<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml,v 1.62 2008/08/15 08:37:41 mha Exp $ -->

<chapter id="monitoring">
 <title>Monitoring Database Activity</title>

 <indexterm zone="monitoring">
  <primary>monitoring</primary>
  <secondary>database activity</secondary>
 </indexterm>

 <indexterm zone="monitoring">
  <primary>database activity</primary>
  <secondary>monitoring</secondary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  A database administrator frequently wonders, <quote>What is the system
  doing right now?</quote>
  This chapter discusses how to find that out.
 </para>

  <para>
   Several tools are available for monitoring database activity and
   analyzing performance.  Most of this chapter is devoted to describing
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s statistics collector,
   but one should not neglect regular Unix monitoring programs such as
   <command>ps</>, <command>top</>, <command>iostat</>, and <command>vmstat</>.
   Also, once one has identified a
   poorly-performing query, further investigation might be needed using
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s <xref linkend="sql-explain"
   endterm="sql-explain-title"> command.
   <xref linkend="using-explain"> discusses <command>EXPLAIN</>
   and other methods for understanding the behavior of an individual
   query.
  </para>

 <sect1 id="monitoring-ps">
  <title>Standard Unix Tools</Title>

  <indexterm zone="monitoring-ps">
   <primary>ps</primary>
   <secondary>to monitor activity</secondary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   On most platforms, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> modifies its
   command title as reported by <command>ps</>, so that individual server
   processes can readily be identified.  A sample display is

<screen>
$ ps auxww | grep ^postgres
postgres   960  0.0  1.1  6104 1480 pts/1    SN   13:17   0:00 postgres -i
postgres   963  0.0  1.1  7084 1472 pts/1    SN   13:17   0:00 postgres: writer process
postgres   965  0.0  1.1  6152 1512 pts/1    SN   13:17   0:00 postgres: stats collector process   
postgres   998  0.0  2.3  6532 2992 pts/1    SN   13:18   0:00 postgres: tgl runbug 127.0.0.1 idle
postgres  1003  0.0  2.4  6532 3128 pts/1    SN   13:19   0:00 postgres: tgl regression [local] SELECT waiting
postgres  1016  0.1  2.4  6532 3080 pts/1    SN   13:19   0:00 postgres: tgl regression [local] idle in transaction
</screen>

   (The appropriate invocation of <command>ps</> varies across different
   platforms, as do the details of what is shown.  This example is from a
   recent Linux system.)  The first process listed here is the
   master server process.  The command arguments
   shown for it are the same ones given when it was launched.  The next two
   processes are background worker processes automatically launched by the
   master process.  (The <quote>stats collector</> process will not be present
   if you have set
   the system not to start the statistics collector.)  Each of the remaining
   processes is a server process handling one client connection.  Each such
   process sets its command line display in the form

<screen>
postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <replaceable>activity</>
</screen>

  The user, database, and connection source host items remain the same for
  the life of the client connection, but the activity indicator changes.
  The activity can be <literal>idle</> (i.e., waiting for a client command),
  <literal>idle in transaction</> (waiting for client inside a <command>BEGIN</> block),
  or a command type name such as <literal>SELECT</>.  Also,
  <literal>waiting</> is attached if the server process is presently waiting
  on a lock held by another server process.  In the above example we can infer
  that process 1003 is waiting for process 1016 to complete its transaction and
  thereby release some lock or other.
  </para>

  <para>
   If you have turned off <xref linkend="guc-update-process-title"> then the
   activity indicator is not updated; the process title is set only once
   when a new process is launched.  On some platforms this saves a useful
   amount of per-command overhead, on others it's insignificant.
  </para>

  <tip>
  <para>
  <productname>Solaris</productname> requires special handling. You must
  use <command>/usr/ucb/ps</command>, rather than
  <command>/bin/ps</command>. You also must use two <option>w</option>
  flags, not just one. In addition, your original invocation of the
  <command>postgres</command> command must have a shorter
  <command>ps</command> status display than that provided by each
  server process.  If you fail to do all three things, the <command>ps</>
  output for each server process will be the original <command>postgres</>
  command line.
  </para>
  </tip>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="monitoring-stats">
  <title>The Statistics Collector</Title>

  <indexterm zone="monitoring-stats">
   <primary>statistics</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s <firstterm>statistics collector</>
   is a subsystem that supports collection and reporting of information about
   server activity.  Presently, the collector can count accesses to tables
   and indexes in both disk-block and individual-row terms.  It also tracks
   total numbers of rows in each table, and the last vacuum and analyze times
   for each table.  It can also count calls to user-defined functions and
   the total time spent in each one.
  </para>

