Add pgench: a TPC-B like benchmarking tool

contrib/README

@@ -83,3 +83,7 @@ userlock -
 vacuumlo -
 	Remove orphaned large objects
 	by Peter T Mount <peter@retep.org.uk>
+
+pgbench -
+	TPC-B like benchmarking tool
+	by Tatsuo Ishii <t-ishii@sra.co.jp>

contrib/pgbench/Makefile

+# $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/contrib/pgbench/Makefile,v 1.1 2000/01/15 12:38:09 ishii Exp $
+
+SRCDIR= ../../src
+
+include $(SRCDIR)/Makefile.global
+
+CFLAGS:= -I$(LIBPQDIR) $(CFLAGS)
+
+TARGET = pgbench
+OBJS = pgbench.o
+
+all:: $(TARGET)
+
+$(TARGET): $(OBJS)
+	$(CC) -o $(TARGET) $(OBJS) -L$(LIBPQDIR) -lpq $(LDFLAGS)
+
+install: $(TARGET)
+	$(INSTALL) $(INSTL_EXE_OPTS) $(TARGET)$(X) $(BINDIR)/$(TARGET)$(X)
+
+clean:
+	$(RM) $(TARGET)$(X) $(OBJS)
+
+distclean: clean

contrib/pgbench/README

+pgbench 1.2 README		2000/1/15 Tatsuo Ishii (t-ishii@sra.co.jp)
+
+o What is pgbench?
+
+  pgbench is a simple program to run a benchmark test sort of
+  "TPC-B". pgbench is a client application of PostgreSQL and runs
+  with PostgreSQL only. It performs lots of small and simple
+  transactions including select/update/insert operations then
+  calculates number of transactions successfully completed within a
+  second (transactions per second, tps). Targeting data includes a
+  table with at least 100k tuples.
+
+  Example outputs from pgbench look like:
+
+	number of clients: 4
+	number of transactions per client: 100
+	number of processed transactions: 400/400
+	tps = 19.875015(including connections establishing)
+	tps = 20.098827(excluding connections establishing)
+
+  Similar program called "JDBCBench" already exists, but it requires
+  Java that may not be available on every platform. Moreover some
+  people concerned about the overhead of Java that might lead
+  inaccurate results. So I decided to write in pure C, and named
+  it "pgbench."
+
+o features of pgbench
+
+  - pgbench is written in C using libpq only. So it is very portable
+    and easy to install.
+
+  - pgbench can simulate concurrent connections using asynchronous
+    capability of libpq. No threading is required.
+
+o How to install pgbench
+
+ (1) Edit the first line in Makefile
+
+	POSTGRESHOME = /usr/local/pgsql
+
+     so that it points to the directory where PostgreSQL installed.
+
+ (2) Run configure
+
+ (3) Run make. You will see an executable file "pgbench" there.
+
+o How to use pgbench?
+
+  (1) Initialize database by:
+
+	pgbench -i <dbname>
+
+      where <dbname> is the name of database. pgbench uses four tables
+      accounts, branches, history and tellers. These tables will be
+      destroyed. Be very carefully if you have tables having same
+      names. Default test data contains:
+
+	table		# of tuples
+	-------------------------
+	branches	1
+	tellers		10
+	accounts	100000
+	history		0
+
+	You can increase the number of tuples by using -s option. See
+	below.
+
+  (2) Run the benchmark test
+
+	pgbench <dbname>
+
+      The default configuration is:
+
+	number of clients: 1
+	number of transactions per client: 10
+
+o options
+
+  pgbench has number of options.
+
+	-h hostname
+		hostname where the backend is running. If this option
+		is omitted, pgbench will connect to the localhost via
+		Unix domain socket.
+
+	-p port
+		the port number that the backend is accepting. default is
+		5432.
+
+	-c number_of_clients
+		Number of clients simulated. default is 1.
+
+	-t number_of_transactions
+		Number of transactions each client runs. default is 10.
+
+	-s scaling_factor
+		this should be used with -i (initialize) option.
+		number of tuples generated will be multiple of the
+		scaling factor. For example, -s 100 will imply 10M
+		(10,000,000) tuples in the accounts table.
+		default is 1.
+
+	-n
+		No vacuuming and cleaning the history table prior the
+		test is performed.
+
+	-v
+		Do vacuuming before testing. This will take some time.
+		Without both -n and -v pgbench will vacuum tellers and
+		branches tables only.
