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Postgres FD Implementation
Commit ee7f92b7 authored by Thomas G. Lockhart's avatar Thomas G. Lockhart
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Fix up typos. 

Move "query result" tables to left side of page (remove leading spaces).
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doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml
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<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml,v 1.9 2000/05/02 20:01:52 thomas Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml,v 1.10 2000/06/14 13:10:48 thomas Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="sql"> <chapter id="sql">
...@@ -155,20 +155,22 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml,v 1.9 2000/05/02 20:01:52 thomas E ...@@ -155,20 +155,22 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/sql.sgml,v 1.9 2000/05/02 20:01:52 thomas E
<example> <example>
<title id="supplier-fig">The Suppliers and Parts Database</title> <title id="supplier-fig">The Suppliers and Parts Database</title>
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SUPPLIER SNO | SNAME | CITY SELLS SNO | PNO SUPPLIER: SELLS:
-----+---------+-------- -----+----- SNO | SNAME | CITY SNO | PNO
1 | Smith | London 1 | 1 ----+---------+-------- -----+-----
2 | Jones | Paris 1 | 2 1 | Smith | London 1 | 1
3 | Adams | Vienna 2 | 4 2 | Jones | Paris 1 | 2
4 | Blake | Rome 3 | 1 3 | Adams | Vienna 2 | 4
3 | 3 4 | Blake | Rome 3 | 1
4 | 2 3 | 3
PART PNO | PNAME | PRICE 4 | 3 4 | 2
-----+---------+--------- 4 | 4 PART: 4 | 3
1 | Screw | 10 PNO | PNAME | PRICE 4 | 4
2 | Nut | 8 ----+---------+---------
3 | Bolt | 15 1 | Screw | 10
4 | Cam | 25 2 | Nut | 8
3 | Bolt | 15
4 | Cam | 25
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</example> </example>
</para> </para>
...@@ -474,7 +476,7 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as ...@@ -474,7 +476,7 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as
INTERSECT (&cap;): builds the set-theoretic intersection of two INTERSECT (&cap;): builds the set-theoretic intersection of two
tables. Given the tables <classname>R</classname> and tables. Given the tables <classname>R</classname> and
<classname>S</classname>, <classname>S</classname>,
<classname>R</classname> &cup; <classname>S</classname> is the <classname>R</classname> &cap; <classname>S</classname> is the
set of tuples set of tuples
that are in <classname>R</classname> and in that are in <classname>R</classname> and in
<classname>S</classname>. <classname>S</classname>.
...@@ -532,11 +534,12 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as ...@@ -532,11 +534,12 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as
Let the following two tables be given: Let the following two tables be given:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
R A | B | C S C | D | E R: S:
---+---+--- ---+---+--- A | B | C C | D | E
1 | 2 | 3 3 | a | b ---+---+--- ---+---+---
4 | 5 | 6 6 | c | d 1 | 2 | 3 3 | a | b
7 | 8 | 9 4 | 5 | 6 6 | c | d
7 | 8 | 9
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</example> </example>
...@@ -547,14 +550,15 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as ...@@ -547,14 +550,15 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as
get: get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
R x S A | B | R.C | S.C | D | E R x S:
---+---+-----+-----+---+--- A | B | R.C | S.C | D | E
1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | b ---+---+-----+-----+---+---
1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | c | d 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | b
4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | a | b 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | c | d
4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | c | d 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | a | b
7 | 8 | 9 | 3 | a | b 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | c | d
7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | c | d 7 | 8 | 9 | 3 | a | b
7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | c | d
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -564,10 +568,10 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as ...@@ -564,10 +568,10 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as
we get: we get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
A | B | R.C | S.C | D | E A | B | R.C | S.C | D | E
---+---+-----+-----+---+--- ---+---+-----+-----+---+---
1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | b 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | a | b
4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | c | d 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | c | d
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -579,10 +583,10 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as ...@@ -579,10 +583,10 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as
and get: and get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
A | B | C | D | E A | B | C | D | E
---+---+---+---+--- ---+---+---+---+---
1 | 2 | 3 | a | b 1 | 2 | 3 | a | b
4 | 5 | 6 | c | d 4 | 5 | 6 | c | d
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
...@@ -595,8 +599,9 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as ...@@ -595,8 +599,9 @@ attributes are taken from. We often write a relation scheme as
C and D. C and D.
