The "floatrange" example is a bit too simple because float8mi can be
used without any additional type conversion.  Add an example that does
have to account for that, and do some minor other wordsmithing.

Bug noticed by Fujii Masao

The output of a typical pg_rewind run contained a mix of capitalized and
not-capitalized and punctuated and not-punctuated phrases for no
apparent reason.  Make that consistent.  Also fix some problems in other
messages.

This case seems to have been overlooked when unvalidated check constraints
were introduced, in 9.2.  The code would attempt to dump such constraints
over again for each child table, even though adding them to the parent
table is sufficient.

In 9.2 and 9.3, also fix contrib/pg_upgrade/Makefile so that the "make
clean" target fully cleans up after a failed test.  This evidently got
dealt with at some point in 9.4, but it wasn't back-patched.  I ran into
it while testing this fix ...

Per bug #13656 from Ingmar Brouns.

Module initialization was still not completely correct after commit
6b619551, per crash report from Takashi Ohnishi.  To fix, instead of
trying to monkey around with the value of the GUC setting directly, add
a separate boolean flag that enables the feature on a standby, but only
for the startup (recovery) process, when it sees that its master server
has the feature enabled.
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/ca44c6c7f9314868bdc521aea4f77cbf@MP-MSGSS-MBX004.msg.nttdata.co.jp

Also change the deactivation routine to delete all segment files rather
than leaving the last one around.  (This doesn't need separate
WAL-logging, because on recovery we execute the same deactivation
routine anyway.)

In passing, clean up the code structure somewhat, particularly so that
xlog.c doesn't know so much about when to activate/deactivate the
feature.

Thanks to Fujii Masao for testing and Petr Jelínek for off-list discussion.

Back-patch to 9.5, where commit_ts was introduced.

Previously "GRANT * ON * TO " was tab-completed to add an extra "TO",
rather than with a list of roles. This is the bug that commit 2f888070
introduced unexpectedly. This commit fixes that incorrect tab-completion.

Thomas Munro, reviewed by Jeff Janes.

Etsuro Fujita spotted a thinko in the README commentary.

Previously it was documented that the details on HeapTupleHeaderData
struct could be found in htup.h. This is not correct because it's now
defined in htup_details.h.

Back-patch to 9.3 where the definition of HeapTupleHeaderData struct
was moved from htup.h to htup_details.h.

Michael Paquier

KaiGai Kohei, with one correction by me.

Not a lot of commentary needed here really.

If some existing listener is far behind, incoming new listener sessions
would start from that session's read pointer and then need to advance over
many already-committed notification messages, which they have no interest
in.  This was expensive in itself and also thrashed the pg_notify SLRU
buffers a lot more than necessary.  We can improve matters considerably
in typical scenarios, without much added cost, by starting from the
furthest-ahead read pointer, not the furthest-behind one.  We do have to
consider only sessions in our own database when doing this, which requires
an extra field in the data structure, but that's a pretty small cost.

Back-patch to 9.0 where the current LISTEN/NOTIFY logic was introduced.

Matt Newell, slightly adjusted by me

A Gather executor node runs any number of copies of a plan in an equal
number of workers and merges all of the results into a single tuple
stream.  It can also run the plan itself, if the workers are
unavailable or haven't started up yet.  It is intended to work with
the Partial Seq Scan node which will be added in future commits.

It could also be used to implement parallel query of a different sort
by itself, without help from Partial Seq Scan, if the single_copy mode
is used.  In that mode, a worker executes the plan, and the parallel
leader does not, merely collecting the worker's results.  So, a Gather
node could be inserted into a plan to split the execution of that plan
across two processes.  Nested Gather nodes aren't currently supported,
but we might want to add support for that in the future.

There's nothing in the planner to actually generate Gather nodes yet,
so it's not quite time to break out the champagne.  But we're getting
close.

Amit Kapila.  Some designs suggestions were provided by me, and I also
reviewed the patch.  Single-copy mode, documentation, and other minor
changes also by me.

If a transaction or subtransaction creates a ParallelContext but ends
without calling InitializeParallelDSM, the previous code would
seg fault.  Fix that.

When considering which policies should be included, rather than look at
individual bits of the query (eg: if a RETURNING clause exists, or if a
WHERE clause exists which is referencing the table, or if it's a
FOR SHARE/UPDATE query), consider any case where we've determined
the user needs SELECT rights on the relation while doing an UPDATE or
DELETE to be a case where we apply SELECT policies, and any case where
we've deteremind that the user needs UPDATE rights on the relation while
doing a SELECT to be a case where we apply UPDATE policies.

This simplifies the logic and addresses concerns that a user could use
UPDATE or DELETE with a WHERE clauses to determine if rows exist, or
they could use SELECT .. FOR UPDATE to lock rows which they are not
actually allowed to modify through UPDATE policies.

Use list_append_unique() to avoid adding the same quals multiple times,
as, on balance, the cost of checking when adding the quals will almost
always be cheaper than keeping them and doing busywork for each tuple
during execution.

Back-patch to 9.5 where RLS was added.

