Commit 3580bb9d authored by SHIVAM SOOD's avatar SHIVAM SOOD

Init commit

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Enc</h1>
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<div id="siteSub">From OpenSSLWiki</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><p>This page describes the command line tools for encryption and decryption. <strong class="selflink">Enc</strong> is used for various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords or explicitly provided. It can also be used for Base64 encoding or decoding.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">&nbsp;[<a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]&nbsp;</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Synopsis"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Synopsis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Cipher_alogorithms"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cipher alogorithms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Options"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Options</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Base64_Encoding"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Base64 Encoding</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Encryption"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Encryption</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Basic_Usage"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Basic Usage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Use_a_given_Key"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Use a given Key</span></a></li>
</ul>
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</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Synopsis">Synopsis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The basic usage is to specify a ciphername and various options describing the actual task.
</p>
<pre>$ openssl enc -ciphername [options]
</pre>
<p>You can obtain an incomplete help message by using an invalid option, eg. <b>-help</b>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cipher_alogorithms">Cipher alogorithms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Cipher alogorithms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>To get a list of available ciphers you can use the <b>list-cipher-algorithms</b> command
</p>
<pre>$ openssl list-cipher-algorithms
</pre>
<p>The output gives you a list of ciphers with its variations in <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Key_size&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Key size (page does not exist)">key size</a> and <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Mode_of_operation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mode of operation (page does not exist)">mode of operation</a>. For example <b>AES-256-CBC</b> for <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/AES" title="AES">AES</a> with key size 256 bits in <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=CBC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CBC (page does not exist)">CBC-mode</a>. Some ciphers also have short names, for example the one just mentioned is also known as <b>aes256</b>. These names are case insensitive. In addition <b>none</b> is a valid ciphername. This algorithms does nothing at all.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Options">Options</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Options">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The list of options is rather long.
</p>
<dl><dt>-in <i>filename</i></dt>
<dd>This specifies the input file.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-out <i>filename</i></dt>
<dd>This specifies the output file. It will be created or overwritten if it already exists.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-e or -d</dt>
<dd> This specifies whether to encrypt (<b>-e</b>) or to decrypt (<b>-d</b>). Encryption is the default. Of course you have to get all the other options right in order for it to function properly. In particular it is necessary to give the correct cipher-name as well as <b>-a</b>, <b>-A</b> or <b>-z</b> options.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-a, -A, -base64</dt>
<dd> These flags tell OpenSSL to apply <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a>-encoding before or after the cryptographic operation. The <b>-a</b> and <b>-base64</b> are equivalent. If you want to decode a base64 file it is necessary to use the <b>-d</b> option. By default the encoded file has a line break every 64 characters. To suppress this you can use <i>in addition</i> to <b>-base64</b> the <b>-A</b> flag. This will produce a file with no line breaks at all. You can use these flags just for <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/Enc#Base64_Encoding">encoding Base64</a> without any ciphers involved.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-bufsize <i>n</i></dt>
<dd> Specify the buffer size. This concerns only internal buffers. It has nothing to do with the cryptographic algorithms in question.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-debug</dt>
<dd> Enable debugging output. This does not include any sensitive information. See also <b>-P</b>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-engine <i>id</i></dt>
<dd> Specify an <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Engine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Engine (page does not exist)">engine</a> for example to use special hardware.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-iv <i>IV</i></dt>
<dd> This specifies the <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Initialization_vector&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Initialization vector (page does not exist)">initialization vector</a> <i>IV</i> as hexadecimal number. If not explicitly given it will be derived from the password. See key derivation for details.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-k <i>password</i>, -kfile <i>filename</i></dt>
<dd> Both option are used to specify a password or a file containing the password which is used for key derivation. However <b>they are deprecated</b>. You should use the <i>-pass</i> option instead. The equivalents are <b>-pass pass:</b><i>password</i> and <b>-pass: file:</b><i>filename</i> respectively. </dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-K <i>key</i></dt>
<dd> This option allows you to set the <i>key</i> used for encryption or decryption. This is the key directly used by the cipher algorithm. If no key is given OpenSSL will derive it from a password. This process is described in PKCS5#5 (RFC-2898).</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-md <i>messagedigest</i></dt>
<dd> This specifies the message digest which is used for key derivation. It can take one of the values <b>md2</b>, <b>md5</b>, <b>sha</b> or <b>sha1</b>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-nopad</dt>
<dd> This disables standard padding.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-salt, -nosalt, -S <i>salt</i></dt>
<dd> These options allow to switch <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Salt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt (page does not exist)">salting</a> on or off. With <b>-S</b> <i>salt</i> it is possible to explicitly give its value (in hexadecimal). </dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-p, -P</dt>
<dd> Additionally to any encryption tasks, this prints the key, initialization vector and salt value (if used). If <b>-P</b> is used just these values are printed, no encryption will take place.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-pass <i>arg</i></dt>
<dd> This specifies the password source. Possible values for <i>arg</i> are <b>pass:</b><i>password</i> or <b>file:</b><i>filename</i>, where <i>password</i> is your password and <i>filename</i> file containing the password.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>-z</dt>
<dd> Use this flag to enable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zlib.net/">zlib-compression</a>. After a file is encrypted (and maybe base64 encoded) it will be compressed via zlib. Vice versa while decrypting, zlib will be applied first.</dd></dl>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Base64_Encoding">Base64 Encoding</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Base64 Encoding">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>To encode a file <i>text.plain</i> you can use
</p>
<pre>$ openssl enc -base64 -in text.plain -out text.base64
</pre>
<p>To decode a file the the decrypt option (<b>-d</b>) has to be used
</p>
<pre>$ openssl enc -d -base64 -in text.base64 -out text.plain
</pre>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Encryption">Encryption</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Encryption">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_Usage">Basic Usage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Basic Usage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<p>The most basic way to encrypt a file is this
</p>
<pre>$ openssl enc -aes256 -base64 -in some.secret -out some.secret.enc
enter aes-256-cbc encryption password&nbsp;:
Verifying - enter aes-256-cbc encryption password&nbsp;:
</pre>
<p>It will encrypt the file <i>some.secret</i> using the <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/AES" title="AES">AES-cipher</a> in <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=CBC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CBC (page does not exist)">CBC-mode</a>. The result will be Base64 encoded and written to <i>some.secret.enc</i>. OpenSSL will ask for password which is used to derive a key as well the initialization vector.
