Documentation spell checking and markup improvements

doc/src/sgml/config.sgml

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ include 'filename'
        <secondary>in configuration file</secondary>
       </indexterm>
         The <filename>postgresql.conf</> file can also contain
-        <firstterm>include_dir directives</>, which specify an entire directory
+        <literal>include_dir</literal> directives, which specify an entire directory
         of configuration files to include.  It is used similarly:
  <programlisting>
  include_dir 'directory'
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ include 'filename'
         names end with the suffix <literal>.conf</literal> will be included.  File
         names that start with the <literal>.</literal> character are also excluded,
         to prevent mistakes as they are hidden on some platforms.  Multiple files
-        within an include directory are processed in filename order. The filenames
+        within an include directory are processed in file name order. The file names
         are ordered by C locale rules, ie. numbers before letters, and uppercase
         letters before lowercase ones.
      </para>
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ include 'filename'
         Specifies the maximum amount of disk space that a session can use
         for temporary files, such as sort and hash temporary files, or the
         storage file for a held cursor.  A transaction attempting to exceed
-        this limit will be cancelled.
+        this limit will be canceled.
         The value is specified in kilobytes, and <literal>-1</> (the
         default) means no limit.
         Only superusers can change this setting.
@@ -3358,7 +3358,7 @@ local0.*    /var/log/postgresql
        <para>
         When <varname>logging_collector</varname> is enabled,
         this parameter sets the file names of the created log files.  The value
-        is treated as a <systemitem>strftime</systemitem> pattern,
+        is treated as a <function>strftime</function> pattern,
         so <literal>%</literal>-escapes can be used to specify time-varying
         file names.  (Note that if there are
         any time-zone-dependent <literal>%</literal>-escapes, the computation

doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml

@@ -4098,7 +4098,7 @@ SET xmloption TO { DOCUMENT | CONTENT };
     representations of XML values, such as in the above examples.
     This would ordinarily mean that encoding declarations contained in
     XML data can become invalid as the character data is converted
-    to other encodings while travelling between client and server,
+    to other encodings while traveling between client and server,
     because the embedded encoding declaration is not changed.  To cope
     with this behavior, encoding declarations contained in
     character strings presented for input to the <type>xml</type> type

doc/src/sgml/fdwhandler.sgml

@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ ExecForeignInsert (EState *estate,
      query has a <literal>RETURNING</> clause.  Hence, the FDW could choose
      to optimize away returning some or all columns depending on the contents
      of the <literal>RETURNING</> clause.  However, some slot must be
-     returned to indicate success, or the query's reported rowcount will be
+     returned to indicate success, or the query's reported row count will be
      wrong.
     </para>
 
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ ExecForeignUpdate (EState *estate,
      query has a <literal>RETURNING</> clause.  Hence, the FDW could choose
      to optimize away returning some or all columns depending on the contents
      of the <literal>RETURNING</> clause.  However, some slot must be
-     returned to indicate success, or the query's reported rowcount will be
+     returned to indicate success, or the query's reported row count will be
      wrong.
     </para>
 
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ ExecForeignDelete (EState *estate,
      query has a <literal>RETURNING</> clause.  Hence, the FDW could choose
      to optimize away returning some or all columns depending on the contents
      of the <literal>RETURNING</> clause.  However, some slot must be
-     returned to indicate success, or the query's reported rowcount will be
+     returned to indicate success, or the query's reported row count will be
      wrong.
     </para>
 

