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Postgres FD Implementation
Commit a43974c6 authored by Tom Lane's avatar Tom Lane
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Code review for contrib/pg_freespacemap. Add a storedpages column to 

pg_freespacemap_relations --- while one could theoretically get that
number by counting rows in pg_freespacemap_pages, it's surely the hard
way to do it.  Avoid expensive and inconvenient conversion to and from
text format.  Minor code and docs cleanup.
parent 46287bd6
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Showing with 181 additions and 211 deletions
contrib/pg_freespacemap/README.pg_freespacemap
View file @ a43974c6
......@@ -39,13 +39,15 @@ Notes
Column | references | Description
----------------+----------------------+------------------------------------
reltablespace | pg_tablespace.oid | Tablespace oid of the relation.
reldatabase | pg_database.oid | Database for the relation.
relfilenode | pg_class.relfilenode | Refilenode of the relation.
reldatabase | pg_database.oid | Database oid of the relation.
relfilenode | pg_class.relfilenode | Relfilenode of the relation.
avgrequest | | Moving average of free space
| | requests.
lastpagecount | | Count of pages examined for useful
| | free space.
nextpage | | page index (from 0) to start next
| | requests (NULL for indexes)
lastpagecount | | Count of pages last reported as
| | containing useful free space.
storedpages | | Count of pages actually stored
| | in free space map.
nextpage | | Page index (from 0) to start next
| | search at.
......@@ -54,24 +56,33 @@ Notes
Column | references | Description
----------------+----------------------+------------------------------------
reltablespace | pg_tablespace.oid | Tablespace oid of the relation.
reldatabase | pg_database.oid | Database for the relation.
relfilenode | pg_class.relfilenode | Refilenode of the relation.
relblocknumber | | Page offset in the relation.
reldatabase | pg_database.oid | Database oid of the relation.
relfilenode | pg_class.relfilenode | Relfilenode of the relation.
relblocknumber | | Page number in the relation.
bytes | | Free bytes in the page, or NULL
| | for an index page (see below).
For pg_freespacemap_relations, there is one row for each relation in the free
space map.
space map. storedpages is the number of pages actually stored in the map,
while lastpagecount is the number of pages VACUUM last tried to store
(ie, the number that VACUUM thought had useful amounts of free space).
If storedpages is consistently less than lastpagecount then it'd be a good
idea to increase max_fsm_pages. Also, if the number of rows in
pg_freespacemap_relations is close to max_fsm_relations, then you should
consider increasing max_fsm_relations.
For pg_freespacemap_pages, there is one row for each page in the free space
map.
map. The number of rows for a relation will match the storedpages column
in pg_freespacemap_relations.
Because the map is shared by all the databases, there are relations and pages
from relations not belonging to the current database.
For indexes, what is tracked is entirely-unused pages, rather than free
space within pages. Therefore, the average request size and free bytes
within a page are not meaningful, and are shown as NULL.
The view 'freespacemap_pages' can contain pages for btree indexes if they
were emptied by a vacuum process. The bytes field is set to NULL in this case.
Because the map is shared by all the databases, it will include relations
not belonging to the current database.
When either of the views are accessed, internal free space map locks are
taken, and a copy of the map data is made for them to display.