  <para>
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> also supports determining the exact
   command currently being executed by other server processes.  This is an
   independent facility that does not depend on the collector process.
  </para>

 <sect2 id="monitoring-stats-setup">
  <title>Statistics Collection Configuration</Title>

  <para>
   Since collection of statistics adds some overhead to query execution,
   the system can be configured to collect or not collect information.
   This is controlled by configuration parameters that are normally set in
   <filename>postgresql.conf</>.  (See <xref linkend="runtime-config"> for
   details about setting configuration parameters.)
  </para>

  <para>
   The parameter <xref linkend="guc-track-counts"> controls whether
   statistics are collected about table and index accesses.
  </para>

  <para>
   The parameter <xref linkend="guc-track-functions"> enables tracking of
   usage of user-defined functions.
  </para>

  <para>
   The parameter <xref linkend="guc-track-activities"> enables monitoring
   of the current command being executed by any server process.
  </para>

  <para>
   Normally these parameters are set in <filename>postgresql.conf</> so
   that they apply to all server processes, but it is possible to turn
   them on or off in individual sessions using the <xref
   linkend="sql-set" endterm="sql-set-title"> command. (To prevent
   ordinary users from hiding their activity from the administrator,
   only superusers are allowed to change these parameters with
   <command>SET</>.)
  </para>

  <para>
   The statistics collector communicates with the backends needing 
   information (including autovacuum) through temporary files.
   These files are stored in the <filename>pg_stat_tmp</filename> subdirectory.
   When the postmaster shuts down, a permanent copy of the statistics
   data is stored in the <filename>global</filename> subdirectory. For increased
   performance, the parameter <xref linkend="guc-stats-temp-directory"> can
   be pointed at a RAM based filesystem, decreasing physical I/O requirements.
  </para>

 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="monitoring-stats-views">
  <title>Viewing Collected Statistics</Title>

  <para>
   Several predefined views, listed in <xref
   linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table">, are available to show the results
   of statistics collection.  Alternatively, one can
   build custom views using the underlying statistics functions.
  </para>

  <para>
   When using the statistics to monitor current activity, it is important
   to realize that the information does not update instantaneously.
   Each individual server process transmits new statistical counts to
   the collector just before going idle; so a query or transaction still in
   progress does not affect the displayed totals.  Also, the collector itself
   emits a new report at most once per <varname>PGSTAT_STAT_INTERVAL</varname>
   milliseconds (500 unless altered while building the server).  So the
   displayed information lags behind actual activity.  However, current-query
   information collected by <varname>track_activities</varname> is
   always up-to-date.
  </para>

  <para>
   Another important point is that when a server process is asked to display
   any of these statistics, it first fetches the most recent report emitted by
   the collector process and then continues to use this snapshot for all
   statistical views and functions until the end of its current transaction.
   So the statistics will appear not to change as long as you continue the
   current transaction.  Similarly, information about the current queries of
   all processes is collected when any such information is first requested
   within a transaction, and the same information will be displayed throughout
   the transaction.
   This is a feature, not a bug, because it allows you to perform several
   queries on the statistics and correlate the results without worrying that
   the numbers are changing underneath you.  But if you want to see new
   results with each query, be sure to do the queries outside any transaction
   block.  Alternatively, you can invoke
   <function>pg_stat_clear_snapshot</function>(), which will discard the
   current transaction's statistics snapshot (if any).  The next use of
   statistical information will cause a new snapshot to be fetched.
  </para>

  <table id="monitoring-stats-views-table">
   <title>Standard Statistics Views</title>