We seem to have lost a line somewhere along the way in the comment block
that discusses async.c's locks, because it suddenly refers to "both locks"
without previously having mentioned more than one.  Add a sentence to make
that read more sanely.  Also, refer to the "pos of the slowest backend"
not the "tail of the slowest backend", since we have no per-backend value
called "tail".

The tolerance (larger than actual tps number) increases as the number
of threads decreases.  The bug has been there since the thread support
was introduced in 9.0. Because back patching introduces incompatible
behavior changes regarding the tps number, the fix is committed to
master and 9.5 stable branches only.

Problem spotted by me and fix proposed by Fabien COELHO. Note that his
original patch included more than fixes (a code re-factoring) which is
not related to the problem and I omitted the part.

There are three main changes here:

1. No longer cause a start failure in a standby if the feature is
disabled in postgresql.conf but enabled in the master.  This reverts one
part of commit 4f3924d9; what we keep is the ability of the standby
to activate/deactivate the module (which includes creating and removing
segments as appropriate) during replay of such actions in the master.

2. Replay WAL records affecting commitTS even if the feature is
disabled.  This means the standby will always have the same state as the
master after replay.

3. Have COMMIT PREPARE record the transaction commit time as well.  We
were previously only applying it in the normal transaction commit path.

Author: Petr Jelínek
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAHGQGwHereDzzzmfxEBYcVQu3oZv6vZcgu1TPeERWbDc+gQ06g@mail.gmail.com
Discussion: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAHGQGwFuzfO4JscM9LCAmCDCxp_MfLvN4QdB+xWsS-FijbjTYQ@mail.gmail.com

Additionally, I cleaned up nearby code related to replication origins,
which I found a bit hard to follow, and fixed a couple of typos.

Backpatch to 9.5, where this code was introduced.

Per bug reports from Fujii Masao and subsequent discussion.

We were passing error message texts to croak() verbatim, which turns out
not to work if the text contains non-ASCII characters; Perl mangles their
encoding, as reported in bug #13638 from Michal Leinweber.  To fix, convert
the text into a UTF8-encoded SV first.

It's hard to test this without risking failures in different database
encodings; but we can follow the lead of plpython, which is already
assuming that no-break space (U+00A0) has an equivalent in all encodings
we care about running the regression tests in (cf commit 2dfa15de).

Back-patch to 9.1.  The code is quite different in 9.0, and anyway it seems
too risky to put something like this into 9.0's final minor release.

Alex Hunsaker, with suggestions from Tim Bunce and Tom Lane

Etsuro Fujita

This code provides infrastructure for a parallel leader to start up
parallel workers to execute subtrees of the plan tree being executed
in the master.  User-supplied parameters from ParamListInfo are passed
down, but PARAM_EXEC parameters are not.  Various other constructs,
such as initplans, subplans, and CTEs, are also not currently shared.
Nevertheless, there's enough here to support a basic implementation of
parallel query, and we can lift some of the current restrictions as
needed.

Amit Kapila and Robert Haas

Backpatch to 9.5 where the error was introduced.

Backpatch to all live branches to keep the code in sync.

It was introduced alongside replication origins, by commit
5aa23504, so backpatch to 9.5.

Pointed out by Fujii Masao

Thom Brown reported that SSL connections didn't seem to work on Windows in
9.5.  Asif Naeem figured out that the cause was my_sock_read() looking at
"errno" when it needs to look at "SOCK_ERRNO".  This mistake was introduced
in commit 680513ab, which cloned the
backend's custom SSL BIO code into libpq, and didn't translate the errno
handling properly.  Moreover, it introduced unnecessary errno save/restore
logic, which was particularly confusing because it was incomplete; and it
failed to check for all three of EINTR, EAGAIN, and EWOULDBLOCK in
my_sock_write.  (That might not be necessary; but since we're copying
well-tested backend code that does do that, it seems prudent to copy it
faithfully.)

To make sure that pg_dump/pg_restore function properly with RLS
policies, arrange to have a few of them left around at the end of the
regression tests.

Back-patch to 9.5 where RLS was added.

While at it, trim the includes list in copy.c.  The planner headers
cannot be removed, but there are a few others that are not of any use.

When taking the UPDATE path in an INSERT .. ON CONFLICT .. UPDATE tables
with oids were not supported. The tuple generated by the update target
list was projected without space for an oid - a simple oversight.

Reported-By: Peter Geoghegan
Author: Andres Freund
Backpatch: 9.5, where ON CONFLICT was introduced

We do this mostly everywhere, so it seems just as well to do it here,
too.

Thomas Munro

Otherwise, we effectively act as if abs_top_builddir were the root
directory, which is quite dangerous if the user happens to have
permissions to do things there.  This can crop up in PGXS builds,
for example.

Report by Sandro Santilli, patch by me, review by Noah Misch.

Make quoting style match existing style.  Improve plural support.

With the arrival of the CUBE key word/feature, the index entries for the
cube extension and the CUBE feature were collapsed into one.  Tweak the
entry for the cube extension so they are separate entries.

In 9.5 and master there is no need to support legacy truncation. This is
just committed separately to make it easier to backpatch the WAL logged
multixact truncation to 9.3 and 9.4 if we later decide to do so.