+
+	-S
+		Perform select only transactions instead of TPC-B.
+
+	-d
+		debug option.
+
+
+o What is the "transaction" actually performed in pgbench?
+
+  (1) begin;
+
+  (2) update accounts set abalance = abalance + :delta where aid = :aid;
+
+  (3) select abalance from accounts where aid = :aid;
+
+  (4) update tellers set tbalance = tbalance + :delta where tid = :tid;
+
+  (5) update branches set bbalance = bbalance + :delta where bid = :bid;
+
+  (6) insert into history(tid,bid,aid,delta) values(:tid,:bid,:aid,:delta);
+
+  (7) end;
+
+o License?
+
+Basically it is same as BSD license. See pgbench.c for more details.
+
+o History
+
+2000/1/15 pgbench-1.2 contributed to PostgreSQL
+	* Add -v option
+
+1999/09/29 pgbench-1.1 released
+	* Apply cygwin patches contributed by Yutaka Tanida
+	* More robust when backends die
+	* Add -S option (select only)
+
+1999/09/04 pgbench-1.0 released
\ No newline at end of file

contrib/pgbench/README.jis

+pgbench 1.2 README		2000/1/15 Tatsuo Ishii (t-ishii@sra.co.jp)
+
+$B"#(Bpgbench $B$H$O!)(B
+
+pgbench $B$O(B TPC-B$B$K;w$?%Y%s%A%^!<%/%F%9%H$r9T$J$&%W%m%0%i%`$G$9!#:#$N$H(B
+$B$3$m(B PostgreSQL $B@lMQ$G$9!#(B
+
+pgbench $B$O(B select/update/insert $B$r4^$`%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s$r<B9T$7!"A4BN$N(B
+$B<B9T;~4V$H<B:]$K40N;$7$?%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s$N?t$+$i(B 1 $BIC4V$K<B9T$G$-$?%H(B
+$B%i%s%6%/%7%g%s?t(B (tps) $B$rI=<($7$^$9!#=hM}$NBP>]$H$J$k%F!<%V%k$O%G%U%)(B
+$B%k%H$G$O(B 10$BK|%?%W%k$N%G!<%?$r4^$_$^$9!#(B
+
+$B<B:]$NI=<($O0J2<$N$h$&$J46$8$G$9!#(B
+
+number of clients: 4
+number of transactions per client: 100
+number of processed transactions: 400/400
+tps = 19.875015(including connections establishing)
+tps = 20.098827(excluding connections establishing)
+
+pgbench $B$O(B JDBCBench $B$H$$$&!"$b$H$b$H$O(B MySQL $BMQ$K=q$+$l$?(B JDBC $BMQ$N%Y(B
+$B%s%A%^!<%/%W%m%0%i%`$r;29M$K:n@.$5$l$^$7$?!#(B
+
+$B"#(Bpgbench $B$NFCD'(B
+
+o C $B8@8l$H(B libpq $B$@$1$G=q$+$l$F$$$k$N$G0\?"@-$,9b$/!"4JC1$K%$%s%9%H!<(B
+$B%k$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+o pgbench $B$O(B libpq $B$NHsF14|=hM}5!G=$r;H$C$F%^%k%A%f!<%64D6-$r%7%_%e%l!<(B
+$B%H$7$^$9!#MF0W$KF1;~@\B34D6-$r%F%9%H$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B"#(Bpgbench $B$N%$%s%9%H!<%k(B
+
+Makefile$B$N0lHV>e$K$"$k(B
+
+	POSTGRESHOME = /usr/local/pgsql
+
+$B$rI,MW$K1~$8$F=$@5$7!"(Bconfigure;make $B$9$k$@$1$G$9!#(B
+
+$B"#(Bpgbench $B$N;H$$J}(B
+
+$B4pK\E*$J;H$$J}$O!"(B
+
+$ pgbench [$B%G!<%?%Y!<%9L>(B]
+
+$B$G$9!#%G!<%?%Y!<%9L>$r>JN,$9$k$H!"%f!<%6L>$HF1$8%G!<%?%Y!<%9$r;XDj$7$?(B
+$B$b$N$H$_$J$7$^$9!#%G!<%?%Y!<%9$O8e=R$N(B -i $B%*%W%7%g%s$r;H$C$F$"$i$+$8$a(B
+$B=i4|2=$7$F$*$/I,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+pgbench $B$K$O$$$m$$$m$J%*%W%7%g%s$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+-h $B%[%9%HL>(B	PostgreSQL$B$N%G!<%?%Y!<%9%G!<%b%s(B postmaster $B$NF0(B
