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Postgres FD Implementation
Commit 1bdec342 authored by Bruce Momjian's avatar Bruce Momjian
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Update Russian FAQ. 

Viktor Vislobokov
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Otvety na chasto zadavaemye voprosy po PostgreSQL
Data poslednego obnovleniya: Ponedel'nik 14 fevralya 23:35:09 EST 2005
Data poslednego obnovleniya: Ponedel'nik 30 maya 09:11:03 EDT 2005
Anglijskij variant soprovozhdaet: Bryus Mom'yan (Bruce Momjian)
(pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
Perevel na russkij: Viktor Vislobokov (corochoone@perm.ru)
Pereviol na russkij: Viktor Vislobokov (corochoone@perm.ru)
Samuyu svezhuyu anglijskuyu versiyu dokumenta mozhno najti na
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html.
......@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
1.10) Kak nauchit'sya SQL?
1.11) Kak prisoedinitsya k komande razrabotchikov?
1.12) Kak sravnivat' PostgreSQL s drugimi SUBD?
1.13) Kto upravlyaet PostgreSQL?
Voprosy pol'zovatelej po klientskoj chasti
......@@ -70,8 +71,8 @@
4.8) Kak mne vypolnit' poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya i poisk
nezavisimyj ot registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya? Kak mne
ispol'zovat' indeks dlya poiska nezavisimogo ot registra bukv?
4.9) Kak ya mogu opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v
kakom-libo zaprose?
4.9) Kak mne opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v kakom-libo
zaprose? Mogu ya otsortirovat' polya NULL ili net?
4.10) Kakovy otlichiya mezhdu raznymi simvol'nymi tipami?
4.11.1) Kak mne sozdat' pole serial/s-avto-uvelicheniem?
4.11.2) Kak mne poluchit' znachenie pri vstavke SERIAL?
......@@ -80,36 +81,25 @@
4.11.4) Pochemu chisla iz moej posledovatel'nosti ne ispol'zuyutsya
snova pri otmene tranzakcii? Pochemu sozdayutsya razryvy pri numeracii
v kolonke, gde ya ispol'zuyu posledovatel'nost'/SERIAL?
4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe TID?
4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe CTID?
4.13) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
AllocSetAlloc()"?
4.14) Kak mne uznat', kakaya versiya PostgreSQL zapuschena?
4.15) Pochemu pri rabote s moim bol'shim ob"ektom ya poluchayu oshibku
"invalid large obj descriptor"?
4.16) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
4.15) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
tekuschee vremya?
4.17) Kak vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
4.18) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
4.19) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
4.20) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "missing oid", kogda obraschayuts'
k vremennym tablicam v funkciyah PL/PgSQL?
4.21) Kakie opcii shifrovaniya suschestvuyut?
Rasshireniya PostgreSQL
5.1) YA napisal funkciyu opredelyaemuyu pol'zovatelem. Kogda ya
zapuskayu ee v psql, pochemu ya poluchayu core dump?
5.2) Kak ya mogu vnesti nekotorye klassnye novye tipy i funkcii v
PostgreSQL?
5.3) Kak mne napisat' C funkciyu, vozvraschayuschuyu stroku tablicy?
5.4) YA izmenil ishodnyj fajl. Pochemu posle perekompilyacii ya ne
vizhu izmenenij?
4.16) Kak vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
4.17) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
4.18) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
4.19) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "relation with OID #### ne
suschestvuet", kogda obraschayuts' k vremennym tablicam v funkciyah
PL/PgSQL?
4.20) Kakie est' resheniya dlya replikacii?
_________________________________________________________________
Obschie voprosy
1.1) CHto takoe PostgreSQL? Kak proiznositsya `eto nazvanie?
1.1) CHto takoe PostgreSQL? Kak proiznositsya `eto nazvanie?
PostgreSQL proiznositsya Post-Gres-Q-L (Post-Gres-K'yu-`El), takzhe
chasto govoryat prosto Postgres.
......@@ -125,8 +115,8 @@
Podrobnosti smotrite v FAQ dlya razrabotchikov,
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html
1.2) Kakovy avtorskie prava na PostgreSQL?
1.2) Kakovy avtorskie prava na PostgreSQL?
PostgreSQL rasprostranyaetsya po klassicheskoj licenzii BSD. `Eta
licenziya ne soderzhit ogranichenij na to, kak budet ispol'zovat'sya
ishodnyj kod. Nam nravitsya `eta licenziya i u nas net namerenij eio
......@@ -137,7 +127,8 @@
Sistema Upravleniya Bazami Dannyh PostgreSQL
Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
Portions Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Regents of the University of
California
Predostavlyayutsya prava na ispol'zovanie, kopirovanie, izmenenie i
rasprostranenie dannogo programmnogo obespecheniya i ego dokumentacii
......@@ -161,16 +152,16 @@
PREDOSTAVLYAT' SOPROVOZHDENIE, PODDERZHKU, OBNOVLENIYA, RASSHIRENIYA
ILI IZMENENIYA.
1.3) Na kakih platformah rabotaet PostgreSQL?
1.3) Na kakih platformah rabotaet PostgreSQL?
Obychno, PostgreSQL mozhet rabotat' na lyuboj sovremennoj platforme
sovmestimoj s Unix. V instrukcii po ustanovke, vy najdete spisok teh
platform, na kotoryh byli provedeny testovye zapuski PostgreSQL k
momentu vyhoda dannoj versii.
Nachinaya s versii 8.0, PostgreSQL bez vsyakih uhischrenij rabotaet na
operacionnyh sistemah Microsoft Windows, osnovannyh na NT, takih kak
Win2000, WinXP i Win2003. Paket installyatora dostupen po adresu
PostgreSQL takzhe rabotaet na operacionnyh sistemah Microsoft Windows,
osnovannyh na NT, takih kak Win2000, WinXP i Win2003. Paket
installyatora dostupen po adresu
http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller. Versii Windows, osnovannye
na MS-DOS (Win95, Win98, WinMe) mogut zapuskat' PostgreSQL s
pomosch'yu Cygwin.
......@@ -180,14 +171,13 @@
http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&button=Search&key=postgre
SQL&stype=all&sort=type&dir=%2F.
1.4) Gde mozhno vzyat' PostgreSQL?
Naprimer, vospol'zovavshis' anonimnym dostupom na ftp sajt PostgreSQL
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub. Spisok zerkal vy najdete na nashem
osnovnom sajte.
1.4) Gde mozhno vzyat' PostgreSQL?
CHerez brauzer, ispol'zuya http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/ i cherez
ftp, ispol'zuya ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/.
1.5) Gde poluchit' podderzhku?
1.5) Gde poluchit' podderzhku?
Soobschestvo PostgreSQL predostavlyaet pomosch' mnozhestvu
pol'zovatelej cherez E-mail. Osnovnoj web-sajt dlya podpiski na spiski
rassylki po E-mail `eto: http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/.
......@@ -205,22 +195,23 @@
Spisok kommercheskoj podderzhki kompanij dostupen na
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php.
1.6) Kak mne soobschit' ob oshibke?
1.6) Kak mne soobschit' ob oshibke?
Posetite stranichku so special'noj formoj otchiota ob oshibke v
PostgreSQL po adresu: http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug.
Takzhe prover'te nalichie bolee svezhej versii PostgreSQL na nashem
FTP sajte ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub.
FTP sajte ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/.
1.7) Kakaya poslednyaya versiya?
Poslednij vypusk PostgreSQL - `eto versiya 8.0.1
1.7) Kakaya poslednyaya versiya?
Poslednij vypusk PostgreSQL - `eto versiya 8.0.2
My planiruem vypuskat' novye versii kazhdye 10-12 mesyacev.
My planiruem vypuskat' novye starshie versii kazhdyj god, a mladshie
versii kazhdye neskol'ko mesyacev.
1.8) Kakaya dokumentaciya imeetsya v nalichii?
1.8) Kakaya dokumentaciya imeetsya v nalichii?
