Update Russian FAQ.

Viktor Vislobokov

doc/FAQ_russian

 
                Otvety na chasto zadavaemye voprosy po PostgreSQL
                                        
-   Data poslednego obnovleniya: Ponedel'nik 14 fevralya 23:35:09 EST 2005
+   Data poslednego obnovleniya: Ponedel'nik 30 maya 09:11:03 EDT 2005
    
    Anglijskij variant soprovozhdaet: Bryus Mom'yan (Bruce Momjian)
    (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
    
-   Perevel na russkij: Viktor Vislobokov (corochoone@perm.ru)
+   Pereviol na russkij: Viktor Vislobokov (corochoone@perm.ru)
    
    Samuyu svezhuyu anglijskuyu versiyu dokumenta mozhno najti na
    http://www.PostgreSQL.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html.
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
    1.10) Kak nauchit'sya SQL?
    1.11) Kak prisoedinitsya k komande razrabotchikov?
    1.12) Kak sravnivat' PostgreSQL s drugimi SUBD?
+   1.13) Kto upravlyaet PostgreSQL?
    
                  Voprosy pol'zovatelej po klientskoj chasti
                                       
@@ -70,8 +71,8 @@
    4.8) Kak mne vypolnit' poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya i poisk
    nezavisimyj ot registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya? Kak mne
    ispol'zovat' indeks dlya poiska nezavisimogo ot registra bukv?
-   4.9) Kak ya mogu opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v
-   kakom-libo zaprose?
+   4.9) Kak mne opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v kakom-libo
+   zaprose? Mogu ya otsortirovat' polya NULL ili net?
    4.10) Kakovy otlichiya mezhdu raznymi simvol'nymi tipami?
    4.11.1) Kak mne sozdat' pole serial/s-avto-uvelicheniem?
    4.11.2) Kak mne poluchit' znachenie pri vstavke SERIAL?
@@ -80,30 +81,19 @@
    4.11.4) Pochemu chisla iz moej posledovatel'nosti ne ispol'zuyutsya
    snova pri otmene tranzakcii? Pochemu sozdayutsya razryvy pri numeracii
    v kolonke, gde ya ispol'zuyu posledovatel'nost'/SERIAL?
-   4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe TID?
+   4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe CTID?
    4.13) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
    AllocSetAlloc()"?
    4.14) Kak mne uznat', kakaya versiya PostgreSQL zapuschena?
-   4.15) Pochemu pri rabote s moim bol'shim ob"ektom ya poluchayu oshibku
-   "invalid large obj descriptor"?
-   4.16) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
+   4.15) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
    tekuschee vremya?
-   4.17) Kak vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
-   4.18) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
-   4.19) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
-   4.20) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "missing oid", kogda obraschayuts'
-   k vremennym tablicam v funkciyah PL/PgSQL?
-   4.21) Kakie opcii shifrovaniya suschestvuyut?
-   
-                          Rasshireniya PostgreSQL
-                                      
-   5.1) YA napisal funkciyu opredelyaemuyu pol'zovatelem. Kogda ya
-   zapuskayu ee v psql, pochemu ya poluchayu core dump?
-   5.2) Kak ya mogu vnesti nekotorye klassnye novye tipy i funkcii v
-   PostgreSQL?
-   5.3) Kak mne napisat' C funkciyu, vozvraschayuschuyu stroku tablicy?
-   5.4) YA izmenil ishodnyj fajl. Pochemu posle perekompilyacii ya ne
-   vizhu izmenenij?
+   4.16) Kak vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
+   4.17) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
+   4.18) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
+   4.19) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "relation with OID #### ne
+   suschestvuet", kogda obraschayuts' k vremennym tablicam v funkciyah
+   PL/PgSQL?
+   4.20) Kakie est' resheniya dlya replikacii?
      _________________________________________________________________
    
                               Obschie voprosy
@@ -137,7 +127,8 @@
    Sistema Upravleniya Bazami Dannyh PostgreSQL
    
    Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
-   Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
+   Portions Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Regents of the University of
+   California
    
    Predostavlyayutsya prava na ispol'zovanie, kopirovanie, izmenenie i
    rasprostranenie dannogo programmnogo obespecheniya i ego dokumentacii
@@ -168,9 +159,9 @@
    platform, na kotoryh byli provedeny testovye zapuski PostgreSQL k
    momentu vyhoda dannoj versii.
    
-   Nachinaya s versii 8.0, PostgreSQL bez vsyakih uhischrenij rabotaet na
-   operacionnyh sistemah Microsoft Windows, osnovannyh na NT, takih kak
-   Win2000, WinXP i Win2003. Paket installyatora dostupen po adresu
+   PostgreSQL takzhe rabotaet na operacionnyh sistemah Microsoft Windows,
+   osnovannyh na NT, takih kak Win2000, WinXP i Win2003. Paket
+   installyatora dostupen po adresu
    http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller. Versii Windows, osnovannye
    na MS-DOS (Win95, Win98, WinMe) mogut zapuskat' PostgreSQL s
    pomosch'yu Cygwin.
@@ -182,9 +173,8 @@
    
   1.4) Gde mozhno vzyat' PostgreSQL?
   
-   Naprimer, vospol'zovavshis' anonimnym dostupom na ftp sajt PostgreSQL
-   ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub. Spisok zerkal vy najdete na nashem
-   osnovnom sajte.
+   CHerez brauzer, ispol'zuya http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/ i cherez
+   ftp, ispol'zuya ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/.
    
   1.5) Gde poluchit' podderzhku?
   
@@ -211,13 +201,14 @@
    PostgreSQL po adresu: http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug.
    
    Takzhe prover'te nalichie bolee svezhej versii PostgreSQL na nashem
-   FTP sajte ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub.
+   FTP sajte ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/.
    
   1.7) Kakaya poslednyaya versiya?
   
-   Poslednij vypusk PostgreSQL - `eto versiya 8.0.1
+   Poslednij vypusk PostgreSQL - `eto versiya 8.0.2
    
-   My planiruem vypuskat' novye versii kazhdye 10-12 mesyacev.
+   My planiruem vypuskat' novye starshie versii kazhdyj god, a mladshie
+   versii kazhdye neskol'ko mesyacev.
    
   1.8) Kakaya dokumentaciya imeetsya v nalichii?
   
@@ -229,8 +220,10 @@
    
    Suschestvuet dve knigi po PostgreSQL dostupnye po adresam
    http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html i
-   http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/. Spisok knig po PostgreSQL,
-   kotorye mozhno kupit' dostupen po adresu
+   http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/. Est' neskol'ko knig po
+   PostgreSQL, kotorye mozhno kupit'. Odnu iz naibolee populyarnyh
+   napisal Korri Duglas (Korry Douglas). Spisok obzorov po `etim knigam
+   dostupen po adresu
    http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php. Krome togo,
    po adresu http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/ vy mozhete najti kollekciyu
    tehnicheskih statej posvyaschennyh PostgreSQL.
@@ -250,36 +243,21 @@
    
   1.10) Kak mne nauchit'sya SQL?
   
-   Kniga po PostgreSQL na
-   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html nauchit SQL.
-   Suschestvuet drugaya kniga po PostgreSQL na
-   http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook. Est' prekrasnyj uchebnik na
+   Vo-pervyh, voz'mite odnu iz knig po PostgreSQL, o kotoryh govorilos'
+   vyshe. Esche odin uchebnik - `eto kniga "Teach Yourself SQL in 21
+   Days, Second Edition" (Osvoj samostoyatel'no SQL za 21 den', Vtoraya
+   redakciya) na http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm. Mnogim
+   iz nashih pol'zovatelej nravitsya kniga The Practical SQL Handbook,
+   Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. Drugim nravitsya The
+   Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.
+   Est' prekrasnyj uchebnik na
    http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm, na
    http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,
    i na http://sqlcourse.com.
    
