will get a warning when executing the
last two statements in the file because they are already present in 1.02.  This is
not a cause for concern.
16367 16368
</para>
</step>
16369
</procedure>
16370
</sect2>
16371 16372 16373 16374 16375

<sect2>
<title>Dump/Reload Procedure</title>

<para>
16376 16377 16378
If you are trying to reload a pg_dump or text-mode, <literal>copy tablename to
stdout</literal> generated with a previous version, you will need to run the
attached <command>sed</command> script on the ASCII file before loading it into the
16379 16380 16381 16382 16383
database.  The old format used '.' as end-of-data, while '\.' is now the
end-of-data marker.  Also, empty strings are now loaded in as '' rather
than NULL. See the copy manual page for full details.

<programlisting>
16384
        sed 's/^\.$/\\./g' &lt;in_file &gt;out_file
16385
</programlisting>
16386
</para>
16387
<para>
16388
If you are loading an older binary copy or non-<systemitem>stdout</> copy, there is no
16389 16390 16391 16392 16393 16394 16395 16396 16397 16398
end-of-data character, and hence no conversion necessary.

<programlisting>
-- following lines added by agc to reflect the case-insensitive
-- regexp searching for varchar (in 1.02), and bpchar (in 1.02.1)
create operator ~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
</programlisting>
16399 16400
</para>
</sect2>
16401 16402

<sect2>
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Bruce Momjian committed
16403
<title>Changes</title>
16404 16405 16406 16407 16408 16409 16410 16411 16412 16413 16414 16415 16416

<para>
<programlisting>
Source code maintenance and development
 * worldwide team of volunteers
 * the source tree now in CVS at ftp.ki.net

Enhancements
 * psql (and underlying libpq library) now has many more options for
   formatting output, including HTML
 * pg_dump now output the schema and/or the data, with many fixes to
   enhance completeness.
 * psql used in place of monitor in administration shell scripts.
16417
   monitor to be deprecated in next release.
16418 16419 16420 16421 16422 16423 16424 16425 16426 16427 16428 16429
 * date/time functions enhanced
 * NULL insert/update/comparison fixed/enhanced
 * TCL/TK lib and shell fixed to work with both tck7.4/tk4.0 and tcl7.5/tk4.1

Bug Fixes (almost too numerous to mention)
 * indexes
 * storage management
 * check for NULL pointer before dereferencing
 * Makefile fixes

New Ports
 * added SolarisX86 port
16430 16431
 * added BSD/OS 2.1 port
 * added DG/UX port
16432
</programlisting>
16433
</para>
16434
<!--
16435
Contributors (apologies to any missed)
16436
 * Kurt J. Lidl &lt;lidl@va.pubnix.com&gt; 
16437
        (missed in first run, but no less important)
16438 16439 16440
 * Erich Stamberger &lt;eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at&gt;
 * Jason Wright &lt;jason@shiloh.vnet.net&gt;
 * Cees de Groot &lt;C.deGroot@inter.NL.net&gt;
16441 16442
 * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de
 * michael.siebenborn@ae3.Hypo.DE (Michael Siebenborn (6929))
16443 16444 16445 16446 16447 16448 16449 16450 16451 16452 16453 16454 16455
 * Brian E. Gallew &lt;geek+@cmu.edu&gt;
 * Vadim B. Mikheev &lt;vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su&gt;
 * Adam Sussman &lt;myddryn@vidya.com&gt;
 * Chris Dunlop &lt;chris@onthe.net.au&gt;
 * Marc G. Fournier &lt;scrappy@ki.net&gt;
 * Dan McGuirk &lt;mcguirk@indirect.com&gt;
 * Dr_George_D_Detlefsen &lt;drgeorge@ilt.com&gt;
 * Erich Stamberger &lt;eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at&gt;
 * Massimo Dal Zotto &lt;dz@cs.unitn.it&gt;
 * Randy Kunkee &lt;kunkee@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM&gt;
 * Rick Weldon &lt;rick@wisetech.com&gt;
 * Thomas van Reimersdahl &lt;reimersd@dali.techinfo.rwth-aachen.de&gt;
 * david bennett &lt;dave@bensoft.com&gt;
16456
 * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de
16457 16458 16459 16460
 * Julian Assange &lt;proff@suburbia.net&gt;
 * Bruce Momjian &lt;pgman@candle.pha.pa.us&gt;
 * Paul "Shag" Walmsley &lt;ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu&gt;
 * "Alistair G. Crooks" &lt;azcb0@sde.uts.amdahl.com&gt;
16461
-->
16462 16463
</sect2>
</sect1>
16464