PostgreSQL soderzhit mnogo dokumentacii, vklyuchaya bol'shoe
rukovodstvo, stranicy `elektronnogo rukovodstva man i nekotorye
malen'kie testovye primery. Smotrite v katalog /doc. Vy takzhe mozhete
......@@ -229,8 +220,10 @@
Suschestvuet dve knigi po PostgreSQL dostupnye po adresam
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html i
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/. Spisok knig po PostgreSQL,
kotorye mozhno kupit' dostupen po adresu
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/. Est' neskol'ko knig po
PostgreSQL, kotorye mozhno kupit'. Odnu iz naibolee populyarnyh
napisal Korri Duglas (Korry Douglas). Spisok obzorov po `etim knigam
dostupen po adresu
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php. Krome togo,
po adresu http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/ vy mozhete najti kollekciyu
tehnicheskih statej posvyaschennyh PostgreSQL.
......@@ -241,48 +234,33 @@
Nash sajt soderzhit esche bol'she informacii.
1.9) Kak najti informaciyu ob izvestnyh oshibkah ili otsutstvuyuschih
vozmozhnostyah?
1.9) Kak najti informaciyu ob izvestnyh oshibkah ili otsutstvuyuschih
vozmozhnostyah?
PostgreSQL podderzhivaet rasshirennyj podklass SQL-92. Smotrite nash
spisok TODO na predmet izvestnyh oshibok, otsutstvuyuschih
vozmozhnostej i buduschih planov.
1.10) Kak mne nauchit'sya SQL?
Kniga po PostgreSQL na
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html nauchit SQL.
Suschestvuet drugaya kniga po PostgreSQL na
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook. Est' prekrasnyj uchebnik na
1.10) Kak mne nauchit'sya SQL?
Vo-pervyh, voz'mite odnu iz knig po PostgreSQL, o kotoryh govorilos'
vyshe. Esche odin uchebnik - `eto kniga "Teach Yourself SQL in 21
Days, Second Edition" (Osvoj samostoyatel'no SQL za 21 den', Vtoraya
redakciya) na http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm. Mnogim
iz nashih pol'zovatelej nravitsya kniga The Practical SQL Handbook,
Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. Drugim nravitsya The
Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.
Est' prekrasnyj uchebnik na
http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm, na
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,
i na http://sqlcourse.com.
Esche odin uchebnik - `eto kniga "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days,
Second Edition" (Osvoj samostoyatel'no SQL za 21 den', Vtoraya
redakciya) na http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm
Mnogim iz nashih pol'zovatelej nravitsya kniga The Practical SQL
Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. Drugim nravitsya
The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.
1.11) Kak prisoedinitsya k komande razrabotchikov?
Dlya nachala, skachajte poslednyuyu versiyu ishodnyh tekstov i
prochtite FAQ i dokumentaciyu dlya razrabotchikov PostgreSQL na nashem
sajte ili v distributive. Zatem, podpishites' na spiski rassylki
pgsql-hackers i pgsql-patches. Dalee, otpravlyajte ispravleniya
(patches) vysokogo kachestva v spisok pgsql-patches.
Suschestvuet ogranichennyj spisok lyudej, kotoryj imeyut privelegiyu
vnosit' izmeneniya v CVS arhiv PostgreSQL. Kazhdyj iz `etih lyudej v
svoe vremya otpravil tak mnogo vysokokachestvennyh ispravlenij, chto
ih bylo nevozmozhno ostavit' bez vnimaniya i oni byli udostoeny
previlegii vnosit' izmeneniya, i my uvereny, chto te ispravleniya,
kotorye oni vnesut budut vysokogo kachestva.
1.12) Kak sravnivat' PostgreSQL s drugimi SUBD?
1.11) Kak prisoedinitsya k komande razrabotchikov?
Smotrite FAQ dlya razrabotchikov.
1.12) Kak sravnivat' PostgreSQL s drugimi SUBD?
Suschestvuet neskol'ko metodov sravneniya programmnogo obespecheniya:
vozmozhnosti, proizvoditel'nost', nadezhnost', podderzhka i cena.
......@@ -298,15 +276,8 @@
Proizvoditel'nost'
Proizvoditel'nost' PostgreSQL shodna s drugimi kommercheskimi
SUBD i s SUBD s otkrytym ishodnym kodom. V kakih-to veschah my
bystree, v kakih-to medlennee. V sravnenii s MySQL ili linejnoj
SUBD, my bystree, kogda pol'zovatelej mnogo, a takzhe na
slozhnyh zaprosah i pri chtenii/zapisi zagruzki zaprosa. MySQL
bystree dlya prostyh SELECT zaprosov, vypolnyaemyh nebol'shim
kolichestvom pol'zovatelej. I razumeetsya, MySQL ne imeet
kakih-libo vozmozhnostej iz perechislenyh vyshe, v sekcii
Vozmozhnosti. My delaem upor na nadezhnost' i rasshirennye
vozmozhnosti, no my takzhe prodolzhaem uvelichivat'
proizvoditel'nost' s kazhdym vypuskom.
bystree, v kakih-to medlennee. Nasha proizvoditel'nosti obychno
+/-10% po sravneniyu s drugimi SUBD.
Nadezhnost'
My ponimali, chto nasha SUBD dolzhna byt' nadezhnoj ili ona
......@@ -339,10 +310,23 @@
opisyvayutsya v nashej licenzii stilya BSD, kotoraya privedena
vyshe.
1.13) Kto upravlyaet PostgreSQL?
Esli vy ischite kakogo-to osobennogo cheloveka, central'nyj komitet
ili upravlyayuschuyu kompaniyu, to naprasno --- ih net. U nas est'
yadro komiteta i razrabotchikov, rabotayuschih s CVS, no `eti gruppy
sluzhat bol'she dlya administrativnyh celej, chem dlya upravleniya.
Proekt napryamuyu funkcioniruet s pomosch'yu soobschestva
razrabotchikov i pol'zovatelej, k kotoromu mozhet prisoedinitsya
kazhdyj. Vsio chto nuzhno -- `eto podpisat'sya na spiski rassylki i
uchastvovat' v diskussiyah. (Podrobnosti o tom kak vklyuchit'sya v
razrabotku PostgreSQL smotrite v FAQ dlya razrabotchikov.)
_________________________________________________________________
Voprosy pol'zovatelej po klientskoj chasti
2.1) Kakie interfejsy est' dlya PostgreSQL?
2.1) Kakie interfejsy est' dlya PostgreSQL?
Ustanovka PostgreSQL vklyuchaet tol'ko C i vstroennyj (embedded) C
interfejsy. Vse drugie interfejsy yavlyayutsya nezavisimymi proektami
i zagruzhayutsya otdel'no; samostoyatel'nost' proektov pozvolyaet im
......@@ -354,46 +338,40 @@
Python i mnogih drugih, dostupny na http://gborg.postgresql.org v
sekcii Drivers/Interfaces, a takzhe cherez poisk v Internet.
2.2) Kakie instrumenty suschestvuyut dlya ispol'zovaniya PostgreSQL cherez
Web?
2.2) Kakie instrumenty suschestvuyut dlya ispol'zovaniya PostgreSQL cherez
Web?
Prekrasnoe vvedenie vo vzaimodejstvie baz dannyh i Web mozhno najti
na: http://www.webreview.com
Dlya integracii s Web, PHP http://www.php.net yavlyaetsya neplohim
interfejsom.
V slozhnyh sluchayah, mnogie pol'zuyutsya Perl i CGI.pm ili mod_perl.
2.3) Est' li u PostgreSQL graficheskij interfejs pol'zovatelya?
Da, suschestvuet neskol'ko graficheskih interfejsov dlya PostgreSQL.
Oni vklyuchayut PgAdmin III (http://www.pgadmin.org), PgAccess
(http://www.pgaccess.org), RHDB Admin
(http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/), TORA (http://www.globecom.net/tora/
chastichno kommercheskoe PO) i Rekall (
http://www.rekallrevealed.org/). Takzhe est' PhpPgAdmin (
http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/) - interfejs k PostgreSQL,
osnovannyj na Web.
V slozhnyh sluchayah, mnogie pol'zuyutsya Perl i DBD::Pg s CGI.pm ili
mod_perl.
2.3) Est' li u PostgreSQL graficheskij interfejs pol'zovatelya?
Da, podrobnosti smotrite v
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools.
_________________________________________________________________
Voprosy administrirovaniya
3.1) Kak mne ustanovit' PostgreSQL v mesto otlichnoe ot /usr/local/pgsql?
3.1) Kak mne ustanovit' PostgreSQL v mesto otlichnoe ot /usr/local/pgsql?
