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README
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PostgreSQL Data Base Management System (formerly known as Postgres, then
as Postgres95).
This directory contains the development version of 6.5 of the PostgreSQL
This directory contains the development version of 6.5.1 of the PostgreSQL
database server. The server is not ANSI SQL compliant, but it gets
closer with every release. After you unzip and untar the distribution
file, look at file INSTALL for the installation notes and file HISTORY
......
doc/FAQ
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
Last updated: Sat Jun 5 14:22:43 EDT 1999
Last updated: Sat Jul 10 00:37:57 EDT 1999
Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
The most recent version of this document can be viewed at the
postgreSQL Web site, http://postgreSQL.org.
postgreSQL Web site, http://www.PostgreSQL.org.
Linux-specific questions are answered in
http://postgreSQL.org/docs/faq-linux.html.
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-linux.html.
Irix-specific questions are answered in
http://postgreSQL.org/docs/faq-irix.html.
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-irix.html.
HPUX-specific questions are answered in
http://postgreSQL.org/docs/faq-hpux.shtml.
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-hpux.shtml.
_________________________________________________________________
General questions
General Questions
1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
1.2) What does PostgreSQL run on?
1.3) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
1.4) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
1.5) Support for PostgreSQL
1.6) Latest release of PostgreSQL
1.7) Is there a commercial version of PostgreSQL?
1.2) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
1.3) What Unix platforms does PostgreSQL run on?
1.4) What non-unix ports are available?
1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
1.6) Where can I get support for PostgreSQL?
1.7) What is the latest release of PostgreSQL?
1.8) What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?
1.9) What version of SQL does PostgreSQL use?
1.10) Does PostgreSQL work with databases from earlier versions of
PostgreSQL?
1.11) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
1.12) What tools are available for hooking PostgreSQL to Web pages?
1.13) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report
generator? A embedded query language interface?
1.14) How can I learn SQL?
1.15) What languages are available to communicate with PostgreSQL?
Installation/Configuration questions
1.9) How do I find out about known bugs or missing features?
1.10) How can I learn SQL?
1.11) Is PostgreSQL Y2K compliant?
1.12) How do I join the development team?
1.13) How do I submit a bug report?
1.14) How does PostgreSQL compare to other DBMS's?
User Client Questions
2.1) initdb doesn't run
2.2) when I start up the postmaster, I get "FindBackend: could not
find a backend to execute..." "postmaster: could not find backend to
execute..."
2.3) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and
date formats.
2.4) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than
2.1) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
2.2) What tools are available for hooking PostgreSQL to Web pages?
2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report
generator? An embedded query language interface?
2.4) What languages are available to communicate with PostgreSQL?
Administrative Questions
3.1) Why does initdb fail?
3.2) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than
/usr/local/pgsql?
2.5) When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call core dumped
message.
2.6) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors.
2.7) I have changed a source file, but a recompile does not see the
change?
2.8) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my PostgreSQL
database?
2.9) I can't access the database as the root user.
2.10) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why?
2.11) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
2.12) What debugging features are available in PostgreSQL?
2.13) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcSemaphoreCreate
3.3) When I start the postmaster, I get a Bad System Call or core
dumped message3. Why?
3.4) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate
errors3. Why?
3.5) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcSemaphoreCreate
errors. Why?
2.14) I get 'Sorry, too many clients' when trying to connect. Why?
2.15) What non-unix ports are available?
Operational questions
3.6) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my PostgreSQL
database?
3.7) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine?
3.8) Why can't I access the database as the root user?
3.9) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why?
3.10) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
3.11) What debugging features are available in PostgreSQL?
3.12) I get 'Sorry, too many clients' when trying to connect. Why?
3.13) What are the pg_psort.XXX files in my database directory?
3.14) How do I set up a pg_group?
Operational Questions
3.1) Does PostgreSQL support nested subqueries?
3.2) How can I write client applications for PostgreSQL?
3.3) How do I set up a pg_group?
3.4) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal
4.1) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and
date formats.
4.2) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal
cursors?
3.5) What is an R-tree index and what is it used for?
3.6) What is the maximum size for a row, table, database?
3.7) My queries are slow or don't make use of the indexes. Why?
3.8) How do I do regular expression searches? case-insensitive regexp
searching?
3.9) I experienced a server crash during a vacuum. How do I remove the
lock file?
3.10) What is the difference between the various character types?
3.11) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
3.12) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query?
3.13) How do I create a serial/auto-incrementing field?
3.14) What are the pg_psort.XXX files in my database directory?
3.15) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine?
3.16) How do I find out what indices or operations are defined in the
database?
3.17) What is an oid? What is a tid?
3.18) What is the meaning of some of the terms used in PostgreSQL?
3.19) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
3.20) How do you remove a column from a table?
3.21) How do I select only the first few rows of a query?
3.22) How much database disk space is required to store data from a
4.3) How do I select only the first few rows of a query?
4.4) How do I get a list of tables, or other things I can see in psql?
4.5) How do you remove a column from a table?
4.6) What is the maximum size for a row, table, database?
4.7) How much database disk space is required to store data from a
typical flat file?
3.23) How do I get a list of tables, or other things I can see in
psql?
3.24) Why do I get the error "FATAL: palloc failure: memory
4.8) How do I find out what indices or operations are defined in the
database?
4.9) My queries are slow or don't make use of the indexes. Why?
4.10) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query?
4.11) What is an R-tree index?
4.12) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
4.13) How do I do regular expression searches and case-insensitive
regexp searching?