16465
<sect1 id="release-1-01">
16466 16467 16468
<title>Release 1.01</title>

   <note>
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Peter Eisentraut committed
16469
   <title>Release date</title>
16470 16471 16472
   <simpara>1996-02-23</simpara>
   </note>

16473 16474

<sect2>
16475
<title>Migration from version 1.0 to version 1.01</title>
16476 16477 16478

<para>
The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate
16479
databases from <productname>Postgres95</> 1.0 to <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01.  
16480
</para>
16481
<para>
16482
If you are starting afresh with <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01 and do not need
16483
to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further.
16484
</para>
16485
<para>
16486 16487
In order to <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.01 with databases created with
<productname>Postgres95</> version 1.0, the following steps are required:  
16488
</para>
16489 16490 16491
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
16492 16493
Set the definition of <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> in <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename> to 16
   and <symbol>OIDNAMELEN</symbol> to 20.
16494 16495
</para>
</step>
16496 16497 16498
<step>
<para>
Decide whether you want to use Host based authentication.  
16499
</para>
16500 16501 16502
<substeps>
<step>
<para>
16503 16504
If you do, you must create a file name <literal>pg_hba</literal> in your top-level data
   directory (typically the value of your <envar>$PGDATA</envar>).  <filename>src/libpq/pg_hba</filename>
16505
   shows an example syntax.
16506 16507
</para>
</step>
16508 16509 16510 16511 16512
<step>
<para>
If you do not want host-based authentication, you can comment out
   the line
<programlisting>
16513
        HBA = 1
16514
</programlisting>
16515
   in <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename>
16516
</para>
16517 16518 16519 16520
<para>
   Note that host-based authentication is turned on by default, and if
   you do not take steps A or B above, the out-of-the-box 1.01 will
   not allow you to connect to 1.0 databases.
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</para>
</step>
16523
</substeps>
16524
</step>
16525 16526 16527

<step>
<para>
16528
Compile and install 1.01, but DO NOT do the <command>initdb</command> step.
16529 16530
</para>
</step>
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<step>
<para>
Before doing anything else, terminate your 1.0 postmaster, and
16534
   backup your existing <envar>$PGDATA</envar> directory.   
16535 16536
</para>
</step>
16537 16538
<step>
<para>
16539
Set your <envar>PGDATA</envar> environment variable to your 1.0 databases, but set up
16540
   path up so that 1.01 binaries are being used.
16541 16542
</para>
</step>
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<step>
<para>
16545
Modify the file <filename><envar>$PGDATA</envar>/PG_VERSION</filename> from 5.0 to 5.1
16546 16547
</para>
</step>
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<step>
<para>
Start up a new 1.01 postmaster
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</para>
</step>
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<step>
<para>
Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.01 to 1.0
   databases.  This is done by running the new 1.01 server against
   your own 1.0 database and applying the queries attached and saving 
16558 16559
   in the file 1.0_to_1.01.sql.   This can be done easily through <command>psql</command>.
   If your 1.0 database is name <literal>testdb</literal>:
16560 16561

<programlisting>
16562
        % psql testdb -f 1.0_to_1.01.sql
16563 16564 16565 16566 16567 16568 16569 16570 16571 16572 16573 16574 16575 16576 16577 16578 16579 16580 16581 16582 16583 16584 16585 16586 16587 16588 16589 16590 16591 16592 16593 16594 16595 16596 16597 16598 16599 16600 16601 16602 16603 16604 16605 16606 16607 16608 16609
</programlisting>

and then execute the following commands (cut and paste from here):