Zadajte opciyu --prefix kogda zapuskaete configure.
3.2) Kak mne upravlyat' soedineniyami s drugih komp'yuterov?
3.2) Kak mne upravlyat' soedineniyami s drugih komp'yuterov?
Po umolchaniyu, PostgreSQL razreshaet tol'ko soedineniya na lokal'noj
mashine cherez sokety domena Unix ili TCP/IP soedineniya. Dlya togo,
chtoby drugie mashiny smogli podklyuchit'sya k baze vy dolzhny
izmenit' listen_addresses v postgresql.conf, razreshit'
host-avtorizaciya v fajle $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf i perestartovat' server.
3.3) Kakie nastrojki mne nuzhno sdelat' dlya uluchsheniya
proizvoditel'nosti?
3.3) Kakie nastrojki mne nuzhno sdelat' dlya uluchsheniya proizvoditel'nosti?
Suschestvuet tri glavnyh oblasti, kotorye potencial'no mogut
uvelichit' proizvoditel'nost':
......@@ -430,64 +408,27 @@
http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/inde
x.html i http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/.
3.4) Kakie vozmozhnosti dlya otladki est' v nalichii?
3.4) Kakie vozmozhnosti dlya otladki est' v nalichii?
Est' mnozhestvo ustanovok v nastrojkah servera, nachinayuschihsya na
log_*, pozvolyayuschih protokolirovat' zaprosy i statistiku raboty
processa, kotoraya ochen' polezna dlya otladki i izmereniya
proizvoditel'nosti.
Dlya predostavleniya bolee detal'noj informacii razrabotchikam servera
pri otladke kakoj-libo problemy dolzhny pol'zovat'sya sleduyuschie
instrukcii.
Takim zhe obrazom mozhno proizvodit' i otladku severa, esli on
rabotaet nepravil'no. Vo-pervyh, pri zapuske configure s opciej
--enable-cassert, mnogie vyzovy assert() pozvolyayut otslezhivat'
rabotu backend processa i ostanovku programmy pri vozniknovenii
kakih-libo neozhidannostej.
Esli postmaster ne zapuschen, vy mozhete zapustit' postgres backend iz
komandnoj stroki i vvesti vash operator SQL napryamuyu. `Eto
rekomenduetsya tol'ko dlya celej otladki. Zametim, chto v `etom
rezhime, zapros zavershaetsya simvolom novoj stroki, a ne tochkoj s
zapyatoj. Esli vy proizvodili kompilyaciyu s otladochnymi simvolami,
vy mozhete ispol'zovat' lyuboj otladchik, chtoby posmotret', chto
sluchilos'. Poskol'ku backend zapuskaetsya ne iz postmaster, on ne
zapuskaetsya v identichnom okruzhenii i znachit problemy iteracij
blokirovok/backend ne mogut byt' vosproizvedeny.
Esli postmaster zapuschen, zapustite psql v odnom okne, zatem najdite
PID processa postgres, ispol'zuemyj psql, ispol'zuya SELECT
pg_backend_pid(). Ispol'zujte otladchik dlya podklyucheniya k postgres
PID. Vy mozhete ustanovit' tochki preryvaniya v otladchike i zapustit'
zapros iz psql. Esli vy proizvodite otladku zapuska postgres, vy
mozhete ustanovit' PGOPTIONS="-W n", i zatem zapustit' psql. `Eta
opciya privodit k zaderzhke processa zapuska na n sekund, v techenie
kotoryh vy mozhete podklyuchit' k processu otladchik, ustanovit'
lyubye tochki preryvaniya i prodolzhit' zapusk.
Vy takzhe mozhete skompilirovat' PostgreSQL s profilirovaniem dlya
togo, chtoby uvidet' kakie funkcii skol'ko vremeni vypolnyayutsya.
Fajly profilirovaniya backend'a nahodyatsya v kataloge
pgsql/data/base/dbname. Fajl profilirovaniya klienta budet pomeschen v
tekuschij katalog klienta. V Linux dlya vypolneniya profilirovaniya
trebuetsya kompilyacii s -DLINUX_PROFILE.
3.5) Pochemu ya poluchayu soobschenie "Sorry, too many clients" kogda
pytayus' podklyuchit'sya k baze?
3.5) Pochemu ya poluchayu soobschenie "Sorry, too many clients" kogda
pytayus' podklyuchit'sya k baze?
Vy dostigli ustanovlennogo po umolchaniyu ogranicheniya na 100 sessij
podklyucheniya k baze dannyh. Vam neobhodimo uvelichit' dlya
postmaster limit na kolichestvo konkurentnyh backend processov,
izmeniv znachenie max_connections v fajle postgresql.conf i
perestartovat' postmaster.
3.6) Pochemu neobhodimo delat' dump i restore pri obnovlenii vypuskov
PostgreSQL?
3.6) Pochemu neobhodimo delat' dump i restore pri obnovlenii vypuskov
PostgreSQL?
Razrabotchiki PostgreSQL delayut tol'ko nebol'shie izmeneniya mezhdu
podvypuskami. Takim obrazom obnovlenie s versii 7.4 do 7.4.1 ne
podvypuskami. Takim obrazom obnovlenie s versii 7.4.0 do 7.4.1 ne
trebuet vypolneniya dump i restore. Odnako pri vyhode ocherednogo
vypuska (t.e. pri obnovlenii naprimer, s 7.3 na 7.4) chasto menyaetsya
vnutrennij format sistemnyh tablic i fajlov dannyh. `Eti izmeneniya
......@@ -501,8 +442,8 @@
bez ispol'zovaniya dump/restore. Kommentarii k vypusku govorit kogda
mozhno ispol'zovat' pg_upgrade dlya `etogo vypuska.
3.7) Kakoe komp'yuternoe "zhelezo" ya dolzhen ispol'zovat'?
3.7) Kakoe komp'yuternoe "zhelezo" ya dolzhen ispol'zovat'?
Poskol'ku "zhelezo" personal'nyh komp'yuterov yavlyaetsya naibolee
sovmestimym, lyudi sklonny verit', chto takoe "zhelezo" imeet
odinakovoe kachestvo. `Eto ne tak. Pamyat' ECC, SCSI i kachestvennye
......@@ -516,15 +457,15 @@
Voprosy `ekspluatacii
4.1) Kak vypolnit' SELECT tol'ko dlya neskol'kih pervyh strochek zaprosa?
Proizvol'noj stroki?
4.1) Kak vypolnit' SELECT tol'ko dlya neskol'kih pervyh strochek zaprosa?
Proizvol'noj stroki?
Dlya polucheniya tol'ko neskol'kih strok, esli vy znaete ih
kolichestvo na moment vypolneniya SELECT ispol'zujte LIMIT. Esli est'
kakoj-libo indeks, kotoryj sovpadaet s ORDER BY, to vozmozhno, chto
ves' zapros vypolnen i ne budet. Esli vy ne znaete kolichestva
neobhodimyh strok na moment vypolneniya SELECT, ispol'zujte kursor i
FETCH.
kolichestvo na moment vypolneniya SELECT ispol'zujte LIMIT.
Esli est' kakoj-libo indeks, kotoryj sovpadaet s ORDER BY, to
vozmozhno, chto ves' zapros vypolnen i ne budet. Esli vy ne znaete
kolichestva neobhodimyh strok na moment vypolneniya SELECT,
ispol'zujte kursor i FETCH.
To SELECT a random row, use:
SELECT col
......@@ -532,10 +473,10 @@
ORDER BY random()
LIMIT 1;
4.2) Kak mne najti kakie tablicy, indeksy, bazy dannyh i pol'zovateli
suschestvuyut? Kak mne uvidet' zaprosy, kotorye ispol'zuet psql dlya
polucheniya `etoj informacii?
4.2) Kak mne najti kakie tablicy, indeksy, bazy dannyh i pol'zovateli
suschestvuyut? Kak mne uvidet' zaprosy, kotorye ispol'zuet psql dlya
polucheniya `etoj informacii?
CHtoby prosmatrivat' tablicy v psql, ispol'zujte komandu \dt. Polnyj
spisok komand v psql vy mozhete poluchit', ispol'zuya \?. Krome togo,
vy mozhete posmotret' ishodnyj kod psql v fajle
......@@ -555,8 +496,8 @@
mnogie iz operatorov SELECT neobhodimyh dlya polucheniya informacii iz
sistemnyh tablic bazy dannyh.