4.14) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
4.15) What is the difference between the various character types?
4.16) How do I create a serial/auto-incrementing field?
4.17) What is an oid? What is a tid?
4.18) What is the meaning of some of the terms used in PostgreSQL?
4.19) Why do I get the error "FATAL: palloc failure: memory
exhausted?"
3.25) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version I am running?
4.20) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version I am running?
Questions about extending PostgreSQL
Extending PostgreSQL
4.1) I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it in psql, it
dumps core.
4.2) I get messages of the type NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree:
0x402251d0
4.3) I've written some nifty new types and functions for PostgreSQL.
4.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple?
Bugs
5.1) How do I make a bug report?
5.1) I wrote a user-defined function. When I run it in psql, why does
it dumps core?
5.2) What does the message: NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0
not in alloc set! mean?
5.3) How can I contribute some nifty new types and functions for
PostgreSQL?
5.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple?
5.5) I have changed a source file. Why does the recompile does not see
the change?
_________________________________________________________________
Section 1: General Questions
1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
General Questions
1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database management
system, a next-generation DBMS research prototype. While PostgreSQL
retains the powerful data model and rich data types of POSTGRES, it
......@@ -141,40 +135,8 @@ Section 1: General Questions
functionality was added in 1995, its name was changed to Postgres95.
The name was changed at the end of 1996 to PostgreSQL.
1.2) What does PostgreSQL run on?
The authors have compiled and tested PostgreSQL on the following
platforms (some of these compiles require gcc):
* aix - IBM on AIX 3.2.5 or 4.x
* alpha - DEC Alpha AXP on Digital Unix 2.0, 3.2, 4.0
* BSD44_derived - OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD)
* bsdi - BSD/OS 2.x, 3.x, 4.x
* dgux - DG/UX 5.4R4.11
* hpux - HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.*, 10.*
* i386_solaris - i386 Solaris
* irix5 - SGI MIPS on IRIX 5.3
* linux - Intel x86 on Linux 2.0 and Linux ELF SPARC on Linux ELF
PPC on Linux Elf (For non-ELF Linux, see LINUX_ELF below).
* sco - SCO 3.2v5
* sparc_solaris - SUN SPARC on Solaris 2.4, 2.5, 2.5.1
* sunos4 - SUN SPARC on SunOS 4.1.3
* svr4 - Intel x86 on Intel SVR4 and MIPS
* ultrix4 - DEC MIPS on Ultrix 4.4
1.3) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
The primary anonymous ftp site for PostgreSQL is:
* ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub
A mirror site exists at:
* ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95
* ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95
* ftp://cal011111.student.utwente.nl/pub/postgres95
* ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/database/rdbms/postgres/postgres95
* ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu
1.4) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
1.2) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL is subject to the following COPYRIGHT.
PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
......@@ -200,8 +162,50 @@ Section 1: General Questions
CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,
UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
1.5) Support for PostgreSQL
1.3) What Unix platforms does PostgreSQL run on?
The authors have compiled and tested PostgreSQL on the following
platforms (some of these compiles require gcc):
* aix - IBM on AIX 3.2.5 or 4.x
* alpha - DEC Alpha AXP on Digital Unix 2.0, 3.2, 4.0
* BSD44_derived - OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD)
* bsdi - BSD/OS 2.x, 3.x, 4.x
* dgux - DG/UX 5.4R4.11
* hpux - HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.*, 10.*
* i386_solaris - i386 Solaris
* irix5 - SGI MIPS on IRIX 5.3
* linux - Intel i86 Alpha SPARC PPC M68k
* sco - SCO 3.2v5 Unixware
* sparc_solaris - SUN SPARC on Solaris 2.4, 2.5, 2.5.1
* sunos4 - SUN SPARC on SunOS 4.1.3
* svr4 - Intel x86 on Intel SVR4 and MIPS
* ultrix4 - DEC MIPS on Ultrix 4.4
1.4) What non-unix ports are available?
It is possible to compile the libpq C library, psql, and other
interfaces and binaries to run on MS Windows platforms. In this case,
the client is running on MS Windows, and communicates via TCP/IP to a
server running on one of our supported Unix platforms.
A file win31.mak is included in the distribution for making a Win32
libpq library and psql.
The database server is now working on Windows NT using the Cygnus
Unix/NT porting library. See pgsql/doc/README.NT in the distribution.
There is another port using U/Win at
http://surya.wipro.com/uwin/ported.html.
1.5) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
The primary anonymous ftp site for PostgreSQL is
ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub
For mirror sites, see our main web site.
1.6) Where can I get support for PostgreSQL?
There is no official support for PostgreSQL from the University of
California, Berkeley. It is maintained through volunteer effort.
......@@ -247,50 +251,124 @@ Section 1: General Questions
There is also an IRC channel on EFNet, channel #PostgreSQL. I use the
unix command irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net
Commerical support for PostgreSQL is available at
Commercial support for PostgreSQL is available at
http://www.pgsql.com/
1.6) Latest release of PostgreSQL
1.7) What is the latest release of PostgreSQL?
The latest release of PostgreSQL is version 6.5.
We plan to have major releases every four months.
1.7) Is there a commercial version of PostgreSQL?
Illustra Information Technology (a wholly owned subsidiary of Informix
Software, Inc.) sells an object-relational DBMS called Illustra that
was originally based on Postgres. For more information, contact
sales@illustra.com
1.8) What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?
1.8) What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?
Several manuals, manual pages, and some small test examples are
included in the distribution. See the /doc directory.
psql has some nice \d commands to show information about types,
operators, functions, aggregates, etc.