Then we define the division as: Then we define the division as:
R &divide; S = {t &mid; &forall; t<subscript>s</subscript> &isin; S <programlisting>
&exist; t<subscript>r</subscript> &isin; R R &divide; S = {t &mid; &forall; t<subscript>s</subscript> &isin; S &exist; t<subscript>r</subscript> &isin; R
</programlisting>
such that such that
t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>s</subscript>} t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>s</subscript>}
...@@ -614,24 +619,25 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -614,24 +619,25 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
Given the following tables Given the following tables
<programlisting> <programlisting>
R A | B | C | D S C | D R: S:
---+---+---+--- ---+--- A | B | C | D C | D
a | b | c | d c | d ---+---+---+--- ---+---
a | b | e | f e | f a | b | c | d c | d
b | c | e | f a | b | e | f e | f
e | d | c | d b | c | e | f
e | d | e | f e | d | c | d
a | b | d | e e | d | e | f
a | b | d | e
</programlisting> </programlisting>
R &divide; S R &divide; S
is derived as is derived as
<programlisting> <programlisting>
A | B A | B
---+--- ---+---
a | b a | b
e | d e | d
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
...@@ -668,10 +674,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -668,10 +674,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
we will obtain the following result: we will obtain the following result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNAME SNAME
------- -------
Smith Smith
Adams Adams
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</example> </example>
...@@ -720,7 +726,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -720,7 +726,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
<para> <para>
The queries used in <acronym>TRC</acronym> are of the following The queries used in <acronym>TRC</acronym> are of the following
form: form:
x(A) &mid; F(x)
<programlisting>
x(A) &mid; F(x)
</programlisting>
where <literal>x</literal> is a tuple variable where <literal>x</literal> is a tuple variable
<classname>A</classname> is a set of attributes and <literal>F</literal> is a <classname>A</classname> is a set of attributes and <literal>F</literal> is a
...@@ -733,11 +742,11 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -733,11 +742,11 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
<xref linkend="suppl-rel-alg" endterm="suppl-rel-alg"> <xref linkend="suppl-rel-alg" endterm="suppl-rel-alg">
using <acronym>TRC</acronym> we formulate the following query: using <acronym>TRC</acronym> we formulate the following query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
{x(SNAME) &mid; x &isin; SUPPLIER &and; \nonumber {x(SNAME) &mid; x &isin; SUPPLIER &and;
&exist; y &isin; SELLS &exist; z &isin; PART (y(SNO)=x(SNO) &and; \nonumber &exist; y &isin; SELLS &exist; z &isin; PART (y(SNO)=x(SNO) &and;
z(PNO)=y(PNO) &and; \nonumber z(PNO)=y(PNO) &and;
z(PNAME)='Screw')} \nonumber z(PNAME)='Screw')}
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -806,7 +815,9 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -806,7 +815,9 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
to involve to involve
arithmetic operations as well as comparisons, e.g. arithmetic operations as well as comparisons, e.g.
A &lt; B + 3. <programlisting>
A &lt; B + 3.
</programlisting>
Note Note
that + or other arithmetic operators appear neither in relational that + or other arithmetic operators appear neither in relational
...@@ -843,17 +854,17 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -843,17 +854,17 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
used to retrieve data. The syntax is: used to retrieve data. The syntax is:
<synopsis> <synopsis>
SELECT [ALL|DISTINCT] SELECT [ALL|DISTINCT]
{ * | <replaceable class="parameter">expr_1</replaceable> [AS <replaceable class="parameter">c_alias_1</replaceable>] [, ... { * | <replaceable class="parameter">expr_1</replaceable> [AS <replaceable class="parameter">c_alias_1</replaceable>] [, ...