4.3) Kak izmenit' tip dannyh kolonki?
4.3) Kak izmenit' tip dannyh kolonki?
V 8.0 i bolee pozdnih versiyah, izmenenie tipa kolonki vypolnyaetsya
ochen' legko cherez ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE.
......@@ -567,9 +508,8 @@
ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
COMMIT;
4.4) Kakovy maksimal'nye razmery dlya strok v tablice, tablic i bazy
dannyh?
4.4) Kakovy maksimal'nye razmery dlya strok v tablice, tablic i bazy dannyh?
Suschestvuyut sleduyuschie ogranicheniya:
Maksimal'nyj razmer bazy? neogranichen (suschestvuyut bazy na 32 TB)
......@@ -595,9 +535,9 @@
byt' uvelicheny v chetyre raza, esli razmer bloka po umolchaniyu budet
uvelichen do 32k.
4.5) Kak mnogo diskovogo prostranstva v baze dannyh nuzhno dlya sohraneniya
dannyh iz obychnogo tekstovogo fajla?
4.5) Kak mnogo diskovogo prostranstva v baze dannyh nuzhno dlya sohraneniya
dannyh iz obychnogo tekstovogo fajla?
SUBD PostgreSQL mozhet potrebovat'sya diskovogo prostranstva do 5 raz
bol'she dlya sohraneniya dannyh iz prostogo tekstovogo fajla.
......@@ -630,15 +570,15 @@
Znacheniya NULL hranyatsya kak bitovye karty i po`etomu oni zanimayut
ochen' malo mesta.
4.6) Pochemu moi zaprosy rabotayut medleno? Pochemu oni ne ispol'zuyut moi
indeksy?
Indeksy ne ispol'zuyutsya dlya kazhdogo zaprosa avtomaticheski. Oni
ispol'zuyutsya tol'ko esli tablica bol'she minimal'nogo razmera i
zapros vybiraet tol'ko malen'kij procent strok v tablice. Tak
ustroeno, potomu chto dostup k disku s primeneniem randomizacii pri
skanirovanii indeksov mozhet byt' medlennee, chem prostoe chtenie
tablicy ili ee posledovatel'noe skanirovanie.
4.6) Pochemu moi zaprosy rabotayut medleno? Pochemu oni ne ispol'zuyut moi
indeksy?
Indeksy ne ispol'zuyutsya dlya kazhdogo zaprosa. Oni ispol'zuyutsya
tol'ko esli tablica bol'she minimal'nogo razmera i zapros vybiraet
tol'ko malen'kij procent strok v tablice. Tak ustroeno, potomu chto
dostup k disku s primeneniem randomizacii pri skanirovanii indeksov
mozhet byt' medlennee, chem prostoe chtenie tablicy ili ee
posledovatel'noe skanirovanie.
CHtoby opredelit' neobhodimost' ispol'zovaniya indeksa dlya kakoj-libo
tablicy, PostgreSQL dolzhen imet' statistiku po `etoj tablice. `Eta
......@@ -665,8 +605,8 @@
Esli vam kazhetsya, chto optimizator nekorrektno vybiraet
posledovatel'nyj perebor, ispol'zujte SET enable_seqscan TO 'off' i
zapustite testy, chtoby uvidet', ne stalo-li skanirovanie indeksov
bystree.
zapustite zapros snova, chtoby uvidet', dejstvitel'no li skanirovanie
indeksov bystree.
Kogda ispol'zuyutsya operacii s shablonami, naprimer LIKE ili ~,
indeksy mogut byt' ispol'zovany v sleduyuschih sluchayah:
......@@ -689,14 +629,14 @@
esli tipy dannyh tochno ne sovpadali s indeksnymi tipami kolonok. `Eto
osobenno kasalos' int2, int8 i numeric indeksov kolonok.
4.7) Kak posmotret' na to, kak optimizator vypolnyaet moj zapros?
4.7) Kak posmotret' na to, kak optimizator vypolnyaet moj zapros?
Smotrite stranicu rukovodstva posvyaschennuyu EXPLAIN.
4.8) Kak mne vypolnit' poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya i poisk nezavisimyj
ot registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya? Kak mne ispol'zovat'
indeks dlya poiska nezavisimogo ot registra bukv?
4.8) Kak mne vypolnit' poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya i poisk nezavisimyj ot
registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya? Kak mne ispol'zovat' indeks
dlya poiska nezavisimogo ot registra bukv?
Operator ~ proizvodit poisk regulyarnogo vyrazheniya, a operator ~*
proizvodit nezavisimyj ot registra bukv poisk regulyarnogo
vyrazheniya. Nezavisimyj ot registra variant LIKE nazyvaetsya ILIKE.
......@@ -710,13 +650,24 @@
esli vy sozdadite indeks vyrazheniya, on budet ispol'zovan:
CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
4.9) Kak ya mogu opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v kakom-libo
zaprose?
Vy prosto sravnivaete znachenie s IS NULL i IS NOT NULL.
4.10) Kakovy otlichiya mezhdu raznymi simvol'nymi tipami?
4.9) Kak mne opredelit', chto znachenie polya ravno NULL v kakom-libo
zaprose? Mogu ya otsortirovat' polya NULL ili net?
Vy prosto sravnivaete znachenie s IS NULL i IS NOT NULL, kak zdes':
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE col IS NULL;
CHtoby otsortirovat' dannye po znacheniyu ispol'zujte modifikatory IS
NULL i IS NOT NULL v vyrazhenii ORDER BY. Kogda oni budut generirovat'
znacheniya istina, to pri sortirovke oni budut vyshe, chem znacheniya
lozh', tak chto zapisi s NULL budut v otsortirovannom spiske sverhu:
SELECT *
FROM tab
ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL);
4.10) Kakovy otlichiya mezhdu raznymi simvol'nymi tipami?
Tip Vnutrennee imya Zamechaniya
VARCHAR(n) varchar razmer zadaet maksimal'nuyu dlinu, net zapolneniya
CHAR(n) bpchar zapolnyaetsya pustotoj do fiksirovannoj dliny
......@@ -731,10 +682,9 @@
Pervye chetyre tipa yavlyayutsya "varlena" tipami (t.e., pervye
chetyre bajta na diske yavlyayutsya dlinnoj, za kotoroj sleduyut
dannye). Takim obrazom, fakticheski ispol'zuemoe prostranstvo bol'she,
chem oboznachennyj razmer. Odnako, `eti tipy dannyh takzhe poddayutsya
szhatiyu ili mogut byt' sohraneny ne v strokom vide cherez TOAST, tak
chto zanimaemoe diskovoe prostranstvo mozhet takzhe byt' i men'she,
chem ozhidalos'.
chem oboznachennyj razmer. Odnako, dlinnye znacheniya takzhe
szhimayutsya, tak chto zanimaemoe diskovoe prostranstvo mozhet takzhe
byt' i men'she, chem ozhidalos'.
VARCHAR(n) - `eto luchshee reshenie, kogda nuzhno hranit' stroki
peremennoj dliny, ne prevyshayuschie opredelennogo razmera. TEXT -
`eto luchshee reshenie dlya strok neogranichennoj dliny, s maksimal'no
......@@ -747,8 +697,8 @@
znacheniya kotoryh mogut vklyuchat' NULL bajty. Vse tipy opisannye
zdes', imeyut shodnye harakteristiki proizvoditel'nosti.
4.11.1) Kak mne sozdat' pole serial/s-avto-uvelicheniem?
4.11.1) Kak mne sozdat' pole serial/s-avto-uvelicheniem?
PostgreSQL podderzhivaet tip dannyh SERIAL. On avtomaticheski sozdaet
posledovatel'nost'. Naprimer:
CREATE TABLE person (
......@@ -766,8 +716,8 @@
Smotrite podrobnosti o posledovatel'nostyah na stranice rukovodstva
posvyaschennoj create_sequence.
4.11.2) Kak mne poluchit' znachenie pri vstavke SERIAL?
4.11.2) Kak mne poluchit' znachenie pri vstavke SERIAL?
