Updates for 6.1.1.

HISTORY

+PostgreSQL 6.1.1                 Sun Jul 13 15:11:47 EDT 1997
+-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This release does not require a dump/restore.  Rerun configure.  Compile
+the new release. Recompile all your custom applications so they use the
+libpq library in this new release.  Stop the postmaster process, install
+the new release, and restart the postmaster.
+
+Changes in this release
+-----------------------
+fix for SET with options (Thomas)
+fix month boundary arithmetic(Thomas)
+fix timezone daylight handling for some ports(Thomas)
+allow pg_dump/pg_dumpall to preserve ownership of all tables/objects(Bruce)
+new psql \connect option allows changing usernames without chaning databases
+fix for datetime arithmetic over month boundaries(Thomas)
+fix for initdb --debug option(Tatsuo)
+lextest cleanup(Bruce)
+hash fixes(Vadim)
+psql's \d now case-insensitive(Bruce)
+psql's backslash commands can now have trailing semicolon(Bruce)
+fix memory leak in psql when using \g(Bruce)
+major fix for endian handling of communication to server(Thomas, Tatsuo)
+improvements in datetime and timespan routines(Thomas)
+timestamp overhauled to use standard functions(Thomas)
+Fix for Solaris assembler and include files(Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
+allow underscores in usernames(Bruce)
+pg_dumpall now returns proper status, portability fix(Bruce)
+
+
 PostgreSQL 6.1                   Sun Jun  8 14:41:13 EDT 1997
 -------------------------------------------------------------
 

INSTALL

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ POSTGRESQL INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
 Copyright (c) 1997 Regents of  the University of California
 
 This is file /usr/src/pgsql/INSTALL.  It contains notes on how to install
-PostgreSQL v6.1.  Up to date information on PostgreSQL may be found at
+PostgreSQL v6.1.1.  Up to date information on PostgreSQL may be found at
 http://www.postgresql.org.
 
 PostgreSQL is an RDBMS database server.  It is not completely ANSI SQL
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ REQUIREMENTS TO RUN POSTGRESQL
 
 PostgreSQL has been tested on the following platforms:
 
-   aix            IBM on AIX 3.2.5
+   aix            IBM on AIX 3.2.5 or 4.x
    alpha          DEC Alpha AXP on OSF/1 2.0
    BSD44_derived  OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD)
-   bsdi           BSD/OS 2.0, 2.01, 2.1
+   bsdi           BSD/OS 2.0, 2.01, 2.1, 3.0
    dgux           DG/UX 5.4R3.10
    hpux           HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.0
    i386_solaris   i386 Solaris
@@ -67,8 +67,17 @@ You should have at least 8 MB of memory and at least 45 MB of disk space
 to hold the source, binaries, and user databases.  After installation
 you may reduce this to about 3 Mbytes plus space for user databases.
 
-
-To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
+To upgrade from PostgreSQL v6.1 to v6.1.1 do the following:
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+   1) Run configure on the new release
+   2) Compile the new release
+   3) Recompile your custom applications to use the new libpq library
+   4) Stop the postmaster
+   5) Install the new release
+   6) Restart the postmaster
+
+To those doing a fresh install or upgrading to PostgreSQL v6.1.1 
+from 6.0 or 1.* release, do the following:
 ----------------------------------------------
 
   1) Read any last minute information and platform specific porting
@@ -109,7 +118,7 @@ To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
 
       To check for disk space, use command "df -k".
 
-  4) Ftp file ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.1.tar.gz from the
+  4) Ftp file ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.1.1.tar.gz from the
      internet.  Store it in your home directory.
 
   5) Some platforms use flex.  If your system uses flex then make sure
@@ -151,7 +160,7 @@ To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
      postgres super user.  Type (with the gunzip line and the following
      line typed as one line):
         cd
-        gunzip -c postgresql-v6.1.tar.gz |
+        gunzip -c postgresql-v6.1.1.tar.gz |
             tar xvf - src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
         chmod a+x src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
         src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall > db.out
@@ -216,7 +225,7 @@ To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
 
  10) Unzip and untar the new source file.  Type
         cd /usr/src/pgsql
-        gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
+        gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.1.1.tar.gz | tar xvf -
 
  11) Configure the source code for your system.  It is this step at which
      you can specify your actual source path and installation paths for
@@ -408,10 +417,10 @@ To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
 
      Here is an example from a i686/Linux-ELF platform (this is the platform
      on which most of the regression tests were generated). No tests failed
-     since this is the v6.1 regression reference platform.
+     since this is the v6.1.1 regression reference platform.
 
      Here is an example from the SPARC/Linux-ELF platform.  Using the
-     970525 beta version of PostgreSQL v6.1 the following tests "failed".
+     970525 beta version of PostgreSQL v6.1.1 the following tests "failed".
      float8 and geometry "failed" due to minor precision differences in
      floating point numbers.  select_views produces massively different output,
      but the differences are due to minor floating point differences.
@@ -542,7 +551,7 @@ To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
         rm -rf /usr/local/pgsql_6_0
         # Also delete old database directory tree if it is not in
         #  /usr/local/pgsql_6_0/data
-        rm ~/postgresql-v6.1.tar.gz
+        rm ~/postgresql-v6.1.1.tar.gz
 
  26) You will probably want to print out the documentation.  Here is how
      you might do it if you have Ghostscript on your system and are
@@ -569,7 +578,7 @@ To upgrade to PostgreSQL v6.1 do the following:
      supported platforms.  We therefore ask you to let us know if you did
      or did not get PostgreSQL to work on you system.  Please send a
      mail message to pgsql-ports@postgresql.org telling us the following:
-       - The version of PostgreSQL (v6.1, v6.2 beta 970703, etc.).
+       - The version of PostgreSQL (v6.1, 6.1.1, beta 970703, etc.).
        - Your operating system (i.e. RedHat v4.0 Linux v2.0.26).
        - Your hardware (SPARC, i486, etc.).
        - Did you compile, install and run the regression tests cleanly?