   <tgroup cols="2">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry>View Name</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_activity</></entry>
      <entry>One row per server process, showing database OID, database
      name, process <acronym>ID</>, user OID, user name, current query,
      query's waiting status, time at which the current transaction and
      current query began execution, time at which the process was
      started, and client's address and port number.  The columns that
      report data on the current query are available unless the parameter
      <varname>track_activities</varname> has been turned off.
      Furthermore, these columns are only visible if the user examining
      the view is a superuser or the same as the user owning the process
      being reported on.
     </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_bgwriter</></entry>
      <entry>One row only, showing cluster-wide statistics from the
      background writer: number of scheduled checkpoints, requested
      checkpoints, buffers written by checkpoints and cleaning scans,
      and the number of times the background writer stopped a cleaning scan
      because it had written too many buffers.  Also includes
      statistics about the shared buffer pool, including buffers written
      by backends (that is, not by the background writer) and total buffers
      allocated.
     </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_database</></entry>
      <entry>One row per database, showing database OID, database name,
      number of active server processes connected to that database,
      number of transactions committed and rolled back in that database,
      total disk blocks read, total buffer hits (i.e., block
      read requests avoided by finding the block already in buffer cache),
      number of rows returned, inserted, updated and deleted.
     </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_all_tables</></entry>
      <entry>For each table in the current database (including TOAST tables),
      the table OID, schema and table name, number of sequential
      scans initiated, number of live rows fetched by sequential
      scans, number of index scans initiated (over all indexes
      belonging to the table), number of live rows fetched by index
      scans, numbers of row insertions, updates, and deletions,
      number of row updates that were HOT (i.e., no separate index update),
      numbers of live and dead rows,
      the last time the table was vacuumed manually,
      the last time it was vacuumed by the autovacuum daemon,
      the last time it was analyzed manually,
      and the last time it was analyzed by the autovacuum daemon.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_sys_tables</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_stat_all_tables</>, except that only
      system tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_user_tables</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_stat_all_tables</>, except that only user
      tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</></entry>
      <entry>For each index in the current database,
      the table and index OID, schema, table and index name,
      number of index scans initiated on that index, number of
      index entries returned by index scans, and number of live table rows
      fetched by simple index scans using that index.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_sys_indexes</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</>, except that only
      indexes on system tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_user_indexes</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</>, except that only
      indexes on user tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_all_tables</></entry>
      <entry>For each table in the current database (including TOAST tables),
      the table OID, schema and table name, number of disk
      blocks read from that table, number of buffer hits, numbers of
      disk blocks read and buffer hits in all indexes of that table,
      numbers of disk blocks read and buffer hits from that table's
      auxiliary TOAST table (if any), and numbers of disk blocks read
      and buffer hits for the TOAST table's index.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_sys_tables</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_statio_all_tables</>, except that only
      system tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_user_tables</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_statio_all_tables</>, except that only
      user tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_all_indexes</></entry>
      <entry>For each index in the current database,
      the table and index OID, schema, table and index name,
      numbers of disk blocks read and buffer hits in that index.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_sys_indexes</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_statio_all_indexes</>, except that only
      indexes on system tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_user_indexes</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_statio_all_indexes</>, except that only
      indexes on user tables are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_all_sequences</></entry>
      <entry>For each sequence object in the current database,
      the sequence OID, schema and sequence name,
      numbers of disk blocks read and buffer hits in that sequence.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_sys_sequences</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_statio_all_sequences</>, except that only
      system sequences are shown.  (Presently, no system sequences are defined,
      so this view is always empty.)</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_statio_user_sequences</></entry>
      <entry>Same as <structname>pg_statio_all_sequences</>, except that only
      user sequences are shown.</entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><structname>pg_stat_user_functions</></entry>
      <entry>For all tracked functions, function OID, schema, name, number
      of calls, total time, and self time.  Self time is the
      amount of time spent in the function itself, total time includes the
      time spent in functions it called. Time values are in milliseconds.
     </entry>
     </row>

    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>

  <para>
   The per-index statistics are particularly useful to determine which
   indexes are being used and how effective they are.
  </para>

  <para>
   Beginning in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1, indexes can be
   used either directly or via <quote>bitmap scans</>.  In a bitmap scan
   the output of several indexes can be combined via AND or OR rules;
   so it is difficult to associate individual heap row fetches 
   with specific indexes when a bitmap scan is used.  Therefore, a bitmap
   scan increments the
   <structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</>.<structfield>idx_tup_read</>
   count(s) for the index(es) it uses, and it increments the
   <structname>pg_stat_all_tables</>.<structfield>idx_tup_fetch</>
   count for the table, but it does not affect
   <structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</>.<structfield>idx_tup_fetch</>.
  </para>

  <note>
   <para>
    Before <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1, the
    <structfield>idx_tup_read</> and <structfield>idx_tup_fetch</> counts
    were essentially always equal.  Now they can be different even without
    considering bitmap scans, because <structfield>idx_tup_read</> counts
    index entries retrieved from the index while <structfield>idx_tup_fetch</>
    counts live rows fetched from the table; the latter will be less if any
    dead or not-yet-committed rows are fetched using the index.
   </para>
  </note>