Odin iz sposobov sostoit v poluchenii sleduyuschego znacheniya SERIAL
iz ob"ekta sequence s pomosch'yu funkcii nextval() pered vstavkoj i
zatem vstavlyat' `eto znachenie yavno. Ispol'zujte tablicu-primer v
......@@ -788,23 +738,23 @@
execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
4.11.3) Ne mozhet li poluchit'sya tak, chto ispol'zovanie currval() i
nextval() privedet k zaciklirovaniyu s drugimi pol'zovatelyami?
4.11.3) Ne mozhet li poluchit'sya tak, chto ispol'zovanie currval() i
nextval() privedet k zaciklirovaniyu s drugimi pol'zovatelyami?
Net. currval() vozvraschaet tekuschee znachenie, naznachennoe vashej
sessiej, a ne drugimi sessiyami.
4.11.4) Pochemu chisla iz moej posledovatel'nosti ne ispol'zuyutsya snova
pri otmene tranzakcii? Pochemu sozdayutsya razryvy pri numeracii v kolonke,
gde ya ispol'zuyu posledovatel'nost'/SERIAL?
4.11.4) Pochemu chisla iz moej posledovatel'nosti ne ispol'zuyutsya snova pri
otmene tranzakcii? Pochemu sozdayutsya razryvy pri numeracii v kolonke, gde
ya ispol'zuyu posledovatel'nost'/SERIAL?
Dlya realizacii konkuretnosti, znacheniya posledovatel'nostej, pri
neobhodimosti vydayutsya vo vremya zapuska tranzakcij i ne
blokiruyutsya do polnogo vypolneniya tranzakcij. `Eto mozhet vyzyvat'
razryvy v numeracii pri otmene tranzakcij.
4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe TID?
4.12) CHto takoe OID? CHto takoe CTID?
Kazhdaya, sozdavaemaya v PostgreSQL tablichnaya stroka, poluchaet
unikal'nyj indentifikator OID za isklyucheniem sluchaya kogda
ispol'zovalos' WITHOUT OIDS. OID - `eto avtomaticheski naznachaemoe
......@@ -819,14 +769,16 @@
obrazom men'she podverzheny perepolneniyu. Dlya hraneniya znachenij
8-mi bajtnoj posledovatel'nosti dostupen tip SERIAL8.
TID ispol'zuetsya dlya identifikacii special'nyh fizicheskih zapisej s
blochnymi i offset znacheniyami. TID izmenyaetsya posle togo kak
stroki v tablice byli izmeneny ili peregruzheny. TID ispol'zuetsya
indeksnymi zapisyami v kachestve ukazatelya na fizicheskie zapisi.
CTID ispol'zuetsya dlya identifikacii special'nyh fizicheskih zapisej
s blochnymi i offset znacheniyami. CTID izmenyaetsya posle togo kak
stroki v tablice byli izmeneny ili peregruzheny.
TID ispol'zuetsya indeksnymi zapisyami v kachestve ukazatelya na
fizicheskie zapisi.
4.13) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
AllocSetAlloc()"?
4.13) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
AllocSetAlloc()"?
Predpolozhitel'no u vas zakonchilas' virtual'naya pamyat' ili chto
vashe yadro imeet malen'kij limit na opredelennye resursy. Popytajtes'
pered zapuskom postmaster vypolnit' sleduyuschie komandy:
......@@ -841,36 +793,18 @@
klientom, potomu chto backend vozvraschaet slishkom bol'shoj ob"em
dannyh, popytajtes' vypolnit' `etu komandu pered zapuskom klienta.
4.14) Kak mne uznat', kakaya versiya PostgreSQL zapuschena?
4.14) Kak mne uznat', kakaya versiya PostgreSQL zapuschena?
Iz psql, naberite SELECT version();
4.15) Pochemu pri rabote s moim bol'shim ob"ektom ya poluchayu oshibku
"invalid large obj descriptor"?
Vam nuzhno pri ispol'zovanii bol'shogo ob"ekta pomestit' v nachale
BEGIN WORK i v konce COMMIT, a vnutri poluchivshegosya bloka lo_open
... lo_close.
V nastoyaschij moment PostgreSQL trebuet, chtoby pri zakrytii
bol'shogo ob"ekta proishodilo vypolnenie tranzakcii. Takim obrazom,
pervaya zhe popytka sdelat' chto-libo s bol'shim ob"ektom, ne
soblyudaya dannogo pravila privedet k soobscheniyu invalid large obj
descriptor, tak kak kod vypolnyayuschij rabotu nad bol'shim ob"ektom
(po krajnej mere v nastoyaschij moment) budet generirovat' soobschenie
ob oshibke esli vy ne ispol'zuete tranzakciyu.
Esli vy ispol'zuete takoj interfejs klienta kak ODBC, vam vozmozhno
ponadobitsya ustanovit' auto-commit off.
4.16) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
tekuschee vremya?
4.15) Kak mne sozdat' kolonku kotoraya po umolchaniyu budet soderzhat'
tekuschee vremya?
Ispol'zujte CURRENT_TIMESTAMP:
CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
4.17) Kak mne vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
4.16) Kak mne vypolnit' vneshnee svyazyvanie?
PostgreSQL podderzhivaet vneshnee svyazyvanie, ispol'zuya standartnyj
sintaksis SQL. Vot dva primera:
SELECT *
......@@ -888,8 +822,8 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
neobyazatel'nym i naznachaetsya v LEFT, RIGHT i FULL svyazyvaniyah.
Obychnye svyazyvaniya nazyvayutsya INNER svyazyvaniya.
4.18) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
4.17) Kak vypolnyat' zaprosy, ispol'zuyuschie neskol'ko baz dannyh?
Ne suschestvuet sposoba sozdat' zapros k bazam dannyh otlichnym ot
tekuschej. Poskol'ku PostgreSQL zagruzhaet sistemnye katalogi
specifichnye dlya bazy dannyh, neponyatno dazhe, kak dolzhen sebya
......@@ -900,14 +834,14 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
soedieneniya s razlichnymi bazami dannyh i takih obrazom ob"edinyat'
informaciyu iz nih.
4.19) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
4.18) Kak mne vernut' iz funkcii neskol'ko strok tablicy?
Vy mozhete legko ispol'zovat' funkcii, vozvraschayuschie spisok,
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions.
4.20) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "missing oid", kogda obraschayuts' k
vremennym tablicam v funkciyah PL/PgSQL?
4.19) Pochemu ya poluchayu oshibku "relation with OID #### ne suschestvuet",
kogda obraschayuts' k vremennym tablicam v funkciyah PL/PgSQL?
PL/PgSQL k`eshiruet scenarii funkcii i odin iz negativnyh `effektov
`etogo sostoit v tom, chto esli funkciya PL/PgSQL obraschaetsya k
vremennoj tablice i `eta tablica pozdnee udalyaetsya i peresozdaetsya,
......@@ -917,50 +851,21 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
EXECUTE dlya dostupa k vremennym tablicam v PL/PgSQL. Ispol'zovanie
`etogo operatora zastavit zapros peregenerirovat'sya kazhdyj raz.
4.21) Kakie opcii shifrovaniya suschestvuyut?
* contrib/pgcrypto soderzhit mnogo funkcij shifrovaniya dlya
ispol'zovaniya v SQL zaprosah.
* Dlya shifrovaniya peredavaemyh dannyh ot klienta k serveru, na
servere v fajle postgresql.conf, opciya ssl dolzhna byt'
ustanovlena v true, v fajle pg_hba.conf dolzhna byt'
sootvetstvuyuschaya zapis' host ili hostssl i na storone klienta
sslmode ne dolzhen byt' zapreschion cherez disable. (Zametim, chto
takzhe vozmozhno ispol'zovanie nezavisimyh vneshnih shifruyuschih
transportov, takih kak stunnel ili ssh, vmesto sobstvennyh SSL
soedinenij PostgreSQL).
* Paroli pol'zovatelej k baze dannyh avtomaticheski shifruyutsya,
pri sohranenii v sistemnyh tablicah.
* Server mozhno zapustit', ispol'zuya shifrovannuyu fajlovuyu
sistemu.
_________________________________________________________________
Rasshireniya PostgreSQL
5.1) YA napisal funkciyu opredelyaemuyu pol'zovatelem. Kogda ya zapuskayu
ee v psql, pochemu ya poluchayu core dump?
