# Source code for django.db.models.fields.related_descriptors

    """
    Accessors for related objects.

    When a field defines a relation between two models, each model class provides
    an attribute to access related instances of the other model class (unless the
    reverse accessor has been disabled with related_name='+').

    Accessors are implemented as descriptors in order to customize access and
    assignment. This module defines the descriptor classes.

    Forward accessors follow foreign keys. Reverse accessors trace them back. For
    example, with the following models::

        class Parent(Model):
            pass

        class Child(Model):
            parent = ForeignKey(Parent, related_name='children')

     ``child.parent`` is a forward many-to-one relation. ``parent.children`` is a
    reverse many-to-one relation.

    There are three types of relations (many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many)
    and two directions (forward and reverse) for a total of six combinations.

    1. Related instance on the forward side of a many-to-one relation:
       ``ForwardManyToOneDescriptor``.

       Uniqueness of foreign key values is irrelevant to accessing the related
       instance, making the many-to-one and one-to-one cases identical as far as
       the descriptor is concerned. The constraint is checked upstream (unicity
       validation in forms) or downstream (unique indexes in the database).

    2. Related instance on the forward side of a one-to-one
       relation: ``ForwardOneToOneDescriptor``.

       It avoids querying the database when accessing the parent link field in
       a multi-table inheritance scenario.

    3. Related instance on the reverse side of a one-to-one relation:
       ``ReverseOneToOneDescriptor``.

       One-to-one relations are asymmetrical, despite the apparent symmetry of the
       name, because they're implemented in the database with a foreign key from
       one table to another. As a consequence ``ReverseOneToOneDescriptor`` is
       slightly different from ``ForwardManyToOneDescriptor``.

    4. Related objects manager for related instances on the reverse side of a
       many-to-one relation: ``ReverseManyToOneDescriptor``.

       Unlike the previous two classes, this one provides access to a collection
       of objects. It returns a manager rather than an instance.

    5. Related objects manager for related instances on the forward or reverse
       sides of a many-to-many relation: ``ManyToManyDescriptor``.

       Many-to-many relations are symmetrical. The syntax of Django models
       requires declaring them on one side but that's an implementation detail.
       They could be declared on the other side without any change in behavior.
       Therefore the forward and reverse descriptors can be the same.

       If you're looking for ``ForwardManyToManyDescriptor`` or
       ``ReverseManyToManyDescriptor``, use ``ManyToManyDescriptor`` instead.
    """

    from django.core.exceptions import FieldError
    from django.db import connections, router, transaction
    from django.db.models import Q, signals
    from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
    from django.db.models.query_utils import DeferredAttribute
    from django.db.models.utils import resolve_callables
    from django.utils.functional import cached_property

    class ForeignKeyDeferredAttribute(DeferredAttribute):
        def __set__(self, instance, value):
            if instance.__dict__.get(self.field.attname) != value and self.field.is_cached(instance):
                self.field.delete_cached_value(instance)
            instance.__dict__[self.field.attname] = value

    class ForwardManyToOneDescriptor:
        """
        Accessor to the related object on the forward side of a many-to-one or
        one-to-one (via ForwardOneToOneDescriptor subclass) relation.

        In the example::

            class Child(Model):
                parent = ForeignKey(Parent, related_name='children')

        ``Child.parent`` is a ``ForwardManyToOneDescriptor`` instance.
        """

        def __init__(self, field_with_rel):
            self.field = field_with_rel

        @cached_property
        def RelatedObjectDoesNotExist(self):
            # The exception can't be created at initialization time since the
            # related model might not be resolved yet; `self.field.model` might
            # still be a string model reference.
            return type(
                'RelatedObjectDoesNotExist',
                (self.field.remote_field.model.DoesNotExist, AttributeError), {
                    '__module__': self.field.model.__module__,
                    '__qualname__': '%s.%s.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist' % (
                        self.field.model.__qualname__,
                        self.field.name,
                    ),
                }
            )

        def is_cached(self, instance):
            return self.field.is_cached(instance)

        def get_queryset(self, **hints):
            return self.field.remote_field.model._base_manager.db_manager(hints=hints).all()

        def get_prefetch_queryset(self, instances, queryset=None):
            if queryset is None:
                queryset = self.get_queryset()
            queryset._add_hints(instance=instances[0])

            rel_obj_attr = self.field.get_foreign_related_value
            instance_attr = self.field.get_local_related_value
            instances_dict = {instance_attr(inst): inst for inst in instances}
            related_field = self.field.foreign_related_fields[0]
            remote_field = self.field.remote_field

            # FIXME: This will need to be revisited when we introduce support for
            # composite fields. In the meantime we take this practical approach to
            # solve a regression on 1.6 when the reverse manager in hidden
            # (related_name ends with a '+'). Refs #21410.
            # The check for len(...) == 1 is a special case that allows the query
            # to be join-less and smaller. Refs #21760.
            if remote_field.is_hidden() or len(self.field.foreign_related_fields) == 1:
                query = {'%s__in' % related_field.name: {instance_attr(inst)[0] for inst in instances}}
            else:
                query = {'%s__in' % self.field.related_query_name(): instances}
            queryset = queryset.filter(**query)

            # Since we're going to assign directly in the cache,
            # we must manage the reverse relation cache manually.
            if not remote_field.multiple:
                for rel_obj in queryset:
                    instance = instances_dict[rel_obj_attr(rel_obj)]
                    remote_field.set_cached_value(rel_obj, instance)
            return queryset, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, True, self.field.get_cache_name(), False

        def get_object(self, instance):
            qs = self.get_queryset(instance=instance)
            # Assuming the database enforces foreign keys, this won't fail.
            return qs.get(self.field.get_reverse_related_filter(instance))

        def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
            """
            Get the related instance through the forward relation.