-   Esche odin uchebnik - `eto kniga "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days,
-   Second Edition" (Osvoj samostoyatel'no SQL za 21 den', Vtoraya
-   redakciya) na http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm
-   
-   Mnogim iz nashih pol'zovatelej nravitsya kniga The Practical SQL
-   Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. Drugim nravitsya
-   The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.
-   
   1.11) Kak prisoedinitsya k komande razrabotchikov?
   
-   Dlya nachala, skachajte poslednyuyu versiyu ishodnyh tekstov i
-   prochtite FAQ i dokumentaciyu dlya razrabotchikov PostgreSQL na nashem
-   sajte ili v distributive. Zatem, podpishites' na spiski rassylki
-   pgsql-hackers i pgsql-patches. Dalee, otpravlyajte ispravleniya
-   (patches) vysokogo kachestva v spisok pgsql-patches.
-   
-   Suschestvuet ogranichennyj spisok lyudej, kotoryj imeyut privelegiyu
-   vnosit' izmeneniya v CVS arhiv PostgreSQL. Kazhdyj iz `etih lyudej v
-   svoe vremya otpravil tak mnogo vysokokachestvennyh ispravlenij, chto
-   ih bylo nevozmozhno ostavit' bez vnimaniya i oni byli udostoeny
-   previlegii vnosit' izmeneniya, i my uvereny, chto te ispravleniya,
-   kotorye oni vnesut budut vysokogo kachestva.
+   Smotrite FAQ dlya razrabotchikov.
    
   1.12) Kak sravnivat' PostgreSQL s drugimi SUBD?
   
@@ -298,15 +276,8 @@
    Proizvoditel'nost'
           Proizvoditel'nost' PostgreSQL shodna s drugimi kommercheskimi
           SUBD i s SUBD s otkrytym ishodnym kodom. V kakih-to veschah my
-          bystree, v kakih-to medlennee. V sravnenii s MySQL ili linejnoj
-          SUBD, my bystree, kogda pol'zovatelej mnogo, a takzhe na
-          slozhnyh zaprosah i pri chtenii/zapisi zagruzki zaprosa. MySQL
-          bystree dlya prostyh SELECT zaprosov, vypolnyaemyh nebol'shim
-          kolichestvom pol'zovatelej. I razumeetsya, MySQL ne imeet
-          kakih-libo vozmozhnostej iz perechislenyh vyshe, v sekcii
-          Vozmozhnosti. My delaem upor na nadezhnost' i rasshirennye
-          vozmozhnosti, no my takzhe prodolzhaem uvelichivat'
-          proizvoditel'nost' s kazhdym vypuskom.
+          bystree, v kakih-to medlennee. Nasha proizvoditel'nosti obychno
+          +/-10% po sravneniyu s drugimi SUBD.
           
    Nadezhnost'
           My ponimali, chto nasha SUBD dolzhna byt' nadezhnoj ili ona
@@ -339,6 +310,19 @@
           opisyvayutsya v nashej licenzii stilya BSD, kotoraya privedena
           vyshe.
           
+  1.13) Kto upravlyaet PostgreSQL?
+  
+   Esli vy ischite kakogo-to osobennogo cheloveka, central'nyj komitet
+   ili upravlyayuschuyu kompaniyu, to naprasno --- ih net. U nas est'
+   yadro komiteta i razrabotchikov, rabotayuschih s CVS, no `eti gruppy
+   sluzhat bol'she dlya administrativnyh celej, chem dlya upravleniya.
+   Proekt napryamuyu funkcioniruet s pomosch'yu soobschestva
+   razrabotchikov i pol'zovatelej, k kotoromu mozhet prisoedinitsya
+   kazhdyj. Vsio chto nuzhno -- `eto podpisat'sya na spiski rassylki i
+   uchastvovat' v diskussiyah. (Podrobnosti o tom kak vklyuchit'sya v
+   razrabotku PostgreSQL smotrite v FAQ dlya razrabotchikov.)
+     _________________________________________________________________
+   
                  Voprosy pol'zovatelej po klientskoj chasti
                                       
   2.1) Kakie interfejsy est' dlya PostgreSQL?
@@ -363,18 +347,13 @@
    Dlya integracii s Web, PHP http://www.php.net yavlyaetsya neplohim
    interfejsom.
    
-   V slozhnyh sluchayah, mnogie pol'zuyutsya Perl i CGI.pm ili mod_perl.
+   V slozhnyh sluchayah, mnogie pol'zuyutsya Perl i DBD::Pg s CGI.pm ili
+   mod_perl.
    
   2.3) Est' li u PostgreSQL graficheskij interfejs pol'zovatelya?
   
-   Da, suschestvuet neskol'ko graficheskih interfejsov dlya PostgreSQL.
-   Oni vklyuchayut PgAdmin III (http://www.pgadmin.org), PgAccess
-   (http://www.pgaccess.org), RHDB Admin
-   (http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/), TORA (http://www.globecom.net/tora/
-   chastichno kommercheskoe PO) i Rekall (
-   http://www.rekallrevealed.org/). Takzhe est' PhpPgAdmin (
-   http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/) - interfejs k PostgreSQL,
-   osnovannyj na Web.
+   Da, podrobnosti smotrite v
+   http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools.
      _________________________________________________________________
    
                          Voprosy administrirovaniya
@@ -391,8 +370,7 @@
    izmenit' listen_addresses v postgresql.conf, razreshit'
    host-avtorizaciya v fajle $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf i perestartovat' server.
    
-    3.3) Kakie nastrojki mne nuzhno sdelat' dlya uluchsheniya
-    proizvoditel'nosti?
+  3.3) Kakie nastrojki mne nuzhno sdelat' dlya uluchsheniya proizvoditel'nosti?
   
    Suschestvuet tri glavnyh oblasti, kotorye potencial'no mogut
    uvelichit' proizvoditel'nost':
@@ -437,43 +415,6 @@
    processa, kotoraya ochen' polezna dlya otladki i izmereniya
    proizvoditel'nosti.
    