+		$B$$$F$$$k%[%9%HL>$r;XDj$7$^$9!#>JN,$9$k$H<+%[%9%H$K(B Unix domain
+		socket $B$G@\B3$7$^$9!#(B
+
+-p $B%]!<%HHV9f(B	postmaster $B$N;HMQ$9$k%]!<%HHV9f$r;XDj$7$^$9!#>JN,$9$k$H(B 5432
+		$B$,;XDj$5$l$?$b$N$H$_$J$7$^$9!#(B
+
+-c $B%/%i%$%"%s%H?t(B	$BF1;~<B9T%/%i%$%"%s%H?t$r;XDj$7$^$9!#>JN,;~$O(B
+			1 $B$H$J$j$^$9!#(Bpgbench $B$OF1;~<B9T%/%i%$%"%s%HKh$K(B
+			$B%U%!%$%k%G%#%9%/%j%W%?$r;HMQ$9$k$N$G!";HMQ2DG=(B
+			$B%U%!%$%k%G%#%9%/%j%W%??t$r1[$($k%/%i%$%"%s%H?t$O(B
+			$B;XDj$G$-$^$;$s!#;HMQ2DG=%U%!%$%k%G%#%9%/%j%W%??t(B
+			$B$O(B limit $B$d(B ulimit $B%3%^%s%I$GCN$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+-t $B%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s?t(B	$B3F%/%i%$%"%s%H$,<B9T$9$k%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s?t$r(B
+			$B;XDj$7$^$9!#>JN,;~$O(B 10 $B$H$J$j$^$9!#(B
+
+-s $B%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<(B
+
+		-i $B%*%W%7%g%s$H0l=o$K;HMQ$7$^$9!#(B
+		$B%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<$O(B1$B0J>e$N@0?t!#%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!(B
+		$B%/%?!<$rJQ$($k$3$H$K$h$j!"%F%9%H$NBP>]$H$J$k%F!<%V%k$N(B
+		$BBg$-$5$,(B 10$BK|(B x [$B%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<(B]$B$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
+		$B%G%U%)%k%H$N%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<$O(B 1 $B$G$9!#(B
+
+-v		$B$3$N%*%W%7%g%s$r;XDj$9$k$H!"%Y%s%A%^!<%/3+;OA0$K(B vacuum $B$H(B
+		history $B$N%/%j%"$r9T$J$$$^$9!#(B-v $B$H(B -n $B$r>JN,$9$k$H!"(B
+		$B:G>.8B$N(B vacuum $B$J$I$r9T$$$^$9!#$9$J$o$A!"(Bhistory $B$N:o=|!"(B
+		$B$H(B history, branches, history $B$N(B vacuum $B$r9T$$$^$9!#(B
+		$B$3$l$O!"(Bvacuum $B$N;~4V$r:G>.8B$K$7$J$,$i!"%Q%U%)!<%^%s%9$K(B
+		$B1F6A$9$k%4%_A]=|$r8z2LE*$K9T$$$^$9!#DL>o$O(B -v $B$H(B -n $B$r(B
+		$B>JN,$9$k$3$H$r$*$9$9$a$7$^$9!#(B
+
+-n		$B$3$N%*%W%7%g%s$r;XDj$9$k$H!"%Y%s%A%^!<%/3+;OA0$K(B vacuum $B$H(B
+		history $B$N%/%j%"$r9T$J$$$^$;$s!#(B
+
+-S		TPC-B$B$N%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s$G$O$J$/!"8!:w$N$_$N%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s$r(B
+		$B<B9T$7$^$9!#8!:w%9%T!<%I$rB,Dj$7$?$$$H$-$K;H$$$^$9!#(B
+
+-d		$B%G%P%C%0%*%W%7%g%s!#MM!9$J>pJs$,I=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$B"#%G!<%?%Y!<%9$N=i4|2=(B
+
+pgbench $B$G%Y%s%A%^!<%/%F%9%H$r<B;\$9$k$?$a$K$O!"$"$i$+$8$a%G!<%?%Y!<%9(B
+$B$r=i4|2=$7!"%F%9%H%G!<%?$r:n$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+$ pgbench -i [$B%G!<%?%Y!<%9L>(B]
+
+$B$3$l$K$h$j0J2<$N%F!<%V%k$,:n$i$l$^$9(B($B%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<(B == 1 $B$N>l9g(B)$B!#(B
+
+$B!vCm0U!v(B
+$BF1$8L>A0$N%F!<%V%k$,$"$k$H:o=|$5$l$F$7$^$&$N$G$4Cm0U2<$5$$!*!*(B
+
+$B%F!<%V%kL>(B	$B%?%W%k?t(B
+-------------------------
+branches	1
+tellers		10
+accounts	100000
+history		0
+
+$B%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<$r(B 10,100,1000 $B$J$I$KJQ99$9$k$H!">e5-%?%W%k?t$O(B
