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Postgres FD Implementation
Commit 590102c2 authored by Bruce Momjian's avatar Bruce Momjian
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This version has been synchonized with English version at Mar 03. 

With best wishes,Victor Vislobokov
Perm, Russia
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doc/FAQ_russian
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PostgreSQL Current directory is /root
: 18 17:56:04 EST 2002 drwxr-xr-x 19 root wheel 1024 Mar 4 05:01 ../
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Dec 29 13:36 Calendar/
: (Bruce Momjian) drwx------ 8 root wheel 9216 Mar 1 06:08 Mail/
(pgman@candle.pha.pa.us) drwx------ 8 root wheel 9216 Mar 1 06:08 News/
lrwxr-xr-x 1 www wheel 16 Mar 4 20:39 calendar -> /users/n
: (victor_v@permonline.ru) uyu/mcal
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Mar 4 16:56 download/
-r--r--r-- 1 root wheel 409 Feb 27 05:00 notes
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-english.html.
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/faq.html.
_________________________________________________________________
1.1) PostgreSQL? ?
1.2) PostgreSQL?
1.3) Unix PostgreSQL?
1.4) Unix ?
1.5) PostgreSQL?
1.6) ?
1.7) ?
1.8) ?
1.9)
?
1.10) SQL?
1.11) PostgreSQL 2000- (Y2K)?
1.12) ?
1.13) ?
1.14) PostgreSQL ?
1.15) PostgreSQL?
2.1) ODBC PostgreSQL?
2.2) PostgreSQL
Web?
2.3) PostgreSQL ?
? ?
2.4) PostgreSQL?
3.1) PostgreSQL
/usr/local/pgsql?
3.2) postmaster, Bad System Call
core dumped. ?
3.3) postmaster,
IpcMemoryCreate. ?
3.4) postmaster,
IpcSemaphoreCreate. ?
3.5) ?
3.6)
?
3.7) ?
3.8) "Sorry, too many clients"
?
3.9) pg_sorttempNNN.NN
?
4.1) ?
4.2) SELECT
?
4.3) psql?
4.4) ?
4.5) , ?
4.6)
?
4.7) ,
?
4.8)
. ?
4.9) , ?
4.10) R-tree ?
4.11) Genetic Query Optimizer?
4.12)
?
?
4.13) , NULL -
?
4.14) ?
4.15.1) serial/--?
4.15.2) SERIAL?
4.15.3) , currval()
nextval() ?
4.15.4)
?
, /SERIAL?
4.16) OID? TID?
4.17) PostgreSQL?
4.18) "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
AllocSetAlloc()"?
4.19) , PostgreSQL ?
4.20)
"invalid large obj descriptor"?
4.21)
?
4.22) , IN ?
4.23) ?
4.24) , ?
PostgreSQL
5.1) .
psql, dump core?
5.2)
PostgreSQL?
5.3) C , ?
5.4) .
?
_________________________________________________________________
1.1) PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL Post-Gres-Q-L (---).
PostgreSQL - POSTGRES,
. PostgreSQL
POSTGRES,
PostQuel SQL. PostgreSQL -
.
PostgreSQL , Internet,
.
, (Marc G.
Fournier) (scrappy@PostgreSQL.org). (. ,
).
PostgreSQL.
PostgreSQL 1.01 (Andrew Yu)
(Jolly Chen).
, , .
Postgres, PostgreSQL,
,
,
(Michael Stonebraker)
, .
, , Postgres. 1995
SQL,
Postgres95. 1996 PostgreSQL.
1.2) PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL COPYRIGHT:
PostgreSQL
Portion copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
, ,
, - ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
, , :
.
" "
, , , .
BSD ,
.
.
ţ .
1.3) Unix PostgreSQL?
, PostgreSQL
Unix. ,
, PostgreSQL
.
1.4) Unix ?
MS Windows C
libpq, psql . ,
MS Windows TCP/IP ,
Unix .
win31.mak ,
libpq psql Win32. PostgreSQL
ODBC.
Windows NT Win2k,
Cygwin,
Unix NT. pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN MS Windows
FAQ . PostgreSQL
- Microsoft.
1.5) PostgreSQL?
, ftp PostgreSQL
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub.
.
1.6) ?
: pgsql-general@PostgreSQL.org.
, PostgreSQL. ,
, (
) :
subscribe
end
pgsql-general-request@PostgreSQL.org.
. ,
:
pgsql-general-digest-request@PostgreSQL.org
:
subscribe
end
,
30 .
.