-   Dlya predostavleniya bolee detal'noj informacii razrabotchikam servera
-   pri otladke kakoj-libo problemy dolzhny pol'zovat'sya sleduyuschie
-   instrukcii.
-   
-   Takim zhe obrazom mozhno proizvodit' i otladku severa, esli on
-   rabotaet nepravil'no. Vo-pervyh, pri zapuske configure s opciej
-   --enable-cassert, mnogie vyzovy assert() pozvolyayut otslezhivat'
-   rabotu backend processa i ostanovku programmy pri vozniknovenii
-   kakih-libo neozhidannostej.
-   
-   Esli postmaster ne zapuschen, vy mozhete zapustit' postgres backend iz
-   komandnoj stroki i vvesti vash operator SQL napryamuyu. `Eto
-   rekomenduetsya tol'ko dlya celej otladki. Zametim, chto v `etom
-   rezhime, zapros zavershaetsya simvolom novoj stroki, a ne tochkoj s
-   zapyatoj. Esli vy proizvodili kompilyaciyu s otladochnymi simvolami,
-   vy mozhete ispol'zovat' lyuboj otladchik, chtoby posmotret', chto
-   sluchilos'. Poskol'ku backend zapuskaetsya ne iz postmaster, on ne
-   zapuskaetsya v identichnom okruzhenii i znachit problemy iteracij
-   blokirovok/backend ne mogut byt' vosproizvedeny.
-   
-   Esli postmaster zapuschen, zapustite psql v odnom okne, zatem najdite
-   PID processa postgres, ispol'zuemyj psql, ispol'zuya SELECT
-   pg_backend_pid(). Ispol'zujte otladchik dlya podklyucheniya k postgres
-   PID. Vy mozhete ustanovit' tochki preryvaniya v otladchike i zapustit'
-   zapros iz psql. Esli vy proizvodite otladku zapuska postgres, vy
-   mozhete ustanovit' PGOPTIONS="-W n", i zatem zapustit' psql. `Eta
-   opciya privodit k zaderzhke processa zapuska na n sekund, v techenie
-   kotoryh vy mozhete podklyuchit' k processu otladchik, ustanovit'
-   lyubye tochki preryvaniya i prodolzhit' zapusk.
-   
-   Vy takzhe mozhete skompilirovat' PostgreSQL s profilirovaniem dlya
-   togo, chtoby uvidet' kakie funkcii skol'ko vremeni vypolnyayutsya.
-   Fajly profilirovaniya backend'a nahodyatsya v kataloge
-   pgsql/data/base/dbname. Fajl profilirovaniya klienta budet pomeschen v
-   tekuschij katalog klienta. V Linux dlya vypolneniya profilirovaniya
-   trebuetsya kompilyacii s -DLINUX_PROFILE.
-   
   3.5) Pochemu ya poluchayu soobschenie "Sorry, too many clients" kogda
   pytayus' podklyuchit'sya k baze?
   
@@ -487,7 +428,7 @@
   PostgreSQL?
   
    Razrabotchiki PostgreSQL delayut tol'ko nebol'shie izmeneniya mezhdu
-   podvypuskami. Takim obrazom obnovlenie s versii 7.4 do 7.4.1 ne
+   podvypuskami. Takim obrazom obnovlenie s versii 7.4.0 do 7.4.1 ne
    trebuet vypolneniya dump i restore. Odnako pri vyhode ocherednogo
    vypuska (t.e. pri obnovlenii naprimer, s 7.3 na 7.4) chasto menyaetsya
    vnutrennij format sistemnyh tablic i fajlov dannyh. `Eti izmeneniya
@@ -520,11 +461,11 @@
   Proizvol'noj stroki?
   
    Dlya polucheniya tol'ko neskol'kih strok, esli vy znaete ih
-   kolichestvo na moment vypolneniya SELECT ispol'zujte LIMIT. Esli est'
-   kakoj-libo indeks, kotoryj sovpadaet s ORDER BY, to vozmozhno, chto
-   ves' zapros vypolnen i ne budet. Esli vy ne znaete kolichestva
-   neobhodimyh strok na moment vypolneniya SELECT, ispol'zujte kursor i
-   FETCH.
+   kolichestvo na moment vypolneniya SELECT ispol'zujte LIMIT.
+   Esli est' kakoj-libo indeks, kotoryj sovpadaet s ORDER BY, to
+   vozmozhno, chto ves' zapros vypolnen i ne budet. Esli vy ne znaete
+   kolichestva neobhodimyh strok na moment vypolneniya SELECT,
+   ispol'zujte kursor i FETCH.
    
    To SELECT a random row, use:
     SELECT col
@@ -567,8 +508,7 @@
     ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
     COMMIT;
 
-    4.4) Kakovy maksimal'nye razmery dlya strok v tablice, tablic i bazy
-    dannyh?
+  4.4) Kakovy maksimal'nye razmery dlya strok v tablice, tablic i bazy dannyh?
   
    Suschestvuyut sleduyuschie ogranicheniya:
    
@@ -633,12 +573,12 @@
   4.6) Pochemu moi zaprosy rabotayut medleno? Pochemu oni ne ispol'zuyut moi
   indeksy?
   
-   Indeksy ne ispol'zuyutsya dlya kazhdogo zaprosa avtomaticheski. Oni
-   ispol'zuyutsya tol'ko esli tablica bol'she minimal'nogo razmera i
-   zapros vybiraet tol'ko malen'kij procent strok v tablice. Tak
-   ustroeno, potomu chto dostup k disku s primeneniem randomizacii pri
-   skanirovanii indeksov mozhet byt' medlennee, chem prostoe chtenie
-   tablicy ili ee posledovatel'noe skanirovanie.
+   Indeksy ne ispol'zuyutsya dlya kazhdogo zaprosa. Oni ispol'zuyutsya
+   tol'ko esli tablica bol'she minimal'nogo razmera i zapros vybiraet
+   tol'ko malen'kij procent strok v tablice. Tak ustroeno, potomu chto
+   dostup k disku s primeneniem randomizacii pri skanirovanii indeksov
+   mozhet byt' medlennee, chem prostoe chtenie tablicy ili ee
+   posledovatel'noe skanirovanie.
    
    CHtoby opredelit' neobhodimost' ispol'zovaniya indeksa dlya kakoj-libo
    tablicy, PostgreSQL dolzhen imet' statistiku po `etoj tablice. `Eta
@@ -665,8 +605,8 @@
 
    Esli vam kazhetsya, chto optimizator nekorrektno vybiraet
    posledovatel'nyj perebor, ispol'zujte SET enable_seqscan TO 'off' i
-   zapustite testy, chtoby uvidet', ne stalo-li skanirovanie indeksov
-   bystree.
+   zapustite zapros snova, chtoby uvidet', dejstvitel'no li skanirovanie
+   indeksov bystree.
    
    Kogda ispol'zuyutsya operacii s shablonami, naprimer LIKE ili ~,
    indeksy mogut byt' ispol'zovany v sleduyuschih sluchayah:
@@ -693,9 +633,9 @@
   
    Smotrite stranicu rukovodstva posvyaschennuyu EXPLAIN.
    
-    4.8) Kak mne vypolnit' poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya i poisk nezavisimyj
-    ot registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya? Kak mne ispol'zovat'
-    indeks dlya poiska nezavisimogo ot registra bukv?
+  4.8) Kak mne vypolnit' poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya i poisk nezavisimyj ot
+  registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya? Kak mne ispol'zovat' indeks
+  dlya poiska nezavisimogo ot registra bukv?
   
    Operator ~ proizvodit poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya, a operator ~*
    proizvodit nezavisimyj ot registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo
@@ -710,10 +650,21 @@
    esli vy sozdadite indeks vyrazheniya, on budet ispol'zovan:
     CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
 
-    4.9) Kak ya mogu opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v kakom-libo
-    zaprose?
+  4.9) Kak mne opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v kakom-libo
+  zaprose? Mogu ya otsortirovat' polya NULL ili net?
   
-   Vy prosto sravnivaete znachenie s IS NULL i IS NOT NULL.
+   Vy prosto sravnivaete znachenie s IS NULL i IS NOT NULL, kak zdes':
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   WHERE col IS NULL;
+
+   CHtoby otsortirovat' dannye po znacheniyu ispol'zujte modifikatory IS
+   NULL i IS NOT NULL v vyrazhenii ORDER BY. Kogda oni budut generirovat'
+   znacheniya istina, to pri sortirovke oni budut vyshe, chem znacheniya
+   lozh', tak chto zapisi s NULL budut v otsortirovannom spiske sverhu:
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL);
 
   4.10) Kakovy otlichiya mezhdu raznymi simvol'nymi tipami?
   