Problema mozhet zaklyuchat'sya v neskol'kih veschah. Popytajtes'
sperva protestirovat' vashu funkciyu v otdel'noj samostoyatel'noj
programme.
5.2) Kak ya mogu vnesti nekotorye klassnye novye tipy i funkcii v
PostgreSQL?
Otprav'te vashi rasshireniya v spisok rassylki pgsql-hackers i oni po
vozmozhnosti budut pomescheny v podkatalog contrib/.
5.3) Kak mne napisat' C funkciyu, vozvraschayuschuyu stroku tablicy?
V versiyah PostgreSQL, nachinaya s 7.3, funkcii, vozvraschayuschie
tablicy polnost'yu podderzhivayutsya v C, PL/PgSQL i SQL. Podrobnosti
smotrite v Rukovodstve Programmista. Primer vozvraschayuschej tablicu
funkcii, napisannoj na C, mozhno najti v contrib/tablefunc.
5.4) YA izmenil ishodnyj fajl. Pochemu posle perekompilyacii ya ne vizhu
izmenenij?
Fajly Makefile ne imeyut pravil'nyh zavisimostej dlya include fajlov.
Vy dolzhny vypolnit' make clean i zatem make. Esli vy ispol'zuete GCC
vy mozhete ispol'zovat' opciyu --enable-depend v configure chtoby
poruchit' kompilyatoru avtomaticheski otslezhivat' zavisimosti.
4.20) Kakie est' resheniya dlya replikacii?
Hotya "replikaciya" -- `eto edinyj termin, est' neskol'ko raznyh
tehnologij dlya vypolneniya replikacij s raznymi osobennostyami dlya
kazhdoj.
Replikaciya Master/slave pozvolyaet imet' odin glavnyj (master) server
dlya vypolneniya zaprosov chteniya/zapisi, v to vremya kak
podchinionnye (slave) servera mogut proizvodit' tol'ko zaprosy
chteniya/SELECT. Naibolee populyarnym resheniem dlya replikacii
master-slave v PostgreSQL yavlyaetsya Slony-I.
Replikaciya Multi-master pozvolyaet vypolnyat' zaprosy chteniya/zapisi
na neskol'kih, repliciruemyh drug s drugom komp'yuetrah. `Eta
osobennost' takzhe privodit k potere proizvoditel'nosti, potomu chto
neobhodima sinhronizaciya izmenenij mezhdu neskol'kimi serverami.
Naibolee populyarnym resheniem dlya takoj replikacii v PostgreSQL
yavlyaetsya Pgcluster.
doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_russian.html
View file @ 1bdec342
......@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#ff0000" vlink="#a00000" alink="#0000ff">
<H1> PostgreSQL</H1>
<P> : 14 23:35:09 EST 2005</P>
<P> : 30 09:11:03 EDT 2005</P>
<P> : (Bruce Momjian) (<A href=
"mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</A>)<BR>
</P>
<P> : (<A href=
<P>ף : (<A href=
"mailto:corochoone@perm.ru">corochoone@perm.ru</A>)<BR>
</P>
......@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
<A href="#1.11">1.11</A>) ?<BR>
<A href="#1.12">1.12</A>) PostgreSQL
<SMALL></SMALL>?<BR>
<A href="#1.13">1.13</A>) PostgreSQL?<BR>
<H2 align="center"> </H2>
......@@ -87,8 +88,9 @@
<A href="#4.8">4.8</A>)
?
?<BR>
<A href="#4.9">4.9</A>) ,
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> - ?<BR>
<A href="#4.9">4.9</A>) ,
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> - ?
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> ?<BR>
<A href="#4.10">4.10</A>)
?<BR>
<A href="#4.11.1">4.11.1</A>) serial/--?<BR>
......@@ -101,38 +103,26 @@
?
, /SERIAL?<BR>
<A href="#4.12">4.12</A>) <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?
<SMALL>TID</SMALL>?<BR>
<SMALL>CTID</SMALL>?<BR>
<A href="#4.13">4.13</A>) <I>"ERROR: Memory
exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"</I>?<BR>
<A href="#4.14">4.14</A>) , PostgreSQL
?<BR>
<A href="#4.15">4.15</A>)
<I>"invalid large obj descriptor"</I>?<BR>
<A href="#4.16">4.16</A>)
<A href="#4.15">4.15</A>)
?<BR>
<A href="#4.17">4.17</A>) ?<BR>
<A href="#4.18">4.18</A>) ,
<A href="#4.16">4.16</A>) ?<BR>
<A href="#4.17">4.17</A>) ,
?<BR>
<A href="#4.19">4.19</A>) ?<BR>
<A href="#4.20">4.20</A>) "missing oid",
PL/PgSQL?<BR>
<A href="#4.21">4.21</A>) ?<BR>
<H2 align="center"> PostgreSQL</H2>
<A href="#5.1">5.1</A>) .
<I>psql</I>, core dump?<BR>
<A href="#5.2">5.2</A>)
PostgreSQL?<BR>
<A href="#5.3">5.3</A>) C ,
?<BR>
<A href="#5.4">5.4</A>) .
?<BR>
<A href="#4.18">4.18</A>) ?<BR>
<A href="#4.19">4.19</A>) "relation with OID ####
", PL/PgSQL?<BR>
<A href="#4.20">4.20</A>) ?<BR>
<HR>
<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<H4><A name="1.1">1.1</A>) PostgreSQL? ?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.1">1.1</A>) PostgreSQL? ?</H3>
<P>PostgreSQL <I>Post-Gres-Q-L (---)</I>,
<I>Postgres</I>.</P>
......@@ -151,7 +141,7 @@
http://www.PostgreSQL.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</A>
</P>
<H4><A name="1.2">1.2</A>) PostgreSQL?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.2">1.2</A>) PostgreSQL?</H3>
<P>PostgreSQL BSD.
,
......@@ -163,7 +153,7 @@
<P> PostgreSQL</P>
<P>Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development
Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of
Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Regents of the University of
California</P>
<P> , ,
......@@ -187,16 +177,16 @@
" "
, , , .</P>
<H4><A name="1.3">1.3</A>) PostgreSQL?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.3">1.3</A>) PostgreSQL?</H3>
<P>, PostgreSQL
Unix. ,
, PostgreSQL
.</P>
<P> 8.0, PostgreSQL
Microsoft Windows, NT,
Win2000, WinXP Win2003.
<P>PostgreSQL Microsoft
Windows, NT, Win2000, WinXP Win2003.
<A href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">
http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller</A>. Windows,
MS-DOS (Win95, Win98, WinMe)
......@@ -208,14 +198,13 @@
<A href="http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F">
http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F</A>.</P>
<H4><A name="1.4">1.4</A>) PostgreSQL?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.4">1.4</A>) PostgreSQL?</H3>
<P>, ftp
PostgreSQL <A href=
"ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</A>.
.</P>
<P> , <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/">
http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/</a> ftp,
<A href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</A>.</P>
<H4><A name="1.5">1.5</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.5">1.5</A>) ?</H3>
<P> PostgreSQL
E-mail. web-
......@@ -233,28 +222,30 @@
. PostgreSQL EFNet.</P>
<P>
<A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</A>.</P>
<A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php">
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</A>.</P>
<H4><A name="1.6">1.6</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.6">1.6</A>) ?</H3>
<P> ޣ
PostgreSQL :
<A href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">
<A HREF="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">
http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug</A>.</P>
<P> PostgreSQL
FTP <A href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub">
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</A>.</P>
FTP <A href="ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/">
ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</A>.
<H4><A name="1.7">1.7</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.7">1.7</A>) ?</H3>
<P> PostgreSQL - 8.0.1</P>
<P> PostgreSQL - 8.0.2</P>
<P> 10-12 .</P>
<P> ,
.</P>
<H4><A name="1.8">1.8</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.8">1.8</A>) ?</H3>
<P>PostgreSQL , ,
man
......@@ -264,11 +255,13 @@
<P> PostgreSQL <A href=
"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html</A>
<a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a>.
PostgreSQL,
<a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php</a>.
, <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a>
PostgreSQL.</p>
<a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a>.
PostgreSQL, .
(Korry Douglas).
<a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php</a>.
, <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a>
PostgreSQL.</P>
<P> <I>psql</I> \d
, , , .. -
......@@ -276,56 +269,41 @@
<P> .</P>
<H4><A name="1.9">1.9</A>)
?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.9">1.9</A>)
?</H3>
<P>PostgreSQL <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>-92.