+$B$=$l$K1~$8$F(B10$BG\!"(B100$BG\!"(B1000$BG\$K$J$j$^$9!#$?$H$($P!"%9%1!<%j%s%0%U%!(B
+$B%/%?!<$r(B 10 $B$H$9$k$H!"(B
+
+$B%F!<%V%kL>(B	$B%?%W%k?t(B
+-------------------------
+branches	10
+tellers		100
+accounts	1000000
+history		0
+
+$B$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
+
+$B"#!V%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s!W$NDj5A(B
+
+pgbench $B$G$O!"0J2<$N%7!<%1%s%9$rA4It40N;$7$F(B1$B%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s$H?t$($F(B
+$B$$$^$9!#(B
+
+(1) begin;
+
+(2) update accounts set abalance = abalance + :delta where aid = :aid;
+    $B$3$3$G!"(B:delta$B$O(B1$B$+$i(B1000$B$^$G$NCM$r<h$kMp?t!"(B:aid $B$O(B 1$B$+$i(B100000$B$^$G(B
+    $B$NCM$r<h$kMp?t$G$9!#0J2<!"Mp?t$NCM$O$=$l$>$l$3$N%H%i%s%6%/%7%g%s$N(B
+    $BCf$G$OF1$8CM$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
+
+(3) select abalance from accounts where aid = :aid;
+    $B$3$3$G$O(B1$B7o$@$18!:w$5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+(4) update tellers set tbalance = tbalance + :delta where tid = :tid;
+    $B$3$3$G(B :tid $B$O(B 1$B$+$i(B10$B$N4V$NCM$r$H$kMp?t$G$9!#(B
+
+(5) update branches set bbalance = bbalance + :delta where bid = :bid;
+    $B$3$3$G(B :bid $B$O(B 1 $B$+$i(B[$B%9%1%j%s%0%U%!%/%?!<(B]$B$N4V$NCM$r<h$kMp?t$G$9!#(B
+
+(6) insert into history(tid,bid,aid,delta) values(:tid,:bid,:aid,:delta);
+
+(7) end;
+
+$B"#:n<T$H%i%$%;%s%9>r7o(B
+
+pgbench $B$O@P0f(B $BC#IW$K$h$C$F=q$+$l$^$7$?!#%i%$%;%s%9>r7o$O(B pgbench.c $B$N(B
+$BKAF,$K=q$$$F$"$j$^$9!#$3$N>r7o$r<i$k8B$jL5=~$GMxMQ$7!"$^$?<+M3$K:FG[IU(B
+$B$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B"#2~DjMzNr(B
+
+2000/1/15 pgbench-1.2 $B$O(B PostgreSQL $B$K(B contribute $B$5$l$^$7$?!#(B
+	* -v $B%*%W%7%g%sDI2C(B
+
+1999/09/29 pgbench-1.1 $B%j%j!<%9(B
+	* $BC+ED$5$s$K$h$k(Bcygwin$BBP1~%Q%C%A<h$j9~$_(B
+	* $B%P%C%/%(%s%I%/%i%C%7%e;~$NBP1~(B
+	* -S $B%*%W%7%g%sDI2C(B
+
+1999/09/04 pgbench-1.0 $B%j%j!<%9(B

contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c

+/*
+ * $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/contrib/pgbench/pgbench.c,v 1.1 2000/01/15 12:38:09 ishii Exp $
+ *
+ * pgbench: a simple TPC-B like benchmark program for PostgreSQL
+ * written by Tatsuo Ishii
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2000  Tatsuo Ishii
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+ * its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
+ * granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
+ * copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
+ * notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of the
+ * author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+ * distribution of the software without specific, written prior
+ * permission. The author makes no representations about the
+ * suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as
+ * is" without express or implied warranty.