@@ -731,10 +682,9 @@
    Pervye chetyre tipa yavlyayutsya "varlena" tipami (t.e., pervye
    chetyre bajta na diske yavlyayutsya dlinnoj, za kotoroj sleduyut
    dannye). Takim obrazom, fakticheski ispol'zuemoe prostranstvo bol'she,
-   chem oboznachennyj razmer. Odnako, `eti tipy dannyh takzhe poddayutsya
-   szhatiyu ili mogut byt' sohraneny ne v strokom vide cherez TOAST, tak
-   chto zanimaemoe diskovoe prostranstvo mozhet takzhe byt' i men'she,
-   chem ozhidalos'.
+   chem oboznachennyj razmer. Odnako, dlinnye znacheniya takzhe
+   szhimayutsya, tak chto zanimaemoe diskovoe prostranstvo mozhet takzhe
+   byt' i men'she, chem ozhidalos'.
    VARCHAR(n) - `eto luchshee reshenie, kogda nuzhno hranit' stroki
    peremennoj dliny, ne prevyshayuschie opredelennogo razmera. TEXT -
    `eto luchshee reshenie dlya strok neogranichennoj dliny, s maksimal'no
@@ -794,16 +744,16 @@
    Net. currval() vozvraschaet tekuschee znachenie, naznachennoe vashej
    sessiej, a ne drugimi sessiyami.
    
-    4.11.4) Pochemu chisla iz moej posledovatel'nosti ne ispol'zuyutsya snova
-    pri otmene tranzakcii? Pochemu sozdayutsya razryvy pri numeracii v kolonke,
-    gde ya ispol'zuyu posledovatel'nost'/SERIAL?
+  4.11.4) Pochemu chisla iz moej posledovatel'nosti ne ispol'zuyutsya snova pri
+  otmene tranzakcii? Pochemu sozdayutsya razryvy pri numeracii v kolonke, gde
+  ya ispol'zuyu posledovatel'nost'/SERIAL?
   
    Dlya realizacii konkuretnosti, znacheniya posledovatel'nostej, pri
    neobhodimosti vydayutsya vo vremya zapuska tranzakcij i ne
    blokiruyutsya do polnogo vypolneniya tranzakcij. `Eto mozhet vyzyvat'
    razryvy v numeracii pri otmene tranzakcij.
    
-    4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe TID?
+  4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe CTID?
   
    Kazhdaya, sozdavaemaya v PostgreSQL tablichnaya stroka, poluchaet
    unikal'nyj indentifikator OID za isklyucheniem sluchaya kogda
@@ -819,10 +769,12 @@
    obrazom men'she podverzheny perepolneniyu. Dlya hraneniya znachenij
    8-mi bajtnoj posledovatel'nosti dostupen tip SERIAL8.
    
-   TID ispol'zuetsya dlya identifikacii special'nyh fizicheskih zapisej s
-   blochnymi i offset znacheniyami. TID izmenyaetsya posle togo kak
-   stroki v tablice byli izmeneny ili peregruzheny. TID ispol'zuetsya
-   indeksnymi zapisyami v kachestve ukazatelya na fizicheskie zapisi.
+   CTID ispol'zuetsya dlya identifikacii special'nyh fizicheskih zapisej
+   s blochnymi i offset znacheniyami. CTID izmenyaetsya posle togo kak
+   stroki v tablice byli izmeneny ili peregruzheny.
+   
+   TID ispol'zuetsya indeksnymi zapisyami v kachestve ukazatelya na
+   fizicheskie zapisi.
    
   4.13) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
   AllocSetAlloc()"?
@@ -845,31 +797,13 @@
   
    Iz psql, naberite SELECT version();
    
-    4.15) Pochemu pri rabote s moim bol'shim ob"ektom ya poluchayu oshibku
-    "invalid large obj descriptor"?
-    
-   Vam nuzhno pri ispol'zovanii bol'shogo ob"ekta pomestit' v nachale
-   BEGIN WORK i v konce COMMIT, a vnutri poluchivshegosya bloka lo_open
-   ... lo_close.
-   
-   V nastoyaschij moment PostgreSQL trebuet, chtoby pri zakrytii
-   bol'shogo ob"ekta proishodilo vypolnenie tranzakcii. Takim obrazom,
-   pervaya zhe popytka sdelat' chto-libo s bol'shim ob"ektom, ne
-   soblyudaya dannogo pravila privedet k soobscheniyu invalid large obj
-   descriptor, tak kak kod vypolnyayuschij rabotu nad bol'shim ob"ektom
-   (po krajnej mere v nastoyaschij moment) budet generirovat' soobschenie
-   ob oshibke esli vy ne ispol'zuete tranzakciyu.
-   
-   Esli vy ispol'zuete takoj interfejs klienta kak ODBC, vam vozmozhno
-   ponadobitsya ustanovit' auto-commit off.
-   
-    4.16) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
+  4.15) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
   tekuschee vremya?
   
    Ispol'zujte CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:
 CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
 
-    4.17) Kak mne vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
+  4.16) Kak mne vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
   
    PostgreSQL podderzhivaet vneshnee svyazyvanie, ispol'zuya standartnyj
    sintaksis SQL. Vot dva primera:
@@ -888,7 +822,7 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
    neobyazatel'nym i naznachaetsya v LEFT, RIGHT i FULL svyazyvaniyah.
    Obychnye svyazyvaniya nazyvayutsya INNER svyazyvaniya.
    
-    4.18) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
+  4.17) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
   
    Ne suschestvuet sposoba sozdat' zapros k bazam dannyh otlichnym ot
    tekuschej. Poskol'ku PostgreSQL zagruzhaet sistemnye katalogi
@@ -900,13 +834,13 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
    soedieneniya s razlichnymi bazami dannyh i takih obrazom ob"edinyat'
    informaciyu iz nih.
    
-    4.19) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
+  4.18) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
   
    Vy mozhete legko ispol'zovat' funkcii, vozvraschayuschie spisok,
    http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions.
    
-    4.20) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "missing oid", kogda obraschayuts' k
-    vremennym tablicam v funkciyah PL/PgSQL?
+  4.19) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "relation with OID #### ne suschestvuet",
+  kogda obraschayuts' k vremennym tablicam v funkciyah PL/PgSQL?
   
    PL/PgSQL k`eshiruet scenarii funkcii i odin iz negativnyh `effektov
    `etogo sostoit v tom, chto esli funkciya PL/PgSQL obraschaetsya k
@@ -917,50 +851,21 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
    EXECUTE dlya dostupa k vremennym tablicam v PL/PgSQL. Ispol'zovanie
    `etogo operatora zastavit zapros peregenerirovat'sya kazhdyj raz.
    