            With the example above, when getting ``child.parent``:

            - ``self`` is the descriptor managing the ``parent`` attribute
            - ``instance`` is the ``child`` instance
            - ``cls`` is the ``Child`` class (we don't need it)
            """
            if instance is None:
                return self

            # The related instance is loaded from the database and then cached
            # by the field on the model instance state. It can also be pre-cached
            # by the reverse accessor (ReverseOneToOneDescriptor).
            try:
                rel_obj = self.field.get_cached_value(instance)
            except KeyError:
                has_value = None not in self.field.get_local_related_value(instance)
                ancestor_link = instance._meta.get_ancestor_link(self.field.model) if has_value else None
                if ancestor_link and ancestor_link.is_cached(instance):
                    # An ancestor link will exist if this field is defined on a
                    # multi-table inheritance parent of the instance's class.
                    ancestor = ancestor_link.get_cached_value(instance)
                    # The value might be cached on an ancestor if the instance
                    # originated from walking down the inheritance chain.
                    rel_obj = self.field.get_cached_value(ancestor, default=None)
                else:
                    rel_obj = None
                if rel_obj is None and has_value:
                    rel_obj = self.get_object(instance)
                    remote_field = self.field.remote_field
                    # If this is a one-to-one relation, set the reverse accessor
                    # cache on the related object to the current instance to avoid
                    # an extra SQL query if it's accessed later on.
                    if not remote_field.multiple:
                        remote_field.set_cached_value(rel_obj, instance)
                self.field.set_cached_value(instance, rel_obj)

            if rel_obj is None and not self.field.null:
                raise self.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist(
                    "%s has no %s." % (self.field.model.__name__, self.field.name)
                )
            else:
                return rel_obj

        def __set__(self, instance, value):
            """
            Set the related instance through the forward relation.

            With the example above, when setting ``child.parent = parent``:

            - ``self`` is the descriptor managing the ``parent`` attribute
            - ``instance`` is the ``child`` instance
            - ``value`` is the ``parent`` instance on the right of the equal sign
            """
            # An object must be an instance of the related class.
            if value is not None and not isinstance(value, self.field.remote_field.model._meta.concrete_model):
                raise ValueError(
                    'Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.' % (
                        value,
                        instance._meta.object_name,
                        self.field.name,
                        self.field.remote_field.model._meta.object_name,
                    )
                )
            elif value is not None:
                if instance._state.db is None:
                    instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(instance.__class__, instance=value)
                if value._state.db is None:
                    value._state.db = router.db_for_write(value.__class__, instance=instance)
                if not router.allow_relation(value, instance):
                    raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this relation.' % value)

            remote_field = self.field.remote_field
            # If we're setting the value of a OneToOneField to None, we need to clear
            # out the cache on any old related object. Otherwise, deleting the
            # previously-related object will also cause this object to be deleted,
            # which is wrong.
            if value is None:
                # Look up the previously-related object, which may still be available
                # since we've not yet cleared out the related field.
                # Use the cache directly, instead of the accessor; if we haven't
                # populated the cache, then we don't care - we're only accessing
                # the object to invalidate the accessor cache, so there's no
                # need to populate the cache just to expire it again.
                related = self.field.get_cached_value(instance, default=None)

                # If we've got an old related object, we need to clear out its
                # cache. This cache also might not exist if the related object
                # hasn't been accessed yet.
                if related is not None:
                    remote_field.set_cached_value(related, None)

                for lh_field, rh_field in self.field.related_fields:
                    setattr(instance, lh_field.attname, None)

            # Set the values of the related field.
            else:
                for lh_field, rh_field in self.field.related_fields:
                    setattr(instance, lh_field.attname, getattr(value, rh_field.attname))

            # Set the related instance cache used by __get__ to avoid an SQL query
            # when accessing the attribute we just set.
            self.field.set_cached_value(instance, value)

            # If this is a one-to-one relation, set the reverse accessor cache on
            # the related object to the current instance to avoid an extra SQL
            # query if it's accessed later on.
            if value is not None and not remote_field.multiple:
                remote_field.set_cached_value(value, instance)

        def __reduce__(self):
            """
            Pickling should return the instance attached by self.field on the
            model, not a new copy of that descriptor. Use getattr() to retrieve
            the instance directly from the model.
            """
            return getattr, (self.field.model, self.field.name)

    class ForwardOneToOneDescriptor(ForwardManyToOneDescriptor):
        """
        Accessor to the related object on the forward side of a one-to-one relation.