[, <replaceable class="parameter">expr_k</replaceable> [AS <replaceable class="parameter">c_alias_k</replaceable>]]]} [, <replaceable class="parameter">expr_k</replaceable> [AS <replaceable class="parameter">c_alias_k</replaceable>]]]}
FROM <replaceable class="parameter">table_name_1</replaceable> [<replaceable class="parameter">t_alias_1</replaceable>] FROM <replaceable class="parameter">table_name_1</replaceable> [<replaceable class="parameter">t_alias_1</replaceable>]
[, ... [, <replaceable class="parameter">table_name_n</replaceable> [<replaceable class="parameter">t_alias_n</replaceable>]]] [, ... [, <replaceable class="parameter">table_name_n</replaceable> [<replaceable class="parameter">t_alias_n</replaceable>]]]
[WHERE <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>] [WHERE <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>]
[GROUP BY <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_i</replaceable> [GROUP BY <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_i</replaceable>
[,... [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_j</replaceable>]] [HAVING <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>]] [,... [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_j</replaceable>]] [HAVING <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>]]
[{UNION [ALL] | INTERSECT | EXCEPT} SELECT ...] [{UNION [ALL] | INTERSECT | EXCEPT} SELECT ...]
[ORDER BY <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_i</replaceable> [ASC|DESC] [ORDER BY <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_i</replaceable> [ASC|DESC]
[, ... [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_j</replaceable> [ASC|DESC]]]]; [, ... [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_j</replaceable> [ASC|DESC]]]];
</synopsis> </synopsis>
</para> </para>
...@@ -876,17 +887,17 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -876,17 +887,17 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
greater than 10 we formulate the following query: greater than 10 we formulate the following query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT * FROM PART SELECT * FROM PART
WHERE PRICE > 10; WHERE PRICE > 10;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and get the table: and get the table:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
PNO | PNAME | PRICE PNO | PNAME | PRICE
-----+---------+-------- -----+---------+--------
3 | Bolt | 15 3 | Bolt | 15
4 | Cam | 25 4 | Cam | 25
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -896,9 +907,9 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -896,9 +907,9 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
from table PART we use the statement: from table PART we use the statement:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT PNAME, PRICE SELECT PNAME, PRICE
FROM PART FROM PART
WHERE PRICE > 10; WHERE PRICE > 10;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
In this case the result is: In this case the result is:
...@@ -920,18 +931,18 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -920,18 +931,18 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
using the keywords OR, AND, and NOT: using the keywords OR, AND, and NOT:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT PNAME, PRICE SELECT PNAME, PRICE
FROM PART FROM PART
WHERE PNAME = 'Bolt' AND WHERE PNAME = 'Bolt' AND
(PRICE = 0 OR PRICE < 15); (PRICE = 0 OR PRICE < 15);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
will lead to the result: will lead to the result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
PNAME | PRICE PNAME | PRICE
--------+-------- --------+--------
Bolt | 15 Bolt | 15
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -941,19 +952,19 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -941,19 +952,19 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
take two pieces of a part we could use the following query: take two pieces of a part we could use the following query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT PNAME, PRICE * 2 AS DOUBLE SELECT PNAME, PRICE * 2 AS DOUBLE
FROM PART FROM PART
WHERE PRICE * 2 < 50; WHERE PRICE * 2 < 50;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and we get: and we get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
PNAME | DOUBLE PNAME | DOUBLE
--------+--------- --------+---------
Screw | 20 Screw | 20
Nut | 16 Nut | 16
Bolt | 30 Bolt | 30
</programlisting> </programlisting>
Note that the word DOUBLE after the keyword AS is the new title of the Note that the word DOUBLE after the keyword AS is the new title of the
...@@ -980,25 +991,25 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -980,25 +991,25 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
attributes we formulate the following statement: attributes we formulate the following statement:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT S.SNAME, P.PNAME SELECT S.SNAME, P.PNAME
FROM SUPPLIER S, PART P, SELLS SE FROM SUPPLIER S, PART P, SELLS SE
WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO AND WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO AND