doc/src/sgml/func.sgml

@@ -9928,7 +9928,7 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>array_to_json(anyarray [, pretty_bool])</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>json</entry>
+       <entry><type>json</type></entry>
        <entry>
          Returns the array as JSON. A PostgreSQL multidimensional array
          becomes a JSON array of arrays. Line feeds will be added between
@@ -9944,7 +9944,7 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>row_to_json(record [, pretty_bool])</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>json</entry>
+       <entry><type>json</type></entry>
        <entry>
          Returns the row as JSON. Line feeds will be added between level
          1 elements if <parameter>pretty_bool</parameter> is true.
@@ -9959,12 +9959,12 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>to_json(anyelement)</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>json</entry>
+       <entry><type>json</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Returns the value as JSON. If the data type is not builtin, and there
-         is a cast from the type to json, the cast function will be used to
+         Returns the value as JSON. If the data type is not built in, and there
+         is a cast from the type to <type>json</type>, the cast function will be used to
          perform the conversion. Otherwise, for any value other than a number,
-         a boolean or NULL, the text representation will be used, escaped and
+         a Boolean, or a null value, the text representation will be used, escaped and
          quoted so that it is legal JSON.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>to_json('Fred said "Hi."'::text)</literal></entry>
@@ -9977,9 +9977,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_array_length(json)</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>int</entry>
+       <entry><type>int</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Returns the number of elements in the outermost json array.
+         Returns the number of elements in the outermost JSON array.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>json_array_length('[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]')</literal></entry>
        <entry><literal>5</literal></entry>
@@ -9991,9 +9991,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_each(json)</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>SETOF key text, value json</entry>
+       <entry><type>SETOF key text, value json</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Expands the outermost json object into a set of key/value pairs.
+         Expands the outermost JSON object into a set of key/value pairs.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>select * from json_each('{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}')</literal></entry>
        <entry>
@@ -10012,9 +10012,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_each_text(from_json json)</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>SETOF key text, value text</entry>
+       <entry><type>SETOF key text, value text</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Expands the outermost json object into a set of key/value pairs. The
+         Expands the outermost JSON object into a set of key/value pairs. The
          returned value will be of type text.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>select * from json_each_text('{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}')</literal></entry>
@@ -10034,9 +10034,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_extract_path(from_json json, VARIADIC path_elems text[])</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>json</entry>
+       <entry><type>json</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Returns json object pointed to by <parameter>path_elems</parameter>.
+         Returns JSON object pointed to by <parameter>path_elems</parameter>.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>json_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}','f4')</literal></entry>
        <entry><literal>{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}</literal></entry>
@@ -10048,9 +10048,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_extract_path_text(from_json json, VARIADIC path_elems text[])</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>text</entry>
+       <entry><type>text</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Returns json object pointed to by <parameter>path_elems</parameter>.
+         Returns JSON object pointed to by <parameter>path_elems</parameter>.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>json_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}','f4', 'f6')</literal></entry>
        <entry><literal>foo</literal></entry>
@@ -10062,9 +10062,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_object_keys(json)</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>SETOF text</entry>
+       <entry><type>SETOF text</type></entry>
        <entry>
-          Returns set of keys in the json object.  Only the "outer" object will be displayed.
+          Returns set of keys in the JSON object.  Only the <quote>outer</quote> object will be displayed.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>json_object_keys('{"f1":"abc","f2":{"f3":"a", "f4":"b"}}')</literal></entry>
        <entry>
@@ -10083,11 +10083,11 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_populate_record(base anyelement, from_json json, [, use_json_as_text bool=false]</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>anyelement</entry>
+       <entry><type>anyelement</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Expands the object in from_json to a row whose columns match
+         Expands the object in <replaceable>from_json</replaceable> to a row whose columns match
          the record type defined by base. Conversion will be best
-         effort; columns in base with no corresponding key in from_json
+         effort; columns in base with no corresponding key in <replaceable>from_json</replaceable>
          will be left null.  A column may only be specified once.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>select * from json_populate_record(null::x, '{"a":1,"b":2}')</literal></entry>
@@ -10106,12 +10106,12 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_populate_recordset(base anyelement, from_json json, [, use_json_as_text bool=false]</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>SETOF anyelement</entry>
+       <entry><type>SETOF anyelement</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Expands the outermost set of objects in from_json to a set
+         Expands the outermost set of objects in <replaceable>from_json</replaceable> to a set
          whose columns match the record type defined by base.
          Conversion will be best effort; columns in base with no
-         corresponding key in from_json will be left null.  A column
+         corresponding key in <replaceable>from_json</replaceable> will be left null.  A column
          may only be specified once.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>select * from json_populate_recordset(null::x, '[{"a":1,"b":2},{"a":3,"b":4}]')</literal></entry>
@@ -10131,9 +10131,9 @@ table2-mapping
          </indexterm>
          <literal>json_array_elements(json)</literal>
        </entry>
-       <entry>SETOF json</entry>
+       <entry><type>SETOF json</type></entry>
        <entry>
-         Expands a json array to a set of json elements.
+         Expands a JSON array to a set of JSON elements.
        </entry>
        <entry><literal>json_array_elements('[1,true, [2,false]]')</literal></entry>
        <entry>
@@ -10152,8 +10152,8 @@ table2-mapping
 
