Speed up operations on numeric, mostly by avoiding palloc() overhead.
In many functions, a NumericVar was initialized from an input Numeric, to be passed as input to a calculation function. When the NumericVar is not modified, the digits array of the NumericVar can point directly to the digits array in the original Numeric, and we can avoid a palloc() and memcpy(). Add init_var_from_num() function to initialize a var like that. Remove dscale argument from get_str_from_var(), as all the callers just passed the dscale of the variable. That means that the rounding it used to do was not actually necessary, and get_str_from_var() no longer scribbles on its input. That makes it safer in general, and allows us to use the new init_var_from_num() function in e.g numeric_out(). Also modified numericvar_to_int8() to no scribble on its input either. It creates a temporary copy to avoid that. To compensate, the callers no longer need to create a temporary copy, so the net # of pallocs is the same, but this is nicer. In the passing, use a constant for the number 10 in get_str_from_var_sci(), when calculating 10^exponent. Saves a palloc() and some cycles to convert integer 10 to numeric. Original patch by Kyotaro HORIGUCHI, with further changes by me. Reviewed by Pavel Stehule.
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