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "postgres.h"
+#include "libpq-fe.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+#include "win32.h"
+#else
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#if HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
+#include <getopt.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
+#include <sys/select.h>
+#endif
+
+/* for getrlimit */
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+
+#endif	 /* WIN32 */
+
+/********************************************************************
+ * some configurable parameters */
+
+#define MAXCLIENTS 1024	/* max number of clients allowed */
+
+int nclients = 1;	/* default number of simulated clients */
+int nxacts = 10;	/* default number of transactions per clients */
+
+/*
+ * scaling factor. for example, tps = 10 will make 1000000 tuples of
+ * accounts table.
+ */
+int tps = 1;
+
+/*
+ * end of configurable parameters
+ *********************************************************************/
+
+#define nbranches	1
+#define ntellers	10
+#define	naccounts	100000
+
+int remains;		/* number of remained clients */
+
+typedef struct {
+  PGconn	*con;	/* connection handle to DB */
+  int	state;	/* state No. */
+  int	cnt;	/* xacts count */
+  int	ecnt;	/* error count */
+  int	listen;	/* none 0 indicates that an async query has been sent */
+  int	aid;	/* account id for this transaction */
+  int	bid;	/* branch id for this transaction */
+  int	tid;	/* teller id for this transaction */
+  int	delta;
+  int	abalance;
+} CState;
+
+static void usage() {
+  fprintf(stderr,"usage: pgbench [-h hostname][-p port][-c nclients][-t ntransactions][-s scaling_factor][-n][-v][-S][-d][dbname]\n");
+  fprintf(stderr,"(initialize mode): pgbench -i [-h hostname][-p port][-s scaling_factor][-d][dbname]\n");
+}
+
+/* random number generator */
+static int getrand(int min, int max) {
+  return(min+(int)(max*1.0*rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0)));
+}
+
+/* throw away response from backend */
+static void discard_response(CState *state) {
+  PGresult *res;
+  do {
+    res = PQgetResult(state->con);
+    if (res)
+      PQclear(res);
+  } while(res);
+}
+
+static int check(CState *state, PGresult *res, int n, int good)
+{
+  CState *st = &state[n];
+
+  if (res && PQresultStatus(res) != good) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"Client %d aborted in state %d: %s",n,st->state,PQerrorMessage(st->con));
+    remains--;	/* I've aborted */
+    PQfinish(st->con);
+    st->con = NULL;
+    return(-1);
+  }
+  return(0);
+}
+
+/* process a transaction */
+static void doOne(CState *state, int n, int debug) {
+  char sql[256];
+  PGresult   *res;
+  CState *st = &state[n];
+
+  if (st->listen) {	/* are we receiver? */
+    if (debug) {
+      fprintf(stderr,"client %d receiving\n",n);
+    }
+    while (PQisBusy(st->con) == TRUE) {
+      if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con)) {	/* there's something wrong */
+	fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Probably the backend died while processing.\n",n, st->state);
+	remains--;	/* I've aborted */
+	PQfinish(st->con);
+	st->con = NULL;
+	return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    switch (st->state) {
+    case 0:	/* response to "begin" */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+      break;
+    case 1:	/* response to "update accounts..." */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+      break;
+    case 2:	/* response to "select abalance ..." */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_TUPLES_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+      break;
+    case 3:	/* response to "update tellers ..." */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+      break;
+    case 4:	/* response to "update branches ..." */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+      break;
+    case 5:	/* response to "insert into history ..." */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+      break;
+    case 6:	/* response to "end" */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_COMMAND_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+
+      if (++st->cnt >= nxacts) {
+	remains--;	/* I've done */
+	PQfinish(st->con);
+	st->con = NULL;
+	return;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* increment state counter */
+    st->state++;
+    if (st->state > 6) {
+      st->state = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  switch (st->state) {
+  case 0:	/* about to start */
+    strcpy(sql,"begin");
+    st->aid = getrand(1,naccounts*tps);
+    st->bid = getrand(1,nbranches*tps);
+    st->tid = getrand(1,ntellers*tps);