I bumped master's magic from 0xD086 to 0xD088 and 9.5's from 0xD085 to
0xD087 to avoid 9.5 reusing a value that has been in use on master while
keeping the numbers increasing between major versions.

Discussion: 20150621192409.GA4797@alap3.anarazel.de
Backpatch: 9.5

The fact that multixact truncations are not WAL logged has caused a fair
share of problems. Amongst others it requires to do computations during
recovery while the database is not in a consistent state, delaying
truncations till checkpoints, and handling members being truncated, but
offset not.

We tried to put bandaids on lots of these issues over the last years,
but it seems time to change course. Thus this patch introduces WAL
logging for multixact truncations.

This allows:
1) to perform the truncation directly during VACUUM, instead of delaying it
   to the checkpoint.
2) to avoid looking at the offsets SLRU for truncation during recovery,
   we can just use the master's values.
3) simplify a fair amount of logic to keep in memory limits straight,
   this has gotten much easier

During the course of fixing this a bunch of additional bugs had to be
fixed:
1) Data was not purged from memory the member's SLRU before deleting
   segments. This happened to be hard or impossible to hit due to the
   interlock between checkpoints and truncation.
2) find_multixact_start() relied on SimpleLruDoesPhysicalPageExist - but
   that doesn't work for offsets that haven't yet been flushed to
   disk. Add code to flush the SLRUs to fix. Not pretty, but it feels
   slightly safer to only make decisions based on actual on-disk state.
3) find_multixact_start() could be called concurrently with a truncation
   and thus fail. Via SetOffsetVacuumLimit() that could lead to a round
   of emergency vacuuming. The problem remains in
   pg_get_multixact_members(), but that's quite harmless.

For now this is going to only get applied to 9.5+, leaving the issues in
the older branches in place. It is quite possible that we need to
backpatch at a later point though.

For the case this gets backpatched we need to handle that an updated
standby may be replaying WAL from a not-yet upgraded primary. We have to
recognize that situation and use "old style" truncation (i.e. looking at
the SLRUs) during WAL replay. In contrast to before, this now happens in
the startup process, when replaying a checkpoint record, instead of the
checkpointer. Doing truncation in the restartpoint is incorrect, they
can happen much later than the original checkpoint, thereby leading to
wraparound.  To avoid "multixact_redo: unknown op code 48" errors
standbys would have to be upgraded before primaries.

A later patch will bump the WAL page magic, and remove the legacy
truncation codepaths. Legacy truncation support is just included to make
a possible future backpatch easier.

Discussion: 20150621192409.GA4797@alap3.anarazel.de
Reviewed-By: Robert Haas, Alvaro Herrera, Thomas Munro
Backpatch: 9.5 for now

This replaces ill-fated commit 5ddc7288,
which was reverted because it broke active uses of FK cache entries.  In
this patch, we still do nothing more to invalidatable cache entries than
mark them as needing revalidation, so we won't break active uses.  To keep
down the overhead of InvalidateConstraintCacheCallBack(), keep a list of
just the currently-valid cache entries.  (The entries are large enough that
some added space for list links doesn't seem like a big problem.)  This
would still be O(N^2) when there are many valid entries, though, so when
the list gets too long, just force the "sinval reset" behavior to remove
everything from the list.  I set the threshold at 1000 entries, somewhat
arbitrarily.  Possibly that could be fine-tuned later.  Another item for
future study is whether it's worth adding reference counting so that we
could safely remove invalidated entries.  As-is, problem cases are likely
to end up with large and mostly invalid FK caches.

Like the previous attempt, backpatch to 9.3.

Jan Wieck and Tom Lane

(Third time's the charm, I hope.)

Additional testing disclosed that this code could mangle already-localized
output from the "money" datatype.  We can't very easily skip applying it
to "money" values, because the logic is tied to column right-justification
and people expect "money" output to be right-justified.  Short of
decoupling that, we can fix it in what should be a safe enough way by
testing to make sure the string doesn't contain any characters that would
not be expected in plain numeric output.

On closer inspection, those seemingly redundant atoi() calls were not so
much inefficient as just plain wrong: the author of this code either had
not read, or had not understood, the POSIX specification for localeconv().
The grouping field is *not* a textual digit string but separate integers
encoded as chars.

We'll follow the existing code as well as the backend's cash.c in only
honoring the first group width, but let's at least honor it correctly.

This doesn't actually result in any behavioral change in any of the
locales I have installed on my Linux box, which may explain why nobody's
complained; grouping width 3 is close enough to universal that it's barely
worth considering other cases.  Still, wrong is wrong, so back-patch.

This code did the wrong thing entirely for numbers with an exponent
but no decimal point (e.g., '1e6'), as reported by Jeff Janes in
bug #13636.  More generally, it made lots of unverified assumptions
about what the input string could possibly look like.  Rearrange so
that it only fools with leading digits that it's directly verified
are there, and an immediately adjacent decimal point.  While at it,
get rid of some useless inefficiencies, like converting the grouping
count string to integer over and over (and over).

This has been broken for a long time, so back-patch to all supported
branches.