The web page contains even more documentation.
The web site contains even more documentation.
1.9) How do I find out about known bugs or missing features?
PostgreSQL supports an extended subset of SQL-92. See our TODO for a
list of known bugs, missing features, and future plans.
1.10) How can I learn SQL?
There is a nice tutorial at http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm and
at
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Graeme_Birchall/DB2_COOK.HTM.
Many of our users like The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman et al.,
Addison Wesley.
1.11) Is PostgreSQL Y2K compliant?
Yes, we easily handle dates past the year 2000AD, and before 2000BC.
1.9) What version of SQL does PostgreSQL use?
PostgreSQL supports an extended subset of SQL-92.
1.12) How do I join the development team?
First, download the latest sources and read the PostgreSQL Developers
documentation on our web site, or in the distribution. Second,
subscribe to the pgsql-hackers and pgsql-patches mailing lists. Third,
submit high-quality patches to pgsql-patches.
It is Y2K compliant.
There are about a dozen people who have commit privileges to the
PostgreSQL CVS archive. All of them have submitted so many
high-quality patches that it was a pain for the existing committers to
keep up, and we had confidence that patches they committed were likely
to be of high quality.
1.10) Does PostgreSQL work with databases from earlier versions of
PostgreSQL?
Upgrading to 6.5 can not use the pg_upgrade utility. Those upgrading
from earlier releases require a dump and restore.
1.13) How do I submit a bug report?
Fill out the "bug-template" file and send it to: bugs@postgreSQL.org
Those upgrading from versions earlier than 1.09 must upgrade to 1.09
first without a dump/reload, then dump the data from 1.09, and then
load it into 6.5.
Also check out our ftp site ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub to see if
there is a more recent PostgreSQL version or patches.
1.14) How does PostgreSQL compare to other DBMS's?
There are several ways of measuring software: features, performance,
reliability, support, and price.
Features
PostgreSQL has most features present in large commercial
DBMS's, like transactions, subselects, and sophisticated
locking. We have some features they don't have, like
user-defined types, inheritance, rules, and multi-version
concurrency control to reduce lock contention. We don't have
foreign key referential integrity or outer joins, but are
working on them for our next release.
Performance
PostgreSQL runs in two modes. Normal fsync mode flushes every
completed transaction to disk, guaranteeing that if the OS
crashes or looses power in the next few seconds, all your data
is safely stored on disk. In this mode, we are slower than most
commercial databases, partly because few of them do such
conservative flushing to disk in their default modes. In
no-fsync mode, we are usually faster than commercial databases,
though in this mode, an OS crash could cause data corruption.
We are working to provide an intermediate mode that suffers
from less performance overhead than full fsync mode, and will
allow data integrity within 30 seconds of an OS crash. The mode
is select-able by the database administrator.
In comparison to MySQL or leaner database systems, we are
slower because we have transaction overhead. We are built for
flexibility and features, not speed, though we continue to
improve performance through profiling and source code analysis.
Reliability
We realize that a DBMS must be reliable, or it is worthless. We
strive to release well-tested, stable code that has a minimum
of bugs. Each release has at least one month of beta testing,
and our release history shows that we can provide stable, solid
releases that are ready for production use. We believe we
compare favorably to other database software in this area.
Support
Our mailing list provides a large group of developers and users
to help resolve any problems encountered. While we can not
guarantee a fix, commercial DBMS's don't always supply a fix
either. Direct access to developers, the user community,
manuals, and the source code often make PostgreSQL support
superior to other DBMS's. There is commercial per-incident
support available for those who need it. (See support FAQ
item.)
Price
We are free for all use, both commercial and non-commercial.
You can add our code to your product with no limitations,
except those outlined in our BSD-style license stated above.
_________________________________________________________________
1.11) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
User Client Questions
2.1) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
There are two ODBC drivers available, PostODBC and OpenLink ODBC.
PostODBC is included in the distribution. More information about it
......@@ -305,92 +383,73 @@ Section 1: General Questions
commercial-quality support, but a freeware version will always be
available. Questions to postgres95@openlink.co.uk.
1.12) What tools are available for hooking PostgreSQL to Web pages?
2.2) What tools are available for hooking PostgreSQL to Web pages?
A nice introduction to Database-backed Web pages can be seen at:
http://www.webtools.com
For web integration, PHP is an excellent interface. The URL for that
is http://www.php.net
There is also one at http://www.phone.net/home/mwm/hotlist/.
For web integration, PHP is an excellent interface. It is at:
http://www.php.net
PHP is great for simple stuff, but for more complex stuff, some still
use the perl interface and CGI.pm.
PHP is great for simple stuff, but for more complex cases, many use
the perl interface and CGI.pm.
An WWW gateway based on WDB using perl can be downloaded from
A WWW gateway based on WDB using perl can be downloaded from
http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95
1.13) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report generator? A
embedded query language interface?
2.3) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report generator?
An embedded query language interface?
We have a nice graphical user interface called pgaccess, which is
shipped as part of the distribution. Pgaccess also has a report
generator.
generator. The web page is http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
The web page is http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess We also include ecpg,
which is an embedded SQL query language interface for C.
We also include ecpg, which is an embedded SQL query language
interface for C.
1.14) How can I learn SQL?
There is a nice tutorial at http://w3.one.net/~jhoffman/sqltut.htm and
at
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Graeme_Birchall/DB2_COOK.HTM.
Many of our users like The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman et al,
Addison Wesley.
