Standby servers can now have WALSender processes, which can work with
either WALReceiver or archive_commands to pass data. Fully updated
docs, including new conceptual terms of sending server, upstream and
downstream servers. WALSenders terminated when promote to master.

Fujii Masao, review, rework and doc rewrite by Simon Riggs

This is more SQL-spec-compliant, more easily extensible, and better
performing than the old method of inventing special variables.

Pavel Stehule, reviewed by Shigeru Hanada and David Wheeler

Noah Misch.  Review and minor cosmetic changes by me.

Patch originally by Akira Kurosawa <kurosawa-akira@mxc.nes.nec.co.jp>.

When an AccessShareLock, RowShareLock, or RowExclusiveLock is requested
on an unshared database relation, and we can verify that no conflicting
locks can possibly be present, record the lock in a per-backend queue,
stored within the PGPROC, rather than in the primary lock table.  This
eliminates a great deal of contention on the lock manager LWLocks.

This patch also refactors the interface between GetLockStatusData() and
pg_lock_status() to be a bit more abstract, so that we don't rely so
heavily on the lock manager's internal representation details.  The new
fast path lock structures don't have a LOCK or PROCLOCK structure to
return, so we mustn't depend on that for purposes of listing outstanding
locks.

Review by Jeff Davis.

We have a few people involved there now.

We already have similar functions for many other object types, including
operator classes, so it seems like we should have this one, too.

Extracted from a larger patch by Josh Kupershmidt

Move FileClose's decrement of temporary_files_size up, so that it will be
executed even if elog() throws an error.  This is reasonable since if the
unlink() fails, the fact the file is still there is not our fault, and we
are going to forget about it anyhow.  So we won't count it against
temp_file_limit anymore.

Update fileSize and temporary_files_size correctly in FileTruncate.
We probably don't have any places that truncate temp files, but fd.c
surely should not assume that.

The limit is enforced against the total amount of temp file space used by
each session.

Mark Kirkwood, reviewed by Cédric Villemain and Tatsuo Ishii

If a Var was used only in a GROUP BY expression, the previous
implementation would include the Var by itself (as well as the expression)
in the generated targetlist.  This wouldn't affect the efficiency of the
scan/join part of the plan at all, but it could result in passing
unnecessarily-wide rows through sorting and grouping steps.  It turns out
to take only a little more code, and not noticeably more time, to generate
a tlist without such redundancy, so let's do that.  Per a recent gripe from
HarmeekSingh Bedi.

There may be some other places where we should use errdetail_internal,
but they'll have to be evaluated case-by-case.  This commit just hits
a bunch of places where invoking gettext is obviously a waste of cycles.

Per discussion, these seem too technical to be worth translating.

Kevin Grittner

This function supports untranslated detail messages, in the same way that
errmsg_internal supports untranslated primary messages.  We've needed this
for some time IMO, but discussion of some cases in the SSI code provided
the impetus to actually add it.

Kevin Grittner, with minor adjustments by me

This fixes SSPI login failures showing "The function
requested is not supported", often showing up when connecting
to localhost. The reason was not properly updating the SSPI
handle when multiple roundtrips were required to complete the
authentication sequence.

Report and analysis by Ahmed Shinwari, patch by Magnus Hagander

This provides deterministic deadlock-detection ordering for new
isolation tests, fixing the sporadic failures in them.

Author: Noah Misch

The commit action of temporary tables is currently not cataloged, so
we can't easily show it.  The previous value was outdated from before
we had different commit actions.

Florian Pflug

GISTInsertStack.childoffnum used to mean "offset of the downlink in this
node, pointing to the child node in the stack". It's now replaced with
downlinkoffnum, which means "offset of the downlink in the parent of this
node". gistFindPath() already used childoffnum with this new meaning, and
had an extra step at the end to pull all the childoffnum values down one
node in the stack, to adjust the stack for the meaning that childoffnum had
elsewhere. That's no longer required.

The reason to do this now is this new representation is more convenient for
the GiST fast build patch that Alexander Korotkov is working on.

While we're at it, replace the linked list used in gistFindPath with a
standard List, and make gistFindPath() static.

Alexander Korotkov, with some changes by me.

First, when following a right-link, we incorrectly marked the current page
as the parent of the right sibling. In reality, the parent of the right page
is the same as the parent of the current page (or some page to the right of
it, gistFindCorrectParent() will sort that out).

Secondly, when we follow a right-link, we must prepend, not append, the right
page to our list of pages to visit. That's because we assume that once we
hit a leaf page in the list, all the rest are leaf pages too, and give up.

To hit these bugs, you need concurrent actions and several unlucky accidents.
Another backend must split the root page, while you're in process of
splitting a lower-level page. Furthermore, while you scan the internal nodes
to re-find the parent, another backend needs to again split some more internal
pages. Even then, the bugs don't necessarily manifest as user-visible errors
or index corruption.

While we're at it, make the error reporting a bit better if gistFindPath()
fails to re-find the parent. It used to be an assertion, but an elog() seems
more appropriate.