P.PNO = SE.PNO; P.PNO = SE.PNO;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and get the following table as a result: and get the following table as a result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNAME | PNAME SNAME | PNAME
-------+------- -------+-------
Smith | Screw Smith | Screw
Smith | Nut Smith | Nut
Jones | Cam Jones | Cam
Adams | Screw Adams | Screw
Adams | Bolt Adams | Bolt
Blake | Nut Blake | Nut
Blake | Bolt Blake | Bolt
Blake | Cam Blake | Cam
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1040,8 +1051,8 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1040,8 +1051,8 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
the following query: the following query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT AVG(PRICE) AS AVG_PRICE SELECT AVG(PRICE) AS AVG_PRICE
FROM PART; FROM PART;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1049,9 +1060,9 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1049,9 +1060,9 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
The result is: The result is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
AVG_PRICE AVG_PRICE
----------- -----------
14.5 14.5
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1060,16 +1071,16 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1060,16 +1071,16 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
the statement: the statement:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT COUNT(PNO) SELECT COUNT(PNO)
FROM PART; FROM PART;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and get: and get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
COUNT COUNT
------- -------
4 4
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1108,21 +1119,21 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1108,21 +1119,21 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
formulate the query: formulate the query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, COUNT(SE.PNO) SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, COUNT(SE.PNO)
FROM SUPPLIER S, SELLS SE FROM SUPPLIER S, SELLS SE
WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO
GROUP BY S.SNO, S.SNAME; GROUP BY S.SNO, S.SNAME;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and get: and get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNO | SNAME | COUNT SNO | SNAME | COUNT
-----+-------+------- -----+-------+-------
1 | Smith | 2 1 | Smith | 2
2 | Jones | 1 2 | Jones | 1
3 | Adams | 2 3 | Adams | 2
4 | Blake | 3 4 | Blake | 3
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1132,16 +1143,16 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1132,16 +1143,16 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
tables SUPPLIER and SELLS is derived: tables SUPPLIER and SELLS is derived:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
S.SNO | S.SNAME | SE.PNO S.SNO | S.SNAME | SE.PNO
-------+---------+-------- -------+---------+--------
1 | Smith | 1 1 | Smith | 1
1 | Smith | 2 1 | Smith | 2
2 | Jones | 4 2 | Jones | 4
3 | Adams | 1 3 | Adams | 1
3 | Adams | 3 3 | Adams | 3
4 | Blake | 2 4 | Blake | 2
4 | Blake | 3 4 | Blake | 3
4 | Blake | 4 4 | Blake | 4
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1150,19 +1161,19 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1150,19 +1161,19 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
together that agree on both attributes S.SNO and S.SNAME: together that agree on both attributes S.SNO and S.SNAME:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
S.SNO | S.SNAME | SE.PNO S.SNO | S.SNAME | SE.PNO
-------+---------+-------- -------+---------+--------
1 | Smith | 1 1 | Smith | 1
| 2 | 2
-------------------------- --------------------------
2 | Jones | 4 2 | Jones | 4
-------------------------- --------------------------
3 | Adams | 1 3 | Adams | 1
| 3 | 3
-------------------------- --------------------------
4 | Blake | 2 4 | Blake | 2
| 3 | 3
| 4 | 4
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1204,21 +1215,21 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1204,21 +1215,21 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
query: query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, COUNT(SE.PNO) SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, COUNT(SE.PNO)
FROM SUPPLIER S, SELLS SE FROM SUPPLIER S, SELLS SE
WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO
GROUP BY S.SNO, S.SNAME GROUP BY S.SNO, S.SNAME
HAVING COUNT(SE.PNO) > 1; HAVING COUNT(SE.PNO) > 1;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
and get: and get:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNO | SNAME | COUNT SNO | SNAME | COUNT
-----+-------+------- -----+-------+-------
1 | Smith | 2 1 | Smith | 2
3 | Adams | 2 3 | Adams | 2
4 | Blake | 3 4 | Blake | 3
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</example> </example>
...@@ -1243,10 +1254,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1243,10 +1254,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
named 'Screw' we use the query: named 'Screw' we use the query:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM PART FROM PART
WHERE PRICE > (SELECT PRICE FROM PART WHERE PRICE > (SELECT PRICE FROM PART
WHERE PNAME='Screw'); WHERE PNAME='Screw');