   <note>
     <para>
-      The <xref linkend="hstore"> extension has a cast from hstore to
-      json, so that converted hstore values are represented as json objects,
+      The <xref linkend="hstore"> extension has a cast from <type>hstore</type> to
+      <type>json</type>, so that converted <type>hstore</type> values are represented as JSON objects,
       not as string values.
     </para>
   </note>
@@ -10161,7 +10161,7 @@ table2-mapping
   <para>
     See also <xref linkend="functions-aggregate"> about the aggregate
     function <function>json_agg</function> which aggregates record
-    values as json efficiently.
+    values as JSON efficiently.
   </para>
  </sect1>
 
@@ -11546,7 +11546,7 @@ SELECT NULLIF(value, '(none)') ...
       <entry>
        <type>json</type>
       </entry>
-      <entry>aggregates records as a json array of objects</entry>
+      <entry>aggregates records as a JSON array of objects</entry>
      </row>
 
      <row>
@@ -14904,7 +14904,7 @@ SELECT set_config('log_statement_stats', 'off', false);
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2 id="functions-admin-signal">
-   <title>Server Signalling Functions</title>
+   <title>Server Signaling Functions</title>
 
    <indexterm>
     <primary>pg_cancel_backend</primary>
@@ -14932,7 +14932,7 @@ SELECT set_config('log_statement_stats', 'off', false);
    </para>
 
    <table id="functions-admin-signal-table">
-    <title>Server Signalling Functions</title>
+    <title>Server Signaling Functions</title>
     <tgroup cols="3">
      <thead>
       <row><entry>Name</entry> <entry>Return Type</entry> <entry>Description</entry>

doc/src/sgml/gin.sgml

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
        Returns a palloc'd array of keys given an item to be indexed.  The
        number of returned keys must be stored into <literal>*nkeys</>.
        If any of the keys can be null, also palloc an array of
-       <literal>*nkeys</> booleans, store its address at
+       <literal>*nkeys</> <type>bool</type> fields, store its address at
        <literal>*nullFlags</>, and set these null flags as needed.
        <literal>*nullFlags</> can be left <symbol>NULL</symbol> (its initial value)
        if all keys are non-null.
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@
        <literal>query</> and the method it should use to extract key values.
        The number of returned keys must be stored into <literal>*nkeys</>.
        If any of the keys can be null, also palloc an array of
-       <literal>*nkeys</> booleans, store its address at
+       <literal>*nkeys</> <type>bool</type> fields, store its address at
        <literal>*nullFlags</>, and set these null flags as needed.
-       <literal>*nullFlags</> can be left NULL (its initial value)
+       <literal>*nullFlags</> can be left <symbol>NULL</symbol> (its initial value)
        if all keys are non-null.
-       The return value can be NULL if the <literal>query</> contains no keys.
+       The return value can be <symbol>NULL</symbol> if the <literal>query</> contains no keys.
       </para>
 
       <para>
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@
        an array of <literal>*nkeys</> booleans and store its address at
        <literal>*pmatch</>.  Each element of the array should be set to TRUE
        if the corresponding key requires partial match, FALSE if not.
-       If <literal>*pmatch</> is set to NULL then GIN assumes partial match
-       is not required.  The variable is initialized to NULL before call,
+       If <literal>*pmatch</> is set to <symbol>NULL</symbol> then GIN assumes partial match
+       is not required.  The variable is initialized to <symbol>NULL</symbol> before call,
        so this argument can simply be ignored by operator classes that do
        not support partial match.
       </para>
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
        To use it, <function>extractQuery</> must allocate
        an array of <literal>*nkeys</> Pointers and store its address at
        <literal>*extra_data</>, then store whatever it wants to into the
-       individual pointers.  The variable is initialized to NULL before
+       individual pointers.  The variable is initialized to <symbol>NULL</symbol> before
        call, so this argument can simply be ignored by operator classes that
        do not require extra data.  If <literal>*extra_data</> is set, the
        whole array is passed to the <function>consistent</> method, and
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
        and so are the <literal>queryKeys[]</> and <literal>nullFlags[]</>
        arrays previously returned by <function>extractQuery</>.
        <literal>extra_data</> is the extra-data array returned by
-       <function>extractQuery</>, or NULL if none.
+       <function>extractQuery</>, or <symbol>NULL</symbol> if none.
       </para>
 