        In the example::

            class Restaurant(Model):
                place = OneToOneField(Place, related_name='restaurant')

        ``Restaurant.place`` is a ``ForwardOneToOneDescriptor`` instance.
        """

        def get_object(self, instance):
            if self.field.remote_field.parent_link:
                deferred = instance.get_deferred_fields()
                # Because it's a parent link, all the data is available in the
                # instance, so populate the parent model with this data.
                rel_model = self.field.remote_field.model
                fields = [field.attname for field in rel_model._meta.concrete_fields]

                # If any of the related model's fields are deferred, fallback to
                # fetching all fields from the related model. This avoids a query
                # on the related model for every deferred field.
                if not any(field in fields for field in deferred):
                    kwargs = {field: getattr(instance, field) for field in fields}
                    obj = rel_model(**kwargs)
                    obj._state.adding = instance._state.adding
                    obj._state.db = instance._state.db
                    return obj
            return super().get_object(instance)

        def __set__(self, instance, value):
            super().__set__(instance, value)
            # If the primary key is a link to a parent model and a parent instance
            # is being set, update the value of the inherited pk(s).
            if self.field.primary_key and self.field.remote_field.parent_link:
                opts = instance._meta
                # Inherited primary key fields from this object's base classes.
                inherited_pk_fields = [
                    field for field in opts.concrete_fields
                    if field.primary_key and field.remote_field
                ]
                for field in inherited_pk_fields:
                    rel_model_pk_name = field.remote_field.model._meta.pk.attname
                    raw_value = getattr(value, rel_model_pk_name) if value is not None else None
                    setattr(instance, rel_model_pk_name, raw_value)

    class ReverseOneToOneDescriptor:
        """
        Accessor to the related object on the reverse side of a one-to-one
        relation.

        In the example::

            class Restaurant(Model):
                place = OneToOneField(Place, related_name='restaurant')

        ``Place.restaurant`` is a ``ReverseOneToOneDescriptor`` instance.
        """

        def __init__(self, related):
            # Following the example above, `related` is an instance of OneToOneRel
            # which represents the reverse restaurant field (place.restaurant).
            self.related = related

        @cached_property
        def RelatedObjectDoesNotExist(self):
            # The exception isn't created at initialization time for the sake of
            # consistency with `ForwardManyToOneDescriptor`.
            return type(
                'RelatedObjectDoesNotExist',
                (self.related.related_model.DoesNotExist, AttributeError), {
                    '__module__': self.related.model.__module__,
                    '__qualname__': '%s.%s.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist' % (
                        self.related.model.__qualname__,
                        self.related.name,
                    )
                },
            )

        def is_cached(self, instance):
            return self.related.is_cached(instance)

        def get_queryset(self, **hints):
            return self.related.related_model._base_manager.db_manager(hints=hints).all()

        def get_prefetch_queryset(self, instances, queryset=None):
            if queryset is None:
                queryset = self.get_queryset()
            queryset._add_hints(instance=instances[0])

            rel_obj_attr = self.related.field.get_local_related_value
            instance_attr = self.related.field.get_foreign_related_value
            instances_dict = {instance_attr(inst): inst for inst in instances}
            query = {'%s__in' % self.related.field.name: instances}
            queryset = queryset.filter(**query)

            # Since we're going to assign directly in the cache,
            # we must manage the reverse relation cache manually.
            for rel_obj in queryset:
                instance = instances_dict[rel_obj_attr(rel_obj)]
                self.related.field.set_cached_value(rel_obj, instance)
            return queryset, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, True, self.related.get_cache_name(), False

        def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
            """
            Get the related instance through the reverse relation.

            With the example above, when getting ``place.restaurant``:

            - ``self`` is the descriptor managing the ``restaurant`` attribute
            - ``instance`` is the ``place`` instance
            - ``cls`` is the ``Place`` class (unused)

            Keep in mind that ``Restaurant`` holds the foreign key to ``Place``.
            """
            if instance is None:
                return self

            # The related instance is loaded from the database and then cached
            # by the field on the model instance state. It can also be pre-cached
            # by the forward accessor (ForwardManyToOneDescriptor).
            try:
                rel_obj = self.related.get_cached_value(instance)
            except KeyError:
                related_pk = instance.pk
                if related_pk is None:
                    rel_obj = None
                else:
                    filter_args = self.related.field.get_forward_related_filter(instance)
                    try:
                        rel_obj = self.get_queryset(instance=instance).get(**filter_args)
                    except self.related.related_model.DoesNotExist:
                        rel_obj = None
                    else:
                        # Set the forward accessor cache on the related object to
                        # the current instance to avoid an extra SQL query if it's
                        # accessed later on.
                        self.related.field.set_cached_value(rel_obj, instance)
                self.related.set_cached_value(instance, rel_obj)

            if rel_obj is None:
                raise self.RelatedObjectDoesNotExist(
                    "%s has no %s." % (
                        instance.__class__.__name__,
                        self.related.get_accessor_name()
                    )
                )
            else:
                return rel_obj

        def __set__(self, instance, value):
            """
            Set the related instance through the reverse relation.