......@@ -85,44 +96,43 @@ Sample output - pg_freespacemap_relations
regression=# \d pg_freespacemap_relations
View "public.pg_freespacemap_relations"
Column | Type | Modifiers
Column | Type | Modifiers
---------------+---------+-----------
reltablespace | oid |
reldatabase | oid |
relfilenode | oid |
avgrequest | bigint |
lastpagecount | integer |
nextpage | integer |
reltablespace | oid |
reldatabase | oid |
relfilenode | oid |
avgrequest | integer |
lastpagecount | integer |
storedpages | integer |
nextpage | integer |
View definition:
SELECT p.reltablespace, p.reldatabase, p.relfilenode, p.avgrequest, p.lastpagecount, p.nextpage
FROM pg_freespacemap_relations() p(reltablespace oid, reldatabase oid, relfilenode oid, avgrequest bigint, lastpagecount integer, nextpage integer);
SELECT p.reltablespace, p.reldatabase, p.relfilenode, p.avgrequest, p.lastpagecount, p.storedpages, p.nextpage
FROM pg_freespacemap_relations() p(reltablespace oid, reldatabase oid, relfilenode oid, avgrequest integer, lastpagecount integer, storedpages integer, nextpage integer);
regression=# SELECT c.relname, r.avgrequest, r.lastpagecount, r.nextpage
regression=# SELECT c.relname, r.avgrequest, r.lastpagecount, r.storedpages
FROM pg_freespacemap_relations r INNER JOIN pg_class c
ON c.relfilenode = r.relfilenode INNER JOIN pg_database d
ON r.reldatabase = d.oid AND (d.datname = current_database())
ORDER BY c.relname LIMIT 10;
relname | avgrequest | lastpagecount | nextpage
--------------+------------+---------------+----------
a_star | 250 | 1 | 0
abstime_tbl | 249 | 1 | 0
aggtest | 250 | 1 | 0
altinhoid | 250 | 1 | 0
altstartwith | 250 | 1 | 0
arrtest | 254 | 1 | 0
b_star | 250 | 1 | 0
box_tbl | 250 | 1 | 0
bt_f8_heap | 92 | 1 | 0
bt_i4_heap | 94 | 1 | 0
ORDER BY r.storedpages DESC LIMIT 10;
relname | avgrequest | lastpagecount | storedpages
---------------------------------+------------+---------------+-------------
onek | 256 | 109 | 109
pg_attribute | 167 | 93 | 93
pg_class | 191 | 49 | 49
pg_attribute_relid_attnam_index | | 48 | 48
onek2 | 256 | 37 | 37
pg_depend | 95 | 26 | 26
pg_type | 199 | 16 | 16
pg_rewrite | 1011 | 13 | 13
pg_class_relname_nsp_index | | 10 | 10
pg_proc | 302 | 8 | 8
(10 rows)
regression=#
Sample output - pg_freespacemap_pages
-------------
regression=# \d pg_freespacemap_pages;
regression=# \d pg_freespacemap_pages
View "public.pg_freespacemap_pages"
Column | Type | Modifiers
----------------+---------+-----------
......@@ -154,8 +164,6 @@ regression=# SELECT c.relname, p.relblocknumber, p.bytes
bt_i4_heap | 49 | 8008
(10 rows)
regression=#
Author
......
contrib/pg_freespacemap/pg_freespacemap.c
View file @ a43974c6
......@@ -3,17 +3,19 @@
* pg_freespacemap.c
* display some contents of the free space relation and page maps.
*
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/contrib/pg_freespacemap/pg_freespacemap.c,v 1.4 2006/04/26 22:46:09 momjian Exp $
* $PostgreSQL: pgsql/contrib/pg_freespacemap/pg_freespacemap.c,v 1.5 2006/05/04 20:39:34 tgl Exp $
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "storage/freespace.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"
#define NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM 5
#define NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM 6
#define NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM 7
#if defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
/* Need DLLIMPORT for some things that are not so marked in main headers */
......@@ -27,34 +29,32 @@ Datum pg_freespacemap_relations(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
/*
* Record structure holding the to be exposed free space page data.
* Record structure holding the to be exposed per-page data.
*/
typedef struct
{
uint32 reltablespace;
uint32 reldatabase;
uint32 relfilenode;
uint32 relblocknumber;
uint32 bytes;
bool isindex;
Oid reltablespace;
Oid reldatabase;
Oid relfilenode;
BlockNumber relblocknumber;
Size bytes;
bool isindex;
} FreeSpacePagesRec;
/*
* Record structure holding the to be exposed free space relation data.
* Record structure holding the to be exposed per-relation data.
*/
typedef struct
{
uint32 reltablespace;
uint32 reldatabase;
uint32 relfilenode;
int64 avgrequest;
int lastpagecount;
int nextpage;
Oid reltablespace;
Oid reldatabase;
Oid relfilenode;
Size avgrequest;
int lastpagecount;
int storedpages;
int nextpage;
bool isindex;
} FreeSpaceRelationsRec;
......@@ -64,11 +64,8 @@ typedef struct
*/
typedef struct
{
AttInMetadata *attinmeta;
TupleDesc tupdesc;
FreeSpacePagesRec *record;
char *values[NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM];
} FreeSpacePagesContext;
......@@ -77,11 +74,8 @@ typedef struct
*/
typedef struct
{
AttInMetadata *attinmeta;
TupleDesc tupdesc;
FreeSpaceRelationsRec *record;
char *values[NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM];
} FreeSpaceRelationsContext;
......@@ -89,26 +83,24 @@ typedef struct
* Function returning page data from the Free Space Map (FSM).