       <para>
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
        that generated the partial match query is provided, in case its
        semantics are needed to determine when to end the scan.  Also,
        <literal>extra_data</> is the corresponding element of the extra-data
-       array made by <function>extractQuery</>, or NULL if none.
+       array made by <function>extractQuery</>, or <symbol>NULL</symbol> if none.
        Null keys are never passed to this function.
       </para>
      </listitem>
@@ -305,9 +305,9 @@
  </para>
 
  <para>
-  As of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1, NULL key values can be
-  included in the index.  Also, placeholder NULLs are included in the index
-  for indexed items that are NULL or contain no keys according to
+  As of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1, null key values can be
+  included in the index.  Also, placeholder nulls are included in the index
+  for indexed items that are null or contain no keys according to
   <function>extractValue</>.  This allows searches that should find empty
   items to do so.
  </para>
@@ -471,11 +471,11 @@
 
  <para>
   <acronym>GIN</acronym> assumes that indexable operators are strict.  This
-  means that <function>extractValue</> will not be called at all on a NULL
+  means that <function>extractValue</> will not be called at all on a null
   item value (instead, a placeholder index entry is created automatically),
-  and <function>extractQuery</function> will not be called on a NULL query
+  and <function>extractQuery</function> will not be called on a null query
   value either (instead, the query is presumed to be unsatisfiable).  Note
-  however that NULL key values contained within a non-null composite item
+  however that null key values contained within a non-null composite item
   or query value are supported.
  </para>
 </sect1>

doc/src/sgml/hstore.sgml

@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ b
      <row>
       <entry><function>hstore_to_json(hstore)</function></entry>
       <entry><type>json</type></entry>
-      <entry>get <type>hstore</type> as a json value</entry>
+      <entry>get <type>hstore</type> as a <type>json</type> value</entry>
       <entry><literal>hstore_to_json('"a key"=&gt;1, b=&gt;t, c=&gt;null, d=&gt;12345, e=&gt;012345, f=&gt;1.234, g=&gt;2.345e+4')</literal></entry>
       <entry><literal>{"a key": "1", "b": "t", "c": null, "d": "12345", "e": "012345", "f": "1.234", "g": "2.345e+4"}</literal></entry>
      </row>
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ b
      <row>
       <entry><function>hstore_to_json_loose(hstore)</function></entry>
       <entry><type>json</type></entry>
-      <entry>get <type>hstore</type> as a json value, but attempting to distinguish numerical and boolean values so they are unquoted in the json</entry>
+      <entry>get <type>hstore</type> as a <type>json</type> value, but attempting to distinguish numerical and Boolean values so they are unquoted in the JSON</entry>
       <entry><literal>hstore_to_json_loose('"a key"=&gt;1, b=&gt;t, c=&gt;null, d=&gt;12345, e=&gt;012345, f=&gt;1.234, g=&gt;2.345e+4')</literal></entry>
       <entry><literal>{"a key": 1, "b": true, "c": null, "d": 12345, "e": "012345", "f": 1.234, "g": 2.345e+4}</literal></entry>
      </row>

doc/src/sgml/indexam.sgml

@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@
    <structfield>amoptionalkey</structfield> false.
    One reason that an index AM might set
    <structfield>amoptionalkey</structfield> false is if it doesn't index
-   NULLs.  Since most indexable operators are
-   strict and hence cannot return TRUE for NULL inputs,
+   null values.  Since most indexable operators are
+   strict and hence cannot return true for null inputs,
    it is at first sight attractive to not store index entries for null values:
    they could never be returned by an index scan anyway.  However, this
    argument fails when an index scan has no restriction clause for a given