            With the example above, when setting ``place.restaurant = restaurant``:

            - ``self`` is the descriptor managing the ``restaurant`` attribute
            - ``instance`` is the ``place`` instance
            - ``value`` is the ``restaurant`` instance on the right of the equal sign

            Keep in mind that ``Restaurant`` holds the foreign key to ``Place``.
            """
            # The similarity of the code below to the code in
            # ForwardManyToOneDescriptor is annoying, but there's a bunch
            # of small differences that would make a common base class convoluted.

            if value is None:
                # Update the cached related instance (if any) & clear the cache.
                # Following the example above, this would be the cached
                # ``restaurant`` instance (if any).
                rel_obj = self.related.get_cached_value(instance, default=None)
                if rel_obj is not None:
                    # Remove the ``restaurant`` instance from the ``place``
                    # instance cache.
                    self.related.delete_cached_value(instance)
                    # Set the ``place`` field on the ``restaurant``
                    # instance to None.
                    setattr(rel_obj, self.related.field.name, None)
            elif not isinstance(value, self.related.related_model):
                # An object must be an instance of the related class.
                raise ValueError(
                    'Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.' % (
                        value,
                        instance._meta.object_name,
                        self.related.get_accessor_name(),
                        self.related.related_model._meta.object_name,
                    )
                )
            else:
                if instance._state.db is None:
                    instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(instance.__class__, instance=value)
                if value._state.db is None:
                    value._state.db = router.db_for_write(value.__class__, instance=instance)
                if not router.allow_relation(value, instance):
                    raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": the current database router prevents this relation.' % value)

                related_pk = tuple(getattr(instance, field.attname) for field in self.related.field.foreign_related_fields)
                # Set the value of the related field to the value of the related object's related field
                for index, field in enumerate(self.related.field.local_related_fields):
                    setattr(value, field.attname, related_pk[index])

                # Set the related instance cache used by __get__ to avoid an SQL query
                # when accessing the attribute we just set.
                self.related.set_cached_value(instance, value)

                # Set the forward accessor cache on the related object to the current
                # instance to avoid an extra SQL query if it's accessed later on.
                self.related.field.set_cached_value(value, instance)

        def __reduce__(self):
            # Same purpose as ForwardManyToOneDescriptor.__reduce__().
            return getattr, (self.related.model, self.related.name)

    class ReverseManyToOneDescriptor:
        """
        Accessor to the related objects manager on the reverse side of a
        many-to-one relation.

        In the example::

            class Child(Model):
                parent = ForeignKey(Parent, related_name='children')

        ``Parent.children`` is a ``ReverseManyToOneDescriptor`` instance.

        Most of the implementation is delegated to a dynamically defined manager
        class built by ``create_forward_many_to_many_manager()`` defined below.
        """

        def __init__(self, rel):
            self.rel = rel
            self.field = rel.field

        @cached_property
        def related_manager_cls(self):
            related_model = self.rel.related_model

            return create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(
                related_model._default_manager.__class__,
                self.rel,
            )

        def __get__(self, instance, cls=None):
            """
            Get the related objects through the reverse relation.

            With the example above, when getting ``parent.children``:

            - ``self`` is the descriptor managing the ``children`` attribute
            - ``instance`` is the ``parent`` instance
            - ``cls`` is the ``Parent`` class (unused)
            """
            if instance is None:
                return self

            return self.related_manager_cls(instance)

        def _get_set_deprecation_msg_params(self):
            return (
                'reverse side of a related set',
                self.rel.get_accessor_name(),
            )

        def __set__(self, instance, value):
            raise TypeError(
                'Direct assignment to the %s is prohibited. Use %s.set() instead.'
                % self._get_set_deprecation_msg_params(),
            )

    def create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(superclass, rel):
        """
        Create a manager for the reverse side of a many-to-one relation.

        This manager subclasses another manager, generally the default manager of
        the related model, and adds behaviors specific to many-to-one relations.
        """

        class RelatedManager(superclass):
            def __init__(self, instance):
                super().__init__()

                self.instance = instance
                self.model = rel.related_model
                self.field = rel.field

                self.core_filters = {self.field.name: instance}

            def __call__(self, *, manager):
                manager = getattr(self.model, manager)
                manager_class = create_reverse_many_to_one_manager(manager.__class__, rel)
                return manager_class(self.instance)
            do_not_call_in_templates = True