<A href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.TODO.html">TODO</A>
,
.</P>
<H4><A name="1.10">1.10</A>) <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>?</H4>
<P> PostgreSQL <A href=
"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/books/awbook.html</A>
<SMALL>SQL</SMALL>. PostgreSQL
<A href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">
http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook.</A>
<A href=
"http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,</A>
<A href=
"http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,</A>
<A href=
"http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com.</A></P>
<H3><A name="1.10">1.10</A>) <SMALL>SQL</SMALL>?</H3>
<P> - "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition"
( SQL 21 , )
<A href=
"http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm">http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</A></P>
<P>
<P>-, PostgreSQL,
. - "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days,
Second Edition" ( SQL 21 , )
<A href="http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm">
http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</A>.
<I>The Practical SQL Handbook</I>,
Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley. <I>The
Complete Reference SQL</I>, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill.</P>
<H4><A name="1.11">1.11</A>) ?</H4>
<A href=
"http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,</A>
<A href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,</A>
<A href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com.</A></P>
<P> ,
FAQ PostgreSQL
. , <I>pgsql-hackers</I>
<I>pgsql-patches</I>. , (patches)
pgsql-patches.</P>
<H3><A name="1.11">1.11</A>) ?</H3>
<P> ,
<SMALL>CVS</SMALL> PostgreSQL.
,
, , ,
.</P>
<P> <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html">
FAQ </A>.</P>
<H4><A name="1.12">1.12</A>) PostgreSQL
<SMALL></SMALL>?</H4>
<H3><A name="1.12">1.12</A>) PostgreSQL
<SMALL></SMALL>?</H3>
<P>
:
......@@ -348,14 +326,8 @@
<DD> PostgreSQL
. - ,
- . MySQL
, , ,
/ . MySQL
SELECT , .
, MySQL -
, <I></I>.
,
. <BR>
- . +/-10%
.
<BR>
</DD>
......@@ -396,10 +368,25 @@
</DD>
</DL>
<H3><A name="1.13">1.13</A>) PostgreSQL?</H3>
<P> - ,
, --- .
, CVS,
,
.
,
. ӣ --
. (
PostgreSQL
<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html">
FAQ </A>.)</P>
<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<HR>
<H4><A name="2.1">2.1</A>) PostgreSQL?</H4>
<H3 align="center"> </H3>
<H3><A name="2.1">2.1</A>) PostgreSQL?</H3>
<P> PostgreSQL <small>C</small>
(embedded) <small>C</small> .
......@@ -414,8 +401,8 @@
<i>Drivers/Interfaces</I>, .</P>
<H4><A name="2.2">2.2</A>)
PostgreSQL Web?</H4>
<H3><A name="2.2">2.2</A>)
PostgreSQL Web?</H3>
<P> Web :
<A href="http://www.webreview.com">http://www.webreview.com</A></P>
......@@ -423,33 +410,26 @@
<P> Web, PHP <A href="http://www.php.net">
http://www.php.net</A> .</P>
<P> , Perl CGI.pm mod_perl.</P>
<H4><A name="2.3">2.3</A>) PostgreSQL
?</H4>
<P>, PostgreSQL.
PgAdmin III (<A href="http://www.pgadmin.org/">http://www.pgadmin.org</A>),
PgAccess (<A href="http://www.pgaccess.org/">http://www.pgaccess.org</A>),
RHDB Admin (<A href="http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/">http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/</A>),
TORA (<A href="http://www.globecom.net/tora/">http://www.globecom.net/tora/</A>
)
Rekall (<A href="http://www.rekallrevealed.org/">
http://www.rekallrevealed.org/</A>).
PhpPgAdmin (<A href="http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/">
http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/</A>) - PostgreSQL,
Web.</P>
<P> , Perl DBD::Pg CGI.pm
mod_perl.</P>
<H3><A name="2.3">2.3</A>) PostgreSQL
?</H3>
<P>, <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</A>.</P>
<HR>
<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<H4><A name="3.1">3.1</A>) PostgreSQL
<I>/usr/local/pgsql</I>?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.1">3.1</A>) PostgreSQL
<I>/usr/local/pgsql</I>?</H3>
<P> <I>--prefix</I> <I>configure</I>.</P>
<H4><A name="3.2">3.2</A>)
?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.2">3.2</A>)
?</H3>
<P> , PostgreSQL
Unix TCP/IP . ,
......@@ -458,8 +438,8 @@
host- <I>$PGDATA/pg_hba.conf</I>
.</P>
<H4><A name="3.3">3.3</A>)
?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.3">3.3</A>)
?</H3>
<P> ,
:</P>
......@@ -510,55 +490,17 @@
</DD>
</DL>
<H4><A name="3.4">3.4</A>)
?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.4">3.4</A>)
?</H3>
<P> ,
<code>log_*</code>,
,
.</P>
<P><B>
-
.</B></P>
<P> ,
. -, <I>configure</I>
--enable-cassert, <I>assert()</I>
backend
- .</P>
<P> <I>postmaster</I> ,
<I>postgres</I> backend
<SMALL>SQL</SMALL> . <B></B>
. , ,
, .
, ,
, . backend
<I>postmaster</I>,
/backend .</P>
<P> <I>postmaster</I> , <I>psql</I>
, <SMALL>PID</SMALL> <I>postgres</I>,
<I>psql</I>, <CODE>SELECT pg_backend_pid()</CODE>.
<I>postgres</I> <SMALL>PID</SMALL>.
<I>psql</I>.
<I>postgres</I>,
PGOPTIONS="-W n", <I>psql</I>.
<I>n</I> ,
,
.</P>
<P> PostgreSQL
, .
backend'
<I>pgsql/data/base/dbname</I>.
. Linux
<I>-DLINUX_PROFILE</I>.</P>
<H4><A name="3.5">3.5</A>) <I>"Sorry, too
many clients"</I> ?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.5">3.5</A>) <I>"Sorry, too
many clients"</I> ?</H3>
<P> 100
.
......@@ -567,11 +509,11 @@
<I>postmaster</I>.</P>
<H4><A name="3.6">3.6</A>) dump restore
PostgreSQL?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.6">3.6</A>) dump restore
PostgreSQL?</H3>
<P> PostgreSQL
. 7.4 7.4.1
. 7.4.0 7.4.1
dump restore.
(.. , 7.3 7.4)
.
......@@ -585,8 +527,10 @@
dump/restore.
<i>pg_upgrade</i> .</P>
<H4><A name="3.7">3.7</A>) ""
?</H4>
<H3><A name="3.7">3.7</A>) ""
?</H3>
<P> ""
, , ""
. . ECC, SCSI
......@@ -600,26 +544,27 @@
<H2 align="center"> </H2>
<H4><A name="4.1">4.1</A>) <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>
? ?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.1">4.1</A>) <SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>
? ?</H3>
<P> ,
<SMALL>SELECT</SMALL> <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>.
<SMALL>SELECT</SMALL> <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>.</P>
- , <SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>,
, .
<SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>,
<SMALL>FETCH</SMALL>.</P>
<p>To <small>SELECT</small> a random row, use:</p>
<pre> SELECT col
<P>To <small>SELECT</small> a random row, use:</P>
<PRE> SELECT col
FROM tab
ORDER BY random()
LIMIT 1;
</pre>
</PRE>
<H4><A name="4.2">4.2</A>) , ,
<H3><A name="4.2">4.2</A>) , ,
? ,
<I>psql</I> ?</H4>
<I>psql</I> ?</H3>
<P> <I>psql</I>, \dt.
<I>psql</I> , \?.
......@@ -642,7 +587,7 @@
.</P>
<H4><A name="4.3">4.3</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.3">4.3</A>) ?</H3>
<P> 8.0 ,
<SMALL>ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE</SMALL>.</P>
......@@ -656,13 +601,12 @@
COMMIT;
</PRE>
<H4><A name="4.4">4.4</A>) ,
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.4">4.4</A>) ,
?</H3>
<P> :</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD> ?</TD>
<TD> ( 32 TB)</TD>
......@@ -691,7 +635,6 @@
<TD> ?</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BR>
......@@ -709,8 +652,8 @@
,
32k.</P>
<H4><A name="4.5">4.5</A>)
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.5">4.5</A>)
?</H3>
<P> PostgreSQL 5
.</P>
......@@ -747,10 +690,10 @@
.