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1254,10 +1265,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1254,10 +1265,10 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
The result is: The result is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
PNO | PNAME | PRICE PNO | PNAME | PRICE
-----+---------+-------- -----+---------+--------
3 | Bolt | 15 3 | Bolt | 15
4 | Cam | 25 4 | Cam | 25
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1272,16 +1283,16 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1272,16 +1283,16 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
greater. greater.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
If we want to know all suppliers that do not sell any part If we want to know all suppliers that do not sell any part
(e.g. to be able to remove these suppliers from the database) we use: (e.g. to be able to remove these suppliers from the database) we use:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE NOT EXISTS WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM SELLS SE (SELECT * FROM SELLS SE
WHERE SE.SNO = S.SNO); WHERE SE.SNO = S.SNO);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1310,22 +1321,22 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript> ...@@ -1310,22 +1321,22 @@ t<subscript>r</subscript>(A,B)=t&and;t<subscript>r</subscript>(C,D)=t<subscript>
The following query is an example for UNION: The following query is an example for UNION:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE S.SNAME = 'Jones' WHERE S.SNAME = 'Jones'
UNION UNION
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE S.SNAME = 'Adams'; WHERE S.SNAME = 'Adams';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
gives the result: gives the result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNO | SNAME | CITY SNO | SNAME | CITY
-----+-------+-------- -----+-------+--------
2 | Jones | Paris 2 | Jones | Paris
3 | Adams | Vienna 3 | Adams | Vienna
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1333,45 +1344,46 @@ gives the result: ...@@ -1333,45 +1344,46 @@ gives the result:
Here an example for INTERSECT: Here an example for INTERSECT:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE S.SNO > 1 WHERE S.SNO > 1
INTERSECT INTERSECT
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE S.SNO > 2; WHERE S.SNO > 2;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
gives the result: gives the result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNO | SNAME | CITY SNO | SNAME | CITY
-----+-------+-------- -----+-------+--------
2 | Jones | Paris 2 | Jones | Paris
The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
</programlisting> </programlisting>
The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Finally an example for EXCEPT: Finally an example for EXCEPT:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE S.SNO > 1 WHERE S.SNO > 1
EXCEPT EXCEPT
SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY SELECT S.SNO, S.SNAME, S.CITY
FROM SUPPLIER S FROM SUPPLIER S
WHERE S.SNO > 3; WHERE S.SNO > 3;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
gives the result: gives the result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNO | SNAME | CITY SNO | SNAME | CITY
-----+-------+-------- -----+-------+--------
2 | Jones | Paris 2 | Jones | Paris
3 | Adams | Vienna 3 | Adams | Vienna
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</example> </example>
...@@ -1395,11 +1407,11 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1395,11 +1407,11 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
one that creates a new relation (a new table). The syntax of the one that creates a new relation (a new table). The syntax of the
CREATE TABLE command is: CREATE TABLE command is:
<synopsis> <synopsis>
CREATE TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> CREATE TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable>
(<replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_1</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">type_of_attr_1</replaceable> (<replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_1</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">type_of_attr_1</replaceable>
[, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_2</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">type_of_attr_2</replaceable> [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_2</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">type_of_attr_2</replaceable>
[, ...]]); [, ...]]);
</synopsis> </synopsis>
<example> <example>
...@@ -1411,23 +1423,23 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1411,23 +1423,23 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
following <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements are used: following <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements are used:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE SUPPLIER CREATE TABLE SUPPLIER
(SNO INTEGER, (SNO INTEGER,
SNAME VARCHAR(20), SNAME VARCHAR(20),
CITY VARCHAR(20)); CITY VARCHAR(20));
</programlisting> </programlisting>
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE PART CREATE TABLE PART