            def _apply_rel_filters(self, queryset):
                """
                Filter the queryset for the instance this manager is bound to.
                """
                db = self._db or router.db_for_read(self.model, instance=self.instance)
                empty_strings_as_null = connections[db].features.interprets_empty_strings_as_nulls
                queryset._add_hints(instance=self.instance)
                if self._db:
                    queryset = queryset.using(self._db)
                queryset = queryset.filter(**self.core_filters)
                for field in self.field.foreign_related_fields:
                    val = getattr(self.instance, field.attname)
                    if val is None or (val == '' and empty_strings_as_null):
                        return queryset.none()
                if self.field.many_to_one:
                    # Guard against field-like objects such as GenericRelation
                    # that abuse create_reverse_many_to_one_manager() with reverse
                    # one-to-many relationships instead and break known related
                    # objects assignment.
                    try:
                        target_field = self.field.target_field
                    except FieldError:
                        # The relationship has multiple target fields. Use a tuple
                        # for related object id.
                        rel_obj_id = tuple([
                            getattr(self.instance, target_field.attname)
                            for target_field in self.field.get_path_info()[-1].target_fields
                        ])
                    else:
                        rel_obj_id = getattr(self.instance, target_field.attname)
                    queryset._known_related_objects = {self.field: {rel_obj_id: self.instance}}
                return queryset

            def _remove_prefetched_objects(self):
                try:
                    self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache.pop(self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name())
                except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                    pass  # nothing to clear from cache

            def get_queryset(self):
                try:
                    return self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache[self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name()]
                except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                    queryset = super().get_queryset()
                    return self._apply_rel_filters(queryset)

            def get_prefetch_queryset(self, instances, queryset=None):
                if queryset is None:
                    queryset = super().get_queryset()

                queryset._add_hints(instance=instances[0])
                queryset = queryset.using(queryset._db or self._db)

                rel_obj_attr = self.field.get_local_related_value
                instance_attr = self.field.get_foreign_related_value
                instances_dict = {instance_attr(inst): inst for inst in instances}
                query = {'%s__in' % self.field.name: instances}
                queryset = queryset.filter(**query)

                # Since we just bypassed this class' get_queryset(), we must manage
                # the reverse relation manually.
                for rel_obj in queryset:
                    instance = instances_dict[rel_obj_attr(rel_obj)]
                    setattr(rel_obj, self.field.name, instance)
                cache_name = self.field.remote_field.get_cache_name()
                return queryset, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, False, cache_name, False

            def add(self, *objs, bulk=True):
                self._remove_prefetched_objects()
                objs = list(objs)
                db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)

                def check_and_update_obj(obj):
                    if not isinstance(obj, self.model):
                        raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected, got %r" % (
                            self.model._meta.object_name, obj,
                        ))
                    setattr(obj, self.field.name, self.instance)

                if bulk:
                    pks = []
                    for obj in objs:
                        check_and_update_obj(obj)
                        if obj._state.adding or obj._state.db != db:
                            raise ValueError(
                                "%r instance isn't saved. Use bulk=False or save "
                                "the object first." % obj
                            )
                        pks.append(obj.pk)
                    self.model._base_manager.using(db).filter(pk__in=pks).update(**{
                        self.field.name: self.instance,
                    })
                else:
                    with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                        for obj in objs:
                            check_and_update_obj(obj)
                            obj.save()
            add.alters_data = True

            def create(self, **kwargs):
                kwargs[self.field.name] = self.instance
                db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
                return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
            create.alters_data = True

            def get_or_create(self, **kwargs):
                kwargs[self.field.name] = self.instance
                db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
                return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).get_or_create(**kwargs)
            get_or_create.alters_data = True

            def update_or_create(self, **kwargs):
                kwargs[self.field.name] = self.instance
                db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
                return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).update_or_create(**kwargs)
            update_or_create.alters_data = True

            # remove() and clear() are only provided if the ForeignKey can have a value of null.
            if rel.field.null:
                def remove(self, *objs, bulk=True):
                    if not objs:
                        return
                    val = self.field.get_foreign_related_value(self.instance)
                    old_ids = set()
                    for obj in objs:
                        if not isinstance(obj, self.model):
                            raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected, got %r" % (
                                self.model._meta.object_name, obj,
                            ))
                        # Is obj actually part of this descriptor set?
                        if self.field.get_local_related_value(obj) == val:
                            old_ids.add(obj.pk)
                        else:
                            raise self.field.remote_field.model.DoesNotExist(
                                "%r is not related to %r." % (obj, self.instance)
                            )
                    self._clear(self.filter(pk__in=old_ids), bulk)
                remove.alters_data = True

                def clear(self, *, bulk=True):
                    self._clear(self, bulk)
                clear.alters_data = True

                def _clear(self, queryset, bulk):
                    self._remove_prefetched_objects()
                    db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
                    queryset = queryset.using(db)
                    if bulk:
                        # `QuerySet.update()` is intrinsically atomic.
                        queryset.update(**{self.field.name: None})
                    else:
                        with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                            for obj in queryset:
                                setattr(obj, self.field.name, None)
                                obj.save(update_fields=[self.field.name])
                _clear.alters_data = True

            def set(self, objs, *, bulk=True, clear=False):
                # Force evaluation of `objs` in case it's a queryset whose value
                # could be affected by `manager.clear()`. Refs #19816.
                objs = tuple(objs)

                if self.field.null:
                    db = router.db_for_write(self.model, instance=self.instance)
                    with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                        if clear:
                            self.clear(bulk=bulk)
                            self.add(*objs, bulk=bulk)
                        else:
                            old_objs = set(self.using(db).all())
                            new_objs = []
                            for obj in objs:
                                if obj in old_objs:
                                    old_objs.remove(obj)
                                else:
                                    new_objs.append(obj)

                            self.remove(*old_objs, bulk=bulk)
                            self.add(*new_objs, bulk=bulk)
                else:
                    self.add(*objs, bulk=bulk)
            set.alters_data = True

        return RelatedManager

    class ManyToManyDescriptor(ReverseManyToOneDescriptor):
        """
        Accessor to the related objects manager on the forward and reverse sides of
        a many-to-many relation.