-    4.21) Kakie opcii shifrovaniya suschestvuyut?
-    
-     * contrib/pgcrypto soderzhit mnogo funkcij shifrovaniya dlya
-       ispol'zovaniya v SQL zaprosah.
-     * Dlya shifrovaniya peredavaemyh dannyh ot klienta k serveru, na
-       servere v fajle postgresql.conf, opciya ssl dolzhna byt'
-       ustanovlena v true, v fajle pg_hba.conf dolzhna byt'
-       sootvetstvuyuschaya zapis' host ili hostssl i na storone klienta
-       sslmode ne dolzhen byt' zapreschion cherez disable. (Zametim, chto
-       takzhe vozmozhno ispol'zovanie nezavisimyh vneshnih shifruyuschih
-       transportov, takih kak stunnel ili ssh, vmesto sobstvennyh SSL
-       soedinenij PostgreSQL).
-     * Paroli pol'zovatelej k baze dannyh avtomaticheski shifruyutsya,
-       pri sohranenii v sistemnyh tablicah.
-     * Server mozhno zapustit', ispol'zuya shifrovannuyu fajlovuyu
-       sistemu.
-     _________________________________________________________________
-   
-                          Rasshireniya PostgreSQL
-                                      
-    5.1) YA napisal funkciyu opredelyaemuyu pol'zovatelem. Kogda ya zapuskayu
-    ee v psql, pochemu ya poluchayu core dump?
-    
-   Problema mozhet zaklyuchat'sya v neskol'kih veschah. Popytajtes'
-   sperva protestirovat' vashu funkciyu v otdel'noj samostoyatel'noj
-   programme.
-   
-    5.2) Kak ya mogu vnesti nekotorye klassnye novye tipy i funkcii v
-    PostgreSQL?
-    
-   Otprav'te vashi rasshireniya v spisok rassylki pgsql-hackers i oni po
-   vozmozhnosti budut pomescheny v podkatalog contrib/.
-   
-    5.3) Kak mne napisat' C funkciyu, vozvraschayuschuyu stroku tablicy?
+  4.20) Kakie est' resheniya dlya replikacii?
   
-   V versiyah PostgreSQL, nachinaya s 7.3, funkcii, vozvraschayuschie
-   tablicy polnost'yu podderzhivayutsya v C, PL/PgSQL i SQL. Podrobnosti
-   smotrite v Rukovodstve Programmista. Primer vozvraschayuschej tablicu
-   funkcii, napisannoj na C, mozhno najti v contrib/tablefunc.
+   Hotya "replikaciya" -- `eto edinyj termin, est' neskol'ko raznyh
+   tehnologij dlya vypolneniya replikacij s raznymi osobennostyami dlya
+   kazhdoj.
    
-    5.4) YA izmenil ishodnyj fajl. Pochemu posle perekompilyacii ya ne vizhu
-    izmenenij?
+   Replikaciya Master/slave pozvolyaet imet' odin glavnyj (master) server
+   dlya vypolneniya zaprosov chteniya/zapisi, v to vremya kak
+   podchinionnye (slave) servera mogut proizvodit' tol'ko zaprosy
+   chteniya/SELECT. Naibolee populyarnym resheniem dlya replikacii
+   master-slave v PostgreSQL yavlyaetsya Slony-I.
    
-   Fajly Makefile ne imeyut pravil'nyh zavisimostej dlya include fajlov.
-   Vy dolzhny vypolnit' make clean i zatem make. Esli vy ispol'zuete GCC
-   vy mozhete ispol'zovat' opciyu --enable-depend v configure chtoby
-   poruchit' kompilyatoru avtomaticheski otslezhivat' zavisimosti.
+   Replikaciya Multi-master pozvolyaet vypolnyat' zaprosy chteniya/zapisi
+   na neskol'kih, repliciruemyh drug s drugom komp'yuetrah. `Eta
+   osobennost' takzhe privodit k potere proizvoditel'nosti, potomu chto
+   neobhodima sinhronizaciya izmenenij mezhdu neskol'kimi serverami.
+   Naibolee populyarnym resheniem dlya takoj replikacii v PostgreSQL
+   yavlyaetsya Pgcluster.

doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html

@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
   <BODY bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#ff0000" vlink="#a00000" alink="#0000ff">
     <H1>      PostgreSQL</H1>
 
-    <P>  :  14  23:35:09 EST 2005</P>
+    <P>  :  30  09:11:03 EDT 2005</P>
 
     <P>  :   (Bruce Momjian) (<A href=
     "mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
     </P>
-    <P>  :   (<A href=
+    <P>ף  :   (<A href=
     "mailto:corochoone@perm.ru">corochoone@perm.ru</A>)<BR>
     </P>
 
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
      <A href="#1.11">1.11</A>)     ?<BR>
      <A href="#1.12">1.12</A>)   PostgreSQL  
     <SMALL></SMALL>?<BR>
+     <A href="#1.13">1.13</A>)   PostgreSQL?<BR>
     
 
     <H2 align="center">    </H2>
@@ -87,8 +88,9 @@
      <A href="#4.8">4.8</A>)      
              ?
               ?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.9">4.9</A>)    ,    
-     <SMALL>NULL</SMALL>  - ?<BR>
+     <A href="#4.9">4.9</A>)   ,    
+     <SMALL>NULL</SMALL>  - ?    
+     <SMALL>NULL</SMALL>  ?<BR>
      <A href="#4.10">4.10</A>)     
      ?<BR>
      <A href="#4.11.1">4.11.1</A>)     serial/--?<BR>
@@ -101,38 +103,26 @@
          ?   
        ,    /SERIAL?<BR>
      <A href="#4.12">4.12</A>)   <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?  
-    <SMALL>TID</SMALL>?<BR>
+    <SMALL>CTID</SMALL>?<BR>
      <A href="#4.13">4.13</A>)     <I>"ERROR: Memory
     exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"</I>?<BR>
      <A href="#4.14">4.14</A>)   ,   PostgreSQL
     ?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.15">4.15</A>)       
-        <I>"invalid large obj descriptor"</I>?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.16">4.16</A>)       
+     <A href="#4.15">4.15</A>)       
         ?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.17">4.17</A>)    ?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.18">4.18</A>)   ,  
+     <A href="#4.16">4.16</A>)    ?<BR>
+     <A href="#4.17">4.17</A>)   ,  
       ?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.19">4.19</A>)        ?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.20">4.20</A>)     "missing oid",
-            PL/PgSQL?<BR>
-     <A href="#4.21">4.21</A>)    ?<BR>
-
-    <H2 align="center"> PostgreSQL</H2>
-    <A href="#5.1">5.1</A>)     .
-         <I>psql</I>,    core dump?<BR>
-     <A href="#5.2">5.2</A>)       
-         PostgreSQL?<BR>
-     <A href="#5.3">5.3</A>)    C , 
-     ?<BR>
-     <A href="#5.4">5.4</A>)    .  
-         ?<BR>
+     <A href="#4.18">4.18</A>)        ?<BR>
+     <A href="#4.19">4.19</A>)     "relation with OID ####
+      ",        PL/PgSQL?<BR>
+     <A href="#4.20">4.20</A>)     ?<BR>
 
     <HR>
 
     <H2 align="center"> </H2>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.1">1.1</A>)   PostgreSQL?    ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.1">1.1</A>)   PostgreSQL?    ?</H3>
 
     <P>PostgreSQL  <I>Post-Gres-Q-L (---)</I>,
         <I>Postgres</I>.</P>
@@ -151,7 +141,7 @@
     http://www.PostgreSQL.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</A>
     </P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.2">1.2</A>)     PostgreSQL?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.2">1.2</A>)     PostgreSQL?</H3>
 
     <P>PostgreSQL     BSD. 
          ,   
@@ -163,7 +153,7 @@
     <P>    PostgreSQL</P>
 
     <P>Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development
-    Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of
+    Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Regents of the University of
     California</P>
 
     <P>   , , 
@@ -187,16 +177,16 @@
     " "      
     , , ,   .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.3">1.3</A>)     PostgreSQL?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.3">1.3</A>)     PostgreSQL?</H3>
 
     <P>, PostgreSQL      
       Unix.    ,   
      ,       PostgreSQL
         .</P>
 