  <para>
   The <structname>pg_statio_</> views are primarily useful to
   determine the effectiveness of the buffer cache.  When the number
   of actual disk reads is much smaller than the number of buffer
   hits, then the cache is satisfying most read requests without
   invoking a kernel call. However, these statistics do not give the
   entire story: due to the way in which <productname>PostgreSQL</>
   handles disk I/O, data that is not in the
   <productname>PostgreSQL</> buffer cache might still reside in the
   kernel's I/O cache, and might therefore still be fetched without
   requiring a physical read. Users interested in obtaining more
   detailed information on <productname>PostgreSQL</> I/O behavior are
   advised to use the <productname>PostgreSQL</> statistics collector
   in combination with operating system utilities that allow insight
   into the kernel's handling of I/O.
  </para>

  <para>
   Other ways of looking at the statistics can be set up by writing
   queries that use the same underlying statistics access functions as
   these standard views do.  These functions are listed in <xref
   linkend="monitoring-stats-funcs-table">.  The per-database access
   functions take a database OID as argument to identify which
   database to report on.  The per-table and per-index functions take
   a table or index OID.  The functions for function-call statistics
   take a function OID.  (Note that only tables, indexes, and functions
   in the current database can be seen with these functions.)  The
   per-server-process access functions take a server process
   number, which ranges from one to the number of currently active
   server processes.
  </para>

  <table id="monitoring-stats-funcs-table">
   <title>Statistics Access Functions</title>

   <tgroup cols="3">
    <thead>
     <row>
      <entry>Function</entry>
      <entry>Return Type</entry>
      <entry>Description</entry>
     </row>
    </thead>

    <tbody>
     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_numbackends</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>integer</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of active server processes for database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_xact_commit</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Transactions committed in database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_xact_rollback</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Transactions rolled back in database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_blocks_fetched</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of disk block fetch requests for database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_blocks_hit</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of disk block fetch requests found in cache for database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_tuples_returned</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of tuples returned for database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_tuples_fetched</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of tuples fetched for database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_tuples_inserted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of tuples inserted in database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_tuples_updated</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of tuples updated in database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_db_tuples_deleted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of tuples deleted in database
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_numscans</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of sequential scans done when argument is a table,
       or number of index scans done when argument is an index
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_returned</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of rows read by sequential scans when argument is a table,
       or number of index entries returned when argument is an index
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_fetched</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of table rows fetched by bitmap scans when argument is a table,
       or table rows fetched by simple index scans using the index
       when argument is an index
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_inserted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of rows inserted into table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_updated</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of rows updated in table (includes HOT updates)
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_deleted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of rows deleted from table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_hot_updated</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of rows HOT-updated in table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_live_tuples</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of live rows in table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_dead_tuples</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of dead rows in table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_blocks_fetched</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of disk block fetch requests for table or index
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_blocks_hit</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of disk block requests found in cache for table or index
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_last_vacuum_time</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamptz</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Time of the last vacuum initiated by the user on this table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_last_autovacuum_time</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamptz</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Time of the last vacuum initiated by the autovacuum daemon on this table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_last_analyze_time</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamptz</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Time of the last analyze initiated by the user on this table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_last_autoanalyze_time</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamptz</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Time of the last analyze initiated by the autovacuum daemon on this
       table
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
       <!-- See also the entry for this in func.sgml -->
      <entry><literal><function>pg_backend_pid</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>integer</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Process ID of the server process attached to the current session
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_activity</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>setof record</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Returns a record of information about the backend with the specified pid, or
       one record for each active backend in the system if <symbol>NULL</symbol> is
       specified. The fields returned are the same as in the 
       <structname>pg_stat_activity</structname> view
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_function_calls</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Number of times the function has been called.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_function_time</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Total wall clock time spent in the function, in microseconds.  Includes
       the time spent in functions called by this one.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_function_self_time</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Time spent in only this function. Time spent in called functions
       is excluded.
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_idset</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>setof integer</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Set of currently active server process numbers (from 1 to the
       number of active server processes).  See usage example in the text
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_pid</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>integer</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Process ID of the given server process
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_dbid</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>oid</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Database ID of the given server process
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_userid</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>oid</type></entry>
      <entry>
       User ID of the given server process
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_activity</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>text</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Active command of the given server process, but only if the
       current user is a superuser or the same user as that of
       the session being queried (and
       <varname>track_activities</varname> is on)
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_waiting</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>boolean</type></entry>
      <entry>
       True if the given server process is waiting for a lock,
       but only if the current user is a superuser or the same user as that of
       the session being queried (and
       <varname>track_activities</varname> is on)
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_activity_start</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamp with time zone</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The time at which the given server process' currently
       executing query was started, but only if the
       current user is a superuser or the same user as that of
       the session being queried (and
       <varname>track_activities</varname> is on)
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_xact_start</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamp with time zone</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The time at which the given server process' currently
       executing transaction was started, but only if the
       current user is a superuser or the same user as that of
       the session being queried (and
       <varname>track_activities</varname> is on)
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_start</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>timestamp with time zone</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The time at which the given server process was started, or
       null if the current user is not a superuser nor the same user
       as that of the session being queried
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_client_addr</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>inet</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The IP address of the client connected to the given
       server process. Null if the connection is over a Unix domain
       socket. Also null if the current user is not a superuser nor
       the same user as that of the session being queried
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_backend_client_port</function>(<type>integer</type>)</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>integer</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The IP port number of the client connected to the given
       server process.  -1 if the connection is over a Unix domain
       socket. Null if the current user is not a superuser nor the
       same user as that of the session being queried
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_bgwriter_timed_checkpoints</function>()</literal></entry>
       <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
       <entry>
        The number of times the background writer has started timed checkpoints
        (because the <varname>checkpoint_timeout</varname> time has expired)
       </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_bgwriter_requested_checkpoints</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The number of times the background writer has started checkpoints based
       on requests from backends because the <varname>checkpoint_segments</varname>
       has been exceeded or because the <command>CHECKPOINT</command>
       command has been issued
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_bgwriter_buf_written_checkpoints</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The number of buffers written by the background writer during checkpoints
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_bgwriter_buf_written_clean</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The number of buffers written by the background writer for routine cleaning of
       dirty pages
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_bgwriter_maxwritten_clean</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The number of times the background writer has stopped its cleaning scan because
       it has written more buffers than specified in the
       <varname>bgwriter_lru_maxpages</varname> parameter
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_buf_written_backend</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The number of buffers written by backends because they needed
       to allocate a new buffer
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_buf_alloc</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
      <entry>
       The total number of buffer allocations
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_clear_snapshot</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>void</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Discard the current statistics snapshot
      </entry>
     </row>