<programlisting>
-- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01

create function int4eqoid (int4, oid) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function oideqint4 (oid, int4) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char2icregexeq (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char2icregexne (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char4icregexeq (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char4icregexne (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char8icregexeq (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char8icregexne (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char16icregexeq (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char16icregexne (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function texticregexeq (text, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function texticregexne (text, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';

-- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01

create operator = (leftarg = int4, rightarg = oid, procedure = int4eqoid);
create operator = (leftarg = oid, rightarg = int4, procedure = oideqint4);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
</programlisting>
16610 16611
</para>
</step>
16612
</procedure>
16613
</sect2>
16614 16615

<sect2>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
16616
<title>Changes</title>
16617 16618 16619 16620 16621 16622 16623 16624 16625 16626 16627 16628

<para>
<programlisting>
Incompatibilities:
 * 1.01 is backwards compatible with 1.0 database provided the user
   follow the steps outlined in the MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 file.
   If those steps are not taken, 1.01 is not compatible with 1.0 database.

Enhancements:
 * added PQdisplayTuples() to libpq and changed monitor and psql to use it
 * added NeXT port (requires SysVIPC implementation)
 * added CAST .. AS ... syntax
16629
 * added ASC and DESC key words
16630 16631 16632 16633 16634 16635 16636 16637 16638 16639 16640 16641 16642 16643 16644 16645 16646 16647 16648 16649 16650 16651 16652
 * added 'internal' as a possible language for CREATE FUNCTION
   internal functions are C functions which have been statically linked
   into the postgres backend.
 * a new type "name" has been added for system identifiers (table names,
   attribute names, etc.)  This replaces the old char16 type.   The
   of name is set by the NAMEDATALEN #define in src/Makefile.global
 * a readable reference manual that describes the query language.
 * added host-based access control.  A configuration file ($PGDATA/pg_hba)
   is used to hold the configuration data.  If host-based access control
   is not desired, comment out HBA=1 in src/Makefile.global.
 * changed regex handling to be uniform use of Henry Spencer's regex code
   regardless of platform.  The regex code is included in the distribution
 * added functions and operators for case-insensitive regular expressions. 
   The operators are ~* and !~*.
 * pg_dump uses COPY instead of SELECT loop for better performance

Bug fixes:
 * fixed an optimizer bug that was causing core dumps when 
   functions calls were used in comparisons in the WHERE clause
 * changed all uses of getuid to geteuid so that effective uids are used
 * psql now returns non-zero status on errors when using -c
 * applied public patches 1-14
</programlisting>
16653 16654 16655
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16656

16657
<sect1 id="release-1-0">
16658 16659 16660
<title>Release 1.0</title>

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16661
   <title>Release date</title>
16662 16663 16664
   <simpara>1995-09-05</simpara>
   </note>

16665
<sect2>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
16666
<title>Changes</title>
16667 16668 16669 16670 16671 16672 16673 16674 16675 16676 16677

<para>
<programlisting>
Copyright change:
 * The copyright of <productname>Postgres</productname> 1.0 has been loosened to be freely modifiable
   and modifiable for any purpose.  Please read the COPYRIGHT file.
   Thanks to Professor Michael Stonebraker for making this possible.

Incompatibilities:
 *  date formats have to be MM-DD-YYYY (or DD-MM-YYYY if you're using
   EUROPEAN STYLE).  This follows SQL-92 specs.
16678
 *  "delimiters" is now a key word
16679 16680 16681 16682 16683 16684 16685 16686 16687 16688 16689 16690 16691 16692 16693 16694 16695 16696 16697 16698 16699 16700 16701