doc/FAQ

-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>PostgreSQL FAQ</title>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#A00000" ALINK="#0000FF">
-<H1>
-Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
-</H1>
-<P>
-Last updated:		Wed Jun 11 10:44:40 EDT 1997
-<BR>
-Version:		6.1
-<P>
-Current maintainer:	Bruce Momjian (<a
-href="mailto:maillist@candle.pha.pa.us">maillist@candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<BR>
-<P>
-The most recent version of this document can be viewed at
-the postgreSQL Web site, <a
-href="http://postgreSQL.org">http://postgreSQL.org</a>.
-<P>
-Linux-specific questions are answered in
-<a href="http://postgreSQL.org/docs/FAQ-Linux.phtml">http://postgreSQL.org/docs/FAQ-Linux.phtml</a>.
-<P>
-Irix-specific questions are answered in
-<a href="http://postgreSQL.org/docs/FAQ-Irix.phtml">http://postgreSQL.org/docs/FAQ-Irix.phtml</a>.
-<P>
-Changes in this version (* = modified, + = new):
-<UL>
-<LI>3.42)	What is Genetic Query Optimization?<BR>
-<LI>3.43)	I am running Solaris and my dates display wrong.  Why?<BR>
-</UL>
-<HR>
-<P>
-<H2>Questions answered:</H2>
-<H3> 1)	General questions</H3>
-<a href="#1.1">1.1</a>)	What is PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#1.2">1.2</a>)	What does PostgreSQL run on?<BR>
-<a href="#1.3">1.3</a>)	Where can I get PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#1.4">1.4</a>)	What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#1.5">1.5</a>)	Support for PostgreSQL<BR>
-<a href="#1.6">1.6</a>)	Latest release of PostgreSQL<BR>
-<a href="#1.7">1.7</a>)	Is there a commercial version of PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#1.9">1.9</a>)	What version of SQL does PostgreSQL use?<BR>
-<a href="#1.10">1.10</a>)	Does PostgreSQL work with databases from
-earlier versions of postgres?<BR>
-<a href="#1.11">1.11</a>)	How many people use PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<H3> 2)	Installation questions</H3>
-<a href="#2.1">2.1</a>)	initdb doesn't run<BR>
-<a href="#2.2">2.2</a>)	when I start up the postmaster, I get
-		"FindBackend: could not find a backend to execute..."
-		"postmaster: could not find backend to execute..."<BR>
-<a href="#2.3">2.3</a>)	The system seems to be confused about commas,
-decimal points, and date formats.<BR>
-<a href="#2.4">2.4</a>)	How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than
-/usr/local/pgsql?<BR>
-<a href="#2.5">2.5</a>)	When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call
-core dumped message.<BR>
-<a href="#2.6">2.6</a>)	When I try to start the postmaster, I get
-IpcMemoryCreate errors.<BR>
-<a href="#2.7">2.7</a>)	I have changed a source file, but a
-recompile does not see the change?<BR>
-<H3> 3)	Operational questions</H3>
-<a href="#3.1">3.1</a>)	How do I specify a KEY or other constraints on a
-column?<BR>
-<a href="#3.2">3.2</a>)	Does PostgreSQL support nested subqueries?<BR>
-<a href="#3.3">3.3</a>)	How do I define a unique indices?<BR>
-<a href="#3.4">3.4</a>)	I've having a lot of problems using rules.<BR>
-<a href="#3.5">3.5</a>)	I can't seem to write into the middle of large
-objects reliably.<BR>
-<a href="#3.6">3.6</a>)	Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface?
-A report generator? A embedded query language interface?<BR>
-<a href="#3.7">3.7</a>)	How can I write client applications to
-PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#3.8">3.8</a>)	How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my
-PostgreSQL<BR>
-<a href="#3.9">3.9</a>)	How do I set up a pg_group?<BR>
-<a href="#3.10">3.10</a>)	What is the exact difference between
-binary cursors and normal cursors?<BR>
-<a href="#3.11">3.11</a>)	Why doesn't the != operator work?<BR>
-<a href="#3.12">3.12</a>)	What is a R-tree index and what is it
-used for?<BR>
-<a href="#3.13">3.13</a>)	What is the maximum size for a
-tuple?<BR>
-<a href="#3.14">3.14</a>)	I defined indices but my queries don't
-seem to make use of them. Why?<BR>
-<a href="#3.15">3.15</a>)	Are there ODBC drivers for
-PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#3.16">3.16</a>)	How do I use postgres for
-multi-dimensional indexing (&gt; 2 dimensions)?<BR>
-<a href="#3.17">3.17</a>)	How do I do regular expression searches?
-case-insensitive regexp searching?<BR>
-<a href="#3.18">3.18</a>)	I can't access the database as the
-'root' user.<BR>
-<a href="#3.19">3.19</a>)	I experienced a server crash during a
-vacuum.  How do I remove the lock file?<BR>
-<a href="#3.20">3.20</a>)	What is the difference between the
-various character types?<BR>
-<a href="#3.21">3.21</a>)	In a query, how do I detect if a field
-is NULL?<BR>
-<a href="#3.22">3.22</a>)	How do I see how the query optimizer is
-evaluating my query?<BR>
-<a href="#3.23">3.23</a>)	How do I create a serial field?<BR>
-<a href="#3.24">3.24</a>)	How do I create a multi-column
-index?<BR>
-<a href="#3.25">3.25</a>)	What are the temp_XXX files in my
-database directory?<BR>
-<a href="#3.26">3.26</a>)	Why are my table files not getting any
-smaller after a delete?<BR>
-<a href="#3.27">3.27</a>)	Why can't I connect to my database from
-another machine?<BR>
-<a href="#3.28">3.28</a>)	I get the error 'default index class
-unsupported' when creating an index.  How do I do it?<BR>
-<a href="#3.29">3.29</a>)	Why does creating an index crash the
-backend server?<BR>
-<a href="#3.30">3.30</a>)	How do I find out what indexes or
-operations are defined in the database?<BR>
-<a href="#3.31">3.31</a>) 	Why do statements require an extra character at
-the end?  Why does 'createuser' return 'unexpected last match in
-input()'?  Why does pg_dump fail?<BR>
-<a href="#3.32">3.32</a>)	All my servers crash under concurrent
-table access.  Why?<BR>
-<a href="#3.33">3.33</a>)	What tools are available for hooking
-postgres to Web pages?<BR>
-<a href="#3.34">3.34</a>)	What is the time-warp feature and how
-does it relate to vacuum?<BR>
-<a href="#3.35">3.35</a>)	How do I tune the database engine for
-better performance?<BR>
-<a href="#3.36">3.36</a>)	What debugging features are available in
-PostgreSQL?<BR>
-<a href="#3.37">3.37</a>)	What is an oid?  What is a tid?<BR>
-<a href="#3.38">3.38</a>)	What is the meaning of some of the terms
-used in Postgres?<BR>
-<a href="#3.39">3.39</a>)	What is Genetic Query Optimization?<BR>
-<a href="#3.40">3.40</a>)	I am running Solaris and my dates
-display wrong.  Why?
-<a href="#3.41">3.41</a>)	How do I enable more than 32 concurrent
-backends?
-<H3> 4)	Questions about extending PostgreSQL</H3>
-<a href="#4.1">4.1</a>)	I wrote a user-defined function and when I run
-it in psql, it dumps core.<BR>
-<a href="#4.2">4.2</a>)	I get messages of the type
-NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0<BR>
-<a href="#4.3">4.3</a>)	I've written some nifty new types and functions
-for PostgreSQL.<BR>
-<a href="#4.4">4.4</a>)	How do I write a C function to return a
-tuple?<BR>
-<H3> 5)	Bugs</H3>
-<a href="#5.1">5.1</a>)	How do I make a bug report?
-
-<HR> <H2> Section 1:	General Questions</H2> <H3><a
-name="1.1">1.1</a>)	What is PostgreSQL?</H3>
-
-<P>
-PostgreSQL is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database management system,
-a next-generation DBMS research prototype.  While PostgreSQL retains the
-powerful data model and rich data types of POSTGRES, it replaces the
-PostQuel query language with an extended subset of SQL.  PostgreSQL is
-free and the complete source is available.
-<P>
-PostgreSQL development is being performed by a team of Internet
-developers who all subscribe to the PostgreSQL development mailing list.
-The current coordinator is Marc G. Fournier (<a
-href="mailto:scrappy@postgreSQL.org">scrappy@postgreSQL.org</a>). (See
-below on how to join). This team is now responsible for all current and
-future development of PostgreSQL.
-<P>
-The authors of PostgreSQL 1.01 were Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen. Many
-others have contributed to the porting, testing, debugging and
-enhancement of the code.  The original Postgres code, from which
-PostgreSQL is derived, was the effort of many graduate students,
-undergraduate students, and staff programmers working under the
-direction of Professor Michael Stonebraker at the University of
-California, Berkeley.
-<P>
-The original name of the software at Berkeley was Postgres.  When SQL
-functionality was added in 1995, its name was changed to Postgres95. The
-name was changed at the end of 1996 to PostgreSQL.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.2">1.2</a>)	What does PostgreSQL run
-on?</H3>
-<P>
-The authors have compiled and tested PostgreSQL on the following
-platforms(some of these compiles require gcc 2.7.0):
-<UL>
-<LI>   aix -            IBM on AIX 3.2.5
-<LI>   alpha -          DEC Alpha AXP on OSF/1 2.0
-<LI>   BSD44_derived - OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD)
-<LI>   bsdi -          BSD/OS 2.0, 2.01, 2.1, 3.0
-<LI>   dgux -          DG/UX 5.4R3.10
-<LI>   hpux -          HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.0
-<LI>   i386_solaris -   i386 Solaris
-<LI>   irix5 -         SGI MIPS on IRIX 5.3
-<LI>   linux -         Intel x86 on Linux 1.2 and Linux ELF
-                      (For non-ELF Linux, see LINUX_ELF below).
-<LI>   sparc_solaris - SUN SPARC on Solaris 2.4
-<LI>   sunos4 -         SUN SPARC on SunOS 4.1.3
-<LI>   svr4 -          Intel x86 on Intel SVR4
-<LI>   ultrix4 -       DEC MIPS on Ultrix 4.4
-</UL>
-The following platforms have known problems/bugs:
-<UL>
-<LI>   nextstep -      Motorola MC68K or Intel x86 on NeXTSTEP 3.2
-</UL>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.3">1.3</a>)	Where can I get PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P> The primary anonymous ftp site for PostgreSQL is:
-<UL>
-<LI>		<a
-href="ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub">ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub</a>
-</UL>
-<P> A mirror site exists at:
-<UL>
-<LI>		<a
-href="ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95">ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95</a>
-<LI>		<a
-href="ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95">ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95</a>
-<LI>		<a
-href="ftp://cal011111.student.utwente.nl/pub/postgres95">ftp://cal011111.student.utwente.nl/pub/postgres95</a>
-<LI>		<a
-href="ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/database/rdbms/postgres/postgres95">ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/database/rdbms/postgres/postgres95</a>
-<LI>		<a
-href="ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu">ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu</a>
-</UL>
-<H3><a name="1.4">1.4</a>)	What's the copyright on
-PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL is subject to the following COPYRIGHT.
-<P>
-PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
-<P>
-Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
-<P>
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
-documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written
-agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
-and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all
-copies.
-<P>
-IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
-FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
-INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS
-DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
-THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
-<P>
-THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
-INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
-AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER
-IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO
-OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR
-MODIFICATIONS.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.5">1.5</a>)	Support for PostgreSQL </H3>
-<P>
-There is no official support for PostgreSQL from the original
-maintainers or from University of California, Berkeley.  It is
-maintained through volunteer effort only.
-<P>
-The main mailing list is: <a
-href="mailto:questions@postgreSQL.org">questions@postgreSQL.org</a>. It
-is available for discussion o f matters pertaining to PostgreSQL,
-including but not limited to bug reports and fixes. For info on how to
-subscribe, send a mail with the lines in the body (not the subject line)
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
+
+                Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
+                                       
+   Last updated: Sun Jul 13 15:26:53 EDT 1997
+   Version: 6.1.1
+   
+   Current maintainer: Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
+   
+   The most recent version of this document can be viewed at the
+   postgreSQL Web site, http://postgreSQL.org.
+   
+   Linux-specific questions are answered in
+   http://postgreSQL.org/docs/FAQ-Linux.phtml.
+   
+   Irix-specific questions are answered in
+   http://postgreSQL.org/docs/FAQ-Irix.phtml.
+   
+   Changes in this version (* = modified, + = new):
+     * 3.42) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
+     * 3.43) I am running Solaris and my dates display wrong. Why?
+       
+     _________________________________________________________________
+                                      
+Questions answered:
+
+  1) General questions
+  
+   1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
+   1.2) What does PostgreSQL run on?
+   1.3) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
+   1.4) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
+   1.5) Support for PostgreSQL
+   1.6) Latest release of PostgreSQL
+   1.7) Is there a commercial version of PostgreSQL?
+   1.9) What version of SQL does PostgreSQL use?