+    st->delta = getrand(1,1000);
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    sprintf(sql,"update accounts set abalance = abalance + %d where aid = %d\n",st->delta,st->aid);
+      break;
+  case 2:
+    sprintf(sql,"select abalance from accounts where aid = %d",st->aid);
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    sprintf(sql,"update tellers set tbalance = tbalance + %d where tid = %d\n",
+	    st->delta,st->tid);
+    break;
+  case 4:
+    sprintf(sql,"update branches set bbalance = bbalance + %d where bid = %d",st->delta,st->bid);
+    break;
+  case 5:
+    sprintf(sql,"insert into history(tid,bid,aid,delta,time) values(%d,%d,%d,%d,'now')",
+	    st->tid,st->bid,st->aid,st->delta);
+    break;
+  case 6:
+    strcpy(sql,"end");
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (debug) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"client %d sending %s\n",n,sql);
+  }
+  if (PQsendQuery(st->con, sql) == 0) {
+    if (debug) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "PQsendQuery(%s)failed\n",sql);
+    }
+    st->ecnt++;
+  } else {
+    st->listen++;	/* flags that should be listned */
+  }
+}
+
+/* process a select only transaction */
+static void doSelectOnly(CState *state, int n, int debug) {
+  char sql[256];
+  PGresult   *res;
+  CState *st = &state[n];
+
+  if (st->listen) {	/* are we receiver? */
+    if (debug) {
+      fprintf(stderr,"client %d receiving\n",n);
+    }
+    while (PQisBusy(st->con) == TRUE) {
+      if (!PQconsumeInput(st->con)) {	/* there's something wrong */
+	fprintf(stderr, "Client %d aborted in state %d. Probably the backend died while processing.\n",n, st->state);
+	remains--;	/* I've aborted */
+	PQfinish(st->con);
+	st->con = NULL;
+	return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    switch (st->state) {
+    case 0:	/* response to "select abalance ..." */
+      res = PQgetResult(st->con);
+      if (check(state, res, n, PGRES_TUPLES_OK)) {
+	return;
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      discard_response(st);
+
+      if (++st->cnt >= nxacts) {
+	remains--;	/* I've done */
+	PQfinish(st->con);
+	st->con = NULL;
+	return;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* increment state counter */
+    st->state++;
+    if (st->state > 0) {
+      st->state = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  switch (st->state) {
+  case 0:
+    st->aid = getrand(1,naccounts*tps);
+    sprintf(sql,"select abalance from accounts where aid = %d",st->aid);
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (debug) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"client %d sending %s\n",n,sql);
+  }
+
+  if (PQsendQuery(st->con, sql) == 0) {
+    if (debug) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "PQsendQuery(%s)failed\n",sql);
+    }
+    st->ecnt++;
+  } else {
+    st->listen++;	/* flags that should be listned */
+  }
+}
+
+/* discard connections */
+static void disconnect_all(CState *state) {
+  int i;
+  for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+    if (state[i].con) {
+      PQfinish(state[i].con);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* create tables and setup data */
+static void init(char *pghost, char *pgport,char *dbName) {
+  PGconn *con;
+  PGresult *res;
+  static char *DDLs[] = {
+    "drop table branches",
+    "create table branches(bid int, primary key(bid),bbalance int,filler char(88))",
+    "drop table tellers",
+    "create table tellers(tid int, primary key(tid),bid int,tbalance int,filler char(84))",
+    "drop table accounts",
+    "create table accounts(aid int,primary key(aid),bid int,abalance int,filler char(84))",
+    "drop table history",
+    "create table history(tid int,bid int,aid int,delta int,time timestamp,filler char(22))"};
+  char sql[256];
+
+  int i;
+
+  con = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, NULL, NULL, dbName);
+  if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' on %s failed.\n", dbName,pghost);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  for (i=0;i<(sizeof(DDLs)/sizeof(char *));i++) {
+    res = PQexec(con,DDLs[i]);
+    if (strncmp(DDLs[i],"drop",4) && PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+  }
+
+  res = PQexec(con,"begin");
+  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  for(i = 0; i < nbranches * tps; i++) {
+    sprintf(sql,"insert into branches(bid,bbalance) values(%d,0)",i+1);
+    res = PQexec(con,sql);
+    if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+  }
+
+  for(i = 0; i < ntellers * tps; i++) {
+    sprintf(sql,"insert into tellers(tid,bid,tbalance) values (%d,%d,0)"
+	    ,i+1,i/ntellers+1);
+    res = PQexec(con,sql);