1.15) What languages are available to communicate with PostgreSQL?
2.4) What languages are available to communicate with PostgreSQL?
We have:
* C(interfaces/libpq)
* C++(interfaces/libpq++)
* Embedded C(interfaces/ecpg)
* Java(interfaces/jdbc)
* Perl(interfaces/perl5)
* ODBC(interfaces/odbc)
* Python(interfaces/python)
* TCL(interfaces/libpgtcl)
* C(libpq)
* C++(libpq++)
* Embedded C(ecpg)
* Java(jdbc)
* Perl(perl5)
* ODBC(odbc)
* Python(PyGreSQL)
* TCL(libpgtcl)
* A crude C/4GL(contrib/pginterface)
* Embedded HTML(PHP from http://www.php.net)
_________________________________________________________________
Section 2: Installation Questions
2.1) initdb doesn't run
Administrative Questions
3.1) Why does initdb fail?
* check that you don't have any of the previous version's binaries
in your path (If you see the message WARN:heap_modifytuple: repl
is \ 9, this is the problem.)
* check to see that you have the proper paths set
* check that the postgres user owns the proper files
2.2) when I start up the postmaster, I get "FindBackend: could not find a
backend to execute..." "postmaster: could not find backend to execute..."
You probably do not have the right path set up. The postgres
executable needs to be in your path.
2.3) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and date
formats.
Check your locale configuration. PostgreSQL uses the locale settings
of the user that ran the postmaster process. There are postgres and
psql SET commands to control the date format. Set those accordingly
for your operating environment.
2.4) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than /usr/local/pgsql?
3.2) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than /usr/local/pgsql?
The simplest way is to specify the --prefix option when running
configure. If you forgot to do that, you can edit Makefile.global and
change POSTGRESDIR accordingly, or create a Makefile.custom and define
POSTGRESDIR there.
2.5) When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call core dumped message.
3.3) When I start the postmaster, I get a Bad System Call or core dumped
message. Why?
It could be a variety of problems, but first check to see that you
have system V extensions installed on your kernel. PostgreSQL requires
kernel support for shared memory and semaphores.
2.6) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors.
3.4) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors. Why?
You either do not have shared memory configured properly in kernel or
you need to enlarge the shared memory available in the kernel. The
exact amount you need depends on your architecture and how many
......@@ -398,32 +457,50 @@ Section 2: Installation Questions
For most systems, with default numbers of buffers and processes, you
need a minimum of ~1MB.
2.7) I have changed a source file, but a recompile does not see the change?
The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies for include files.
You have to do a make clean and then another make.
3.5) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcSemaphoreCreate errors.
Why?
If the error message is IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space
left on device) then your kernel is not configured with enough
semaphores. Postgres needs one semaphore per potential backend
process. A temporary solution is to start the postmaster with a
smaller limit on the number of backend processes. Use -N with a
parameter less than the default of 32. A more permanent solution is to
increase your kernel's SEMMNS and SEMMNI parameters.
If the error message is something else, you might not have semaphore
support configured in your kernel at all.
2.8) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my PostgreSQL database?
3.6) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my PostgreSQL database?
By default, PostgreSQL only allows connections from the local machine
using unix domain sockets. Other machines will not be able to connect
unless you add the -i flag to the postmaster, and enable host-based
authentication by modifying the file $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf accordingly.
This will allow TCP/IP connections.
2.9) I can't access the database as the root user.
3.7) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine?
The default configuration allows only unix domain socket connections
from the local machine. To enable TCP/IP connections, make sure the
postmaster has been started with the -i option, and add an appropriate
host entry to the file pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf. See the pg_hba.conf
manual page.
3.8) Why can't I access the database as the root user?
You should not create database users with user id 0 (root). They will
be unable to access the database. This is a security precaution
because of the ability of any user to dynamically link object modules
into the database engine.
2.10) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why?
3.9) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why?
This problem can be caused by a kernel that is not configured to
support semaphores.
2.11) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
3.10) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
Certainly, indices can speed up queries. The explain command allows
you to see how PostgreSQL is interpreting your query, and which
indices are being used.
......@@ -455,8 +532,8 @@ Section 2: Installation Questions
You can also use the cluster command to group data in base tables to
match an index. See the cluster(l) manual page for more details.
2.12) What debugging features are available in PostgreSQL?
3.11) What debugging features are available in PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL has several features that report status information that
can be valuable for debugging purposes.
......@@ -496,22 +573,8 @@ Section 2: Installation Questions
pgsql/data/base/dbname directory. The client profile file will be put
in the current directory.
2.13) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcSemaphoreCreate errors.
Why?
If the error message is IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space
left on device) then your kernel is not configured with enough
semaphores. Postgres needs one semaphore per potential backend
process. A temporary solution is to start the postmaster with a
smaller limit on the number of backend processes. Use -N with a
parameter less than the default of 32. A more permanent solution is to
increase your kernel's SEMMNS and SEMMNI parameters.
If the error message is something else, you might not have semaphore
support configured in your kernel at all.
2.14) I get 'Sorry, too many clients' when trying to connect. Why?
3.12) I get 'Sorry, too many clients' when trying to connect. Why?
You need to increase the postmaster's limit on how many concurrent
backend processes it can start.
......@@ -537,39 +600,19 @@ Section 2: Installation Questions
64, and changing it required a rebuild after altering the MaxBackendId
constant in include/storage/sinvaladt.h.
2.15) What non-unix ports are available?