+   1.10) Does PostgreSQL work with databases from earlier versions of
+   postgres?
+   1.11) How many people use PostgreSQL?
+   
+  2) Installation questions
+  
+   2.1) initdb doesn't run
+   2.2) when I start up the postmaster, I get "FindBackend: could not
+   find a backend to execute..." "postmaster: could not find backend to
+   execute..."
+   2.3) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and
+   date formats.
+   2.4) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than
+   /usr/local/pgsql?
+   2.5) When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call core dumped
+   message.
+   2.6) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors.
+   2.7) I have changed a source file, but a recompile does not see the
+   change?
+   
+  3) Operational questions
+  
+   3.1) How do I specify a KEY or other constraints on a column?
+   3.2) Does PostgreSQL support nested subqueries?
+   3.3) How do I define a unique indices?
+   3.4) I've having a lot of problems using rules.
+   3.5) I can't seem to write into the middle of large objects reliably.
+   3.6) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report
+   generator? A embedded query language interface?
+   3.7) How can I write client applications to PostgreSQL?
+   3.8) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my PostgreSQL
+   3.9) How do I set up a pg_group?
+   3.10) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal
+   cursors?
+   3.11) Why doesn't the != operator work?
+   3.12) What is a R-tree index and what is it used for?
+   3.13) What is the maximum size for a tuple?
+   3.14) I defined indices but my queries don't seem to make use of them.
+   Why?
+   3.15) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
+   3.16) How do I use postgres for multi-dimensional indexing (> 2
+   dimensions)?
+   3.17) How do I do regular expression searches? case-insensitive regexp
+   searching?
+   3.18) I can't access the database as the 'root' user.
+   3.19) I experienced a server crash during a vacuum. How do I remove
+   the lock file?
+   3.20) What is the difference between the various character types?
+   3.21) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
+   3.22) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query?
+   3.23) How do I create a serial field?
+   3.24) How do I create a multi-column index?
+   3.25) What are the temp_XXX files in my database directory?
+   3.26) Why are my table files not getting any smaller after a delete?
+   3.27) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine?
+   3.28) I get the error 'default index class unsupported' when creating
+   an index. How do I do it?
+   3.29) Why does creating an index crash the backend server?
+   3.30) How do I find out what indexes or operations are defined in the
+   database?
+   3.31) Why do statements require an extra character at the end? Why
+   does 'createuser' return 'unexpected last match in input()'? Why does
+   pg_dump fail?
+   3.32) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why?
+   3.33) What tools are available for hooking postgres to Web pages?
+   3.34) What is the time-warp feature and how does it relate to vacuum?
+   3.35) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
+   3.36) What debugging features are available in PostgreSQL?
+   3.37) What is an oid? What is a tid?
+   3.38) What is the meaning of some of the terms used in Postgres?
+   3.39) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
+   3.40) I am running Solaris and my dates display wrong. Why? 3.41) How
+   do I enable more than 32 concurrent backends?
+   
+  4) Questions about extending PostgreSQL
+  
+   4.1) I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it in psql, it
+   dumps core.
+   4.2) I get messages of the type NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree:
+   0x402251d0
+   4.3) I've written some nifty new types and functions for PostgreSQL.
+   4.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple?
+   
+  5) Bugs
+  
+   5.1) How do I make a bug report?
+     _________________________________________________________________
+                                      
+Section 1: General Questions
+
+  1.1) What is PostgreSQL?
+  
+   PostgreSQL is an enhancement of the POSTGRES database management
+   system, a next-generation DBMS research prototype. While PostgreSQL
+   retains the powerful data model and rich data types of POSTGRES, it
+   replaces the PostQuel query language with an extended subset of SQL.
+   PostgreSQL is free and the complete source is available.
+   
+   PostgreSQL development is being performed by a team of Internet
+   developers who all subscribe to the PostgreSQL development mailing
+   list. The current coordinator is Marc G. Fournier
+   (scrappy@postgreSQL.org). (See below on how to join). This team is now
+   responsible for all current and future development of PostgreSQL.
+   
+   The authors of PostgreSQL 1.01 were Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen. Many
+   others have contributed to the porting, testing, debugging and
+   enhancement of the code. The original Postgres code, from which
+   PostgreSQL is derived, was the effort of many graduate students,
+   undergraduate students, and staff programmers working under the
+   direction of Professor Michael Stonebraker at the University of
+   California, Berkeley.
+   
+   The original name of the software at Berkeley was Postgres. When SQL
+   functionality was added in 1995, its name was changed to Postgres95.
+   The name was changed at the end of 1996 to PostgreSQL.
+   
+  1.2) What does PostgreSQL run on?
+  
+   The authors have compiled and tested PostgreSQL on the following
+   platforms(some of these compiles require gcc 2.7.0):
+     * aix - IBM on AIX 3.2.5 or 4.x
+     * alpha - DEC Alpha AXP on OSF/1 2.0
+     * BSD44_derived - OSs derived from 4.4-lite BSD (NetBSD, FreeBSD)
+     * bsdi - BSD/OS 2.0, 2.01, 2.1, 3.0
+     * dgux - DG/UX 5.4R3.10
+     * hpux - HP PA-RISC on HP-UX 9.0
+     * i386_solaris - i386 Solaris
+     * irix5 - SGI MIPS on IRIX 5.3
+     * linux - Intel x86 on Linux 1.2 and Linux ELF (For non-ELF Linux,
+       see LINUX_ELF below).
+     * sparc_solaris - SUN SPARC on Solaris 2.4
+     * sunos4 - SUN SPARC on SunOS 4.1.3
+     * svr4 - Intel x86 on Intel SVR4
+     * ultrix4 - DEC MIPS on Ultrix 4.4
+       
+   The following platforms have known problems/bugs:
+     * nextstep - Motorola MC68K or Intel x86 on NeXTSTEP 3.2
+       
+  1.3) Where can I get PostgreSQL?
+  
+   The primary anonymous ftp site for PostgreSQL is:
+     * ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub
+       
+   A mirror site exists at:
+     * ftp://postgres95.vnet.net/pub/postgres95
+     * ftp://ftp.luga.or.at/pub/postgres95
+     * ftp://cal011111.student.utwente.nl/pub/postgres95
+     * ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/database/rdbms/postgres/postgres95
+     * ftp://rocker.sch.bme.hu
+       
+  1.4) What's the copyright on PostgreSQL?
+  
+   PostgreSQL is subject to the following COPYRIGHT.
+   
+   PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
+   
+   Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
+   
+   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+   documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written
+   agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
+   and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all
+   copies.
+   
+   IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
+   FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
+   INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND
+   ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN
+   ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+   
+   THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
+   INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+   MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE
+   PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF
+   CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,
+   UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
+   
+  1.5) Support for PostgreSQL
+  
+   There is no official support for PostgreSQL from the original
+   maintainers or from University of California, Berkeley. It is
+   maintained through volunteer effort only.
+   
+   The main mailing list is: questions@postgreSQL.org. It is available
+   for discussion o f matters pertaining to PostgreSQL, including but not
+   limited to bug reports and fixes. For info on how to subscribe, send a
+   mail with the lines in the body (not the subject line)
+
+
         subscribe
         end
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-to <a
-href="mailto:questions-request@postgreSQL.org">questions-request@postgreSQL.org</a>.
-<P>
-There is also a digest list available.  To subscribe to this list, send
-email to:
-<a
-href="mailto:questions-digest-request@postgreSQL.org">
-questions-digest-request@postgreSQL.org</a> with a BODY of:
-<PRE>
-<KBD>
+
+   to questions-request@postgreSQL.org.
+   
+   There is also a digest list available. To subscribe to this list, send
+   email to: questions-digest-request@postgreSQL.org with a BODY of:
+
+
         subscribe
         end
-</KBD>
-</PRE>
-Digests are sent out to members of this list whenever the main list has
-received around 30k of messages.
-<P>
-There is a bugs mailing list available.  To subscribe to this
-list, send email to <a
-href="mailto:bugs-request@postgreSQL.org">bugs-request@postgreSQL.org</a>
-with a BODY of:
-<P>
-There is also a developers discussion mailing list available.  To subscribe to this
-list, send email to <a
-href="mailto:hackers-request@postgreSQL.org">hackers-request@postgreSQL.org</a>
-with a BODY of:
-<P>
-<PRE>
-<KBD>
+
+   Digests are sent out to members of this list whenever the main list
+   has received around 30k of messages.
+   
+   There is a bugs mailing list available. To subscribe to this list,
+   send email to bugs-request@postgreSQL.org with a BODY of:
+   
+   There is also a developers discussion mailing list available. To
+   subscribe to this list, send email to hackers-request@postgreSQL.org
+   with a BODY of:
+   
+
         subscribe
         end
-</KBD>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Additional information about PostgreSQL can be found via the PostgreSQL
-WWW home page at:
-<BLOCKQUOTE>
-		<a
-href="http://postgreSQL.org">http://postgreSQL.org</a>
-</BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.6">1.6</a>)	Latest release of PostgreSQL</H3>
-<P>
-The latest release of PostgreSQL is version 6.0, which was released on
-January 31, 1997.  6.1 is scheduled for release soon.  For information
-about what is new in 6.1, see our TODO list on our WWW page.
-<P>
-We expect a 7.0 release in several months that will remove time-travel
-and reduce by 50% the size of on-disk system columns maintained for each
-row in a table.  This release will also require a dump and restore.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.7">1.7</a>)	Is there a commercial version of PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-Illustra Information Technology (a wholly owned subsidiary of Informix
-Software, Inc.) sells an object-relational DBMS called Illustra that was
-originally based on postgres. Illustra has cosmetic similarities to
-PostgreSQL but has more features, is more robust, performs better, and
-offers real documentation and support.  On the flip side, it costs
-money. For more information, contact <a
-href="mailto:sales@illustra.com">sales@illustra.com</a>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.8">1.8</a>)	What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-A user manual, manual pages, and some small test examples are included
-in the distribution.  The sql and built-in manual pages are particularly
-important.
-<P>
-The www page contains pointers to an implementation guide and five
-papers written about postgres design concepts and features.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.9">1.9</a>)	What version of SQL does PostgreSQL use?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL supports a subset of SQL-92.  It has most of the important
-constructs but lacks some of the functionality. The most visible
-differences are:
-<UL>
-<LI> no support for nested subqueries
-<LI> no HAVING clause under a GROUP BY
-</UL>
-<P>
-On the other hand, you get to create user-defined types, functions,
-inheritance etc.  If you're willing to help with PostgreSQL coding,
-eventually we can also add the missing features listed above.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.10">1.10</a>)	Does PostgreSQL work with databases from
-earlier versions of postgres?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL v1.09 is compatible with databases created with v1.01. Those
-upgrading from 1.0 should read the directions in the
-MIGRATION_1.0_TO_1.02 directory.
-<P>
-Upgrading to 6.0 requires a dump and restore from previous releases.
-<P>
-Upgrading to 6.1 requires a dump and restore from previous releases.
-<P>
-Those ugrading from versions earlier than 1.09 must upgrade to 1.09
-first without a dump/reload, then dump the data from 1.09, and then load
-it into 6.0 or 6.1.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="1.11">1.11</a>)	How many people use PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-Since we don't have any licensing or registration scheme, it's
-impossible to tell.  We do know hundreds copies of PostgreSQL  v1.* have
-been downloaded, and that there many hundreds of  subscribers to the
-mailing lists.