        In the example::

            class Pizza(Model):
                toppings = ManyToManyField(Topping, related_name='pizzas')

        ``Pizza.toppings`` and ``Topping.pizzas`` are ``ManyToManyDescriptor``
        instances.

        Most of the implementation is delegated to a dynamically defined manager
        class built by ``create_forward_many_to_many_manager()`` defined below.
        """

        def __init__(self, rel, reverse=False):
            super().__init__(rel)

            self.reverse = reverse

        @property
        def through(self):
            # through is provided so that you have easy access to the through
            # model (Book.authors.through) for inlines, etc. This is done as
            # a property to ensure that the fully resolved value is returned.
            return self.rel.through

        @cached_property
        def related_manager_cls(self):
            related_model = self.rel.related_model if self.reverse else self.rel.model

            return create_forward_many_to_many_manager(
                related_model._default_manager.__class__,
                self.rel,
                reverse=self.reverse,
            )

        def _get_set_deprecation_msg_params(self):
            return (
                '%s side of a many-to-many set' % ('reverse' if self.reverse else 'forward'),
                self.rel.get_accessor_name() if self.reverse else self.field.name,
            )

    def create_forward_many_to_many_manager(superclass, rel, reverse):
        """
        Create a manager for the either side of a many-to-many relation.

        This manager subclasses another manager, generally the default manager of
        the related model, and adds behaviors specific to many-to-many relations.
        """

        class ManyRelatedManager(superclass):
            def __init__(self, instance=None):
                super().__init__()

                self.instance = instance

                if not reverse:
                    self.model = rel.model
                    self.query_field_name = rel.field.related_query_name()
                    self.prefetch_cache_name = rel.field.name
                    self.source_field_name = rel.field.m2m_field_name()
                    self.target_field_name = rel.field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
                    self.symmetrical = rel.symmetrical
                else:
                    self.model = rel.related_model
                    self.query_field_name = rel.field.name
                    self.prefetch_cache_name = rel.field.related_query_name()
                    self.source_field_name = rel.field.m2m_reverse_field_name()
                    self.target_field_name = rel.field.m2m_field_name()
                    self.symmetrical = False

                self.through = rel.through
                self.reverse = reverse

                self.source_field = self.through._meta.get_field(self.source_field_name)
                self.target_field = self.through._meta.get_field(self.target_field_name)

                self.core_filters = {}
                self.pk_field_names = {}
                for lh_field, rh_field in self.source_field.related_fields:
                    core_filter_key = '%s__%s' % (self.query_field_name, rh_field.name)
                    self.core_filters[core_filter_key] = getattr(instance, rh_field.attname)
                    self.pk_field_names[lh_field.name] = rh_field.name

                self.related_val = self.source_field.get_foreign_related_value(instance)
                if None in self.related_val:
                    raise ValueError('"%r" needs to have a value for field "%s" before '
                                     'this many-to-many relationship can be used.' %
                                     (instance, self.pk_field_names[self.source_field_name]))
                # Even if this relation is not to pk, we require still pk value.
                # The wish is that the instance has been already saved to DB,
                # although having a pk value isn't a guarantee of that.
                if instance.pk is None:
                    raise ValueError("%r instance needs to have a primary key value before "
                                     "a many-to-many relationship can be used." %
                                     instance.__class__.__name__)

            def __call__(self, *, manager):
                manager = getattr(self.model, manager)
                manager_class = create_forward_many_to_many_manager(manager.__class__, rel, reverse)
                return manager_class(instance=self.instance)
            do_not_call_in_templates = True

            def _build_remove_filters(self, removed_vals):
                filters = Q(**{self.source_field_name: self.related_val})
                # No need to add a subquery condition if removed_vals is a QuerySet without
                # filters.
                removed_vals_filters = (not isinstance(removed_vals, QuerySet) or
                                        removed_vals._has_filters())
                if removed_vals_filters:
                    filters &= Q(**{'%s__in' % self.target_field_name: removed_vals})
                if self.symmetrical:
                    symmetrical_filters = Q(**{self.target_field_name: self.related_val})
                    if removed_vals_filters:
                        symmetrical_filters &= Q(
                            **{'%s__in' % self.source_field_name: removed_vals})
                    filters |= symmetrical_filters
                return filters

            def _apply_rel_filters(self, queryset):
                """
                Filter the queryset for the instance this manager is bound to.
                """
                queryset._add_hints(instance=self.instance)
                if self._db:
                    queryset = queryset.using(self._db)
                queryset._defer_next_filter = True
                return queryset._next_is_sticky().filter(**self.core_filters)

            def _remove_prefetched_objects(self):
                try:
                    self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache.pop(self.prefetch_cache_name)
                except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                    pass  # nothing to clear from cache

            def get_queryset(self):
                try:
                    return self.instance._prefetched_objects_cache[self.prefetch_cache_name]
                except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                    queryset = super().get_queryset()
                    return self._apply_rel_filters(queryset)

            def get_prefetch_queryset(self, instances, queryset=None):
                if queryset is None:
                    queryset = super().get_queryset()

                queryset._add_hints(instance=instances[0])
                queryset = queryset.using(queryset._db or self._db)

                query = {'%s__in' % self.query_field_name: instances}
                queryset = queryset._next_is_sticky().filter(**query)