It is possible to compile the libpq C library, psql, and other
interfaces and binaries to run on MS Windows platforms. In this case,
the client is running on MS Windows, and communicates via TCP/IP to a
server running on one of our supported Unix platforms.
A file win32.mak is included in the distribution for making a Win32
libpq library and psql.
The database server is now working on Windows NT using the Cygnus
Unix/NT porting library. The only feature missing is dynamic loading
of user-defined functions/types. See
http://www.askesis.nl/AskesisPostgresIndex.html for more information.
3.13) What are the pg_tempNNN.NN files in my database directory?
They are temporary files generated by the query executor. For example,
if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an order by, and the sort
requires more space than the backend's -S parameter allows, then temp
files are created to hold the extra data.
There is another port using U/Win at
http://surya.wipro.com/uwin/ported.html.
_________________________________________________________________
The temp files should go away automatically, but might not if a
backend crashes during a sort. If you have no transactions running at
the time, it is safe to delete the pg_tempNNN.NN files.
Section 3: PostgreSQL Features
3.1) Does PostgreSQL support nested subqueries?
Yes, fully supported, but only in the where clause, not in the target
list.
3.2) How can I write client applications for PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL supports a C-callable library interface called libpq as
well as many others. See the above list of supported languages.
3.3) How do I set up a pg_group?
3.14) How do I set up a pg_group?
Currently, there is no easy interface to set up user groups. You have
to explicitly insert/update the pg_group table. For example:
......@@ -587,50 +630,104 @@ Section 3: PostgreSQL Features
each group.
* grolist: the list of pg_user id's that belong in the group. This
is an int4[].
3.4) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal cursors?
See the declare manual page for a description.
_________________________________________________________________
3.5) What is an R-tree index and what is it used for?
An r-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index can't
handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range searches in a
single dimension. R-tree's can handle multi-dimensional data. For
example, if an R-tree index can be built on an attribute of type
point, the system can more efficient answer queries like select all
points within a bounding rectangle.
Operational Questions
4.1) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and date
formats.
Check your locale configuration. PostgreSQL uses the locale settings
of the user that ran the postmaster process. There are postgres and
psql SET commands to control the date format. Set those accordingly
for your operating environment.
The canonical paper that describes the original R-Tree design is:
4.2) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal
cursors?
See the declare manual page for a description.
Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data,
45-57.
4.3) How do I select only the first few rows of a query?
See the fetch manual page, or use SELECT ... LIMIT....
You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database
Systems"
This only prevents all row results from being transferred to the
client. The entire query must be evaluated, even if you only want just
the first few rows. Consider a query that has an order by. There is no
way to return any rows until the entire query is evaluated and sorted.
Builtin R-Trees can handle polygons and boxes. In theory, R-trees can
be extended to handle higher number of dimensions. In practice,
extending R-trees require a bit of work and we don't currently have
any documentation on how to do it.
4.4) How do I get a list of tables, or other information I see in psql?
You can read the source code for psql, file pgsql/src/bin/psql/psql.c.
It contains SQL commands that generate the output for psql's backslash
commands. Beginning in Postgres 6.5, you can also start psql with the
-E option so that it will print out the queries it uses to execute the
commands you give.
3.6) What is the maximum size for a row, table, database?
Rows are limited to 8K bytes. Taking into account system attributes
and other overhead, one should stay well shy of 8,000 bytes to be on
the safe side. To use attributes larger than 8K, try using the large
objects interface.
4.5) How do you remove a column from a table?
We do not support alter table drop column, but do this:
SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
INTO TABLE new_table
FROM old_table;
DROP TABLE old_table;
ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
4.6) What is the maximum size for a row, table, database?
Rows are limited to 8K bytes, but this can be changed by editing
include/config.h and changing BLCKSZ. To use attributes larger than
8K, you can also use the large object interface.
Rows do not cross 8k boundaries so a 5k row will require 8k of
storage.
Table and database sizes are unlimited. There are many databases that
are tens of gigabytes, and probably some that are hundreds of
gigabytes.
are tens of gigabytes, and probably some that are hundreds.
4.7)How much database disk space is required to store data from a typical
flat file?
A Postgres database can require about six and a half times the disk
space required to store the data in a flat file.
Consider a file of 300,000 lines with two integers on each line. The
flat file is 2.4MB. The size of the PostgreSQL database file
containing this data can be estimated at 14MB:
36 bytes: each row header (approximate)
+ 8 bytes: two int fields @ 4 bytes each
+ 4 bytes: pointer on page to tuple
----------------------------------------
48 bytes per row
The data page size in PostgreSQL is 8192 bytes (8 KB), so:
8192 bytes per page
------------------- = 171 rows per database page (rounded up)
48 bytes per row
300000 data rows
-------------------- = 1755 database pages
171 rows per page
1755 database pages * 8192 bytes per page = 14,376,960 bytes (14MB)
Indexes do not contain as much overhead, but do contain the data that
is being indexed, so they can be large also.
4.8) How do I find out what indices or operations are defined in the
database?
psql has a variety of backslash commands to show such information. Use
\? to see them.
Also try the file pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source. It illustrates
many of the selects needed to get information from the database system
tables.
3.7) My queries are slow or don't make use of the indexes. Why?
4.9) My queries are slow or don't make use of the indexes. Why?
PostgreSQL does not automatically maintain statistics. One has to make
an explicit vacuum call to update the statistics. After statistics are
updated, the optimizer knows how many rows in the table, and can
......@@ -642,28 +739,63 @@ Section 3: PostgreSQL Features
Vacuum analyze is important for complex multi-join queries, so the
optimizer can estimate the number of rows returned from each table,
and choose the proper join order. The backend does not keep track of
column statistics on its own, and vacuum analyze must be run to
collect them periodically.
column statistics on its own, so vacuum analyze must be run to collect
them periodically.