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H2> Section 2:	Installation Questions
-</H2>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.1">2.1</a>)	initdb doesn't run</H3>
-<P>
-<UL>
-<LI> check to see that you have the proper paths set
-<LI> check that the 'postgres' user owns all the right files
-<LI> ensure that there are files in $PGDATA/files, and that they
-are non-empty.  If they aren't, then "gmake install" failed for
-some reason
-</UL>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.2">2.2</a>)	when I start up the postmaster, I get
-		"FindBackend: could not find a backend to execute..."
-		"postmaster: could not find backend to execute..."</H3>
-<P>
-You probably do not have the right path set up. The 'postgres'
-executable needs to be in your path.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.3">2.3</a>)	The system seems to be confused about commas,
-decimal points, and date formats.</H3>
-<P>
-Check your locale configuration. PostgreSQL uses the locale settings of
-the user that ran the postmaster process.  Set those accordingly for
-your operating environment.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.4">2.4</a>)	How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than
-/usr/local/pgsql?</H3>
-<P>
-You need to edit Makefile.global and change POSTGRESDIR accordingly, or
-create a Makefile.custom and define POSTGRESDIR there.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.5">2.5</a>)	When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System
-Call core dumped message.</H3>
-<P>
-It could be a variety of problems, but first check to see that you have
-system V extensions installed on your kernel. PostgreSQL requires kernel
-support for shared memory.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.6">2.6</a>)	When I try to start the postmaster, I get
-IpcMemoryCreate errors.</H3>
-<P>
-You either do not have shared memory configured properly in kernel or
-you need to enlarge the shared memory available in the kernel.  The
-exact amount you need depends on your architecture  and how many buffers
-you configure postmaster to run with.   For most systems, with default
-buffer sizes, you need a minimum of ~760K.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="2.7">2.7</a>)	I have changed a source file, but a
-recompile does not see the change?</H3>
-<P>
-The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies for include files. You
-have to do a 'make clean' and then another 'make'.
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H2> Section 3:	PostgreSQL Features
-</H2>
-
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.1">3.1</a>)	How do I specify a KEY or other constraints on a
-column?</H3>
-<P>
-Column constraints are not supported in PostgreSQL. As a consequence,
-the system does not check for duplicates.
-<P>
-Under 6.0, create a unique index on the column.  Attempts to create
-duplicate of that column will report an error.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.2">3.2</a>)	Does PostgreSQL support nested subqueries?</H3>
-<P>
-Subqueries are not implemented, but they can be simulated using sql
-functions.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.3">3.3</a>)	How do I define a unique indices?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL 6.0 supports unique indices.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.4">3.4</a>)	I've having a lot of problems using rules.</H3>
-<P>
-Currently, the rule system in PostgreSQL is mostly broken. It works
-enough to support the view mechanism, but that's about it.  Use
-PostgreSQL rules at your own peril.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.5">3.5</a>)	I can't seem to write into the middle of large
-objects reliably.</H3>
-<P>
-The Inversion large object system in PostgreSQL is also mostly broken.
-It works well enough for storing large wads of data and reading them
-back out, but the implementation has some underlying problems.  Use
-PostgreSQL large objects at your own peril.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.6">3.6</a>)	Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface?
-A report generator? A embedded query language interface?</H3>
-<P>
-No. No. No.  Not in the official distribution at least. Some users have
-reported some success at using 'pgbrowse' and 'onyx' as frontends to
-PostgreSQL.  Several contributions are working on tk based frontend
-tools.  Ask on the mailing list.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.7">3.7</a>)	How can I write client applications to PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL supports a C-callable library interface called libpq as well
-as a Tcl-based library interface called libtcl.
-<P>
-Others have contributed a perl interface and a WWW gateway to
-PostgreSQL.  See the PostgreSQL home pages for more details.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.8">3.8</a>)	How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my
-PostgreSQL backend?</H3>
-<P>
-Use host-based authentication by modifying the file $PGDATA/pg_hba
-accordingly.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.9">3.9</a>)	How do I set up a pg_group?</H3>
-<P>
-Currently, there is no easy interface to set up user groups. You have to
-explicitly insert/update the pg_group table. For example:
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
-	jolly=&gt; insert into pg_group (groname, grosysid, grolist)
-	jolly=&gt;     values ('posthackers', '1234', '{5443, 8261}');
+
+   Additional information about PostgreSQL can be found via the
+   PostgreSQL WWW home page at:
+   
+     http://postgreSQL.org
+     
+  1.6) Latest release of PostgreSQL
+  
+   The latest release of PostgreSQL is version 6.1.1, which will be
+   released in July, 1997. For information about what is new in 6.1.1,
+   see our TODO list on our WWW page.
+   
+   We expect a 7.0 release in several months that will remove time-travel
+   and reduce by 50% the size of on-disk system columns maintained for
+   each row in a table. This release will also require a dump and
+   restore.
+   
+  1.7) Is there a commercial version of PostgreSQL?
+  
+   Illustra Information Technology (a wholly owned subsidiary of Informix
+   Software, Inc.) sells an object-relational DBMS called Illustra that
+   was originally based on postgres. Illustra has cosmetic similarities
+   to PostgreSQL but has more features, is more robust, performs better,
+   and offers real documentation and support. On the flip side, it costs
+   money. For more information, contact sales@illustra.com
+   
+  1.8) What documentation is available for PostgreSQL?
+  
+   A user manual, manual pages, and some small test examples are included
+   in the distribution. The sql and built-in manual pages are
+   particularly important.
+   
+   The www page contains pointers to an implementation guide and five
+   papers written about postgres design concepts and features.
+   
+  1.9) What version of SQL does PostgreSQL use?
+  
+   PostgreSQL supports a subset of SQL-92. It has most of the important
+   constructs but lacks some of the functionality. The most visible
+   differences are:
+     * no support for nested subqueries
+     * no HAVING clause under a GROUP BY
+       
+   On the other hand, you get to create user-defined types, functions,
+   inheritance etc. If you're willing to help with PostgreSQL coding,
+   eventually we can also add the missing features listed above.
+   
+  1.10) Does PostgreSQL work with databases from earlier versions of postgres?
+  
+   PostgreSQL v1.09 is compatible with databases created with v1.01.
+   Those upgrading from 1.0 should read the directions in the
+   MIGRATION_1.0_TO_1.02 directory.
+   
+   Upgrading to 6.0 requires a dump and restore from previous releases.
+   
+   Upgrading to 6.1 requires a dump and restore from previous releases.
+   
+   Upgrading from 6.1 to 6.1.1 requires a compile of the new release,
+   recompile of all your custom applications to use the new libpq, and
+   then an install while the postmaster is temporarily stopped.
+   
+   Those ugrading from versions earlier than 1.09 must upgrade to 1.09
+   first without a dump/reload, then dump the data from 1.09, and then
+   load it into 6.1.1.
+   
+  1.11) How many people use PostgreSQL?
+  
+   Since we don't have any licensing or registration scheme, it's
+   impossible to tell. We do know hundreds copies of PostgreSQL v1.* have
+   been downloaded, and that there many hundreds of subscribers to the
+   mailing lists.
+   
+     _________________________________________________________________
+                                      
+Section 2: Installation Questions
+
+  2.1) initdb doesn't run
+  
+     * check to see that you have the proper paths set
+     * check that the 'postgres' user owns all the right files
+     * ensure that there are files in $PGDATA/files, and that they are
+       non-empty. If they aren't, then "gmake install" failed for some
+       reason
+       
+  2.2) when I start up the postmaster, I get "FindBackend: could not find a
+  backend to execute..." "postmaster: could not find backend to execute..."
+  
+   You probably do not have the right path set up. The 'postgres'
+   executable needs to be in your path.
+   
+  2.3) The system seems to be confused about commas, decimal points, and date
+  formats.
+  
+   Check your locale configuration. PostgreSQL uses the locale settings
+   of the user that ran the postmaster process. Set those accordingly for
+   your operating environment.
+   
+  2.4) How do I install PostgreSQL somewhere other than /usr/local/pgsql?
+  
+   You need to edit Makefile.global and change POSTGRESDIR accordingly,
+   or create a Makefile.custom and define POSTGRESDIR there.
+   
+  2.5) When I run postmaster, I get a Bad System Call core dumped message.
+  
+   It could be a variety of problems, but first check to see that you
+   have system V extensions installed on your kernel. PostgreSQL requires
+   kernel support for shared memory.
+   
+  2.6) When I try to start the postmaster, I get IpcMemoryCreate errors.
+  
+   You either do not have shared memory configured properly in kernel or
+   you need to enlarge the shared memory available in the kernel. The
+   exact amount you need depends on your architecture and how many
+   buffers you configure postmaster to run with. For most systems, with
+   default buffer sizes, you need a minimum of ~760K.
+   
+  2.7) I have changed a source file, but a recompile does not see the change?
+  
+   The Makefiles do not have the proper dependencies for include files.
+   You have to do a 'make clean' and then another 'make'.
+   
+     _________________________________________________________________
+                                      
+Section 3: PostgreSQL Features
+
+  3.1) How do I specify a KEY or other constraints on a column?
+  
+   Column constraints are not supported in PostgreSQL. As a consequence,
+   the system does not check for duplicates.
+   
+   Under 6.0, create a unique index on the column. Attempts to create
+   duplicate of that column will report an error.
+   
+  3.2) Does PostgreSQL support nested subqueries?
+  
+   Subqueries are not implemented, but they can be simulated using sql
+   functions.
+   
+  3.3) How do I define a unique indices?
+  
+   PostgreSQL 6.0 supports unique indices.
+   
+  3.4) I've having a lot of problems using rules.
+  
+   Currently, the rule system in PostgreSQL is mostly broken. It works
+   enough to support the view mechanism, but that's about it. Use
+   PostgreSQL rules at your own peril.
+   
+  3.5) I can't seem to write into the middle of large objects reliably.
+  
+   The Inversion large object system in PostgreSQL is also mostly broken.
+   It works well enough for storing large wads of data and reading them
+   back out, but the implementation has some underlying problems. Use
+   PostgreSQL large objects at your own peril.
+   
+  3.6) Does PostgreSQL have a graphical user interface? A report generator? A
+  embedded query language interface?
+  
+   No. No. No. Not in the official distribution at least. Some users have
+   reported some success at using 'pgbrowse' and 'onyx' as frontends to
+   PostgreSQL. Several contributions are working on tk based frontend
+   tools. Ask on the mailing list.
+   
+  3.7) How can I write client applications to PostgreSQL?
+  
+   PostgreSQL supports a C-callable library interface called libpq as
+   well as a Tcl-based library interface called libtcl.
+   
+   Others have contributed a perl interface and a WWW gateway to
+   PostgreSQL. See the PostgreSQL home pages for more details.
+   
+  3.8) How do I prevent other hosts from accessing my PostgreSQL backend?
+  
+   Use host-based authentication by modifying the file $PGDATA/pg_hba
+   accordingly.
+   
+  3.9) How do I set up a pg_group?
+  
+   Currently, there is no easy interface to set up user groups. You have
+   to explicitly insert/update the pg_group table. For example:
+
+
+        jolly=> insert into pg_group (groname, grosysid, grolist)
+        jolly=>     values ('posthackers', '1234', '{5443, 8261}');
         INSERT 548224
-	jolly=&gt; grant insert on foo to group posthackers;
+        jolly=> grant insert on foo to group posthackers;
         CHANGE
-	jolly=&gt;
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
+        jolly=>
+
    The fields in pg_group are:
-<UL>
-<LI> groname:  the group name.  This a char16 and should
-			  be purely alphanumeric.  Do not include underscores
-			  or other punctuation.
-<LI>		grosysid: the group id.  This is an int4.
-			  This should be unique for each group.
-<LI>		grolist:   the list of pg_user id's that belong in the group.