-    <P>   8.0, PostgreSQL     
-      Microsoft Windows,   NT,  
-    Win2000, WinXP  Win2003.     
+    <P>PostgreSQL      Microsoft
+    Windows,   NT,   Win2000, WinXP  Win2003.
+        
     <A href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">
     http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller</A>.  Windows,
       MS-DOS (Win95, Win98, WinMe)  
@@ -208,14 +198,13 @@
     <A href="http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F">
     http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F</A>.</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.4">1.4</A>)    PostgreSQL?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.4">1.4</A>)    PostgreSQL?</H3>
 
-    <P>,     ftp 
-    PostgreSQL <A href=
-    "ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</A>.
-           .</P>
+    <P> ,  <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/">
+    http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/</a>   ftp, 
+    <A href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</A>.</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.5">1.5</A>)   ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.5">1.5</A>)   ?</H3>
 
     <P> PostgreSQL    
      E-mail.  web-      
@@ -233,28 +222,30 @@
     .     PostgreSQL   EFNet.</P>
 
     <P>     
-    <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</A>.</P>
+    <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php">
+    http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</A>.</P>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="1.6">1.6</A>)     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.6">1.6</A>)     ?</H3>
     
     <P>     ޣ   
     PostgreSQL  :
-    <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">
+    <A HREF="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">
     http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug</A>.</P>
     
     <P>      PostgreSQL  
-    FTP  <A href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub">
-    ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</A>.</P>
+    FTP  <A href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/">
+    ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</A>.
     
 
-    <H4><A name="1.7">1.7</A>)   ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.7">1.7</A>)   ?</H3>
 
-    <P>  PostgreSQL -   8.0.1</P>
+    <P>  PostgreSQL -   8.0.2</P>
 
-    <P>      10-12 .</P>
+    <P>       ,
+         .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.8">1.8</A>)     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.8">1.8</A>)     ?</H3>
 
     <P>PostgreSQL   ,   ,
        man    
@@ -265,10 +256,12 @@
     <P>    PostgreSQL    <A href=
     "http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html</A>
      <a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a>.
-        PostgreSQL,      
+        PostgreSQL,   .
+           (Korry Douglas).
+           
     <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php</a>.
      ,   <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a>
-            PostgreSQL.</p>
+           PostgreSQL.</P>
 
     <P>   <I>psql</I>    \d 
        , , ,   .. -
@@ -276,56 +269,41 @@
 
     <P>     .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.9">1.9</A>)      
-      ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.9">1.9</A>)      
+      ?</H3>
 
     <P>PostgreSQL    <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>-92.
        <A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.TODO.html">TODO</A>
        ,    
     .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="1.10">1.10</A>)    <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.10">1.10</A>)    <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>?</H3>
+
+    <P>-,      PostgreSQL,   
+    .    -   "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days,
+    Second Edition" (  SQL  21 ,  )
+     <A href="http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm">
+    http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</A>.
+         
+    <I>The Practical SQL Handbook</I>,
+    Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley.   <I>The
+    Complete Reference SQL</I>, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.</P>
 
-    <P>  PostgreSQL  <A href=
-    "http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html</A>
-     <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>.     PostgreSQL 
-    <A href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">
-    http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook.</A>
         <A href=
     "http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,</A>
-     <A href=
-    "http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">
+     <A href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">
     http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,</A>
-      <A href=
-    "http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com.</A></P>
+      <A href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com.</A></P>
 
-    <P>   -   "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition"
-    (  SQL  21 ,  )
-     <A href=
-    "http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm">http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</A></P>
 
-    <P>     
-    <I>The Practical SQL Handbook</I>,
-    Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley.   <I>The
-    Complete Reference SQL</I>, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.</P>
-
-    <H4><A name="1.11">1.11</A>)     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.11">1.11</A>)     ?</H3>
 
-    <P> ,       
-    FAQ     PostgreSQL     
-    . ,     <I>pgsql-hackers</I> 
-    <I>pgsql-patches</I>. ,   (patches) 
-       pgsql-patches.</P>
+    <P> <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html">
+    FAQ  </A>.</P>
 
-    <P>   ,   
-       <SMALL>CVS</SMALL>  PostgreSQL. 
-              ,
-              
-      ,   ,   , 
-        .</P>
     
-    <H4><A name="1.12">1.12</A>)   PostgreSQL  
-    <SMALL></SMALL>?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="1.12">1.12</A>)   PostgreSQL  
+    <SMALL></SMALL>?</H3>
 
     <P>
          :
@@ -348,14 +326,8 @@
 
       <DD> PostgreSQL    
              .  -   ,
-       - .    MySQL  
-      ,  ,   ,    
-         /  . MySQL   
-      SELECT ,    .
-       , MySQL   -  
-       ,   <I></I>. 
-             ,   
-           . <BR>
+       - .    +/-10% 
+         .
       <BR>
       </DD>
 
@@ -396,10 +368,25 @@
       </DD>
     </DL>
 
+    <H3><A name="1.13">1.13</A>)   PostgreSQL?</H3>
     
-    <H2 align="center">    </H2>
+    <P>   -  , 
+       ,   ---  .
+          ,   CVS,
+           , 
+     .      
+       ,   
+     .  ӣ   --   
+         .  ( 
+         PostgreSQL  
+    <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html">
+    FAQ  </A>.)</P>
+
+    <HR>
+
+    <H3 align="center">    </H3>
 
-    <H4><A name="2.1">2.1</A>)     PostgreSQL?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="2.1">2.1</A>)     PostgreSQL?</H3>
 
     <P> PostgreSQL   <small>C</small>  
     (embedded) <small>C</small> .   
@@ -414,8 +401,8 @@
       <i>Drivers/Interfaces</I>,      .</P>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="2.2">2.2</A>)     
-    PostgreSQL  Web?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="2.2">2.2</A>)     
+    PostgreSQL  Web?</H3>
 
     <P>       Web   :
     <A href="http://www.webreview.com">http://www.webreview.com</A></P>
@@ -423,33 +410,26 @@
     <P>   Web, PHP <A href="http://www.php.net">
     http://www.php.net</A>   .</P>
 
-    <P>  ,   Perl  CGI.pm  mod_perl.</P>
-
-    <H4><A name="2.3">2.3</A>)    PostgreSQL  
-    ?</H4>
-
-    <P>,      PostgreSQL.
-      PgAdmin III (<A href="http://www.pgadmin.org/">http://www.pgadmin.org</A>),
-    PgAccess (<A href="http://www.pgaccess.org/">http://www.pgaccess.org</A>),
-    RHDB Admin (<A href="http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/">http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/</A>),
-    TORA (<A href="http://www.globecom.net/tora/">http://www.globecom.net/tora/</A>
-      )
-     Rekall (<A href="http://www.rekallrevealed.org/">
-    http://www.rekallrevealed.org/</A>).  
-    PhpPgAdmin (<A href="http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/">
-    http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/</A>) -   PostgreSQL,
-      Web.</P>
+    <P>  ,   Perl  DBD::Pg  CGI.pm
+     mod_perl.</P>
+
+    <H3><A name="2.3">2.3</A>)    PostgreSQL  
+    ?</H3>
+
+    <P>,    <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">
+    http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</A>.</P>
+
     <HR>
 
     <H2 align="center"> </H2>
 
-    <H4><A name="3.1">3.1</A>)    PostgreSQL   
-     <I>/usr/local/pgsql</I>?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="3.1">3.1</A>)    PostgreSQL   
+     <I>/usr/local/pgsql</I>?</H3>
 