                # M2M: need to annotate the query in order to get the primary model
                # that the secondary model was actually related to. We know that
                # there will already be a join on the join table, so we can just add
                # the select.

                # For non-autocreated 'through' models, can't assume we are
                # dealing with PK values.
                fk = self.through._meta.get_field(self.source_field_name)
                join_table = fk.model._meta.db_table
                connection = connections[queryset.db]
                qn = connection.ops.quote_name
                queryset = queryset.extra(select={
                    '_prefetch_related_val_%s' % f.attname:
                    '%s.%s' % (qn(join_table), qn(f.column)) for f in fk.local_related_fields})
                return (
                    queryset,
                    lambda result: tuple(
                        getattr(result, '_prefetch_related_val_%s' % f.attname)
                        for f in fk.local_related_fields
                    ),
                    lambda inst: tuple(
                        f.get_db_prep_value(getattr(inst, f.attname), connection)
                        for f in fk.foreign_related_fields
                    ),
                    False,
                    self.prefetch_cache_name,
                    False,
                )

            def add(self, *objs, through_defaults=None):
                self._remove_prefetched_objects()
                db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
                with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                    self._add_items(
                        self.source_field_name, self.target_field_name, *objs,
                        through_defaults=through_defaults,
                    )
                    # If this is a symmetrical m2m relation to self, add the mirror
                    # entry in the m2m table.
                    if self.symmetrical:
                        self._add_items(
                            self.target_field_name,
                            self.source_field_name,
                            *objs,
                            through_defaults=through_defaults,
                        )
            add.alters_data = True

            def remove(self, *objs):
                self._remove_prefetched_objects()
                self._remove_items(self.source_field_name, self.target_field_name, *objs)
            remove.alters_data = True

            def clear(self):
                db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
                with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                    signals.m2m_changed.send(
                        sender=self.through, action="pre_clear",
                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
                        model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db,
                    )
                    self._remove_prefetched_objects()
                    filters = self._build_remove_filters(super().get_queryset().using(db))
                    self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(filters).delete()

                    signals.m2m_changed.send(
                        sender=self.through, action="post_clear",
                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
                        model=self.model, pk_set=None, using=db,
                    )
            clear.alters_data = True

            def set(self, objs, *, clear=False, through_defaults=None):
                # Force evaluation of `objs` in case it's a queryset whose value
                # could be affected by `manager.clear()`. Refs #19816.
                objs = tuple(objs)

                db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
                with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                    if clear:
                        self.clear()
                        self.add(*objs, through_defaults=through_defaults)
                    else:
                        old_ids = set(self.using(db).values_list(self.target_field.target_field.attname, flat=True))

                        new_objs = []
                        for obj in objs:
                            fk_val = (
                                self.target_field.get_foreign_related_value(obj)[0]
                                if isinstance(obj, self.model)
                                else self.target_field.get_prep_value(obj)
                            )
                            if fk_val in old_ids:
                                old_ids.remove(fk_val)
                            else:
                                new_objs.append(obj)

                        self.remove(*old_ids)
                        self.add(*new_objs, through_defaults=through_defaults)
            set.alters_data = True

            def create(self, *, through_defaults=None, **kwargs):
                db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
                new_obj = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
                self.add(new_obj, through_defaults=through_defaults)
                return new_obj
            create.alters_data = True

            def get_or_create(self, *, through_defaults=None, **kwargs):
                db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
                obj, created = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).get_or_create(**kwargs)
                # We only need to add() if created because if we got an object back
                # from get() then the relationship already exists.
                if created:
                    self.add(obj, through_defaults=through_defaults)
                return obj, created
            get_or_create.alters_data = True

            def update_or_create(self, *, through_defaults=None, **kwargs):
                db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
                obj, created = super(ManyRelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).update_or_create(**kwargs)
                # We only need to add() if created because if we got an object back
                # from get() then the relationship already exists.
                if created:
                    self.add(obj, through_defaults=through_defaults)
                return obj, created
            update_or_create.alters_data = True