doc/src/sgml/information_schema.sgml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
   information schema is defined in the SQL standard and can therefore
   be expected to be portable and remain stable — unlike the system
   catalogs, which are specific to
-  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and are modelled after
+  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and are modeled after
   implementation concerns.  The information schema views do not,
   however, contain information about
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-specific features; to inquire

doc/src/sgml/install-windows.sgml

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ $ENV{PATH}=$ENV{PATH} . ';c:\some\where\bison\bin';
         spaces in the name, such as the default location on English
         installations <filename>C:\Program Files\GnuWin32</filename>.
         Consider installing into <filename>C:\GnuWin32</filename> or use the
-        NTFS shortname path to GnuWin32 in your PATH environment setting
+        NTFS short name path to GnuWin32 in your PATH environment setting
         (e.g. <filename>C:\PROGRA~1\GnuWin32</filename>).
        </para>
      </note>

doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml

@@ -2734,9 +2734,9 @@ char *PQresultErrorField(const PGresult *res, int fieldcode);
           <term><symbol>PG_DIAG_DATATYPE_NAME</></term>
           <listitem>
            <para>
-            If the error was associated with a specific datatype, the name
-            of the datatype.  (When this field is present, the schema name
-            field provides the name of the datatype's schema.)
+            If the error was associated with a specific data type, the name
+            of the data type.  (When this field is present, the schema name
+            field provides the name of the data type's schema.)
            </para>
           </listitem>
          </varlistentry>
@@ -2787,7 +2787,7 @@ char *PQresultErrorField(const PGresult *res, int fieldcode);
 
        <note>
         <para>
-         The fields for schema name, table name, column name, datatype
+         The fields for schema name, table name, column name, data type
          name, and constraint name are supplied only for a limited number
          of error types; see <xref linkend="errcodes-appendix">.
         </para>

doc/src/sgml/ltree.sgml

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
    a path from the root of a hierarchical tree to a particular node.  The
    length of a label path must be less than 65Kb, but keeping it under 2Kb is
    preferable.  In practice this is not a major limitation; for example,
-   the longest label path in the DMOZ catalogue (<ulink
+   the longest label path in the DMOZ catalog (<ulink
    url="http://www.dmoz.org"></ulink>) is about 240 bytes.
   </para>
 

doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml

@@ -263,9 +263,9 @@
    <important>
      <para>
        Some <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> data types and functions have
-       special rules regarding transactional behaviour.  In particular, changes
-       made to a <literal>SEQUENCE</literal> (and therefore the counter of a
-       column declared using <literal>SERIAL</literal>) are immediately visible
+       special rules regarding transactional behavior.  In particular, changes
+       made to a sequence (and therefore the counter of a
+       column declared using <type>serial</type>) are immediately visible
        to all other transactions and are not rolled back if the transaction
        that made the changes aborts.  See <xref linkend="functions-sequence">
        and <xref linkend="datatype-serial">.

doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml

@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM polygon_tbl WHERE f1 @> polygon '(0.5,2.0)';
 
    <para>
     <command>EXPLAIN</> has a <literal>BUFFERS</> option that can be used with
-    <literal>ANALYZE</> to get even more runtime statistics:
+    <literal>ANALYZE</> to get even more run time statistics:
 
 <screen>
 EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS) SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 &lt; 100 AND unique2 &gt; 9000;
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ ROLLBACK;
     So above, we see the same sort of bitmap table scan we've seen already,
     and its output is fed to an Update node that stores the updated rows.
     It's worth noting that although the data-modifying node can take a
-    considerable amount of runtime (here, it's consuming the lion's share
+    considerable amount of run time (here, it's consuming the lion's share
     of the time), the planner does not currently add anything to the cost
     estimates to account for that work.  That's because the work to be done is
     the same for every correct query plan, so it doesn't affect planning
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tenk1 WHERE unique1 &lt; 100 AND unique2 &gt; 9000
     the estimated cost and row count for the Index Scan node are shown as
     though it were run to completion.  But in reality the Limit node stopped
     requesting rows after it got two, so the actual row count is only 2 and
-    the runtime is less than the cost estimate would suggest.  This is not
+    the run time is less than the cost estimate would suggest.  This is not
     an estimation error, only a discrepancy in the way the estimates and true
     values are displayed.
    </para>