     <P>  <I>--prefix</I>   <I>configure</I>.</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="3.2">3.2</A>)      
-    ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="3.2">3.2</A>)      
+    ?</H3>
 
     <P> , PostgreSQL     
         Unix  TCP/IP .  , 
@@ -458,8 +438,8 @@
     host-   <I>$PGDATA/pg_hba.conf</I>  
     .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="3.3">3.3</A>)       
-     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="3.3">3.3</A>)       
+     ?</H3>
 
     <P>   ,   
      :</P>
@@ -510,55 +490,17 @@
     </DD>
     </DL>
 
-    <H4><A name="3.4">3.4</A>)      
-    ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="3.4">3.4</A>)      
+    ?</H3>
 
     <P>     , 
      <code>log_*</code>,   
        ,     
       .</P>
     
-    <P><B>     
-       -   
-     .</B></P>
-    
-    <P>       ,  
-     . -,   <I>configure</I> 
-     --enable-cassert,   <I>assert()</I> 
-      backend     
-     - .</P>
-
-    <P> <I>postmaster</I>  ,   
-    <I>postgres</I> backend       
-    <SMALL>SQL</SMALL> .   <B></B> 
-     . ,    ,   
-     ,     .    
-      ,     , 
-    ,  .  backend   
-    <I>postmaster</I>,        
-      /backend    .</P>
-
-    <P> <I>postmaster</I> ,  <I>psql</I>  
-    ,   <SMALL>PID</SMALL>  <I>postgres</I>,
-     <I>psql</I>,  <CODE>SELECT pg_backend_pid()</CODE>.
-         <I>postgres</I> <SMALL>PID</SMALL>.
-             
-     <I>psql</I>. 
-        <I>postgres</I>,   
-    PGOPTIONS="-W n",    <I>psql</I>.   
-         <I>n</I> ,   
-         ,   
-       .</P>
-
-    <P>    PostgreSQL   
-    ,       .
-      backend'   
-    <I>pgsql/data/base/dbname</I>.   
-         .  Linux  
-        <I>-DLINUX_PROFILE</I>.</P>
-
-    <H4><A name="3.5">3.5</A>)     <I>"Sorry, too
-    many clients"</I>     ?</H4>
+
+    <H3><A name="3.5">3.5</A>)     <I>"Sorry, too
+    many clients"</I>     ?</H3>
 
     <P>       100 
        .    
@@ -567,11 +509,11 @@
       <I>postmaster</I>.</P>
      
 
-    <H4><A name="3.6">3.6</A>)    dump  restore 
-      PostgreSQL?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="3.6">3.6</A>)    dump  restore 
+      PostgreSQL?</H3>
     
     <P> PostgreSQL     
-    .      7.4  7.4.1  
+    .      7.4.0  7.4.1  
      dump  restore.     
     (..   ,  7.3  7.4)   
          .    
@@ -585,8 +527,10 @@
      dump/restore.      
      <i>pg_upgrade</i>   .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="3.7">3.7</A>)   ""  
-    ?</H4>
+
+    <H3><A name="3.7">3.7</A>)   ""  
+    ?</H3>
+    
     <P> ""    
     ,   ,   ""  
     .   .  ECC, SCSI    
@@ -600,26 +544,27 @@
 
     <H2 align="center"> </H2>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.1">4.1</A>)   <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL> 
-         ?  ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.1">4.1</A>)   <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL> 
+        ?  ?</H3>
 
     <P>    ,     
-       <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>  <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>.
+       <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>  <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>.</P>
       - ,    <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>,
      ,       .    
           <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>,
        <SMALL>FETCH</SMALL>.</P>
 
-    <p>To <small>SELECT</small> a random row, use:</p>
-<pre>    SELECT col
+    <P>To <small>SELECT</small> a random row, use:</P>
+<PRE>    SELECT col
     FROM tab
     ORDER BY random()
     LIMIT 1;
-</pre>
+</PRE>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.2">4.2</A>)     , ,
+
+    <H3><A name="4.2">4.2</A>)     , ,
         ?    ,
-      <I>psql</I>    ?</H4>
+      <I>psql</I>    ?</H3>
 
     <P>    <I>psql</I>,   \dt.
         <I>psql</I>   ,  \?.
@@ -642,7 +587,7 @@
            .</P>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="4.3">4.3</A>)     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.3">4.3</A>)     ?</H3>
 
     <P> 8.0    ,    
        <SMALL>ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE</SMALL>.</P>
@@ -656,13 +601,12 @@
     COMMIT;
 </PRE>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.4">4.4</A>)       ,
-       ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.4">4.4</A>)       ,
+       ?</H3>
 
     <P>  :</P>
 <BLOCKQUOTE>
 <TABLE>
-<TBODY>
 <TR>
   <TD>  ?</TD>
   <TD> (   32 TB)</TD>
@@ -691,7 +635,6 @@
   <TD>    ?</TD>
   <TD></TD>
 </TR>
-</TBODY>
 </TABLE>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
 <BR>
@@ -709,8 +652,8 @@
          ,      
       32k.</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.5">4.5</A>)       
-            ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.5">4.5</A>)       
+            ?</H3>
 
     <P> PostgreSQL      5 
            .</P>
@@ -747,10 +690,10 @@
        .
     </P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.6">4.6</A>)     ? 
-         ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.6">4.6</A>)     ? 
+         ?</H3>
 
-    <P>      . 
+    <P>     . 
             
           .  ,
              
@@ -774,17 +717,18 @@
           ,   
         .  MAX()  MIN() 
      ,       
-    <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>  <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>:</P>
-<pre>
+    <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>  <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>:
+<PRE>
     SELECT col
     FROM tab
     ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
     LIMIT 1;
-</pre>
+</PRE>
 
     <P>  ,     
     ,  <CODE>SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</CODE> 
-     ,  ,  -   .
+      ,  ,   
+     .
     </P>
 
     <P>    ,  <SMALL>LIKE</SMALL>
@@ -810,15 +754,15 @@
              . 
       int2, int8  numeric  .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.7">4.7</A>)    ,   
-      ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.7">4.7</A>)    ,   
+      ?</H3>
 
     <P>    <SMALL>EXPLAIN</SMALL>.</P>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="4.8">4.8</A>)      
+    <H3><A name="4.8">4.8</A>)      
              ?
-              ?</H4>
+              ?</H3>
 
     <P> <I>~</I>    ,  
     <I>~*</I>       
@@ -832,23 +776,40 @@
     WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
 </PRE>
 
-<P>          . , 
-       ,   :</P>
+          . , 
+       ,   :
 <PRE>
     CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
 </PRE>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.9">4.9</A>)    ,   
-     <SMALL>NULL</SMALL>  - ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.9">4.9</A>)   ,    
+    <SMALL>NULL</SMALL>  - ?    
+    <SMALL>NULL</SMALL>  ?</H3>
 
     <P>     <SMALL>IS NULL</SMALL> 
-    <SMALL>IS NOT NULL</SMALL>.</P>
+    <SMALL>IS NOT NULL</SMALL>,  :</P>
+<PRE>
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   WHERE col IS NULL;
+</PRE>
+
+   <P>     <NULL>  
+   <SMALL>IS NULL</SMALL>  <SMALL>IS NOT NULL</SMALL>  
+   <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>.      
+   <I></I>,      ,  
+   <I></I>,     NULL     :</P>
+
+<PRE>
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL);
+</PRE>   
 