Since encryption is the default, it is not necessary to use the <b>-e</b> option.
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_a_given_Key">Use a given Key</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Enc&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Use a given Key">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<p>It also possible to specify the key directly. For most <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php?title=Modes_of_operations&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modes of operations (page does not exist)">modes of operations</a> (i.e. all non-ECB modes) it is then necessary to specify an initialization vector. Usually it is derived together with the key form a password. And as there is no password, also all salting options are obsolete.
</p><p>The key and the IV are given in hex. Their length depending on the cipher and key size in question.
</p>
<pre>$ openssl enc -des-ecb -K e0e0e0e0f1f1f1f1 -in mesg.plain -out mesg.enc
</pre>
<p>The key above is one of 16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_key">weak DES keys</a>. It should not be used in practice.
</p>
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AES:
AES always works on 128 bit blocks.
A 128 bits key is expanded into 11 round keys of size 128 bits.
A 192 bits key is expanded into 13 round keys of size 128 bits.
A 256 bits key is expanded into 15 round keys of size 128 bits.
For AES, increasing key size increases security, but the cipher text size remains same for same plain text because it still uses 128 bits as block length. Cipher text size is independent of the key size.
On changing IV, the cipher text will change for a given plain text and key. If IV is greater than required the excess IV is ignored.
Padding is added to plain text to make it a multiple of 128 bits. If plain text is already a multiple of 128, extra 128 bits are padded.
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DES:
DES actually has a key length of 64 bits, however 8 bits are used for parity, therefore the effective key length is 56 bits.
In 3DES keys are 128 (Option 1) or 192 bits (Option 2) long. However, 1 out of 8 bits is used for redundancy and do not contribute to security. The effective key length is respectively 112 or 168 bits.
On changing key size(for both DES and 3DES), only the difficulty of cracking increases or decreases; Cipher text size stays the same.
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The disadvantage of ECB mode is a lack of diffusion. Because ECB encrypts identical plain text blocks into identical cipher text blocks, it does not hide data patterns well. In some senses, it doesn't provide serious message confidentiality, and it is not recommended for use in cryptographic protocols at all.
A striking example of the degree to which ECB can leave plain text data patterns in the cipher text can be seen when ECB mode is used to encrypt a bitmap image which uses large areas of uniform color. While the color of each individual pixel is encrypted, the overall image may still be discerned, as the pattern of identically colored pixels in the original remains in the encrypted version.
The other modes (CBC, OFB, CFB) arose mainly to address the shortcomings of ECB. The chaining helps avoid this leak of information.
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1 bit change in cipher text results in:
ECB: affects the current block (for AES-128, this is 16 bytes)
CBC: affects the current block and next block
CFB: affects the current block and next block
OFB: affects 1 bit in current block
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For ECB, 1 bit change in cipher text affects the current block in plain text, which is 16 bytes long.
For CBC, 1 bit change in cipher text affects the current block and 1 bit of next block, this results in 17 bytes of corruption.
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man openssl
man enc
openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -e -in plain.txt -out cipher.bin -K 00112233445566778889aabbccddeeff -iv 0102030405060708;
The key (-K) and IV (-iv) to be used are also specified, expressed in hexadecimal.
Openssl does provide an option "-nopad", in this case, the padding is not removed.
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Extra Commands:
To view files as characters.
hexdump -c decryptext.txt or xxd decryptext.txt
To view file as hexadecimals(4bits)
hexdump decryptext.txt
To get 54B from plain.bmp and remaining bytes after 54 from cipher.bmp and concatenate it to new.bmp
"head -c 54 plain.bmp > header" ; "tail -c +55 cipher.bmp > body" ; "cat header body > new.bmp"
Run this (After editing):
openssl enc -aes-128-cfb -e -in original.bmp -out original-aes-128-cfb.bin -K 00112233445566778889aabbccddeeff -iv 0102030405060708; head -c 54 original.bmp > header; tail -c +55 original-aes-128-cfb.bin > body ; cat header body > new-cfb.bmp
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