,
pgsql-bugs-request@PostgreSQL.org
:
subscribe
end
.
,
pgsql-hackers-request@PostgreSQL.org
:
subscribe
end
PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL :
http://www.PostgreSQL.org
IRC EFNet, #PostgreSQL.
Unix irc -c
'#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net.
http://www.postgresql.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html.
1.7) ?
PostgreSQL - 7.2.
.
1.8) ?
,
man .
/doc.
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/.
PostgreSQL
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/. PostgreSQL,
http://www.postgresql.org/books/. ,
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/
PostgreSQL.
psql \d
, , , ..
.
1.9)
?
PostgreSQL SQL-92.
TODO ,
.
1.10) SQL?
PostgreSQL http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html
SQL. PostgreSQL
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook.
http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,
http://sqlcourse.com.
- "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second
Edition" ( SQL 21 , )
http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm
The Practical SQL
Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley.
The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.
1.11) PostgreSQL 2000- (Y2K)?
, 2000 2000 .
1.12) ?
,
PostgreSQL
. , pgsql-hackers
pgsql-patches. , (patches)
pgsql-patches.
,
CVS PostgreSQL.
,
, , ,
.
1.13) ??
PostgreSQL BugTool,
.
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub
PostgreSQL .
1.14) PostgreSQL ?
:
, , , .
PostgreSQL
, : , ,
, (views),
. ,
: , ,
,
.
PostgreSQL . fsync
, ,
,
,
. , ,
, ,
. no-fsync,
, ,
.
,
, fsync
30
.
MySQL ,
/,
. , MySQL -
.
,
. ,
PostgreSQL MySQL
http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html
, Unix
backend . Backend
. ,
backend
.
,
. ,
, .
-
, ,
. ,
, .
,
. , -
,
. ,
,
PostgreSQL .
,
. (
?.)
,
.
, ,
BSD, .
1.15) PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL
6 .
(Marc Fournier),
.
. ,
.
, .
,
. ,
,
http://www.pgsql.com/pg_goodies .
PostgreSQL, Inc, "contributions"
PostgreSQL
- . ,
, .
_________________________________________________________________
2.1) ODBC PostgreSQL?
ODBC , PsqlODBC OpenLink ODBC.
PsqlODBC .
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/odbc/.
OpenLink ODBC http://www.openlinksw.com.
,
ODBC, , ODBC PostgreSQL
(Win, Mac, Unix,
VMS).
, . ,
postgres95@openlink.co.uk.
ODBC .
2.2) PostgreSQL Web?
Web :
http://www.webreview.com
http://www.phone.net/home/mwm/hotlist/.
Web, PHP.
http://www.php.net.
, Perl CGI.pm.
2.3) PostgreSQL ?
? ?
, pgaccess,
. pgaccess
. http://www.flex.ro/pgaccess
ecpg,
SQL C.
2.4) PostgreSQL?
:
* C (libpq)
* C++ (libpq++)
* Embedded C (ecpg)
* Java (jdbc)
* Perl (perl5)
* ODBC (odbc)
* Python (PyGreSQL)
* TCL (libpgtcl)
* C Easy API (libpgeasy)
* Embedded HTML (PHP from http://www.php.net)
_________________________________________________________________
3.1) PostgreSQL /usr/local/pgsql?
--prefix configure.
3.2) postmaster, Bad System Call
core dumped. ?
, ,
- ,
System V. PostgreSQL ,
.
3.3) postmaster,
IpcMemoryCreate. ?
,
.
,
backend
postmaster. ,
, -
1 .
PostgreSQL.
3.4) postmaster,
IpcSemaphoreCreate. ?
IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space left on
device) , .
Postgres backend .
postmaster
backend . -N
32, . -
SEMMNS SEMMNI .
.
- ,
, .
PostgreSQL.
3.5) ?
, PostgreSQL
Unix.
postmaster -i
host- $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf.
TCP/IP .
3.6) ?
, .
EXPLAIN PostgreSQL
.
INSERT,
, COPY.
, INSERT. -,
BEGIN WORK/COMMIT .
.
. ,
, .
. fsync()
postmaster -o -F. fsync(),
.
postmaster -B
, backend
. ,
postmaster
. 8
64 .
backend -S
, backend
. -S
512 (.. 512K).
CLUSTER
.
CLUSTER.
3.7) ?
PostgreSQL ,
,
.
-, configure --enable-cassert,
assert() backend
- .
postmaster, postgres . -,
postmaster, ,
:
cd /usr/local/pgsql
./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
server.log
PostgreSQL.
, . Postmaster -d,
.