(PNO INTEGER, (PNO INTEGER,
PNAME VARCHAR(20), PNAME VARCHAR(20),
PRICE DECIMAL(4 , 2)); PRICE DECIMAL(4 , 2));
</programlisting> </programlisting>
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE TABLE SELLS CREATE TABLE SELLS
(SNO INTEGER, (SNO INTEGER,
PNO INTEGER); PNO INTEGER);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</example> </example>
...@@ -1463,7 +1475,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1463,7 +1475,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
<replaceable class="parameter">q</replaceable> <replaceable class="parameter">q</replaceable>
of them right to the decimal point. of them right to the decimal point.
(15 &ge; <replaceable class="parameter">p</replaceable> &ge; <replaceable class="parameter">q</replaceable>q &ge; 0). (15 &ge; <replaceable class="parameter">p</replaceable> &ge; <replaceable class="parameter">q</replaceable> &ge; 0).
If <replaceable class="parameter">q</replaceable> If <replaceable class="parameter">q</replaceable>
is omitted it is assumed to be 0. is omitted it is assumed to be 0.
...@@ -1514,8 +1526,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1514,8 +1526,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
the CREATE INDEX command is used. The syntax is: the CREATE INDEX command is used. The syntax is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE INDEX <replaceable class="parameter">index_name</replaceable> CREATE INDEX <replaceable class="parameter">index_name</replaceable>
ON <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> ( <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attribute</replaceable> ); ON <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> ( <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attribute</replaceable> );
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1528,8 +1540,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1528,8 +1540,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
we use the following statement: we use the following statement:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE INDEX I CREATE INDEX I ON SUPPLIER (SNAME);
ON SUPPLIER (SNAME);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1578,8 +1589,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1578,8 +1589,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
is: is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE VIEW <replaceable class="parameter">view_name</replaceable> CREATE VIEW <replaceable class="parameter">view_name</replaceable>
AS <replaceable class="parameter">select_stmt</replaceable> AS <replaceable class="parameter">select_stmt</replaceable>
</programlisting> </programlisting>
where <replaceable class="parameter">select_stmt</replaceable> where <replaceable class="parameter">select_stmt</replaceable>
...@@ -1597,12 +1608,12 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1597,12 +1608,12 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
<xref linkend="supplier-fig" endterm="supplier-fig"> again): <xref linkend="supplier-fig" endterm="supplier-fig"> again):
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE VIEW London_Suppliers CREATE VIEW London_Suppliers
AS SELECT S.SNAME, P.PNAME AS SELECT S.SNAME, P.PNAME
FROM SUPPLIER S, PART P, SELLS SE FROM SUPPLIER S, PART P, SELLS SE
WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO AND WHERE S.SNO = SE.SNO AND
P.PNO = SE.PNO AND P.PNO = SE.PNO AND
S.CITY = 'London'; S.CITY = 'London';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1612,17 +1623,16 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1612,17 +1623,16 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
if it were another base table: if it were another base table:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT * SELECT * FROM London_Suppliers
FROM London_Suppliers WHERE P.PNAME = 'Screw';
WHERE P.PNAME = 'Screw';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
which will return the following table: which will return the following table:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SNAME | PNAME SNAME | PNAME
-------+------- -------+-------
Smith | Screw Smith | Screw
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1646,7 +1656,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1646,7 +1656,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
DROP TABLE command is used: DROP TABLE command is used:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DROP TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable>; DROP TABLE <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable>;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1654,7 +1664,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1654,7 +1664,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
To destroy the SUPPLIER table use the following statement: To destroy the SUPPLIER table use the following statement:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DROP TABLE SUPPLIER; DROP TABLE SUPPLIER;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1662,7 +1672,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1662,7 +1672,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