-			  This is an int4[].
-</UL>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.10">3.10</a>)	What is the exact difference between binary
-cursors and normal cursors?</H3>
-<P>
-Normal cursors return data back in ASCII format.  Since data is stored
-natively in binary format, the system must do a conversion to produce
-the ASCII format.  In addition, ASCII formats are often large in size
-than binary format.  Once the attributes come back in ASCII, often the
-client application then has to convert it to a binary format to
-manipulate it anyway.
-<P>
-Binary cursors give you back the data in the native binary
-representation.  Thus, binary cursors will tend to be a little faster
-since there's less overhead of conversion.
-<P>
-However, ASCII is architectural neutral whereas binary representation
-can differ between different machine architecture.  Thus, if your client
-machine uses a different representation than you server machine, getting
-back attributes in binary format is probably not what you want. Also, if
-your main purpose is displaying the data in ASCII, then getting it back
-in ASCII will save you some effort on the client side.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.11">3.11</a>)	Why doesn't the != operator work?</H3>
-<P>
-SQL specifies &lt;&gt; as the inequality operator, and that is what we
-have defined for the built-in types.
-<P>
-In 6.0, != is equivalent to &lt;&gt;.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.12">3.12</a>)	What is a R-tree index and what is it used for?</H3>
-<P>
-An r-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index can't
-handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range searches in a
-single dimension. R-tree's can handle multi-dimensional data.  For
-example, if a R-tree index can be built on an attribute of type 'point',
-the system can more efficient answer queries like select all points
-within a bounding rectangle.
-<P>
-The canonical paper that describes the original R-Tree design is:
-<P>
-Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching."
-Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.
-<P>
-You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database
-Systems"
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.13">3.13</a>)	What is the maximum size for a tuple?</H3>
-<P>
-Tuples are limited to 8K bytes.  Taking into account system attributes
-and other overhead, one should stay well shy of 8,000 bytes to be on the
-safe side.   To use attributes larger than 8K, try using the large
-objects interface.
-<P>
-Tuples do not cross 8k boundaries so a 5k tuple will require 8k of
-storage.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.14">3.14</a>)	I defined indices but my queries don't seem
-to make use of them. Why?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL does not automatically maintain statistics.  One has to make
-an explicit 'vacuum' call to update the statistics.   After statistics
-are updated, the optimizer has a better shot at using indices.  Note
-that the optimizer is limited and does not use indices in some
-circumstances (such as OR clauses).
-<P>
-If the system still does not see the index, it is probably because you
-have created an index on a field with the improper *_ops type.  For
-example, you have created a CHAR(4) field, but have specified a char_ops
-index type_class.
-<P>
-See the create_index manual page for information on what type classes
-are available.  It must match the field type.
-<P>
-Postgres does not warn the user when the improper index is created.
-<P>
-Indexes not used for ORDER BY operations.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.15">3.15</a>)	Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-There are two ODBC drivers available, PostODBC and OpenLink ODBC.
-<P>
-For all people being interested in PostODBC, there are now two mailing
-lists devoted to the discussion of PostODBC. The mailing lists are:
-<UL>
-<LI> <a
-href="mailto:postodbc-users@listserv.direct.net">postodbc-users@listserv.direct.
-net</a>
-<LI> <a
-href="mailto:postodbc-developers@listserv.direct.net">postodbc-developers@listse
-rv.direct.net</a>
-</UL>
-<P>
-these lists are ordinary majordomo mailing lists.  You can subscribe by
-sending a mail to:
-<UL>
-<LI>	        <a
-href="mailto:majordomo@listserv.direct.net">majordomo@listserv.direct.net</a>
-</UL>
-<P>
-OpenLink ODBC is currently in beta under Linux. You can get it from <a
-href="http://www.openlinksw.com/postgres.html">
-http://www.openlinksw.com/postgres.html</a>. It works with our standard
-ODBC client software so you'll have Postgres ODBC available on every
-client platform we support (Win, Mac, Unix, VMS).
-<P>
-We will probably be selling this product to people who need
-commercial-quality support, but a freeware version will always be
-available. Questions to <a
-href="mailto:postgres95@openlink.co.uk">postgres95@openlink.co.uk</a>.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.16">3.16</a>)	How do I use postgres for multi-dimensional
-indexing (&gt; 2 dimensions)?</H3>
-<P>
-Builtin R-Trees can handle polygons and boxes.  In theory, R-trees can
-be extended to handle higher number of dimensions.  In practice,
-extending R-trees require a bit of work and we don't currently have any
-documentation on how to do it.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.17">3.17</a>)	How do I do regular expression searches?
-case-insensitive regexp searching?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL supports the SQL LIKE syntax as well as more general regular
-expression searching with the ~ operator. The !~ is the negated regexp
-operator.  ~* and !~* are the case-insensitive regular expression
-operators.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.18">3.18</a>)	I can't access the database as the 'root' user.</H3>
-<P>
-You should not create database users with user id 0(root). They will  be
-unable to access the database.  This is a security precaution  because
-of the ability of any user to dynamically link object modules  into the
-database engine.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.19">3.19</a>)	I experienced a server crash during a
-vacuum.  How do I remove the lock file?</H3>
-<P>
-If the server crashes during a vacuum command, chances are it will leave
-a lock file hanging around.  Attempts to re-run the vacuum command
-result in
-<PRE>
-<SAMP>
+     * groname: the group name. This a char16 and should be purely
+       alphanumeric. Do not include underscores or other punctuation.
+     * grosysid: the group id. This is an int4. This should be unique for
+       each group.
+     * grolist: the list of pg_user id's that belong in the group. This
+       is an int4[].
+       
+  3.10) What is the exact difference between binary cursors and normal cursors?
+  
+   Normal cursors return data back in ASCII format. Since data is stored
+   natively in binary format, the system must do a conversion to produce
+   the ASCII format. In addition, ASCII formats are often large in size
+   than binary format. Once the attributes come back in ASCII, often the
+   client application then has to convert it to a binary format to
+   manipulate it anyway.
+   
+   Binary cursors give you back the data in the native binary
+   representation. Thus, binary cursors will tend to be a little faster
+   since there's less overhead of conversion.
+   
+   However, ASCII is architectural neutral whereas binary representation
+   can differ between different machine architecture. Thus, if your
+   client machine uses a different representation than you server
+   machine, getting back attributes in binary format is probably not what
+   you want. Also, if your main purpose is displaying the data in ASCII,
+   then getting it back in ASCII will save you some effort on the client
+   side.
+   
+  3.11) Why doesn't the != operator work?
+  
+   SQL specifies <> as the inequality operator, and that is what we have
+   defined for the built-in types.
+   
+   In 6.0, != is equivalent to <>.
+   
+  3.12) What is a R-tree index and what is it used for?
+  
+   An r-tree index is used for indexing spatial data. A hash index can't
+   handle range searches. A B-tree index only handles range searches in a
+   single dimension. R-tree's can handle multi-dimensional data. For
+   example, if a R-tree index can be built on an attribute of type
+   'point', the system can more efficient answer queries like select all
+   points within a bounding rectangle.
+   
+   The canonical paper that describes the original R-Tree design is:
+   
+   Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
+   Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data,
+   45-57.
+   
+   You can also find this paper in Stonebraker's "Readings in Database
+   Systems"
+   
+  3.13) What is the maximum size for a tuple?
+  
+   Tuples are limited to 8K bytes. Taking into account system attributes
+   and other overhead, one should stay well shy of 8,000 bytes to be on
+   the safe side. To use attributes larger than 8K, try using the large
+   objects interface.
+   
+   Tuples do not cross 8k boundaries so a 5k tuple will require 8k of
+   storage.
+   
+  3.14) I defined indices but my queries don't seem to make use of them. Why?
+  
+   PostgreSQL does not automatically maintain statistics. One has to make
+   an explicit 'vacuum' call to update the statistics. After statistics
+   are updated, the optimizer has a better shot at using indices. Note
+   that the optimizer is limited and does not use indices in some
+   circumstances (such as OR clauses).
+   
+   If the system still does not see the index, it is probably because you
+   have created an index on a field with the improper *_ops type. For
+   example, you have created a CHAR(4) field, but have specified a
+   char_ops index type_class.
+   
+   See the create_index manual page for information on what type classes
+   are available. It must match the field type.
+   
+   Postgres does not warn the user when the improper index is created.
+   
+   Indexes not used for ORDER BY operations.
+   
+  3.15) Are there ODBC drivers for PostgreSQL?
+  
+   There are two ODBC drivers available, PostODBC and OpenLink ODBC.
+   
+   For all people being interested in PostODBC, there are now two mailing
+   lists devoted to the discussion of PostODBC. The mailing lists are:
+     * postodbc-users@listserv.direct. net
+     * postodbc-developers@listse rv.direct.net
+       
+   these lists are ordinary majordomo mailing lists. You can subscribe by
+   sending a mail to:
+     * majordomo@listserv.direct.net
+       
+   OpenLink ODBC is currently in beta under Linux. You can get it from
+   http://www.openlinksw.com/postgres.html. It works with our standard
+   ODBC client software so you'll have Postgres ODBC available on every
+   client platform we support (Win, Mac, Unix, VMS).
+   
+   We will probably be selling this product to people who need
+   commercial-quality support, but a freeware version will always be
+   available. Questions to postgres95@openlink.co.uk.
+   
+  3.16) How do I use postgres for multi-dimensional indexing (> 2 dimensions)?
+  
+   Builtin R-Trees can handle polygons and boxes. In theory, R-trees can
+   be extended to handle higher number of dimensions. In practice,
+   extending R-trees require a bit of work and we don't currently have
+   any documentation on how to do it.
+   
+  3.17) How do I do regular expression searches? case-insensitive regexp
+  searching?
+  
+   PostgreSQL supports the SQL LIKE syntax as well as more general
+   regular expression searching with the ~ operator. The !~ is the
+   negated regexp operator. ~* and !~* are the case-insensitive regular
+   expression operators.
+   
+  3.18) I can't access the database as the 'root' user.
+  
+   You should not create database users with user id 0(root). They will
+   be unable to access the database. This is a security precaution
+   because of the ability of any user to dynamically link object modules
+   into the database engine.
+   
+  3.19) I experienced a server crash during a vacuum. How do I remove the lock
+  file?
+  
+   If the server crashes during a vacuum command, chances are it will
+   leave a lock file hanging around. Attempts to re-run the vacuum
+   command result in
+
+
         WARN:can't create lock file -- another vacuum cleaner running?
-</SAMP>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-If you are sure that no vacuum is actually running, you can remove the
-file called "pg_vlock" in your database directory (which is
-$PGDATA/base/&lt;dbName&gt;)
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.20">3.20</a>)	What is the difference between the various
-character types?</H3>
-<PRE>
+
+   If you are sure that no vacuum is actually running, you can remove the
+   file called "pg_vlock" in your database directory (which is
+   $PGDATA/base/<dbName>)
+   
+  3.20) What is the difference between the various character types?
+  
 Type            Internal Name   Notes
 --------------------------------------------------
 CHAR            char            1 character   }
@@ -676,368 +591,322 @@ CHAR(#)         bpchar          blank padded to the specified fixed length
 VARCHAR(#)      varchar         size specifies maximum length, no padding
 TEXT            text            length limited only by maximum tuple length
 BYTEA           bytea           variable-length array of bytes
-</PRE>
-<P>
-Remember, you need to use the internal name when creating indexes on
-these fields or when doing other internal operations.
-<P>
-The last four types above are "varlena" types (i.e. the first four bytes