Enhancements:
 *  sql LIKE syntax has been added
 *  copy command now takes an optional USING DELIMITER specification.
   delimiters can be any single-character string. 
 *  IRIX 5.3 port has been added.
   Thanks to Paul Walmsley and others.
 *  updated pg_dump to work with new libpq
 *  \d has been added psql 
   Thanks to Keith Parks
 *  regexp performance for architectures that use POSIX regex has been
   improved due to caching of precompiled patterns.
   Thanks to Alistair Crooks
 *  a new version of libpq++
   Thanks to William Wanders

Bug fixes:
 *  arbitrary userids can be specified in the createuser script
 *  \c to connect to other databases in psql now works.
 *  bad pg_proc entry for float4inc() is fixed
 *  users with usecreatedb field set can now create databases without
   having to be usesuper
 *  remove access control entries when the entry no longer has any
16702
   privileges
16703 16704 16705 16706 16707 16708 16709
 *  fixed non-portable datetimes implementation
 *  added kerberos flags to the src/backend/Makefile
 *  libpq now works with kerberos
 *  typographic errors in the user manual have been corrected.
 *  btrees with multiple index never worked, now we tell you they don't
   work when you try to use them
</programlisting>
16710 16711 16712
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16713

16714
<sect1 id="release-0-03">
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16715
<title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.03</title>
16716 16717

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16718
   <title>Release date</title>
16719 16720 16721
   <simpara>1995-07-21</simpara>
   </note>

16722
<sect2>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
16723
<title>Changes</title>
16724 16725 16726 16727 16728 16729
<para>
<programlisting>
Incompatible changes:
 * BETA-0.3 IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH DATABASES CREATED WITH PREVIOUS VERSIONS
   (due to system catalog changes and indexing structure changes).
 * double-quote (") is deprecated as a quoting character for string literals;
16730
   you need to convert them to single quotes ('). <!-- " -->
16731 16732 16733 16734 16735 16736 16737 16738 16739 16740 16741 16742 16743 16744 16745 16746 16747 16748 16749 16750 16751
 * name of aggregates (eg. int4sum) are renamed in accordance with the
   SQL standard (eg. sum).
 * CHANGE ACL syntax is replaced by GRANT/REVOKE syntax.
 * float literals (eg. 3.14) are now of type float4 (instead of float8 in
   previous releases); you might have to do typecasting if you depend on it
   being of type float8.  If you neglect to do the typecasting and you assign
   a float literal to a field of type float8, you may get incorrect values
   stored!
 * LIBPQ has been totally revamped so that frontend applications
   can connect to multiple backends
 * the usesysid field in pg_user has been changed from int2 to int4 to
   allow wider range of Unix user ids.
 * the netbsd/freebsd/bsd o/s ports have been consolidated into a
   single BSD44_derived port.  (thanks to Alistair Crooks)

SQL standard-compliance (the following details changes that makes postgres95
more compliant to the SQL-92 standard):
 * the following SQL types are now built-in: smallint, int(eger), float, real,
   char(N), varchar(N), date and time.

   The following are aliases to existing postgres types:
16752 16753 16754
                smallint -&gt; int2
                integer, int -&gt; int4
                float, real  -&gt; float4
16755 16756 16757 16758 16759 16760 16761 16762
   char(N) and varchar(N) are implemented as truncated text types. In
   addition, char(N) does blank-padding. 
 * single-quote (') is used for quoting string literals; '' (in addition to
   \') is supported as means of inserting a single quote in a string
 * SQL standard aggregate names (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT) are used
   (Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your
   own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.)
 * CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added.  
16763
   - Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" key word.
16764 16765 16766
        For example:
                GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group;
        The key word 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users.      
16767

16768 16769
        Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group
        at a time.  
16770

16771 16772
        "WITH GRANT OPTION" is not supported.  Only class owners can change
        access control
16773 16774 16775
   - The default access control is to to grant users readonly access.
     You must explicitly grant insert/update access to users.  To change
     this, modify the line in 
16776
                src/backend/utils/acl.h 
16777 16778 16779 16780 16781
     that defines ACL_WORLD_DEFAULT 