doc/src/sgml/pgtestfsync.sgml

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   difference in real database throughput, especially since many database servers
   are not speed-limited by their transaction logs.
   <application>pg_test_fsync</application> reports average file sync operation
-  time in microseconds for each wal_sync_method, which can also be used to
+  time in microseconds for each <literal>wal_sync_method</literal>, which can also be used to
   inform efforts to optimize the value of <xref linkend="guc-commit-delay">.
  </para>
  </refsect1>

doc/src/sgml/planstats.sgml

@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ rows = (outer_cardinality * inner_cardinality) * selectivity
    <structname>tenk2</>.  But this is not the case: the join relation size
    is estimated before any particular join plan has been considered.  If
    everything is working well then the two ways of estimating the join
-   size will produce about the same answer, but due to roundoff error and
+   size will produce about the same answer, but due to round-off error and
    other factors they sometimes diverge significantly.
   </para>
 

doc/src/sgml/plperl.sgml

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ select returns_array();
 
   <para>
    Perl passes <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> arrays as a blessed
-   PostgreSQL::InServer::ARRAY object. This object may be treated as an array
+   <type>PostgreSQL::InServer::ARRAY</type> object. This object may be treated as an array
    reference or a string, allowing for backward compatibility with Perl
    code written for <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> versions below 9.1 to
    run.  For example:
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ SELECT concat_array_elements(ARRAY['PL','/','Perl']);
 
   <note>
    <para>
-    Multi-dimensional arrays are represented as references to
+    Multidimensional arrays are represented as references to
     lower-dimensional arrays of references in a way common to every Perl
     programmer.
    </para>
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ SELECT * FROM perl_row();
   <para>
     PL/Perl functions can also return sets of either scalar or
     composite types.  Usually you'll want to return rows one at a
-    time, both to speed up startup time and to keep from queueing up
+    time, both to speed up startup time and to keep from queuing up
     the entire result set in memory.  You can do this with
     <function>return_next</function> as illustrated below.  Note that
     after the last <function>return_next</function>, you must put

doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml

@@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ EXECUTE 'UPDATE tbl SET '
     </para>
 
     <para>
-     Because <function>quote_literal</function> is labelled
+     Because <function>quote_literal</function> is labeled
      <literal>STRICT</literal>, it will always return null when called with a
      null argument.  In the above example, if <literal>newvalue</> or
      <literal>keyvalue</> were null, the entire dynamic query string would
@@ -2107,11 +2107,11 @@ EXIT <optional> <replaceable>label</replaceable> </optional> <optional> WHEN <re
         When used with a
         <literal>BEGIN</literal> block, <literal>EXIT</literal> passes
         control to the next statement after the end of the block.
-        Note that a label must be used for this purpose; an unlabelled
+        Note that a label must be used for this purpose; an unlabeled
         <literal>EXIT</literal> is never considered to match a
         <literal>BEGIN</literal> block.  (This is a change from
         pre-8.4 releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, which
-        would allow an unlabelled <literal>EXIT</literal> to match
+        would allow an unlabeled <literal>EXIT</literal> to match
         a <literal>BEGIN</literal> block.)
        </para>
 

doc/src/sgml/postgres-fdw.sgml

@@ -236,11 +236,11 @@
 
    <para>
     When <literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> is true,
-    <filename>postgres_fdw</> obtains rowcount and cost estimates from the
+    <filename>postgres_fdw</> obtains row count and cost estimates from the
     remote server and then adds <literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> and
     <literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> to the cost estimates.  When
     <literal>use_remote_estimate</literal> is false,
-    <filename>postgres_fdw</> performs local rowcount and cost estimation
+    <filename>postgres_fdw</> performs local row count and cost estimation
     and then adds <literal>fdw_startup_cost</literal> and
     <literal>fdw_tuple_cost</literal> to the cost estimates.  This local
     estimation is unlikely to be very accurate unless local copies of the

doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml

@@ -4813,9 +4813,9 @@ message.
 </term>
 <listitem>
 <para>
-        Datatype name: if the error was associated with a specific datatype,
-        the name of the datatype.  (When this field is present, the schema
-        name field provides the name of the datatype's schema.)
+        Data type name: if the error was associated with a specific data type,
+        the name of the data type.  (When this field is present, the schema
+        name field provides the name of the data type's schema.)
 </para>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
@@ -4874,7 +4874,7 @@ message.
 