-d , .
,
.
postmaster , postgres backend
SQL .
. , ,
, .
,
, , .
backend postmaster,
/backend
.
postmaster , psql ,
PID postgres, psql.
postgres PID.
psql.
postgres, PGOPTIONS="-W n",
psql. n
, ,
.
postgres -s, -A, -t
.
PostgreSQL ,
.
backend' pgsql/data/base/dbname.
.
3.8) "Sorry, too many clients"
?
backend
postmaster.
32 .
postmaster ,
-N postgresql.conf.
, -N 32,
-B
64; -B
-N, ݣ
. backend ,
Unix.
,
, SHMMAX; , SEMMNS SEMMNI;
, NPROC;
, MAXUPRC;
, NFILE NINODE.
backend ,
.
PostgreSQL 6.5, backend
64,
MaxBackendId include/storage/sinvaladt.h.
3.9) pg_sorttempNNN.NN ?
, .
, ORDER BY
, backend
-S,
.
,
, backend .
backend ,
pg_tempNNN.NN.
_________________________________________________________________
4.1) ?
DECLARE.
4.2) SELECT ?
FETCH SELECT
... LIMIT....
,
. , ORDER BY.
- , ORDER BY, PostgreSQL
.
4.3) psql?
psql
pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c. SQL
psql ,
. psql -E ,
,
.
4.4) ?
ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN, :
SELECT ... -- ,
INTO TABLE new_table
FROM old_table;
DROP TABLE old_table;
ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
4.5) , ?
:
? ( 60 G
B)
? 16 TB
? 7.1
? 1 GB 7.1
?
? 250-1600
?
, ""
/.
,
.
16 TB
.
1 GB, ,
.
, 32k.
4.6)
?
PostgreSQL 5
.
, 100,000 ,
. ,
, 20 . 2.8 MB.
PostgreSQL,
6.4 MB :
36 : ()
+ 24 :
+ 4 :
----------------------------------------
64
PostgreSQL 8192 (8 KB), :
8192
------------------- = 128 ( )
64
100000
-------------------- = 782
128
782 * 8192 = 6,406,144 (6.4 MB)
,
, .
4.7) ,
?
psql , ,
. \? ,
.
pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source.
SELECT
.
4.8)
. ?
PostgreSQL .
VACUUM. ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
, VACUUM ANALYZE.
VACUUM ANALYZE
, ,
. Backend
,
VACUUM ANALYZE.
ORDER BY .
,
,
.
, LIKE ~,
- ,
. ,
, LIKE %,
~ ( ) ^.
4.9) , ?
EXPLAIN.
4.10) R-tree ?
R-tree .
. B-tree
. R-tree
. , R-tree
point,
"
."
, R-tree :
Guttman, A. "R-trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
Searching." Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of
Data, 45-57.
Stonebraker' "Readings in
Database Systems".
R-tree . ,
R-tree
. , R-tree
, , - ,
.
4.11) Genetic Query Optimizer?
GEQO ,
Genetic Algorithm (GA).
.
4.12)
?
?
~ , ~*
.
LIKE ILIKE PostgreSQL
7.1.
:
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE lower(col) = 'abc'
. ,
, :
CREATE INDEX tabindex on tab (lower(col));
4.13) , NULL -
?
IS NULL IS NOT NULL.
4.14) ?
--------------------------------------------------
"char" char 1
CHAR(#) bpchar
VARCHAR(#) varchar ,
TEXT text
BYTEA bytea (
null- )
,
.
"varlena" (..,
, ).
, ,
. ,
TOAST,
, .
CHAR() - ,
. VARCHAR() - ,
, . TEXT
- ,
1 . BYTEA ,
NULL .
4.15.1) serial/--?
PostgreSQL SERIAL.
. :
CREATE TABLE person (
id SERIAL,
name TEXT
);
:
CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
CREATE TABLE person (
id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
name TEXT
);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );
create_sequence.
OID . ,
, pg_dump
-o COPY WITH OIDS OID.
4.15.2) SERIAL?
SERIAL
sequence nextval()
. - 4.15.1,
Perl:
new_id = output of "SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')"
INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal');
new_id
(
person). ,
SEQUENCE <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq, table serialcolumn
SERIAL.
,
SERIAL currval()
,
INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal');
new_id = output of "SELECT currval('person_id_seq')";
, OID,
INSERT ,
. Perl, DBI Edmund Mergl' DBD::Pg,
oid $sth->{pg_oid_status}
$sth->execute().
4.15.3) , currval() nextval()
?