Indexes are not used for order by operations.
When using wild-card operators like LIKE or ~, indices can only be
When using wild-card operators such as LIKE or ~, indices can only be
used if the beginning of the search is anchored to the start of the
string. So, to use indices, LIKE searches can should not begin with %,
and ~(regular expression searches) should start with ^.
3.8) How do I do regular expression searches? case-insensitive regexp
searching?
See psql's \do command.
4.10) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query?
See the explain manual page.
4.11) What is an R-tree index?
An r-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index can't
handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range searches in a
single dimension. R-tree's can handle multi-dimensional data. For
example, if an R-tree index can be built on an attribute of type
point, the system can more efficient answer queries like select all
points within a bounding rectangle.
The canonical paper that describes the original R-Tree design is:
Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data,
45-57.
You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database
Systems"
Builtin R-Trees can handle polygons and boxes. In theory, R-trees can
be extended to handle higher number of dimensions. In practice,
extending R-trees require a bit of work and we don't currently have
any documentation on how to do it.
4.12) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
The GEQO module in PostgreSQL is intended to solve the query
optimization problem of joining many tables by means of a Genetic
Algorithm (GA). It allows the handling of large join queries through
non-exhaustive search.
For further information see the documentation.
3.9) I experienced a server crash during a vacuum. How do I remove the lock
file?
See the vacuum manual page.
4.13) How do I do regular expression searches and case-insensitive regexp
searching?
~ and ~* are probably what you want. See psql's \do command.
3.10) What is the difference between the various character types?
4.14) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
You test the column with IS NULL and IS NOT NULL.
4.15) What is the difference between the various character types?
Type Internal Name Notes
--------------------------------------------------
CHAR char 1 character
......@@ -682,54 +814,17 @@ BYTEA bytea variable-length array of bytes
using them. Specifically, the penalty is for access to all columns
after the first column of this type.
3.11) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
You test the column with IS NULL and IS NOT NULL.
3.12) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query?
See the explain manual page.
3.13) How do I create a serial/auto-incrementing field?
4.16) How do I create a serial/auto-incrementing field?
PostgreSQL supports a serial data type. It auto-creates a sequence and
index on the column. See the create_sequence manual page for more
information about sequences. You can also use each row's oid field as
a unique value. However, if you need to dump and reload the database,
you need to use pgdump's -o option or copy with oids option to
you need to use pg_dump's -o option or copy with oids option to
preserve the oids.
3.14) What are the pg_tempNNN.NN files in my database directory?
They are temporary files generated by the query executor. For example,
if a sort needs to be done to satisfy an order by, and the sort
requires more space than the backend's -S parameter allows, then temp
files are created to hold the extra data.
The temp files should go away automatically, but might not if a
backend crashes during a sort. If you have no transactions running at
the time, it is safe to delete the pg_tempNNN.NN files.
3.15) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine?
The default configuration allows only unix domain socket connections
from the local machine. To enable TCP/IP connections, make sure the
postmaster has been started with the -i option, and add an appropriate
host entry to the file pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf. See the pg_hba.conf
manual page.
3.16) How do I find out what indices or operations are defined in the
database?
psql has a variety of backslash commands to show such information. Use
\? to see them.
Also try the file pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source. It illustrates
many of the selects needed to get information out of the database
system tables.
3.17) What is an oid? What is a tid?
4.17) What is an oid? What is a tid?
Oids are PostgreSQL's answer to unique row ids. Every row that is
created in PostgreSQL gets a unique oid. All oids generated during
initdb are less than 16384 (from backend/access/transam.h). All
......@@ -757,8 +852,8 @@ BYTEA bytea variable-length array of bytes
values. Tids change after rows are modified or reloaded. They are used
by index entries to point to physical rows.
3.18) What is the meaning of some of the terms used in PostgreSQL?
4.18) What is the meaning of some of the terms used in PostgreSQL?
Some of the source code and older documentation use terms that have
more common usage. Here are some:
* row, record, tuple
......@@ -771,72 +866,8 @@ BYTEA bytea variable-length array of bytes
* portal, cursor
* range variable, table name, table alias
3.19) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
The GEQO module in PostgreSQL is intended to solve the query
optimization problem of joining many tables by means of a Genetic
Algorithm (GA). It allows the handling of large join queries through
non-exhaustive search.
For further information see README.GEQO <utesch@aut.tu-freiberg.de>.
3.20) How do you remove a column from a table?
We do not support alter table drop column, but do this:
SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
INTO TABLE new_table
FROM old_table;
DROP TABLE old_table;
ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
3.21) How do I select only the first few rows of a query?
See the fetch manual page.
This only prevents all row results from being transferred to the
client. The entire query must be evaluated, even if you only want just
the first few rows. Consider a query that has an order by. There is no
way to return any rows until the entire query is evaluated and sorted.
3.22)How much database disk space is required to store data from a typical
flat file?
Consider a file with 300,000 lines with two integers on each line. The
flat file is 2.4MB. The size of the PostgreSQL database file
containing this data can be estimated:
40 bytes + each row header (approximate)
8 bytes + two int fields @ 4 bytes each
4 bytes + pointer on page to tuple
-------- =
52 bytes per row
The data page size in PostgreSQL is 8192(8k) bytes, so:
8192 bytes per page
------------------- = 157 rows per database page (rounded up)
52 bytes per row
300000 data rows
----------------- = 1911 database pages
157 rows per page
1911 database pages * 8192 bytes per page = 15,654,912 or 15.5MB
Indexes do not contain as much overhead, but do contain the data that is
being indexed, so they can be large also.