*/
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(pg_freespacemap_pages);
Datum
pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FuncCallContext *funcctx;
Datum result;
MemoryContext oldcontext;
FreeSpacePagesContext *fctx; /* User function context. */
TupleDesc tupledesc;
HeapTuple tuple;
FSMHeader *FreeSpaceMap; /* FSM main structure. */
FSMRelation *fsmrel; /* Individual relation. */
if (SRF_IS_FIRSTCALL())
{
uint32 i;
uint32 numPages; /* Max possible no. of pages in map. */
int nPages; /* Mapped pages for a relation. */
int i;
int numPages; /* Max possible no. of pages in map. */
int nPages; /* Mapped pages for a relation. */
/*
* Get the free space map data structure.
......@@ -122,7 +114,13 @@ pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
/* Switch context when allocating stuff to be used in later calls */
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(funcctx->multi_call_memory_ctx);
/* Construct a tuple to return. */
/*
* Create a function context for cross-call persistence.
*/
fctx = (FreeSpacePagesContext *) palloc(sizeof(FreeSpacePagesContext));
funcctx->user_fctx = fctx;
/* Construct a tuple descriptor for the result rows. */
tupledesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM, false);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "reltablespace",
OIDOID, -1, 0);
......@@ -135,59 +133,37 @@ pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 5, "bytes",
INT4OID, -1, 0);
/* Generate attribute metadata needed later to produce tuples */
funcctx->attinmeta = TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(tupledesc);
fctx->tupdesc = BlessTupleDesc(tupledesc);
/*
* Create a function context for cross-call persistence and initialize
* the counters.
*/
fctx = (FreeSpacePagesContext *) palloc(sizeof(FreeSpacePagesContext));
funcctx->user_fctx = fctx;
/* Set an upper bound on the calls */
funcctx->max_calls = numPages;
/* Allocate numPages worth of FreeSpacePagesRec records, this is also
* Allocate numPages worth of FreeSpacePagesRec records, this is
* an upper bound.
*/
fctx->record = (FreeSpacePagesRec *) palloc(sizeof(FreeSpacePagesRec) * numPages);
/* allocate the strings for tuple formation */
fctx->values[0] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[1] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[2] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[3] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[4] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
/* Return to original context when allocating transient memory */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
/*
* Lock free space map and scan though all the relations,
* for each relation, gets all its mapped pages.
* Lock free space map and scan though all the relations.
* For each relation, gets all its mapped pages.
*/
LWLockAcquire(FreeSpaceLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
i = 0;
for (fsmrel = FreeSpaceMap->usageList; fsmrel; fsmrel = fsmrel->nextUsage)
{
if (fsmrel->isIndex)
{ /* Index relation. */
{
/* Index relation. */
IndexFSMPageData *page;
page = (IndexFSMPageData *)
(FreeSpaceMap->arena + fsmrel->firstChunk * CHUNKBYTES);
(FreeSpaceMap->arena + fsmrel->firstChunk * CHUNKBYTES);
for (nPages = 0; nPages < fsmrel->storedPages; nPages++)
{
fctx->record[i].reltablespace = fsmrel->key.spcNode;
fctx->record[i].reldatabase = fsmrel->key.dbNode;
fctx->record[i].relfilenode = fsmrel->key.relNode;
......@@ -200,11 +176,12 @@ pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
}
}
else
{ /* Heap relation. */
{
/* Heap relation. */
FSMPageData *page;
page = (FSMPageData *)
(FreeSpaceMap->arena + fsmrel->firstChunk * CHUNKBYTES);
(FreeSpaceMap->arena + fsmrel->firstChunk * CHUNKBYTES);
for (nPages = 0; nPages < fsmrel->storedPages; nPages++)
{
......@@ -218,16 +195,15 @@ pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
page++;
i++;
}
}
}
/* Set the real no. of calls as we know it now! */
funcctx->max_calls = i;
/* Release free space map. */
LWLockRelease(FreeSpaceLock);
/* Set the real no. of calls as we know it now! */
Assert(i <= numPages);
funcctx->max_calls = i;
}
funcctx = SRF_PERCALL_SETUP();
......@@ -235,53 +211,43 @@ pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
/* Get the saved state */
fctx = funcctx->user_fctx;
if (funcctx->call_cntr < funcctx->max_calls)
{
uint32 i = funcctx->call_cntr;
char *values[NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM];
int j;
/*
* Use a temporary values array, initially pointing to fctx->values,
* so it can be reassigned w/o losing the storage for subsequent
* calls.