The DROP INDEX command is used to destroy an index: The DROP INDEX command is used to destroy an index:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DROP INDEX <replaceable class="parameter">index_name</replaceable>; DROP INDEX <replaceable class="parameter">index_name</replaceable>;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1670,7 +1680,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1670,7 +1680,7 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
Finally to destroy a given view use the command DROP VIEW: Finally to destroy a given view use the command DROP VIEW:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DROP VIEW <replaceable class="parameter">view_name</replaceable>; DROP VIEW <replaceable class="parameter">view_name</replaceable>;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</sect3> </sect3>
...@@ -1689,10 +1699,9 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1689,10 +1699,9 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
The syntax is: The syntax is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
INSERT INTO <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> (<replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_1</replaceable> INSERT INTO <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> (<replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_1</replaceable>
[, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_2</replaceable> [,...]]) [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_2</replaceable> [,...]])
VALUES (<replaceable class="parameter">val_attr_1</replaceable> VALUES (<replaceable class="parameter">val_attr_1</replaceable> [, <replaceable class="parameter">val_attr_2</replaceable> [, ...]]);
[, <replaceable class="parameter">val_attr_2</replaceable> [, ...]]);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1702,8 +1711,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1702,8 +1711,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
following statement: following statement:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
INSERT INTO SUPPLIER (SNO, SNAME, CITY) INSERT INTO SUPPLIER (SNO, SNAME, CITY)
VALUES (1, 'Smith', 'London'); VALUES (1, 'Smith', 'London');
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1711,8 +1720,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1711,8 +1720,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
To insert the first tuple into the relation SELLS we use: To insert the first tuple into the relation SELLS we use:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
INSERT INTO SELLS (SNO, PNO) INSERT INTO SELLS (SNO, PNO)
VALUES (1, 1); VALUES (1, 1);
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</sect3> </sect3>
...@@ -1725,10 +1734,10 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1725,10 +1734,10 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
UPDATE command is used. The syntax is: UPDATE command is used. The syntax is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
UPDATE <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> UPDATE <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable>
SET <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_1</replaceable> = <replaceable class="parameter">value_1</replaceable> SET <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_1</replaceable> = <replaceable class="parameter">value_1</replaceable>
[, ... [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_k</replaceable> = <replaceable class="parameter">value_k</replaceable>]] [, ... [, <replaceable class="parameter">name_of_attr_k</replaceable> = <replaceable class="parameter">value_k</replaceable>]]
WHERE <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>; WHERE <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1737,9 +1746,9 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1737,9 +1746,9 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
relation PART we use: relation PART we use:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
UPDATE PART UPDATE PART
SET PRICE = 15 SET PRICE = 15
WHERE PNAME = 'Screw'; WHERE PNAME = 'Screw';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1757,8 +1766,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1757,8 +1766,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
FROM. The syntax is: FROM. The syntax is:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DELETE FROM <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> DELETE FROM <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable>
WHERE <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>; WHERE <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
...@@ -1767,8 +1776,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$. ...@@ -1767,8 +1776,8 @@ The only tuple returned by both parts of the query is the one having $SNO=2$.
following statement is used: following statement is used:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
DELETE FROM SUPPLIER DELETE FROM SUPPLIER
WHERE SNAME = 'Smith'; WHERE SNAME = 'Smith';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para> </para>
</sect3> </sect3>
......
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