-is the length, followed by the data). CHAR(#) and VARCHAR(#) allocate
-the maximum number of bytes no matter how much data is stored in the
-field.  TEXT and BYTEA are the only character types that have variable
-length on the disk.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.21">3.21</a>)	In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL has two builtin keywords, "isnull" and "notnull" (note no
-spaces).  Version 1.05 and later and 6.* understand IS NULL and IS NOT
-NULL.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.22">3.22</a>)	How do I see how the query optimizer is
-evaluating my query?</H3>
-<P>
-Place the word 'EXPLAIN' at the beginning of the query, for example:
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
+
+   Remember, you need to use the internal name when creating indexes on
+   these fields or when doing other internal operations.
+   
+   The last four types above are "varlena" types (i.e. the first four
+   bytes is the length, followed by the data). CHAR(#) and VARCHAR(#)
+   allocate the maximum number of bytes no matter how much data is stored
+   in the field. TEXT and BYTEA are the only character types that have
+   variable length on the disk.
+   
+  3.21) In a query, how do I detect if a field is NULL?
+  
+   PostgreSQL has two builtin keywords, "isnull" and "notnull" (note no
+   spaces). Version 1.05 and later and 6.* understand IS NULL and IS NOT
+   NULL.
+   
+  3.22) How do I see how the query optimizer is evaluating my query?
+  
+   Place the word 'EXPLAIN' at the beginning of the query, for example:
+
         EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE age = 23;
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.23">3.23</a>)	How do I create a serial field?</H3>
-<P>
-Postgres does not allow the user to specifiy a user column as type
-SERIAL.  Instead, you can use each row's oid field as a unique value. 
-However, if you need to dump and reload the database, you need to be
-using postgres version 1.07 or later or 6.* with pgdump's -o option or
-COPY's WITH OIDS option to preserver the oids.
-<P>
-Another valid way of doing this is to create a function:
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
+
+  3.23) How do I create a serial field?
+  
+   Postgres does not allow the user to specifiy a user column as type
+   SERIAL. Instead, you can use each row's oid field as a unique value.
+   However, if you need to dump and reload the database, you need to be
+   using postgres version 1.07 or later or 6.* with pgdump's -o option or
+   COPY's WITH OIDS option to preserver the oids.
+   
+   Another valid way of doing this is to create a function:
+
         create table my_oids (f1 int4);
         insert into my_oids values (1);
         create function new_oid () returns int4 as
                 'update my_oids set f1 = f1 + 1;  select f1 from my_oids; '
         language 'sql';
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-then:
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
+
+   then:
+
         create table my_stuff (my_key int4, value text);
         insert into my_stuff values (new_oid(), 'hello');
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-However, keep in mind there is a race condition here where one server
-could do the update, then another one do an update, and they both could
-select the same new id.  This statement should be performed within a
-transaction.
-<P>
-Sequences are implemented in 6.1
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.24">3.24</a>)	How do I create a multi-column index?</H3>
-<P>
-
-In 6.0, you can not directly create a multi-column index using create
-index.  You need to define a function which acts on the multiple columns,
-then use create index with that function.
-<P>
-In 6.1, this feature is available.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.25">3.25</a>)	What are the temp_XXX files in my database
-directory?</H3>
-<P>
-They are temp_ files generated by the query executor.  For example, if a
-sort needs to be done to satisfy an ORDER BY, some temp files are
-generated as a result of the sort.
-<P>
-If you have no transactions or sorts running at the time, it is safe to
-delete the temp_ files.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.26">3.26</a>)	Why are my table files not getting any
-smaller after a delete?</H3>
-<P>
-If you run vacuum in pre-6.0, unused rows will be marked for reuse, but
-the file blocks are not released.
-<P>
-In 6.0, vacuum properly shrinks tables.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.27">3.27</a>)	Why can't I connect to my database from
-another machine?</H3>
-<P>
-The default configuration allows only connections from tcp/ip host
-localhost.  You need to add a host entry to the file pgsql/data/pg_hba.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.28">3.28</a>)	I get the error 'default index class
-unsupported' when creating an index.  How do I do it?</H3>
-<P>
-You probably used:
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
+
+   However, keep in mind there is a race condition here where one server
+   could do the update, then another one do an update, and they both
+   could select the same new id. This statement should be performed
+   within a transaction.
+   
+   Sequences were implemented in 6.1
+   
+  3.24) How do I create a multi-column index?
+  
+   In 6.0, you can not directly create a multi-column index using create
+   index. You need to define a function which acts on the multiple
+   columns, then use create index with that function.
+   
+   In 6.1, this feature is available.
+   
+  3.25) What are the temp_XXX files in my database directory?
+  
+   They are temp_ files generated by the query executor. For example, if
+   a sort needs to be done to satisfy an ORDER BY, some temp files are
+   generated as a result of the sort.
+   
+   If you have no transactions or sorts running at the time, it is safe
+   to delete the temp_ files.
+   
+  3.26) Why are my table files not getting any smaller after a delete?
+  
+   If you run vacuum in pre-6.0, unused rows will be marked for reuse,
+   but the file blocks are not released.
+   
+   In 6.0, vacuum properly shrinks tables.
+   
+  3.27) Why can't I connect to my database from another machine?
+  
+   The default configuration allows only connections from tcp/ip host
+   localhost. You need to add a host entry to the file pgsql/data/pg_hba.
+   
+  3.28) I get the error 'default index class unsupported' when creating an
+  index. How do I do it?
+  
+   You probably used:
+
         create index idx1 on person using btree (name);
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL indexes are extensible, and therefore in pre-6.0, you must
-specify a class_type when creating an index.  Read the manual page for
-create index (called create_index).
-<P>
-Version 6.0, if you do not specify a class_type, it defaults to the
-proper type for the column.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.29">3.29</a>)	Why does creating an index crash the
-backend server?</H3>
-<P>
-You have probably defined an incorrect *_ops type class for the field
-you are indexing.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.30">3.30</a>)	How do I find out what indexes or
-operations are defined in the database?</H3>
-<P>
-Run the file pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source.  It illustrates many of
-the 'select's needed to get information out of the database system
-tables.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.31">3.31</a>) 	Why do statements require an extra character at
-the end?  Why does 'createuser' return 'unexpected last match in input()'?
-Why does pg_dump fail?</H3>
-<P>
-You have compile postgres with flex version 2.5.3.  There is bug in this
-version of flex.  Use flex version 2.5.2 or flex 2.5.4 instead.  There
-is a doc/README.flex file which will properly patch the flex 2.5.3
-source code.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.32">3.32</a>)	All my servers crash under concurrent table
-access.  Why?</H3>
-<P>
-This problem can be caused by a kernel that is not configured to support
-semaphores.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.33">3.33</a>)	What tools are available for hooking
-postgres to Web pages?</H3>
-<P>
-For web integration, PHP/FI is an excellent interface. The URL for that
-is <a href="http://www.vex.net/php/">http://www.vex.net/php/</a>
-<P>
-PHP is great for simple stuff, but for more complex stuff, some still
-use the perl interface and CGI.pm.
-<P>
-An example of using WWW with C to talk to Postgres is can be tried at:
-<UL>
-<LI>
-		<a href="http://postgreSQL.org/%7Emlc">http://postgreSQL.org/~mlc</a>
-</UL>
-<P>
-An WWW gatway based on WDB using perl can be downloaded from:
-<UL>
-<LI>
-		<a
-href="http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb-p95">http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb
--p95</a>
-</UL>
-<H3><a name="3.34">3.34</a>)	What is the time-warp feature and how does
-it relate to vacuum?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL handles data changes differently than most database systems.
-When a row is changed in a table, the original row is marked with the
-time it was changed, and a new row is created with the current data.  By
-default, only current rows are used in a table.  If you specify a
-date/time after the table name in a FROM clause, you can access the data
-that was current at that time, i.e.
-<PRE>
-<CODE>
+
+   PostgreSQL indexes are extensible, and therefore in pre-6.0, you must
+   specify a class_type when creating an index. Read the manual page for
+   create index (called create_index).
+   
+   Version 6.0, if you do not specify a class_type, it defaults to the
+   proper type for the column.
+   
+  3.29) Why does creating an index crash the backend server?
+  
+   You have probably defined an incorrect *_ops type class for the field
+   you are indexing.
+   
+  3.30) How do I find out what indexes or operations are defined in the
+  database?
+  
+   Run the file pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source. It illustrates many of
+   the 'select's needed to get information out of the database system
+   tables.
+   
+  3.31) Why do statements require an extra character at the end? Why does
+  'createuser' return 'unexpected last match in input()'? Why does pg_dump
+  fail?
+  
+   You have compile postgres with flex version 2.5.3. There is bug in
+   this version of flex. Use flex version 2.5.2 or flex 2.5.4 instead.
+   There is a doc/README.flex file which will properly patch the flex
+   2.5.3 source code.
+   
+  3.32) All my servers crash under concurrent table access. Why?
+  
+   This problem can be caused by a kernel that is not configured to
+   support semaphores.
+   
+  3.33) What tools are available for hooking postgres to Web pages?
+  
+   For web integration, PHP/FI is an excellent interface. The URL for
+   that is http://www.vex.net/php/
+   
+   PHP is great for simple stuff, but for more complex stuff, some still
+   use the perl interface and CGI.pm.
+   
+   An example of using WWW with C to talk to Postgres is can be tried at:
+     * http://postgreSQL.org/~mlc
+       
+   An WWW gatway based on WDB using perl can be downloaded from:
+     * http://www.eol.ists.ca/~dunlop/wdb -p95
+       
+  3.34) What is the time-warp feature and how does it relate to vacuum?
+  
+   PostgreSQL handles data changes differently than most database
+   systems. When a row is changed in a table, the original row is marked
+   with the time it was changed, and a new row is created with the
+   current data. By default, only current rows are used in a table. If
+   you specify a date/time after the table name in a FROM clause, you can
+   access the data that was current at that time, i.e.
+
+
         SELECT *
         FROM employees ['July 24, 1996 09:00:00']
-</CODE>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-displays employee rows in the table at the specified time. You can
-specify intervals like [date,date], [date,], [,date], or [,].  This last
-option accesses all rows that ever existed.
-<P>
-INSERTed rows get a timestamp too, so rows that were not in the table at
-the desired time will not appear.
-<P>
-Vacuum removes rows that are no longer current.  This time-warp feature
-is used by the engine for rollback and crash recovery.  Expiration times
-can be set with purge.
-<P>
-In 6.0, once a table is vacuumed, the creation time of a row may be
-incorrect, causing time-traval to fail.
-<P>
-The time-travel feature will be removed in 7.0.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.35">3.35</a>)	How do I tune the database engine for
-better performance?</H3>
-<P>
-There are two things that can be done.  You can use Openlink's option to
-disable fsync() by starting the postmaster with a  '-o -F' option.  This
-will prevent fsync()'s from flushing to disk after every transaction.
-<P>
-You can also use the postmaster -B option to increase the number of
-shared memory buffers shared among the backend processes.  If you make
-this parameter too high, the process will not start or crash
-unexpectedly.  Each buffer is 8K and the defualt is 64 buffers.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.36">3.36</a>)	What debugging features are available in
-PostgreSQL?</H3>
-<P>
-PostgreSQL has several features that report status information that can
-be valuable for debugging purposes.
-<P>
-First, by compiling with DEBUG defined, many assert()'s monitor the
-progress of the backend and halt the program when something unexpected
-occurs.
-<P>
-Both postmaster and postgres have several debug options available.