3.23) How do I get a list of tables, or other things I can see in psql?
You can read the source code for psql, file pgsql/src/bin/psql/psql.c.
It contains SQL commands that generate the output for psql's backslash
commands. Beginning in Postgres 6.5, you can also start psql with the
-E option so that it will print out the queries it uses to execute the
commands you give.
3.24) Why do I get the error "FATAL: palloc failure: memory exhausted?"
4.19) Why do I get the error "FATAL: palloc failure: memory exhausted?"
It is possible you have run out of virtual memory on your system, or
your kernel has a low limit for certain resources. Try this before
starting the postmaster:
......@@ -851,47 +882,40 @@ being indexed, so they can be large also.
problem with the SQL client because the backend is returning too much
data, try it before starting the client.
3.25) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version I am running?
4.20) How do I tell what PostgreSQL version I am running?
From psql, type select version();
_________________________________________________________________
Section 4: Extending PostgreSQL
4.1) I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it in psql, it dumps
core.
Extending PostgreSQL
5.1) I wrote a user-defined function. When I run it in psql, why does it
dump core?
The problem could be a number of things. Try testing your user-defined
function in a stand alone test program first. Also, make sure you are
not sending elog NOTICES when the front-end is expecting data, such as
during a type_in() or type_out() functions
4.2) I get messages of the type NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 not
in alloc set!
5.2) What does the message: NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 not in
alloc set! mean?
You are pfree'ing something that was not palloc'ed. Beware of mixing
malloc/free and palloc/pfree.
4.3) I've written some nifty new types and functions for PostgreSQL.
Please share them with other PostgreSQL users. Send your extensions to
mailing list, and they will eventually end up in the contrib/
subdirectory.
5.3) How can I contribute some nifty new types and functions for
PostgreSQL?
Send your extensions to the pgsql-hackers mailing list, and they will
eventually end up in the contrib/ subdirectory.
4.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple?
This requires extreme wizardry so extreme that the authors have not
ever tried it, though in principle it can be done.
_________________________________________________________________
5.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple?
This requires wizardry so extreme that the authors have never tried
it, though in principle it can be done.
Section 5: Bugs
5.1) How do I make a bug report?
Check the current FAQ at http://postgreSQL.org
Also check out our ftp site ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub to see if
there is a more recent PostgreSQL version or patches.
You can also fill out the "bug-template" file and send it to:
bugs@postgreSQL.org
5.5) I have changed a source file. Why does the recompile does not see the
change?
The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies for include files.
You have to do a make clean and then another make.
doc/FAQ_DEV
View file @ 5a3fa95c
Developer's Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
Last updated: Mon Feb 22 17:15:06 EST 1999
Last updated: Sat Jul 10 00:38:09 EDT 1999
Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
The most recent version of this document can be viewed at the
postgreSQL Web site, http://postgreSQL.org.
postgreSQL Web site, http://PostgreSQL.org.
_________________________________________________________________
Questions
......@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
9) How do I efficiently access information in tables from the backend
code?
10) What is elog()?
11) What is configure all about?
12) How do I add a new port?
_________________________________________________________________
1) What tools are available for developers?
......@@ -294,7 +296,7 @@ s
While scans automatically lock/unlock rows from the buffer cache, with
heap_fetch(), you must pass a Buffer pointer, and ReleaseBuffer() it
when completed. Once you have the row, you can get data that is common
to all tuples, like t_self and t_oid, by mererly accessing the
to all tuples, like t_self and t_oid, by merely accessing the
HeapTuple structure entries. If you need a table-specific column, you
should take the HeapTuple pointer, and use the GETSTRUCT() macro to
access the table-specific start of the tuple. You then cast the
......@@ -324,3 +326,41 @@ s
current query, never returning from the call. FATAL terminates the
backend process. The remaining parameters of elog are a printf-style
set of parameters to print.
11) What is configure all about?
The files configure and configure.in are part of the GNU autoconf
package. Configure allows us to test for various capabilities of the
OS, and to set variables that can then be tested in C programs and
Makefiles. Autoconf is installed on the PostgreSQL main server. To add
options to configure, edit configure.in, and then run autoconf to
generate configure.
When configure is run by the user, it tests various OS capabilities,
stores those in config.status and config.cache, and modifies a list of
*.in files. For example, if there exists a Makefile.in, configure
generates a Makefile that contains substitutions for all @var@
parameters found by configure.
When you need to edit files, make sure you don't waste time modifying
files generated by configure. Edit the *.in file, and re-run configure
to recreate the needed file. If you run make distclean from the
top-level source directory, all files derived by configure are
removed, so you see only the file contained in the source
distribution.
12) How do I add a new port?
There are a variety of places that need to be modified to add a new
port. First, start in the src/template directory. Add an appropriate
entry for your OS. Also, use src/config.guess to add your OS to
src/template/.similar. You shouldn't match the OS version exactly. The
configure test will look for an exact OS version number, and if not
found, find a match without version number. Edit src/configure.in to
add your new OS. (See configure item above.) You will need to run
autoconf, or patch src/configure too.