+    if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+  }
+
+  res = PQexec(con,"copy accounts from stdin");
+  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COPY_IN) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  PQclear(res);
+
+  fprintf(stderr,"creating tables...\n");
+  for(i = 0; i < naccounts*tps; i++) {
+    int j = i + 1;
+    sprintf(sql,"%d\t%d\t%d\t\n",i+1,(i+1)/naccounts,0);
+    if (PQputline(con,sql)) {
+      fprintf(stderr,"PQputline failed\n");
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    if (j % 10000 == 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr,"%d tuples done.\n",j);
+    }
+  }
+  if (PQputline(con,"\\.\n")) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"very last PQputline failed\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  if (PQendcopy(con)) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"PQendcopy failed\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  res = PQexec(con,"end");
+  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  /* vacuum */
+  fprintf(stderr,"vacuum...");
+  res = PQexec(con,"vacuum analyze");
+  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr,"done.\n");
+
+  PQfinish(con);
+}
+
+/* print out results */
+static void printResults(
+			 int ttype, CState *state, 
+			 struct timeval *tv1,struct timeval *tv2,
+			 struct timeval *tv3) {
+  double t1,t2;
+  int i;
+  int normal_xacts = 0;
+
+  for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+    normal_xacts += state[i].cnt;
+  }
+
+  t1 = (tv3->tv_sec - tv1->tv_sec)*1000000.0+(tv3->tv_usec - tv1->tv_usec);
+  t1 = normal_xacts*1000000.0/t1;
+
+  t2 = (tv3->tv_sec - tv2->tv_sec)*1000000.0+(tv3->tv_usec - tv2->tv_usec);
+  t2 = normal_xacts*1000000.0/t2;
+
+  printf("transaction type: %s\n",ttype==0?"TPC-B (sort of)":"SELECT only");
+  printf("scaling factor: %d\n",tps);
+  printf("number of clients: %d\n",nclients);
+  printf("number of transactions per client: %d\n",nxacts);
+  printf("number of transactions actually processed: %d/%d\n",normal_xacts,nxacts*nclients);
+  printf("tps = %f(including connections establishing)\n",t1);
+  printf("tps = %f(excluding connections establishing)\n",t2);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  extern char *optarg;
+  extern int optind, opterr, optopt;
+  int c;
+  char *pghost = "";
+  char *pgport = "";
+  char *dbName;
+  int is_init_mode = 0;	/* initialize mode? */
+  int is_no_vacuum = 0;	/* no vacuum at all before testing? */
+  int is_full_vacuum = 0;	/* do full vacuum before testing? */
+  int debug = 0;	/* debug flag */
+  int ttype = 0;	/* transaction type. 0: TPC-B, 1: SELECT only */
+
+  static CState	   state[MAXCLIENTS];	/* clients status */
+
+  struct timeval tv1;	/* start up time */
+  struct timeval tv2;	/* after establishing all connections to the backend */
+  struct timeval tv3;	/* end time */
+
+  int	i;
+
+  fd_set	input_mask;
+  int nsocks;	/* return from select(2) */
+  int maxsock;	/* max socket number to be waited */
+
+#ifndef __CYGWIN32__
+  struct rlimit rlim;
+#endif
+
+  PGconn *con;
+  PGresult *res;
+
+  while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "ih:nvp:dc:t:s:S")) != EOF) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'i':
+      is_init_mode++;
+      break;
+    case 'h':
+      pghost = optarg;
+      break;
+    case 'n':
+      is_no_vacuum++;
+      break;
+    case 'v':
+      is_full_vacuum++;
+      break;
+    case 'p':
+      pgport = optarg;
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      debug++;
+      break;
+    case 'S':
+      ttype = 1;
+      break;
+    case 'c':
+      nclients = atoi(optarg);
+      if (nclients <= 0 || nclients > MAXCLIENTS) {
+	fprintf(stderr,"wrong number of clients: %d\n",nclients);
+	exit(1);
+      }
+#ifndef __CYGWIN32__
+#ifdef HAVE_RLIMIT_NOFILE	/* most platform uses RLIMIT_NOFILE */
+      if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE,&rlim) == -1) {
+#else	/* but BSD doesn't ... */
+      if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_OFILE,&rlim) == -1) {
+#endif /* HAVE_RLIMIT_NOFILE */
+	fprintf(stderr,"getrlimit failed. reason: %s\n",strerror(errno));
+	exit(1);
+      }
+      if (rlim.rlim_cur <= (nclients+2)) {
+	fprintf(stderr,"You need at least %d open files resource but you are only allowed to use %ld.\n",nclients+2,rlim.rlim_cur);
+	fprintf(stderr,"Use limit/ulimt to increase the limit before using pgbench.\n");
+	exit(1);
+      }
+#endif /* #ifndef __CYGWIN32__ */
+      break;
+    case 's':
+      tps = atoi(optarg);
+      if (tps <= 0) {
+	fprintf(stderr,"wrong scaling factor: %d\n",tps);
+	exit(1);
+      }