-    <H4><A name="4.10">4.10</A>)     
-     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.10">4.10</A>)     
+     ?</H3>
 <BLOCKQUOTE>
 <TABLE>
-<TBODY>
 <TR>
   <TH></TH>
   <TH> </TH>
@@ -879,7 +840,6 @@
   <TD>char</TD>
   <TD> </TD>
 </TR>
-</TBODY>
 </TABLE>
 </BLOCKQUOTE>
 
@@ -889,8 +849,7 @@
     <P>    "varlena"  (.., 
          ,    ).
      ,    , 
-     . ,      
-             <SMALL>TOAST</SMALL>,
+     . ,    ,
              ,
      .</P>
 
@@ -906,8 +865,8 @@
        <SMALL>NULL</SMALL> .   
     ,    .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.11.1">4.11.1</A>)    
-    serial/--?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.11.1">4.11.1</A>)    
+    serial/--?</H3>
 
     <P>PostgreSQL    <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>. 
       . :</P>
@@ -918,7 +877,7 @@
     );
 </PRE>
 
-<P>      : </P>
+      : 
 <PRE>
     CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
     CREATE TABLE person ( 
@@ -930,8 +889,8 @@
           
      <I>create_sequence</I>. 
 
-    <H4><A name="4.11.2">4.11.2</A>)      
-    <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.11.2">4.11.2</A>)      
+    <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>?</H3>
 
     <P>       
     <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>   sequence   
@@ -960,16 +919,16 @@
 </PRE>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="4.11.3">4.11.3</A>)     , 
+    <H3><A name="4.11.3">4.11.3</A>)     , 
      <I>currval()</I>  <I>nextval()</I>  
-       ?</H4>
+       ?</H3>
 
     <P>. <i>currval()</i>   ,  
     ,    .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.11.4">4.11.4</A>)     
+    <H3><A name="4.11.4">4.11.4</A>)     
          ?   
-       ,    /SERIAL?</H4>
+       ,    /SERIAL?</H3>
 
     <P>  ,  , 
             
@@ -977,8 +936,8 @@
        .</P>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="4.12">4.12</A>)   <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?  
-    <SMALL>TID</SMALL>?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.12">4.12</A>)   <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?  
+    <SMALL>CTID</SMALL>?</H3>
 
     <P>,   PostgreSQL  ,  
      <SMALL>OID</SMALL>    
@@ -993,17 +952,17 @@
     O<SMALL>ID</SMALL>,    <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>
             
     .    8-  
-      <SMALL>SERIAL8</SMALL>.</P>
+      <SMALL>SERIAL8</SMALL>.
 
-    <P>T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>    
-         offset . T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>
+    <P>C<SMALL>TID</SMALL>    
+         offset . C<SMALL>TID</SMALL>
               .
-    T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>     
+    <P>T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>     
        .</P>
 
 
-    <H4><A name="4.13">4.13</A>)     <I>"ERROR: Memory
-    exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"</I>?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.13">4.13</A>)     <I>"ERROR: Memory
+    exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"</I>?</H3>
 
     <P>     
              .
@@ -1022,38 +981,21 @@
     ,   backend     ,
           .
 
-    <H4><A name="4.14">4.14</A>)   ,   PostgreSQL
-    ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.14">4.14</A>)   ,   PostgreSQL
+    ?</H3>
 
     <P> <I>psql</I>,  <CODE>SELECT version();</CODE></P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.15">4.15</A>)       
-        <I>"invalid large obj descriptor"</I>?</H4>
 
-    <P>        
-    <CODE>BEGIN WORK</CODE>    <CODE>COMMIT</CODE>,  
-      <CODE>lo_open</CODE> ... <CODE>lo_close.</CODE></P>
-
-    <P>   PostgreSQL ,    
-       .  ,  
-      -   ,    
-       <I>invalid large obj descriptor</I>,  
-          (   
-     )        
-     .</P>
-
-    <P>       <SMALL>ODBC</SMALL>,
-        <CODE>auto-commit off.</CODE></P>
-
-    <H4><A name="4.16">4.16</A>)       
-        ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.15">4.15</A>)       
+        ?</H3>
 
     <P> <I>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</I>:</P>
 <PRE>
 CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
 </PRE>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.17">4.17</A>)     ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.16">4.16</A>)     ?</H3>
 
     <P>PostgreSQL   ,
        SQL.   :</P>
@@ -1077,8 +1019,8 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
     <SMALL>RIGHT</SMALL>  <SMALL>FULL</SMALL> . 
       <SMALL>INNER</SMALL> .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.18">4.18</A>)   ,  
-      ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.17">4.17</A>)   ,  
+      ?</H3>
 
     <P>          .
      PostgreSQL      
@@ -1089,14 +1031,16 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
             
       .</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.19">4.19</A>)        ?</H4>
+    <H3><A name="4.18">4.18</A>)        ?</H3>
 
     <P>    ,  ,
      <A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions">
      http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions</A>.</P>
 
-    <H4><A name="4.20">4.20</A>)     "missing oid",
-            PL/PgSQL?</H4>
+
+    <H3><A name="4.19">4.19</A>)     "relation with OID ####
+      ",        PL/PgSQL?</H3>
+     
     <P>PL/PgSQL         
       ,    PL/PgSQL    
           ,    
@@ -1106,53 +1050,26 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
       PL/PgSQL.     
       .</P>
 
-    <h4><a name="4.21">4.21</a>)    ?
-    </h4>
-    <ul>
-    <li><i>contrib/pgcrypto</i>     
-      <small>SQL</small> .</li>
-    <li>       ,  
-      <i>postgresql.conf</i>,  <i>ssl</i>   
-     <i>true</i>,   <i>pg_hba.conf</i>   
-     <i>host</i>  <i>hostssl</i>     <i>sslmode</i>
-       ݣ  <i>disable</i>. (,  
-         , 
-     stunnel  ssh,   SSL  PostgreSQL).</li>
-    <li>      , 
-       .</li>
-    <li>  ,    .</li>
-    </ul>
-    <HR>
-
-    <H2 align="center"> PostgreSQL</H2>
-
-    <H4><A name="5.1">5.1</A>)     .
-         <I>psql</I>,    core dump?</H4>
-
-    <P>     .  
-          .</P>
-
-    <H4><A name="5.2">5.2</A>)       
-         PostgreSQL?</H4>
 
-    <P>      <I>pgsql-hackers</I>
-            <I>contrib/</I>.</P>
+    <H3><A name="4.20">4.20</a>)     ?</H3>
 
-    <H4><A name="5.3">5.3</A>)    C , 
-     ?</H4>
+    <P> "" --   ,    
+           .</P>
     
-    <P>  PostgreSQL,   7.3, ,  
-       C, PL/PgSQL  SQL.   
-     .    ,
-      C,    <i>contrib/tablefunc</i>.</P>
+    <P> Master/slave     (master) 
+       /,     Σ
+    (slave)     
+    /<SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>.      
+    master-slave  PostgreSQL 
+    <A href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/slony1/projdisplay.php">
+    Slony-I</A>.</P>
     
-    <H4><A name="5.4">5.4</A>)    .  
-         ?</H4>
+    <P> Multi-master    /
+     ,     .   
+        ,   
+        .  
+          PostgreSQL 
+    <A href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/">Pgcluster</A>.
     
-    <P> <I>Makefile</I>      include
-    .    <I>make clean</I>   <I>make</I>. 
-       <SMALL>GCC</SMALL>    
-    <I>--enable-depend</I>  <I>configure</I>   
-      .</P>
   </BODY>
 </HTML>