Bug fixes:
 * the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now,
   aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the
16782
   aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty  table will now properly return 0.
16783
   MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a row of value NULL. 
16784 16785 16786
 * allow the use of \; inside the monitor
 * the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work
 * NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work
16787 16788
 * hash indexes work, and access methods in general should perform better.
   creation of large btree indexes should be much faster.  (thanks to Paul
16789 16790 16791 16792 16793 16794 16795 16796 16797
   Aoki)

Other changes and enhancements:
 * addition of an EXPLAIN statement used for explaining the query execution
   plan (eg. "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP" prints out the execution plan for
   the query).
 * WARN and NOTICE messages no longer have timestamps on them. To turn on
   timestamps of error messages, uncomment the line in
   src/backend/utils/elog.h:
16798
        /* define ELOG_TIMESTAMPS */ 
16799
 * On an access control violation, the message
16800
        "Either no such class or insufficient privilege"
16801 16802 16803 16804 16805 16806 16807 16808
   will be given.  This is the same message that is returned when
   a class is not found.  This dissuades non-privileged users from
   guessing the existence of privileged classes.
 * some additional system catalog changes have been made that are not
   visible to the user.

libpgtcl changes:
 * The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command.
16809
   pg_result -oid returns oid of the last row inserted.   If the
16810 16811 16812 16813 16814 16815 16816 16817 16818 16819
   last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "".
 * the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands:
   pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc.

Portability enhancements and New Ports:
 * flex/lex problems have been cleared up.  Now, you should be able to use
   flex instead of lex on any platforms.  We no longer make assumptions of
   what lexer you use based on the platform you use. 
 * The Linux-ELF port is now supported.  Various configuration have been 
   tested:  The following configuration is known to work:
16820
        kernel 1.2.10, gcc 2.6.3, libc 4.7.2, flex 2.5.2, bison 1.24
16821 16822 16823 16824 16825 16826 16827 16828 16829 16830 16831
   with everything in ELF format,

New utilities:
 * ipcclean added to the distribution
   ipcclean usually does not need to be run, but if your backend crashes
   and leaves shared memory segments hanging around, ipcclean will
   clean them up for you.

New documentation:
 * the user manual has been revised and libpq documentation added.
</programlisting>
16832 16833 16834
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16835

16836
<sect1 id="release-0-02">
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16837
<title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.02</title>
16838 16839

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16840
   <title>Release date</title>
16841
   <simpara>1995-05-25</simpara>
16842 16843
   </note>

16844
<sect2>
Bruce Momjian's avatar
Bruce Momjian committed
16845
<title>Changes</title>
16846 16847 16848 16849 16850 16851 16852 16853 16854 16855 16856 16857

<para>
<programlisting>
Incompatible changes:
 * The SQL statement for creating a database is 'CREATE DATABASE' instead
   of 'CREATEDB'. Similarly, dropping a database is 'DROP DATABASE' instead
   of 'DESTROYDB'. However, the names of the executables 'createdb' and 
   'destroydb' remain the same.
 
New tools:
 * pgperl - a Perl (4.036) interface to Postgres95
 * pg_dump - a utility for dumping out a postgres database into a
16858 16859 16860 16861
        script file containing query commands. The script files are in a ASCII
        format and can be used to reconstruct the database, even on other
        machines and other architectures. (Also good for converting
        a Postgres 4.2 database to Postgres95 database.)
16862 16863 16864 16865 16866 16867 16868 16869 16870 16871 16872 16873 16874 16875 16876 16877 16878 16879 16880 16881 16882

The following ports have been incorporated into postgres95-beta-0.02:
 * the NetBSD port by Alistair Crooks
 * the AIX port by Mike Tung
 * the Windows NT port by Jon Forrest (more stuff but not done yet)
 * the Linux ELF port by Brian Gallew