*/
for (j = 0; j < NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM; j++)
{
values[j] = fctx->values[j];
}
sprintf(values[0], "%u", fctx->record[i].reltablespace);
sprintf(values[1], "%u", fctx->record[i].reldatabase);
sprintf(values[2], "%u", fctx->record[i].relfilenode);
sprintf(values[3], "%u", fctx->record[i].relblocknumber);
int i = funcctx->call_cntr;
FreeSpacePagesRec *record = &fctx->record[i];
Datum values[NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM];
bool nulls[NUM_FREESPACE_PAGES_ELEM];
values[0] = ObjectIdGetDatum(record->reltablespace);
nulls[0] = false;
values[1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(record->reldatabase);
nulls[1] = false;
values[2] = ObjectIdGetDatum(record->relfilenode);
nulls[2] = false;
values[3] = Int64GetDatum((int64) record->relblocknumber);
nulls[3] = false;
/*
* Set (free) bytes to NULL for an index relation.
*/
if (fctx->record[i].isindex == true)
if (record->isindex)
{
values[4] = NULL;
nulls[4] = true;
}
else
{
sprintf(values[4], "%u", fctx->record[i].bytes);
values[4] = UInt32GetDatum(record->bytes);
nulls[4] = false;
}
/* Build and return the tuple. */
tuple = BuildTupleFromCStrings(funcctx->attinmeta, values);
tuple = heap_form_tuple(fctx->tupdesc, values, nulls);
result = HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
SRF_RETURN_NEXT(funcctx, result);
}
else
SRF_RETURN_DONE(funcctx);
}
......@@ -289,25 +255,23 @@ pg_freespacemap_pages(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
* Function returning relation data from the Free Space Map (FSM).
*/
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(pg_freespacemap_relations);
Datum
pg_freespacemap_relations(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
FuncCallContext *funcctx;
Datum result;
MemoryContext oldcontext;
FreeSpaceRelationsContext *fctx; /* User function context. */
FreeSpaceRelationsContext *fctx; /* User function context. */
TupleDesc tupledesc;
HeapTuple tuple;
FSMHeader *FreeSpaceMap; /* FSM main structure. */
FSMRelation *fsmrel; /* Individual relation. */
if (SRF_IS_FIRSTCALL())
{
uint32 i;
uint32 numRelations; /* Max no. of Relations in map. */
int i;
int numRelations; /* Max no. of Relations in map. */
/*
* Get the free space map data structure.
......@@ -321,7 +285,13 @@ pg_freespacemap_relations(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
/* Switch context when allocating stuff to be used in later calls */
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(funcctx->multi_call_memory_ctx);
/* Construct a tuple to return. */
/*
* Create a function context for cross-call persistence.
*/
fctx = (FreeSpaceRelationsContext *) palloc(sizeof(FreeSpaceRelationsContext));
funcctx->user_fctx = fctx;
/* Construct a tuple descriptor for the result rows. */
tupledesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM, false);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "reltablespace",
OIDOID, -1, 0);
......@@ -330,72 +300,52 @@ pg_freespacemap_relations(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 3, "relfilenode",
OIDOID, -1, 0);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 4, "avgrequest",
INT8OID, -1, 0);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 5, "lastpageCount",
INT4OID, -1, 0);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 6, "nextpage",
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 5, "lastpagecount",
INT4OID, -1, 0);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 6, "storedpages",
INT4OID, -1, 0);
TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 7, "nextpage",
INT4OID, -1, 0);
/* Generate attribute metadata needed later to produce tuples */
funcctx->attinmeta = TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(tupledesc);
fctx->tupdesc = BlessTupleDesc(tupledesc);
/*
* Create a function context for cross-call persistence and initialize
* the counters.
*/
fctx = (FreeSpaceRelationsContext *) palloc(sizeof(FreeSpaceRelationsContext));
funcctx->user_fctx = fctx;
/* Set an upper bound on the calls */
funcctx->max_calls = numRelations;
/* Allocate numRelations worth of FreeSpaceRelationsRec records,
* Allocate numRelations worth of FreeSpaceRelationsRec records,
* this is also an upper bound.
*/
fctx->record = (FreeSpaceRelationsRec *) palloc(sizeof(FreeSpaceRelationsRec) * numRelations);
/* allocate the strings for tuple formation */
fctx->values[0] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[1] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[2] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(uint32) + 1);
fctx->values[3] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(int64) + 1);
fctx->values[4] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(int32) + 1);
fctx->values[5] = (char *) palloc(3 * sizeof(int32) + 1);
/* Return to original context when allocating transient memory */
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
/*
* Lock free space map and scan though all the relations,
* Lock free space map and scan though all the relations.