-First, whenever you start the postmaster, make sure you send the
-standard output and error to a log file, like:
-<PRE>
-<KBD>
+
+   displays employee rows in the table at the specified time. You can
+   specify intervals like [date,date], [date,], [,date], or [,]. This
+   last option accesses all rows that ever existed.
+   
+   INSERTed rows get a timestamp too, so rows that were not in the table
+   at the desired time will not appear.
+   
+   Vacuum removes rows that are no longer current. This time-warp feature
+   is used by the engine for rollback and crash recovery. Expiration
+   times can be set with purge.
+   
+   In 6.0, once a table is vacuumed, the creation time of a row may be
+   incorrect, causing time-traval to fail.
+   
+   The time-travel feature will be removed in 7.0.
+   
+  3.35) How do I tune the database engine for better performance?
+  
+   There are two things that can be done. You can use Openlink's option
+   to disable fsync() by starting the postmaster with a '-o -F' option.
+   This will prevent fsync()'s from flushing to disk after every
+   transaction.
+   
+   You can also use the postmaster -B option to increase the number of
+   shared memory buffers shared among the backend processes. If you make
+   this parameter too high, the process will not start or crash
+   unexpectedly. Each buffer is 8K and the defualt is 64 buffers.
+   
+  3.36) What debugging features are available in PostgreSQL?
+  
+   PostgreSQL has several features that report status information that
+   can be valuable for debugging purposes.
+   
+   First, by compiling with DEBUG defined, many assert()'s monitor the
+   progress of the backend and halt the program when something unexpected
+   occurs.
+   
+   Both postmaster and postgres have several debug options available.
+   First, whenever you start the postmaster, make sure you send the
+   standard output and error to a log file, like:
+
+
         cd /usr/local/pgsql
-	./bin/postmaster &gt;server.log 2&gt;&1 &
-</KBD>
-</PRE>
-<P>
-This will put a server.log file in the top-level PostgreSQL directory.
-This file can contain useful information about problems or errors
-encountered by the server.  Postmaster has a -d option that allows even
-more detailed information to be reported.  The -d option takes a number
-1-3 that specifies the debug level.  The query plans in a verbose debug
-file can be formatted using the 'indent' program. (You may need to
-remove the '====' lines in 1.* releases.) Be warned that a debug level
-greater than one generates large  log files in 1.* releases.
-<P>
-You can actuall run the postgres backend from the command line, and type
-your SQL statement directly.  This is recommended ONLY for debugging
-purposes. Note that a newline terminates the query, not a semicolon.  If
-you have compiled with debugging symbols, you can perhaps use a debugger
-to see what is happening.  Because the backend was not started from the
-postmaster, it is not running in an identical environment and
-locking/backend interaction problems may not be duplicated.  Some
-operating system can attach to a running backend directly to diagnose
-problems.
-<P>
-The postgres program has a -s, -A, -t options that can be very usefull
-for debugging and performance measurements.
-<P>
-The EXPLAIN command (see this FAQ) allows you to see how PostgreSQL is
-iterpreting your query.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.37">3.37</a>)	What is an oid?  What is a tid?</H3>
-<P>
-Oids are Postgres's answer to unique row ids or serial columns.  Every
-row that is created in Postgres gets a unique oid.  All oids generated
-by initdb are less than 16384 (from backend/access/transam.h).  All
-post-initdb (user-created) oids are equal or greater that this.  All
-these oids are unique not only within a table, or database, but unique
-within the entire postgres installation.
-<P>
-Postgres uses oids in its internal system tables to link rows in
-separate tables.  These oids can be used to identify specific user rows
-and used in joins.  It is recommended you use column type oid to store
-oid values.  See the sql(l) manual page to see the other internal
-columns.
-<P>
-Tids are used to indentify specific physical rows with block and offset
-values.  Tids change after rows are modified or reloaded.  They are used
-by index entries to point to physical rows.  They can not be accessed
-through sql.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.38">3.38</a>)	What is the meaning of some of the terms
-used in Postgres?</H3>
-<P>
-Some of the source code and older documentation use terms that have more
-common usage.  Here are some:
-<UL>
-<LI> row, record, tuple
-<LI> attribute, field, column
-<LI> table, class
-<LI> retrieve, select
-<LI> replace, update
-<LI> append, insert
-<LI> oid, serial value
-<LI> portal, cursor
-<LI> range variable, table name, table alias
-</UL>
-<P>
-Please let me know if you think of any more.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.39">3.39</a>)	What is Genetic Query Optimization?</H3>
-<P>
-The GEQO module in PostgreSQL is intended to solve the query
-optimization problem of joining many tables by means of a Genetic
-Algorithm (GA). It allows the handling of large join queries through
-non-exhaustive search.
-<P>
-For further information see README.GEQO &lt;utesch@aut.tu-freiberg.de&gt;.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.40">3.40</a>)	I am running Solaris and my dates
-display wrong.  Why?</H3>
-<P>
-There was a bug in 6.0 that caused this problem under Solaris with -O2
-optimization.
-Upgrade to 6.1.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="3.41">3.41</a>)	How do I enable more than 32 concurrent
-backends?</H3>
-<P>
-Edit include/storage/sinvaladt.h, and change the value of MaxBackendId.
-In the future, we plan to make this a configurable prameter.
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H2> Section 4:	Extending PostgreSQL
-</H2>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="4.1">4.1</a>)	I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it
-in psql, it dumps core.</H3>
-<P>
-The problem could be a number of things.  Try testing your user-defined
-function in a stand alone test program first. Also, make sure you are
-not sending elog NOTICES when the front-end is expecting data, such as
-during a type_in() or type_out() functions
-<P>
-<H3><a name="4.2">4.2</a>)	I get messages of the type
-	NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 not in alloc set!</H3>
-<P>
-You are pfree'ing something that was not palloc'ed.  When writing
-user-defined functions, do not include the file "libpq-fe.h".  Doing so
-will cause your palloc to be a malloc instead of a free.  Then, when the
-backend pfrees the storage, you get the notice message.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="4.3">4.3</a>)	I've written some nifty new types and functions for
-PostgreSQL.</H3>
-<P>
-Please share them with other PostgreSQL users.  Send your extensions to
-mailing list, and they will eventually end up in the contrib/
-subdirectory.
-<P>
-<H3><a name="4.4">4.4</a>)	How do I write a C function to return a tuple?</H3>
-<P>
-This requires extreme wizardry, so extreme that the authors have not
-ever tried it, though in principle it can be done. The short answer is
-... you can't.   This capability is forthcoming in the future.
-<P>
-<HR>
-<H2> Section 5:	Bugs
-</H2>
-<P>
-<H3><a name="5.1">5.1</a>)	How do I make a bug report?</H3>
-<P>
-Check the current FAQ at <a
-href="http://postgreSQL.org">http://postgreSQL.org</a>
-<P>
-Also check out our ftp site <a
-href="ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub">ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub</a> to
-see if there is a more recent PostgreSQL version.
-<P>
-You can also fill out the "bug-template" file and send it to:
-<UL>
-<LI>		<a href="mailto:bugs@postgreSQL.org">bugs@postgreSQL.org</a>
-</UL>
-<P>
-This is the address of the developers mailing list.
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+        ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
+
+   This will put a server.log file in the top-level PostgreSQL directory.
+   This file can contain useful information about problems or errors
+   encountered by the server. Postmaster has a -d option that allows even
+   more detailed information to be reported. The -d option takes a number
+   1-3 that specifies the debug level. The query plans in a verbose debug
+   file can be formatted using the 'indent' program. (You may need to
+   remove the '====' lines in 1.* releases.) Be warned that a debug level
+   greater than one generates large log files in 1.* releases.
+   
+   You can actuall run the postgres backend from the command line, and
+   type your SQL statement directly. This is recommended ONLY for
+   debugging purposes. Note that a newline terminates the query, not a
+   semicolon. If you have compiled with debugging symbols, you can
+   perhaps use a debugger to see what is happening. Because the backend
+   was not started from the postmaster, it is not running in an identical
+   environment and locking/backend interaction problems may not be
+   duplicated. Some operating system can attach to a running backend
+   directly to diagnose problems.
+   
+   The postgres program has a -s, -A, -t options that can be very usefull
+   for debugging and performance measurements.
+   
+   The EXPLAIN command (see this FAQ) allows you to see how PostgreSQL is
+   iterpreting your query.
+   
+  3.37) What is an oid? What is a tid?
+  
+   Oids are Postgres's answer to unique row ids or serial columns. Every
+   row that is created in Postgres gets a unique oid. All oids generated
+   by initdb are less than 16384 (from backend/access/transam.h). All
+   post-initdb (user-created) oids are equal or greater that this. All
+   these oids are unique not only within a table, or database, but unique
+   within the entire postgres installation.
+   
+   Postgres uses oids in its internal system tables to link rows in
+   separate tables. These oids can be used to identify specific user rows
+   and used in joins. It is recommended you use column type oid to store
+   oid values. See the sql(l) manual page to see the other internal
+   columns.
+   
+   Tids are used to indentify specific physical rows with block and
+   offset values. Tids change after rows are modified or reloaded. They
+   are used by index entries to point to physical rows. They can not be
+   accessed through sql.
+   
+  3.38) What is the meaning of some of the terms used in Postgres?
+  
+   Some of the source code and older documentation use terms that have
+   more common usage. Here are some:
+     * row, record, tuple
+     * attribute, field, column
+     * table, class
+     * retrieve, select
+     * replace, update
+     * append, insert
+     * oid, serial value
+     * portal, cursor
+     * range variable, table name, table alias
+       
+   Please let me know if you think of any more.
+   
+  3.39) What is Genetic Query Optimization?
+  
+   The GEQO module in PostgreSQL is intended to solve the query
+   optimization problem of joining many tables by means of a Genetic
+   Algorithm (GA). It allows the handling of large join queries through
+   non-exhaustive search.
+   
+   For further information see README.GEQO <utesch@aut.tu-freiberg.de>.
+   
+  3.40) I am running Solaris and my dates display wrong. Why?
+  
+   There was a bug in 6.0 that caused this problem under Solaris with -O2
+   optimization. Upgrade to 6.1.1.
+   
+  3.41) How do I enable more than 32 concurrent backends?
+  
+   Edit include/storage/sinvaladt.h, and change the value of
+   MaxBackendId. In the future, we plan to make this a configurable
+   prameter.
+   
+     _________________________________________________________________
+                                      
+Section 4: Extending PostgreSQL
+
+  4.1) I wrote a user-defined function and when I run it in psql, it dumps
+  core.
+  
+   The problem could be a number of things. Try testing your user-defined
+   function in a stand alone test program first. Also, make sure you are
+   not sending elog NOTICES when the front-end is expecting data, such as
+   during a type_in() or type_out() functions
+   
+  4.2) I get messages of the type NOTICE:PortalHeapMemoryFree: 0x402251d0 not
+  in alloc set!
+  
+   You are pfree'ing something that was not palloc'ed. When writing
+   user-defined functions, do not include the file "libpq-fe.h". Doing so
+   will cause your palloc to be a malloc instead of a free. Then, when
+   the backend pfrees the storage, you get the notice message.
+   
+  4.3) I've written some nifty new types and functions for PostgreSQL.
+  
+   Please share them with other PostgreSQL users. Send your extensions to
+   mailing list, and they will eventually end up in the contrib/
+   subdirectory.
+   
+  4.4) How do I write a C function to return a tuple?
+  
+   This requires extreme wizardry, so extreme that the authors have not
+   ever tried it, though in principle it can be done. The short answer is
+   ... you can't. This capability is forthcoming in the future.
+   
+     _________________________________________________________________
+                                      
+Section 5: Bugs
+
+  5.1) How do I make a bug report?
+  
+   Check the current FAQ at http://postgreSQL.org
+   
+   Also check out our ftp site ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub to see if
+   there is a more recent PostgreSQL version.
+   
+   You can also fill out the "bug-template" file and send it to:
+     * bugs@postgreSQL.org
+       
+   This is the address of the developers mailing list.

