psql was already accepting conninfo strings as the first parameter in
\connect, but the way it worked wasn't sane; some of the other
parameters would get the previous connection's values, causing it to
connect to a completely unexpected server or, more likely, not finding
any server at all because of completely wrong combinations of
parameters.

Fix by explicitely checking for a conninfo-looking parameter in the
dbname position; if one is found, use its complete specification rather
than mix with the other arguments.  Also, change tab-completion to not
try to complete conninfo/URI-looking "dbnames" and document that
conninfos are accepted as first argument.

There was a weak consensus to backpatch this, because while the behavior
of using the dbname as a conninfo is nowhere documented for \connect, it
is reasonable to expect that it works because it does work in many other
contexts.  Therefore this is backpatched all the way back to 9.0.

To implement this, routines previously private to libpq have been
duplicated so that psql can decide what looks like a conninfo/URI
string.  In back branches, just duplicate the same code all the way back
to 9.2, where URIs where introduced; 9.0 and 9.1 have a simpler version.
In master, the routines are moved to src/common and renamed.

Author: David Fetter, Andrew Dunstan.  Some editorialization by me
(probably earning a Gierth's "Sloppy" badge in the process.)
Reviewers: Andrew Gierth, Erik Rijkers, Pavel Stěhule, Stephen Frost,
Robert Haas, Andrew Dunstan.

This matches the binary 'pg_ctl' calls.  Previously we called the
'postmaster'.

Report by Christoph Berg

This patch fills in the formerly-stub networksel() and networkjoinsel()
estimation functions.  Those are used for << <<= >> >>= and && operators
on inet/cidr types.  The estimation is not perfect, certainly, because
we rely on the existing statistics collected for the inet btree operators.
But it's a long way better than nothing, and it's not clear that asking
ANALYZE to collect separate stats for these operators would be a win.

Emre Hasegeli, with reviews from Dilip Kumar and Heikki Linnakangas,
and some further hacking by me

They were accidentally placed under the GIN heading.

Andreas Karlsson

You're required to write either RANGE or ROWS to start a frame clause,
but the documentation incorrectly implied this is optional.  Noted by
David Johnston.

The commit 0badb069 changed the default shutdown mode from smart to fast,
but forgot to change the default shutdown signal from SIGTERM to SIGINT.

Report by Peter Eisentraut

Retain the order of the options in the documentation.

Patch by Szymon Guz, adjustments by me

Testing by Michael Paquier, Pavel Stehule

Previously we called DirectFunctionCall3() with dummy arguments.  Fixed
version of previous patch.

Report by Jon Nelson

Petr Jelinek

As with initdb these programs need to run with a restricted token, and
if they don't pg_upgrade will fail when run as a user with Adminstrator
privileges.

Backpatch to all live branches. On the development branch the code is
reorganized so that the restricted token code is now in a single
location. On the stable bramches a less invasive change is made by
simply copying the relevant code to pg_upgrade.c and pg_resetxlog.c.

Patches and bug report from Muhammad Asif Naeem, reviewed by Michael
Paquier, slightly edited by me.

_hash_splitbucket() obtained the base page of the new bucket by calling
_hash_getnewbuf(), but it held no exclusive lock that would prevent some
other process from calling _hash_getnewbuf() at the same time.  This is
contrary to _hash_getnewbuf()'s API spec and could in fact cause failures.
In practice, we must only call that function while holding write lock on
the hash index's metapage.

An additional problem was that we'd already modified the metapage's bucket
mapping data, meaning that failure to extend the index would leave us with
a corrupt index.

Fix both issues by moving the _hash_getnewbuf() call to just before we
modify the metapage in _hash_expandtable().

Unfortunately there's still a large problem here, which is that we could
also incur ENOSPC while trying to get an overflow page for the new bucket.
That would leave the index corrupt in a more subtle way, namely that some
index tuples that should be in the new bucket might still be in the old
one.  Fixing that seems substantially more difficult; even preallocating as
many pages as we could possibly need wouldn't entirely guarantee that the
bucket split would complete successfully.  So for today let's just deal
with the base case.

Per report from Antonin Houska.  Back-patch to all active branches.

... and rename it and its sibling array_offsets to array_position and
array_positions, to account for the changed behavior.

Having the functions return subscripts better matches existing practice,
and is better suited to using the result value as a subscript into the
array directly.  For one-based arrays, the new definition is identical
to what was originally committed.

(We use the term "subscript" in the documentation, which is what we use
whenever we talk about arrays; but the functions themselves are named
using the word "position" to match the standard-defined POSITION()
functions.)

Author: Pavel Stěhule
Behavioral problem noted by Dean Rasheed.

ReindexIndex() trusts a parser-built RangeVar with the persistence to
use for the new copy of the index; but the parser naturally does not
know what's the persistence of the original index.  To find out the
correct persistence, grab it from relcache.

This bug was introduced by commit 85b506bb, and therefore no
backpatch is necessary.

Bug reported by Thom Brown, analysis and patch by Michael Paquier; test
case provided by Fabrízio de Royes Mello.

The previous coding in get_const_expr() tried to avoid quoting integer,
float, and numeric literals if at all possible.  While that looks nice,
it means that dumped expressions might re-parse to something that's
semantically equivalent but not the exact same parsetree; for example
a FLOAT8 constant would re-parse as a NUMERIC constant with a cast to
FLOAT8.  Though the result would be the same after constant-folding,
this is problematic in certain contexts.  In particular, Jeff Davis
pointed out that this could cause unexpected failures in ALTER INHERIT
operations because of child tables having not-exactly-equivalent CHECK
expressions.  Therefore, favor correctness over legibility and dump
such constants in quotes except in the limited cases where they'll
be interpreted as the same type even without any casting.