*/
LWLockAcquire(FreeSpaceLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
i = 0;
for (fsmrel = FreeSpaceMap->usageList; fsmrel; fsmrel = fsmrel->nextUsage)
{
fctx->record[i].reltablespace = fsmrel->key.spcNode;
fctx->record[i].reldatabase = fsmrel->key.dbNode;
fctx->record[i].relfilenode = fsmrel->key.relNode;
fctx->record[i].avgrequest = (int64)fsmrel->avgRequest;
fctx->record[i].lastpagecount = fsmrel->lastPageCount;
fctx->record[i].storedpages = fsmrel->storedPages;
fctx->record[i].nextpage = fsmrel->nextPage;
fctx->record[i].isindex = fsmrel->isIndex;
i++;
}
/* Set the real no. of calls as we know it now! */
funcctx->max_calls = i;
/* Release free space map. */
LWLockRelease(FreeSpaceLock);
/* Set the real no. of calls as we know it now! */
Assert(i <= numRelations);
funcctx->max_calls = i;
}
funcctx = SRF_PERCALL_SETUP();
......@@ -403,42 +353,44 @@ pg_freespacemap_relations(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
/* Get the saved state */
fctx = funcctx->user_fctx;
if (funcctx->call_cntr < funcctx->max_calls)
{
uint32 i = funcctx->call_cntr;
char *values[NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM];
int j;
int i = funcctx->call_cntr;
FreeSpaceRelationsRec *record = &fctx->record[i];
Datum values[NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM];
bool nulls[NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM];
values[0] = ObjectIdGetDatum(record->reltablespace);
nulls[0] = false;
values[1] = ObjectIdGetDatum(record->reldatabase);
nulls[1] = false;
values[2] = ObjectIdGetDatum(record->relfilenode);
nulls[2] = false;
/*
* Use a temporary values array, initially pointing to fctx->values,
* so it can be reassigned w/o losing the storage for subsequent
* calls.
* avgrequest isn't meaningful for an index
*/
for (j = 0; j < NUM_FREESPACE_RELATIONS_ELEM; j++)
if (record->isindex)
{
values[j] = fctx->values[j];
nulls[3] = true;
}
sprintf(values[0], "%u", fctx->record[i].reltablespace);
sprintf(values[1], "%u", fctx->record[i].reldatabase);
sprintf(values[2], "%u", fctx->record[i].relfilenode);
sprintf(values[3], INT64_FORMAT, fctx->record[i].avgrequest);
sprintf(values[4], "%d", fctx->record[i].lastpagecount);
sprintf(values[5], "%d", fctx->record[i].nextpage);
else
{
values[3] = UInt32GetDatum(record->avgrequest);
nulls[3] = false;
}
values[4] = Int32GetDatum(record->lastpagecount);
nulls[4] = false;
values[5] = Int32GetDatum(record->storedpages);
nulls[5] = false;
values[6] = Int32GetDatum(record->nextpage);
nulls[6] = false;
/* Build and return the tuple. */
tuple = BuildTupleFromCStrings(funcctx->attinmeta, values);
tuple = heap_form_tuple(fctx->tupdesc, values, nulls);
result = HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
SRF_RETURN_NEXT(funcctx, result);
}
else
SRF_RETURN_DONE(funcctx);
}
contrib/pg_freespacemap/pg_freespacemap.sql.in
View file @ a43974c6
......@@ -18,14 +18,24 @@ LANGUAGE C;
-- Create views for convenient access.
CREATE VIEW pg_freespacemap_pages AS
SELECT P.* FROM pg_freespacemap_pages() AS P
(reltablespace oid, reldatabase oid, relfilenode oid, relblocknumber int8, bytes int4);
(reltablespace oid,
reldatabase oid,
relfilenode oid,
relblocknumber bigint,
bytes integer);
CREATE VIEW pg_freespacemap_relations AS
SELECT P.* FROM pg_freespacemap_relations() AS P
(reltablespace oid, reldatabase oid, relfilenode oid, avgrequest int8, lastpagecount integer, nextpage integer);
(reltablespace oid,
reldatabase oid,
relfilenode oid,
avgrequest integer,
lastpagecount integer,
storedpages integer,
nextpage integer);
-- Don't want these to be available at public.
-- Don't want these to be available to public.
REVOKE ALL ON FUNCTION pg_freespacemap_pages() FROM PUBLIC;
REVOKE ALL ON pg_freespacemap_pages FROM PUBLIC;
......
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