Then, check src/include/port and add your new OS file, with
appropriate values. Hopefully, there is already locking code in
src/include/storage/s_lock.h for your CPU. There is a backend/port
directory if you need special files for your OS.
doc/bug.template
View file @ 5a3fa95c
......@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ System Configuration
Operating System (example: Linux 2.0.26 ELF) :
PostgreSQL version (example: PostgreSQL-6.5) : PostgreSQL-6.5
PostgreSQL version (example: PostgreSQL-6.5.1): PostgreSQL-6.5.1
Compiler used (example: gcc 2.8.0) :
......
doc/src/sgml/install.sgml
View file @ 5a3fa95c
......@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<Abstract>
<Para>
Complete installation instructions for
<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> v6.5.
<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> v6.5.1.
</Para>
</Abstract>
......@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ remaining steps in the installation will happen in this account.
<Step Performance="required">
<Para>
Ftp file
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.tar.gz">
<filename>ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.tar.gz</filename></ulink>
<ulink url="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz">
<filename>ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz</filename></ulink>
from the Internet. Store it in your home directory.
</Para>
</Step>
......@@ -241,7 +241,11 @@ $ rm -rf flex-2.5.4
<Para>
If you are not upgrading an existing system then skip to
<xref linkend="newdirs">.
If you are upgrading an existing system then back up your database.
If you are upgrading from 6.5, you do not need to dump/reload or initdb.
Simply compile the source code, stop the postmaster, do a "make install", and
restart the postmaster.
If you are upgrading from 6.4.* or earlier, back up your database.
For alpha- and beta-level releases, the database format is liable
to change, often every few weeks, with no notice besides a quick comment
in the HACKERS mailing list. Full releases always require a dump/reload
......@@ -271,7 +275,7 @@ from the new distribution:
<ProgramListing>
$ cd
$ gunzip -c postgresql-v6.5.tar.gz \
$ gunzip -c postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz \
| tar xvf - src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
$ chmod a+x src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
$ src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall > db.out
......@@ -414,7 +418,7 @@ $ exit
Unzip and untar the new source file. Type
<ProgramListing>
$ cd /usr/src/pgsql
$ gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.5.tar.gz | tar xvf -
$ gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
</ProgramListing>
</Para>
</Step>
......@@ -997,7 +1001,7 @@ For example,
<listitem>
<Para>
For a i686/Linux-ELF platform, no tests failed since this is the
v6.5 regression testing reference platform.
v6.5.1 regression testing reference platform.
</Para>
</listitem>
......@@ -1111,7 +1115,7 @@ $ rm -rf /usr/src/pgsql_6_5
$ rm -rf /usr/local/pgsql_6_5
# Also delete old database directory tree if it is not in
# /usr/local/pgsql_6_5/data
$ rm ~/postgresql-v6.5.tar.gz
$ rm ~/postgresql-v6.5.1.tar.gz
</ProgramListing>
</Para>
</Step>
......@@ -1158,7 +1162,7 @@ $ lpr -l -s -r manpage.hp
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
The version of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> (v6.5, 6.4.2, beta 981014, etc.).
The version of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> (v6.5.1, 6.5, beta 990318, etc.).
</para>
</listitem>
......
register.txt
View file @ 5a3fa95c
(1999-06-09)
(1999-07-15)
PostgreSQL has a Web site at http://www.postgresql.org/ which carries details
on the latest release, upcoming features, and other information to make your
work or play with PostgreSQL more productive.
......
src/include/version.h.in
View file @ 5a3fa95c
......@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
* this file contains the interface to version.c.
* Also some parameters.
*
* $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/include/Attic/version.h.in,v 1.5 1999/02/14 04:56:54 momjian Exp $
* $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/include/Attic/version.h.in,v 1.6 1999/07/10 16:28:01 momjian Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
......@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ void SetPgVersion(const char *path, char **reason_p);
#define PG_RELEASE "6"
#define PG_VERSION "5"
#define PG_SUBVERSION "0"
#define PG_SUBVERSION "1"
#define PG_VERFILE "PG_VERSION"
......
src/interfaces/libpq/libpq.rc
View file @ 5a3fa95c
#include <winver.h>
VS_VERSION_INFO VERSIONINFO
FILEVERSION 6,5,0,0
PRODUCTVERSION 6,5,0,0
FILEVERSION 6,5,1,0
PRODUCTVERSION 6,5,1,0
FILEFLAGSMASK 0x3fL
FILEFLAGS 0
FILEOS VOS__WINDOWS32
......@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ BEGIN
BEGIN
VALUE "CompanyName", "\0"
VALUE "FileDescription", "PostgreSQL Access Library\0"
VALUE "FileVersion", "6, 5, 0, 0\0"
VALUE "FileVersion", "6, 5, 1, 0\0"
VALUE "InternalName", "libpq\0"
VALUE "LegalCopyright", "Copyright (C) 1999\0"
VALUE "LegalTrademarks", "\0"
VALUE "OriginalFilename", "libpq.dll\0"
VALUE "ProductName", "PostgreSQL\0"
VALUE "ProductVersion", "6, 5, 0, 0\0"
VALUE "ProductVersion", "6, 5, 1, 0\0"
END
END
BLOCK "VarFileInfo"
......
src/tools/RELEASE_CHANGES
View file @ 5a3fa95c
README
INSTALL
HISTORY
register.txt
doc/Machine-specific FAQ's
doc/TODO
doc/bug.template
update include/version.h.in after release, including subversion
update backend/parser/scan.c and gram.c so flex/bison not necessary
update pgaccess
update odbc
update doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
update doc/src/sgml/install.sgml
update interfaces/libpq/libpq.rc
update documentation
command-line arg printout from inside the program
......
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