Backpatch to all supported branches.

than "*";  it is confusing to start a sentence with a symbol.

There's a heuristic in estimate_rel_size() to clamp the minimum size
estimate for a table to 10 pages, unless we can see that vacuum or analyze
has been run (and set relpages to something nonzero, so this will always
happen for a table that's actually empty).  However, it would be better
not to do this for inheritance parent tables, which very commonly are
really empty and can be expected to stay that way.  Per discussion of a
recent pgsql-performance report from Anish Kejariwal.  Also prevent it
from happening for indexes (although this is more in the nature of
documentation, since CREATE INDEX normally initializes relpages to
something nonzero anyway).

Back-patch to 9.0, because the ability to collect statistics across a
whole inheritance tree has improved the planner's estimates to the point
where this relatively small error makes a significant difference.  In the
referenced report, merge or hash joins were incorrectly estimated as
cheaper than a nestloop with inner indexscan on the inherited table.
That was less likely before 9.0 because the lack of inherited stats would
have resulted in a default (and rather pessimistic) estimate of the cost
of a merge or hash join.

It previously said YES, but that is incorrect.

Debian/Ubuntu don't have a /etc/rc.d/ directory, so add some
alternative names as suggestions.

They were wildly outdated.

No code changes; just avoid blaming query_planner for things it doesn't
really do.

Also correct reporting of interval precision when field restrictions
are specified in the typmod.

related to lock objects.

Regular aggregate functions in combination with, or within the arguments
of, window functions are OK per spec; they have the semantics that the
aggregate output rows are computed and then we run the window functions
over that row set.  (Thus, this combination is not really useful unless
there's a GROUP BY so that more than one aggregate output row is possible.)
The case without GROUP BY could fail, as recently reported by Jeff Davis,
because sloppy construction of the Agg node's targetlist resulted in extra
references to possibly-ungrouped Vars appearing outside the aggregate
function calls themselves.  See the added regression test case for an
example.

Fixing this requires modifying the API of flatten_tlist and its underlying
function pull_var_clause.  I chose to make pull_var_clause's API for
aggregates identical to what it was already doing for placeholders, since
the useful behaviors turn out to be the same (error, report node as-is, or
recurse into it).  I also tightened the error checking in this area a bit:
if it was ever valid to see an uplevel Var, Aggref, or PlaceHolderVar here,
that was a long time ago, so complain instead of ignoring them.

Backpatch into 9.1.  The failure exists in 8.4 and 9.0 as well, but seeing
that it only occurs in a basically-useless corner case, it doesn't seem
worth the risks of changing a function API in a minor release.  There might
be third-party code using pull_var_clause.

This enables us to test that blocking commands (such as foreign keys
checks that conflict with some other lock) act as intended.  The set of
tests that this adds is pretty minimal, but can easily be extended by
adding new specs.

The intention is that this will serve as a basis for ensuring that
further tweaks of locking implementation preserve (or improve) existing
behavior.

Author: Noah Misch

Add errno-based output to error messages where appropriate, reformat
blocks to about 72 characters per line, use spaces instead of tabs for
indentation, and other style adjustments.

assigned.

The fields were previously wrongly typed as character_data; change to
cardinal_number.  Update the documentation and the implementation to
show more clearly that this applies to a feature not available in
PostgreSQL, rather than just not yet being implemented in the
information schema.

Per recent -hackers discussion.

In the previous coding, we would look up a relation in RangeVarGetRelid,
lock the resulting OID, and then AcceptInvalidationMessages().  While
this was sufficient to ensure that we noticed any changes to the
relation definition before building the relcache entry, it didn't
handle the possibility that the name we looked up no longer referenced
the same OID.  This was particularly problematic in the case where a
table had been dropped and recreated: we'd latch on to the entry for
the old relation and fail later on.  Now, we acquire the relation lock
inside RangeVarGetRelid, and retry the name lookup if we notice that
invalidation messages have been processed meanwhile.  Many operations
that would previously have failed with an error in the presence of
concurrent DDL will now succeed.

There is a good deal of work remaining to be done here: many callers
of RangeVarGetRelid still pass NoLock for one reason or another.  In
addition, nothing in this patch guards against the possibility that
the meaning of an unqualified name might change due to the creation
of a relation in a schema earlier in the user's search path than the
one where it was previously found.  Furthermore, there's nothing at
all here to guard against similar race conditions for non-relations.
For all that, it's a start.

Noah Misch and Robert Haas

We were using GetConfigOption to collect the old value of each setting,
overlooking the possibility that it didn't exist yet.  This does happen
in the case of adding a new entry within a custom variable class, as
exhibited in bug #6097 from Maxim Boguk.

To fix, add a missing_ok parameter to GetConfigOption, but only in 9.1
and HEAD --- it seems possible that some third-party code is using that
function, so changing its API in a minor release would cause problems.
In 9.0, create a near-duplicate function instead.