 <note>
  <para>
-  The fields for schema name, table name, column name, datatype name, and
+  The fields for schema name, table name, column name, data type name, and
   constraint name are supplied only for a limited number of error types;
   see <xref linkend="errcodes-appendix">.
  </para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml

@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
     <term><replaceable class="parameter">filename</replaceable></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      The path name of the input or output file.  An input filename can be
-      an absolute or relative path, but an output filename must be an absolute
+      The path name of the input or output file.  An input file name can be
+      an absolute or relative path, but an output file name must be an absolute
       path.  Windows users might need to use an <literal>E''</> string and
       double any backslashes used in the path name.
      </para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml

@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } | UNLOGGED ] TABLE [ IF NOT EXI
       constraints copied by <literal>LIKE</> are not merged with similarly
       named columns and constraints.
       If the same name is specified explicitly or in another
-      <literal>LIKE</literal> clause, an error is signalled.
+      <literal>LIKE</literal> clause, an error is signaled.
      </para>
      <para>
       The <literal>LIKE</literal> clause can also be used to copy columns from

doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
     be any type with an associated b-tree operator class (to determine the
     ordering of values for the range type).  Normally the subtype's default
     b-tree operator class is used to determine ordering; to use a non-default
-    opclass, specify its name with <replaceable
+    operator class, specify its name with <replaceable
     class="parameter">subtype_opclass</replaceable>.  If the subtype is
     collatable, and you want to use a non-default collation in the range's
     ordering, specify the desired collation with the <replaceable

doc/src/sgml/ref/explain.sgml

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] <replaceable class="parameter">statement</replac
 
   <para>
    The <literal>ANALYZE</literal> option causes the statement to be actually
-   executed, not only planned.  Then actual runtime statistics are added to
+   executed, not only planned.  Then actual run time statistics are added to
    the display, including the total elapsed time expended within each plan
    node (in milliseconds) and the total number of rows it actually returned.
    This is useful for seeing whether the planner's estimates

doc/src/sgml/ref/lock.sgml

@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ LOCK [ TABLE ] [ ONLY ] <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable> [ * ]
    the mode names involving <literal>ROW</> are all misnomers.  These
    mode names should generally be read as indicating the intention of
    the user to acquire row-level locks within the locked table.  Also,
-   <literal>ROW EXCLUSIVE</> mode is a sharable table lock.  Keep in
+   <literal>ROW EXCLUSIVE</> mode is a shareable table lock.  Keep in
    mind that all the lock modes have identical semantics so far as
    <command>LOCK TABLE</> is concerned, differing only in the rules
    about which modes conflict with which. For information on how to

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_basebackup.sgml

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
       <listitem>
 
        <para>
-        Write a minimal recovery.conf in the output directory (or into
+        Write a minimal <filename>recovery.conf</filename> in the output directory (or into
         the base archive file when using tar format) to ease setting
         up a standby server.
        </para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_dump.sgml

@@ -323,10 +323,10 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
        <para>
         For a consistent backup, the database server needs to support synchronized snapshots,
         a feature that was introduced in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.2. With this
-        feature, database clients can ensure they see the same dataset even though they use
+        feature, database clients can ensure they see the same data set even though they use
         different connections. <command>pg_dump -j</command> uses multiple database 
         connections; it connects to the database once with the master process and
-        once again for each worker job. Without the sychronized snapshot feature, the
+        once again for each worker job. Without the synchronized snapshot feature, the
         different worker jobs wouldn't be guaranteed to see the same data in each connection,
         which could lead to an inconsistent backup.
        </para>

doc/src/sgml/regress.sgml

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ gmake installcheck
 
   <para>
    The source distribution also contains regression tests of the static
-   behaviour of Hot Standby. These tests require a running primary server
+   behavior of Hot Standby. These tests require a running primary server
    and a running standby server that is accepting new WAL changes from the
    primary using either file-based log shipping or streaming replication.
    Those servers are not automatically created for you, nor is the setup
@@ -185,9 +185,9 @@ gmake standbycheck
   </para>
 