</P>
<H4><A name="4.6">4.6</A>) ?
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.6">4.6</A>) ?
?</H3>
<P> .
<P> .
. ,
......@@ -774,17 +717,18 @@
,
. MAX() MIN()
,
<SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL> <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>:</P>
<pre>
<SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL> <SMALL>LIMIT</SMALL>:
<PRE>
SELECT col
FROM tab
ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
LIMIT 1;
</pre>
</PRE>
<P> ,
, <CODE>SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</CODE>
, , - .
, ,
.
</P>
<P> , <SMALL>LIKE</SMALL>
......@@ -810,15 +754,15 @@
.
int2, int8 numeric .</P>
<H4><A name="4.7">4.7</A>) ,
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.7">4.7</A>) ,
?</H3>
<P> <SMALL>EXPLAIN</SMALL>.</P>
<H4><A name="4.8">4.8</A>)
<H3><A name="4.8">4.8</A>)
?
?</H4>
?</H3>
<P> <I>~</I> ,
<I>~*</I>
......@@ -832,23 +776,40 @@
WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
</PRE>
<P> . ,
, :</P>
. ,
, :
<PRE>
CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
</PRE>
<H4><A name="4.9">4.9</A>) ,
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> - ?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.9">4.9</A>) ,
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> - ?
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> ?</H3>
<P> <SMALL>IS NULL</SMALL>
<SMALL>IS NOT NULL</SMALL>.</P>
<SMALL>IS NOT NULL</SMALL>, :</P>
<PRE>
SELECT *
FROM tab
WHERE col IS NULL;
</PRE>
<P> <NULL>
<SMALL>IS NULL</SMALL> <SMALL>IS NOT NULL</SMALL>
<SMALL>ORDER BY</SMALL>.
<I></I>, ,
<I></I>, NULL :</P>
<H4><A name="4.10">4.10</A>)
?</H4>
<PRE>
SELECT *
FROM tab
ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL);
</PRE>
<H3><A name="4.10">4.10</A>)
?</H3>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH></TH>
<TH> </TH>
......@@ -879,7 +840,6 @@
<TD>char</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
</TBODY>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
......@@ -889,8 +849,7 @@
<P> "varlena" (..,
, ).
, ,
. ,
<SMALL>TOAST</SMALL>,
. , ,
,
.</P>
......@@ -906,8 +865,8 @@
<SMALL>NULL</SMALL> .
, .</P>
<H4><A name="4.11.1">4.11.1</A>)
serial/--?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.11.1">4.11.1</A>)
serial/--?</H3>
<P>PostgreSQL <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>.
. :</P>
......@@ -918,7 +877,7 @@
);
</PRE>
<P> : </P>
:
<PRE>
CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
CREATE TABLE person (
......@@ -930,8 +889,8 @@
<I>create_sequence</I>.
<H4><A name="4.11.2">4.11.2</A>)
<SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.11.2">4.11.2</A>)
<SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>?</H3>
<P>
<SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL> sequence
......@@ -960,16 +919,16 @@
</PRE>
<H4><A name="4.11.3">4.11.3</A>) ,
<H3><A name="4.11.3">4.11.3</A>) ,
<I>currval()</I> <I>nextval()</I>
?</H4>
?</H3>
<P>. <i>currval()</i> ,
, .</P>
<H4><A name="4.11.4">4.11.4</A>)
<H3><A name="4.11.4">4.11.4</A>)
?
, /SERIAL?</H4>
, /SERIAL?</H3>
<P> , ,
......@@ -977,8 +936,8 @@
.</P>
<H4><A name="4.12">4.12</A>) <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?
<SMALL>TID</SMALL>?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.12">4.12</A>) <SMALL>OID</SMALL>?
<SMALL>CTID</SMALL>?</H3>
<P>, PostgreSQL ,
<SMALL>OID</SMALL>
......@@ -993,17 +952,17 @@
O<SMALL>ID</SMALL>, <SMALL>SERIAL</SMALL>
. 8-
<SMALL>SERIAL8</SMALL>.</P>
<SMALL>SERIAL8</SMALL>.
<P>T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>
offset . T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>
<P>C<SMALL>TID</SMALL>
offset . C<SMALL>TID</SMALL>
.
T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>
<P>T<SMALL>ID</SMALL>
.</P>
<H4><A name="4.13">4.13</A>) <I>"ERROR: Memory
exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"</I>?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.13">4.13</A>) <I>"ERROR: Memory
exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()"</I>?</H3>
<P>
.
......@@ -1022,38 +981,21 @@
, backend ,
.
<H4><A name="4.14">4.14</A>) , PostgreSQL
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.14">4.14</A>) , PostgreSQL
?</H3>
<P> <I>psql</I>, <CODE>SELECT version();</CODE></P>
<H4><A name="4.15">4.15</A>)
<I>"invalid large obj descriptor"</I>?</H4>
<P>
<CODE>BEGIN WORK</CODE> <CODE>COMMIT</CODE>,
<CODE>lo_open</CODE> ... <CODE>lo_close.</CODE></P>
<P> PostgreSQL ,
. ,
- ,
<I>invalid large obj descriptor</I>,
(
)
.</P>
<P> <SMALL>ODBC</SMALL>,
<CODE>auto-commit off.</CODE></P>
<H4><A name="4.16">4.16</A>)
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.15">4.15</A>)
?</H3>
<P> <I>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</I>:</P>
<PRE>
CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
</PRE>
<H4><A name="4.17">4.17</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.16">4.16</A>) ?</H3>
<P>PostgreSQL ,
SQL. :</P>
......@@ -1077,8 +1019,8 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
<SMALL>RIGHT</SMALL> <SMALL>FULL</SMALL> .
<SMALL>INNER</SMALL> .</P>
<H4><A name="4.18">4.18</A>) ,
?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.17">4.17</A>) ,
?</H3>
<P> .
PostgreSQL
......@@ -1089,14 +1031,16 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
.</P>
<H4><A name="4.19">4.19</A>) ?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.18">4.18</A>) ?</H3>
<P> , ,
<A href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions">
http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions</A>.</P>
<H4><A name="4.20">4.20</A>) "missing oid",
PL/PgSQL?</H4>
<H3><A name="4.19">4.19</A>) "relation with OID ####
", PL/PgSQL?</H3>
<P>PL/PgSQL
, PL/PgSQL
,
......@@ -1106,53 +1050,26 @@ CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
PL/PgSQL.
.</P>
<h4><a name="4.21">4.21</a>) ?
</h4>
<ul>
<li><i>contrib/pgcrypto</i>
<small>SQL</small> .</li>
<li> ,
<i>postgresql.conf</i>, <i>ssl</i>
<i>true</i>, <i>pg_hba.conf</i>
<i>host</i> <i>hostssl</i> <i>sslmode</i>
ݣ <i>disable</i>. (,
,
stunnel ssh, SSL PostgreSQL).</li>
<li> ,
.</li>
<li> , .</li>
</ul>
<HR>
<H2 align="center"> PostgreSQL</H2>
<H4><A name="5.1">5.1</A>) .
<I>psql</I>, core dump?</H4>
<P> .
.</P>
<H4><A name="5.2">5.2</A>)
PostgreSQL?</H4>
<P> <I>pgsql-hackers</I>
<I>contrib/</I>.</P>
<H3><A name="4.20">4.20</a>) ?</H3>
<H4><A name="5.3">5.3</A>) C ,
?</H4>
<P> PostgreSQL, 7.3, ,
C, PL/PgSQL SQL.
. ,
C, <i>contrib/tablefunc</i>.</P>
<H4><A name="5.4">5.4</A>) .
?</H4>
<P> <I>Makefile</I> include
. <I>make clean</I> <I>make</I>.
<SMALL>GCC</SMALL>
<I>--enable-depend</I> <I>configure</I>
.</P>
<P> "" -- ,
.</P>
<P> Master/slave (master)
/, Σ
(slave)
/<SMALL>SELECT</SMALL>.
master-slave PostgreSQL
<A href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/slony1/projdisplay.php">
Slony-I</A>.</P>
<P> Multi-master /
, .
,
.
PostgreSQL
<A href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/">Pgcluster</A>.
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