The following bugs have been fixed in postgres95-beta-0.02:
 * new lines not escaped in COPY OUT and problem with COPY OUT when first
   attribute is a '.' 
 * cannot type return to use the default user id in createuser
 * SELECT DISTINCT on big tables crashes
 * Linux installation problems
 * monitor doesn't allow use of 'localhost' as PGHOST
 * psql core dumps when doing \c or \l
 * the "pgtclsh" target missing from src/bin/pgtclsh/Makefile
 * libpgtcl has a hard-wired default port number
 * SELECT DISTINCT INTO TABLE hangs
 * CREATE TYPE doesn't accept 'variable' as the internallength
 * wrong result using more than 1 aggregate in a SELECT
</programlisting>
16883 16884 16885
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16886

16887
<sect1 id="release-0-01">
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16888
<title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.01</title>
16889 16890

   <note>
Peter Eisentraut's avatar
Peter Eisentraut committed
16891
   <title>Release date</title>
16892 16893 16894
   <simpara>1995-05-01</simpara>
   </note>

16895 16896
<para>
Initial release.
16897 16898
</para>
</sect1>
16899

16900
<![IGNORE[
16901
  <sect1 id="timing-results">
16902
   <title>Timing Results</title>
16903

16904 16905
   <para>
    These timing results are from running the regression test with the commands
16906

16907
    <programlisting>
16908 16909
% cd src/test/regress
% make all
16910
% time make runtest
16911 16912 16913 16914 16915 16916 16917 16918
    </programlisting>
   </para>
   <para>
    Timing under Linux 2.0.27 seems to have a roughly 5% variation from run
    to run, presumably due to the scheduling vagaries of multitasking systems.
   </para>

   <sect2>
16919
    <title>Version 6.5</title>
16920 16921 16922 16923

    <para>
     As has been the case for previous releases, timing between
     releases is not directly comparable since new regression tests
16924
     have been added. In general, 6.5 is faster than previous
16925 16926 16927 16928 16929 16930 16931 16932 16933
     releases.
    </para>

    <para>
     Timing with <function>fsync()</function> disabled:

     <programlisting>
  Time   System
  02:00  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 -O2 -m486
16934
  04:38  Sparc Ultra 1 143MHz, 64MB, Solaris 2.6
16935 16936 16937 16938 16939 16940 16941 16942 16943 16944 16945
     </programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     Timing with <function>fsync()</function> enabled:

     <programlisting>
  Time   System
  04:21  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 -O2 -m486
     </programlisting>

16946
     For the <systemitem class="osname">Linux</systemitem> system above, using <acronym>UW-SCSI</acronym> disks rather than (older) <acronym>IDE</acronym>
16947 16948 16949 16950
     disks leads to a 50% improvement in speed on the regression test.
    </para>
   </sect2>

16951
<sect2>
16952
<title>Version 6.4beta</title>
16953 16954 16955 16956

<para>
The times for this release are not directly comparable to those for previous releases
since some additional regression tests have been included.
16957
In general, however, 6.4 should be slightly faster than the previous release (thanks, Bruce!).
16958
</para>
16959 16960
<para>
<programlisting>
16961
  Time   System
16962
  02:26  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
16963
</programlisting>
16964 16965
</para>
</sect2>
16966

16967
<sect2>
16968
<title>Version 6.3</title>
16969

16970 16971 16972 16973
<para>
The times for this release are not directly comparable to those for previous releases
since some additional regression tests have been included and some obsolete tests involving
time travel have been removed.
16974
In general, however, 6.3 is substantially faster than previous releases (thanks, Bruce!).
16975
</para>
16976 16977
<para>
<programlisting>
16978 16979 16980
  Time   System
  02:30  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
  04:12  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
16981
</programlisting>
16982 16983
</para>
</sect2>
16984

16985
<sect2>
16986
<title>Version 6.1</title>
16987

16988 16989
<para>
<programlisting>
16990
  Time   System
16991
  06:12  Pentium Pro 180, 32MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2 -O2 -m486
16992 16993
  12:06  P-100, 48MB, Linux 2.0.29, gcc
  39:58  Sparc IPC 32MB, Solaris 2.5, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O -g
16994
</programlisting>
16995 16996 16997
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
16998
]]>
16999
</appendix>