   <para>
-   Some extreme behaviours can also be generated on the primary using the
+   Some extreme behaviors can also be generated on the primary using the
    script: <filename>src/test/regress/sql/hs_primary_extremes.sql</filename>
-   to allow the behaviour of the standby to be tested.
+   to allow the behavior of the standby to be tested.
   </para>
 
   <para>

doc/src/sgml/release-9.3.sgml

@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@
 
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Allow a multi-row <link
+        Allow a multirow <link
         linkend="SQL-VALUES"><literal>VALUES</></link> clause in a rule
         to reference <literal>OLD</>/<literal>NEW</> (Tom Lane)
        </para>
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@
        <para>
         Allow text <link linkend="datatype-timezones">timezone
         designations</link>, e.g. <quote>America/Chicago</> when using
-        the <acronym>ISO</> <quote>T</> timestamptz format (Bruce Momjian)
+        the <acronym>ISO</> <quote>T</> <type>timestamptz</type> format (Bruce Momjian)
        </para>
       </listitem>
 
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@
        </para>
 
        <para>
-        This allows plpy.debug(rv) to output something reasonable.
+        This allows <literal>plpy.debug(rv)</literal> to output something reasonable.
        </para>
       </listitem>
 
@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@
 
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Add emacs macro to match <productname>PostgreSQL</> perltidy
+        Add Emacs macro to match <productname>PostgreSQL</> perltidy
         formatting (Peter Eisentraut)
        </para>
       </listitem>
@@ -1783,7 +1783,7 @@
 
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Have <application>pg_upgrade</> create unix-domain sockets in
+        Have <application>pg_upgrade</> create Unix-domain sockets in
         the current directory (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
        </para>
 

doc/src/sgml/sepgsql.sgml

@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ $ sudo semodule -r sepgsql-regtest
     control rules as relationships between a subject entity (typically,
     a client of the database) and an object entity (such as a database
     object), each of which is
-    identified by a security label.  If access to an unlabelled object is
+    identified by a security label.  If access to an unlabeled object is
     attempted, the object is treated as if it were assigned the label
     <literal>unlabeled_t</>.
    </para>
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ UPDATE t1 SET x = 2, y = md5sum(y) WHERE z = 100;
     user tries to execute a function as a part of query, or using fast-path
     invocation. If this function is a trusted procedure, it also checks
     <literal>db_procedure:{entrypoint}</> permission to check whether it
-    can perform as entrypoint of trusted procedure.
+    can perform as entry point of trusted procedure.
    </para>
 
    <para>

doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml

@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
    there is little it can do to make sure the data has arrived at a truly
    non-volatile storage area. Rather, it is the
    administrator's responsibility to make certain that all storage components
-   ensure integrity for both data and filesystem metadata.
+   ensure integrity for both data and file-system metadata.
    Avoid disk controllers that have non-battery-backed write caches.
    At the drive level, disable write-back caching if the
    drive cannot guarantee the data will be written before shutdown.
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      Internal data structures such as pg_clog, pg_subtrans, pg_multixact,
-      pg_serial, pg_notify, pg_stat, pg_snapshots are not directly
+      Internal data structures such as <filename>pg_clog</filename>, <filename>pg_subtrans</filename>, <filename>pg_multixact</filename>,
+      <filename>pg_serial</filename>, <filename>pg_notify</filename>, <filename>pg_stat</filename>, <filename>pg_snapshots</filename> are not directly
       checksummed, nor are pages protected by full page writes. However, where
       such data structures are persistent, WAL records are written that allow
       recent changes to be accurately rebuilt at crash recovery and those
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>
-      Individual state files in pg_twophase are protected by CRC-32.
+      Individual state files in <filename>pg_twophase</filename> are protected by CRC-32.
      </para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>