            def _get_target_ids(self, target_field_name, objs):
                """
                Return the set of ids of `objs` that the target field references.
                """
                from django.db.models import Model
                target_ids = set()
                target_field = self.through._meta.get_field(target_field_name)
                for obj in objs:
                    if isinstance(obj, self.model):
                        if not router.allow_relation(obj, self.instance):
                            raise ValueError(
                                'Cannot add "%r": instance is on database "%s", '
                                'value is on database "%s"' %
                                (obj, self.instance._state.db, obj._state.db)
                            )
                        target_id = target_field.get_foreign_related_value(obj)[0]
                        if target_id is None:
                            raise ValueError(
                                'Cannot add "%r": the value for field "%s" is None' %
                                (obj, target_field_name)
                            )
                        target_ids.add(target_id)
                    elif isinstance(obj, Model):
                        raise TypeError(
                            "'%s' instance expected, got %r" %
                            (self.model._meta.object_name, obj)
                        )
                    else:
                        target_ids.add(target_field.get_prep_value(obj))
                return target_ids

            def _get_missing_target_ids(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, db, target_ids):
                """
                Return the subset of ids of `objs` that aren't already assigned to
                this relationship.
                """
                vals = self.through._default_manager.using(db).values_list(
                    target_field_name, flat=True
                ).filter(**{
                    source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
                    '%s__in' % target_field_name: target_ids,
                })
                return target_ids.difference(vals)

            def _get_add_plan(self, db, source_field_name):
                """
                Return a boolean triple of the way the add should be performed.

                The first element is whether or not bulk_create(ignore_conflicts)
                can be used, the second whether or not signals must be sent, and
                the third element is whether or not the immediate bulk insertion
                with conflicts ignored can be performed.
                """
                # Conflicts can be ignored when the intermediary model is
                # auto-created as the only possible collision is on the
                # (source_id, target_id) tuple. The same assertion doesn't hold for
                # user-defined intermediary models as they could have other fields
                # causing conflicts which must be surfaced.
                can_ignore_conflicts = (
                    connections[db].features.supports_ignore_conflicts and
                    self.through._meta.auto_created is not False
                )
                # Don't send the signal when inserting duplicate data row
                # for symmetrical reverse entries.
                must_send_signals = (self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name) and (
                    signals.m2m_changed.has_listeners(self.through)
                )
                # Fast addition through bulk insertion can only be performed
                # if no m2m_changed listeners are connected for self.through
                # as they require the added set of ids to be provided via
                # pk_set.
                return can_ignore_conflicts, must_send_signals, (can_ignore_conflicts and not must_send_signals)

            def _add_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs, through_defaults=None):
                # source_field_name: the PK fieldname in join table for the source object
                # target_field_name: the PK fieldname in join table for the target object
                # *objs - objects to add. Either object instances, or primary keys of object instances.
                if not objs:
                    return

                through_defaults = dict(resolve_callables(through_defaults or {}))
                target_ids = self._get_target_ids(target_field_name, objs)
                db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
                can_ignore_conflicts, must_send_signals, can_fast_add = self._get_add_plan(db, source_field_name)
                if can_fast_add:
                    self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create([
                        self.through(**{
                            '%s_id' % source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
                            '%s_id' % target_field_name: target_id,
                        })
                        for target_id in target_ids
                    ], ignore_conflicts=True)
                    return

                missing_target_ids = self._get_missing_target_ids(
                    source_field_name, target_field_name, db, target_ids
                )
                with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                    if must_send_signals:
                        signals.m2m_changed.send(
                            sender=self.through, action='pre_add',
                            instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
                            model=self.model, pk_set=missing_target_ids, using=db,
                        )
                    # Add the ones that aren't there already.
                    self.through._default_manager.using(db).bulk_create([
                        self.through(**through_defaults, **{
                            '%s_id' % source_field_name: self.related_val[0],
                            '%s_id' % target_field_name: target_id,
                        })
                        for target_id in missing_target_ids
                    ], ignore_conflicts=can_ignore_conflicts)

                    if must_send_signals:
                        signals.m2m_changed.send(
                            sender=self.through, action='post_add',
                            instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
                            model=self.model, pk_set=missing_target_ids, using=db,
                        )

            def _remove_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs):
                # source_field_name: the PK colname in join table for the source object
                # target_field_name: the PK colname in join table for the target object
                # *objs - objects to remove. Either object instances, or primary
                # keys of object instances.
                if not objs:
                    return

                # Check that all the objects are of the right type
                old_ids = set()
                for obj in objs:
                    if isinstance(obj, self.model):
                        fk_val = self.target_field.get_foreign_related_value(obj)[0]
                        old_ids.add(fk_val)
                    else:
                        old_ids.add(obj)

                db = router.db_for_write(self.through, instance=self.instance)
                with transaction.atomic(using=db, savepoint=False):
                    # Send a signal to the other end if need be.
                    signals.m2m_changed.send(
                        sender=self.through, action="pre_remove",
                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
                        model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db,
                    )
                    target_model_qs = super().get_queryset()
                    if target_model_qs._has_filters():
                        old_vals = target_model_qs.using(db).filter(**{
                            '%s__in' % self.target_field.target_field.attname: old_ids})
                    else:
                        old_vals = old_ids
                    filters = self._build_remove_filters(old_vals)
                    self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(filters).delete()

                    signals.m2m_changed.send(
                        sender=self.through, action="post_remove",
                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
                        model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids, using=db,
                    )

        return ManyRelatedManager