. Currval() ,
backend', .
4.15.4)
? ,
/SERIAL?
, ,
.
4.16) OID? TID?
OID PostgreSQL.
, PostgreSQL OID.
OID initdb
16384 ( backend/access/transam.h). OID
. , OID
- ,
PostgreSQL.
PostgreSQL OID
. OID
,
. OID
OID OID
.
OID
, .
OID -
OID, :
CREATE TABLE new_table(old_oid oid, mycol int);
SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
DELETE FROM new;
COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
OID 4- 4
. , , ,
.
TID
offset . TID
.
TID
.
4.17) PostgreSQL?
. :
* table, relation, class
* row, record, tuple
* column, field, attribute
* retrieve, select
* replace, update
* append, insert
* OID, serial value
* portal, cursor
* range variable, table name, table alias
http://www.comptechnews.com/~reaster/dbdesign.html
4.18) "ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"?
7.1,
. ,
.
postmaster :
ulimit -d 262144
limit datasize 256m
shell,
,
.
,
ţ . SQL ,
backend ,
.
4.19) , PostgreSQL ?
psql, select version();
4.20) "invalid
large obj descriptor"?
BEGIN
WORK COMMIT, lo_open ...
lo_close.
PostgreSQL ,
. ,
- ,
invalid large obj descriptor,
(
)
.
ODBC,
auto-commit off.
4.21)
?
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:
CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
4.22) , IN ?
,
. IN EXISTS:
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE col1 IN (SELECT col2 FROM TAB2)
:
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT col2 FROM TAB2 WHERE col1 = col2)
.
4.23) ?
PostgreSQL 7.1 ,
SQL. :
SELECT *
FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
or
SELECT *
FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
t1.col t2.col,
t1 ( t2). RIGHT
t2. FULL
t1
t2. OUTER LEFT, RIGHT
FULL . INNER .
,
UNION NOT IN. , tab1
tab2, :
SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
FROM tab1, tab2
WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
UNION ALL
SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
FROM tab1
WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
ORDER BY col1
4.24) , ?
. PostgreSQL
, ,
.
,
.
_________________________________________________________________
PostgreSQL
5.1) .
psql, dump core?
.
.
5.2)
PostgreSQL?
pgsql-hackers
contrib/.
5.3) C , ?
, .
5.4) .
?
Makefile include .
make clean make. GCC
--enable-depend configure
.
doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html
View file @ 590102c2
...@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ ...@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
alink="#0000ff"> alink="#0000ff">
<H1> PostgreSQL</H1> <H1> PostgreSQL</H1>
<P> : 18 17:56:04 EST 2002</P> <P> : 3 13:35:39 EST 2002</P>
<P> : (Bruce Momjian) (<A href= <P> : (Bruce Momjian) (<A href=
"mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR> "mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
...@@ -929,34 +929,36 @@ ...@@ -929,34 +929,36 @@
<H4><A name="4.8">4.8</A>) <H4><A name="4.8">4.8</A>)
. ?</H4> . ?</H4>
<P>PostgreSQL . <P> .
V<SMALL>ACUUM</SMALL>.
, , . ,
,
. , ,
, , .</P>
.</P>
<P> -
<P> , <SMALL>VACUUM , PostgreSQL .
ANALYZE.</SMALL> V<SMALL>ACUUM ANALYZE</SMALL> <SMALL>VACUUM ANALYZE</SMALL>
, <SMALL>ANALYZE</SMALL>. ,
,
. Backend , .
, .
<SMALL>VACUUM ANALYZE</SMALL>.</P>
.</P>
<P> <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>
. <P> <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>
, , .
, .
.</P> , <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL> <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>
,
.</P>
<P> , <SMALL>LIKE</SMALL> <P> , <SMALL>LIKE</SMALL>
<I>~</I>, <I>~</I>,
- , . - , .
, , , , ,
<SMALL>LIKE</SMALL> <I>%</I>, <I>~</I> <SMALL>LIKE</SMALL> <I>%</I>, <I>~</I>
( ) <I>^</I>.</P> ( ) <I>^</I>.</P>
<H4><A name="4.9">4.9</A>) , <H4><A name="4.9">4.9</A>) ,
?</H4> ?</H4>
...@@ -1135,7 +1137,7 @@ BYTEA bytea ...@@ -1135,7 +1137,7 @@ BYTEA bytea
<P> , , <P> , ,
. .
</P> .</P>
<H4><A name="4.16">4.16</A>) <SMALL>OID</SMALL>? <H4><A name="4.16">4.16</A>) <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?
......
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