This results in assorted small changes in the regression test outputs,
and will affect display of user-defined views and rules similarly.
The odds of that causing problems in the field seem non-negligible;
given the lack of previous complaints, it seems best not to change
this in the back branches.

BackendIdGetTransactionIds() neglected the possibility that the PROC
pointer in a ProcState array entry is null.  In current usage, this could
only crash if the other backend had exited since pgstat_read_current_status
saw it as active, which is a pretty narrow window.  But it's reachable in
the field, per bug #12918 from Vladimir Borodin.

Back-patch to 9.4 where the faulty code was introduced.

Andreas Karlsson

regress_log temp directory was properly .gitignore'd, which may explain
why it got left out of the "make clean" action.

Bugs all spotted by Coverity, including wrong realloc() size request
and memory leaks.  Cosmetic improvements by me.

The usage of the global variable "filemap" here is still pretty awful,
but at least I got rid of the gratuitous aliasing in several routines
(which was helping to annoy Coverity, as well as being a bug risk).

Slow functions in index expressions might cause this loop to take long
enough to make it worth being cancellable.  Probably it would be enough
to call CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS here, but for consistency with other
per-sample-row loops in this file, let's use vacuum_delay_point.

Report and patch by Jeff Janes.  Back-patch to all supported branches.

Previously the funcCtx was a child of the tmpCtx, but that was broken
by commit eaa5808e, which made
MemoryContextReset() delete, not reset, child contexts.  The behavior of
having a tmpCtx reset also clear the other context seems rather dubious
anyway, so let's just disentangle them.  Per report from Erik Rijkers.

In passing, fix badly-inaccurate comments about these contexts.

These were workarounds for a long-gone flex bug; all supported versions
of flex emit an extern declaration as expected.

Get rid of unnecessary expr_yylex declaration (we haven't supported
flex 2.5.4 in a long time, and even if we still did, the declaration in
pgbench.h makes this one unnecessary and inappropriate).  Fix copyright
dates, improve some layout choices, etc.

We can use that macro as long as we put the value into a local variable.
Commit 735cd612 was not wrong on its own terms, but I think this way
looks nicer, and it should save a few cycles on 32-bit machines.

If set, the pager will not be used unless this many lines are to be
displayed, even if that is more than the screen depth. Default is zero,
meaning it's disabled.

There is probably more work to be done in giving the user control over
when the pager is used, particularly when wide output forces use of the
pager regardless of how many lines there are, but this is a start.

The stddev calculation included a faster but unportable sqrt function.
This is not worth the extra effort, and won't work everywhere. If the
standard library function is good enough for the SQL function it
should be good enough here too.

Andreas Karlsson

inet, cidr, and timetz indexes still cannot support index-only scans,
because they don't store the original unmodified value in the index, but a
derived approximate value.

Stddev is calculated on the fly, and the code in commit 717f7095 was
using Float8GetDatumFast() inappropriately to convert the result to a
Datum. Mea culpa. It now uses Float8GetDatum().

The new fields are min_time, max_time, mean_time and stddev_time.

Based on an original patch from Mitsumasa KONDO, modified by me. Reviewed by Petr Jelínek.

The gbt_var_key_copy function was doing two different things depending on
the boolean argument. Seems cleaner to have two separate functions.

Remove unused argument from gbt_num_compress.

We cannot use the index's tuple descriptor directly to describe the index
tuples returned in an index-only scan. That's because the index might use
a different datatype for the values stored on disk than the type originally
indexed. As long as they were both pass-by-ref, it worked, but will not work
for pass-by-value types of different sizes. I noticed this as a crash when I
started hacking a patch to add fetch methods to btree_gist.

This improves on commit bbfd7eda by
making two simple changes:

* pg_attribute_noreturn now takes parentheses, ie pg_attribute_noreturn().
Likewise pg_attribute_unused(), pg_attribute_packed().  This reduces
pgindent's tendency to misformat declarations involving them.

* attributes are now always attached to function declarations, not
definitions.  Previously some places were taking creative shortcuts,
which were not merely candidates for bad misformatting by pgindent
but often were outright wrong anyway.  (It does little good to put a
noreturn annotation where callers can't see it.)  In any case, if
we would like to believe that these macros can be used with non-gcc
compilers, we should avoid gratuitous variance in usage patterns.

I also went through and manually improved the formatting of a lot of
declarations, and got rid of excessively repetitive (and now obsolete
anyway) comments informing the reader what pg_attribute_printf is for.

This adds a new GiST opclass method, 'fetch', which is used to reconstruct
the original Datum from the value stored in the index. Also, the 'canreturn'
index AM interface function gains a new 'attno' argument. That makes it
possible to use index-only scans on a multi-column index where some of the
opclasses support index-only scans but some do not.

This patch adds support in the box and point opclasses. Other opclasses
can added later as follow-on patches (btree_gist would be particularly
interesting).

Anastasia Lubennikova, with additional fixes and modifications by me.

Remove the gistcentryinit function, inlining the relevant part of it into
the only caller.

Jeff Janes

It is only used in src/backend/replication/syncrep.c.

Back-patch to all supported branches except 9.1 which declares the
function as static.

This is meant to make it easier to insert simple debugging cross-checks
in plpgsql functions.

Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Jim Nasby