doc/TODO

 ====================================================
 TODO list (FAQ) for PostgreSQL
 ====================================================
-last updated:		Tue Jun  3 16:30:57 EDT 1997
+last updated:		Sun Jul 13 15:18:19 EDT 1997
 
 current maintainer:	Bruce Momjian (maillist@candle.pha.pa.us)
 
 The most recent version of this document can be viewed at
 the postgreSQL WWW site, http://www.postgreSQL.org.
 
-THE CHANGES FOR 6.1 APPEAR AT THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT
+THE CHANGES FOR 6.1 and 6.1.1 APPEAR AT THE END OF THIS DOCUMENT
 
 Developers who have claimed items are:
 	Bruce is Bruce Momjian<maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ Developers who have claimed items are:
 	Darren is Darren King <darrenk@insightdist.com>
 	Edmund is Edmund Mergl <E.Mergl@bawue.de>
 	Erich Stamberger <eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at>
+	Gerhard is Gerhard Reithofer <gerhardr@tech-edv.co.at>
 	Igor is Igor <igor@sba.miami.edu>
 	Jun is Jun Kuwamura <juk@rccm.co.jp>
 	Kurt is "Kurt J. Lidl" <lidl@va.pubnix.com>
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ Developers who have claimed items are:
 	Soo-Ho Ok <shok@detc.dongeui-tc.ac.kr>
 	Stefan Simkovics <ssimkovi@rainbow.studorg.tuwien.ac.at>
 	Sven is Sven Verdoolaege <skimo@breughel.ufsia.ac.be>
+	Tatsuo is Tatsuo Ishii <t-ishii@sra.co.jp>
 	Thomas is Thomas Lockhart <tgl@mythos.jpl.nasa.gov>
 	Vadim is "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
 	Vivek is Vivek Khera <khera@kci.kciLink.com>
@@ -42,8 +44,6 @@ Fix all NULL features
 	allow psql to print nulls meaningfully
 Fix compile and security of Kerberos/GSSAPI code (Daniel Kalchev?)
 Dropping a table twice causes corruption, drop/create not rollback-able
-SELECT on two tables where zero or one table in WHERE and target
- 	clause returns no rows
 COUNT on VIEW always returns zero (maybe because there is no oid for views?)
 CREATE VIEW requires super-user priviledge
 SELECT a[1] FROM test fails, it needs test.a[1]
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ can lo_export()/lo_import() read/write anywhere, causing a security problem?
 Fix UPDATE key_table SET keyval=max(reftab.NUM)+1 WHERE tblname='reftab'
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TAB1, TAB2 fails
 Tables that start with xinv confused to be large objects
+Two and three dimmensional arrays display improperly, missing {}
+Add GROUP BY and HAVING to INSERT INTO table SELECT * FROM table2
+Make timestamp type recognize DateStyle(Tom)
 
 ENHANCEMENTS
 ------------
@@ -115,7 +118,6 @@ Remove stale files upon startup(Vivek)
 Add command to show privileges
 Allow INSERT INTO ... SELECT to convert column types
 Add syslog functionality
-Improve optimizer plan choice(Darren)
 Add STDDEV/VARIANCE() function for standard deviation computation/variance
 Add table/column/function discription table indexed by oid
 add pg_type attribute to identify types that need length (bpchar, varchar)
@@ -124,6 +126,8 @@ make pg_dumpall preserve table ownership, not just database ownership
 make large objects have their own reltype
 make number of backends a config parameter, storage/sinvaladt.h:MaxBackendId
 certain indexes will not shrink, i.e. oid indexes with many inserts
+make NULL's come out at the beginning or end depending on the ORDER BY direction
+change the library/backend interface to use network byte order
 
 PERFORMANCE
 -----------
@@ -150,11 +154,38 @@ Update usermanual source(many)
 remove time-travel in documentation(Bruce)
 added features used in grammer but not in docs, like :: and CAST
 add DECLARE manual page
+update libpq++ manual page
 
 PORTABILITY
 -----------
  
 
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+                     CHANGES IN THE 6.1.1 RELEASE
+
+Changes in this release
+-----------------------
+fix for SET with options (Thomas)
+fix month boundary arithmetic(Thomas)
+fix timezone daylight handling for some ports(Thomas)
+allow pg_dump/pg_dumpall to preserve ownership of all tables/objects(Bruce)
+new psql \connect option allows changing usernames without chaning databases
+fix for datetime arithmetic over month boundaries(Thomas)
+fix for initdb --debug option(Tatsuo)
+lextest cleanup(Bruce)
+hash fixes(Vadim)
+psql's \d now case-insensitive(Bruce)
+psql's backslash commands can now have trailing semicolon(Bruce)
+fix memory leak in psql when using \g(Bruce)
+major fix for endian handling of communication to server(Thomas, Tatsuo)
+improvements in datetime and timespan routines(Thomas)
+timestamp overhauled to use standard functions(Thomas)
+Fix for Solaris assembler and include files(Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
+allow underscores in usernames(Bruce)
+pg_dumpall now returns proper status, portability fix(Bruce)
+
+
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                       CHANGES IN THE 6.1 RELEASE
@@ -188,6 +219,8 @@ fix btree duplicates handling (Vadim)
 fix deleted tuples re-incarnation caused by vacuum (Vadim)
 fix SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE made zero-length fields(Bruce)
 many psql, pg_dump, and libpq memory leaks fixed using Purify (Igor)
+SELECT on two tables where zero or one table in WHERE and target
+ 	clause returns no rows(Vadim)
 
 Enhancements
 ------------
@@ -235,6 +268,7 @@ new destroydb -i option (Igor)
 new \dt and \di psql commands (Darren)
 SELECT "\n" now escapes newline (A. Duursma)
 new geometry conversion functions from old format (Thomas)
+Improve optimizer plan choice(Vadim)
 
 Source tree changes
 -------------------