+      break;
+    case 't':
+      nxacts = atoi(optarg);
+      if (nxacts <= 0) {
+	fprintf(stderr,"wrong number of transactions: %d\n",nxacts);
+	exit(1);
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      usage();
+      exit(1);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (argc > optind) {
+    dbName = argv[optind];
+  } else {
+    dbName = getenv("USER");
+    if (dbName == NULL) {
+      dbName = "";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (is_init_mode) {
+    init(pghost, pgport, dbName);
+    exit(0);
+  }
+
+  remains = nclients;
+
+  if (debug) {
+    printf("pghost: %s pgport: %s nclients: %d nxacts: %d dbName: %s\n",
+	   pghost, pgport, nclients, nxacts, dbName);
+  }
+
+  /* opening connection... */
+  con = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, NULL, NULL, dbName);
+  if (PQstatus(con) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  /* get the scaling factor that should be same as count(*) from branches... */
+  res = PQexec(con,"select count(*) from branches");
+  if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  tps = atoi(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
+  if (tps < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"count(*) from branches invalid (%d)\n",tps);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  PQclear(res);
+
+  if (!is_no_vacuum) {
+    fprintf(stderr,"starting vacuum...");
+    res = PQexec(con,"vacuum branches");
+    if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+
+    res = PQexec(con,"vacuum tellers");
+    if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+
+    res = PQexec(con,"delete from history");
+    if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+    res = PQexec(con,"vacuum history");
+    if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    PQclear(res);
+
+    fprintf(stderr,"end.\n");
+
+    if (is_full_vacuum) {
+      fprintf(stderr,"starting full vacuum...");
+      res = PQexec(con,"vacuum analyze accounts");
+      if (PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(con));
+	exit(1);
+      }
+      PQclear(res);
+      fprintf(stderr,"end.\n");
+    }
+  }
+  PQfinish(con);
+
+  /* set random seed */
+  gettimeofday(&tv1, 0);
+  srand((uint)tv1.tv_usec);
+
+  /* get start up time */
+  gettimeofday(&tv1, 0);
+
+  /* make connections to the database */
+  for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+    state[i].con = PQsetdb(pghost, pgport, NULL, NULL, dbName);
+    if (PQstatus(state[i].con) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Connection to database '%s' failed.\n", dbName);
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s", PQerrorMessage(state[i].con));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* time after connections set up */
+  gettimeofday(&tv2, 0);
+
+  /* send start up quries in async manner */
+  for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+    if (ttype == 0) {
+      doOne(state, i, debug);
+    } else if (ttype == 1) {
+      doSelectOnly(state, i, debug);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (;;) {
+    if (remains <= 0) {	/* all done ? */
+      disconnect_all(state);
+      /* get end time */
+      gettimeofday(&tv3, 0);
+      printResults(ttype, state, &tv1,&tv2,&tv3);
+      exit(0);
+    }
+
+    FD_ZERO(&input_mask);
+
+    maxsock = 0;
+    for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+      if (state[i].con) {
+	int sock = PQsocket(state[i].con);
+	if (sock < 0) {
+	  fprintf(stderr,"Client %d: PQsock failed\n",i);
+	  disconnect_all(state);
+	  exit(1);
+	}
+	FD_SET(sock, &input_mask);
+	if (maxsock < sock) {
+	  maxsock = sock;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+
+    if ((nsocks = select(maxsock +1, &input_mask, (fd_set *)NULL,
+			 (fd_set *)NULL, (struct timeval *)NULL)) < 0) {
+      if (errno == EINTR) {
+	continue;
+      }
+      /* must be something wrong */
+      disconnect_all(state);
+      fprintf(stderr,"select failed: %s\n",strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    } else if (nsocks == 0) { /* timeout */
+      fprintf(stderr,"select timeout\n");
+      for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+	fprintf(stderr,"client %d:state %d cnt %d ecnt %d listen %d\n",
+		i,state[i].state,state[i].cnt,state[i].ecnt,state[i].listen);
+      }
+      exit(0);
+    }
+
+    /* ok, backend returns reply */
+    for (i=0;i<nclients;i++) {
+      if (state[i].con && FD_ISSET(PQsocket(state[i].con), &input_mask)) {
+	if (ttype == 0) {
+	  doOne(state, i, debug);
+	} else if (ttype == 1) {
+	  doSelectOnly(state, i, debug);
+	}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}