     <row>
      <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_reset</function>()</literal></entry>
      <entry><type>void</type></entry>
      <entry>
       Reset all statistics counters for the current database to zero
       (requires superuser privileges)
      </entry>
     </row>
    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>

   <note>
    <para>
     <function>blocks_fetched</function> minus
     <function>blocks_hit</function> gives the number of kernel
     <function>read()</> calls issued for the table, index, or
     database; but the actual number of physical reads is usually
     lower due to kernel-level buffering.
    </para>
   </note>

  <para>
   All functions to access information about backends are indexed by backend id
   number, except <function>pg_stat_get_activity</function> which is indexed by PID.
   The function <function>pg_stat_get_backend_idset</function> provides
   a convenient way to generate one row for each active server process.  For
   example, to show the <acronym>PID</>s and current queries of all server processes:

<programlisting>
SELECT pg_stat_get_backend_pid(s.backendid) AS procpid,
       pg_stat_get_backend_activity(s.backendid) AS current_query
    FROM (SELECT pg_stat_get_backend_idset() AS backendid) AS s;
</programlisting>
  </para>

 </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="monitoring-locks">
  <title>Viewing Locks</title>

  <indexterm zone="monitoring-locks">
   <primary>lock</primary>
   <secondary>monitoring</secondary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   Another useful tool for monitoring database activity is the
   <structname>pg_locks</structname> system table.  It allows the
   database administrator to view information about the outstanding
   locks in the lock manager. For example, this capability can be used
   to:

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      View all the locks currently outstanding, all the locks on
      relations in a particular database, all the locks on a
      particular relation, or all the locks held by a particular
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> session.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Determine the relation in the current database with the most
      ungranted locks (which might be a source of contention among
      database clients).
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Determine the effect of lock contention on overall database
      performance, as well as the extent to which contention varies
      with overall database traffic.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>

   Details of the <structname>pg_locks</structname> view appear in
   <xref linkend="view-pg-locks">.
   For more information on locking and managing concurrency with
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, refer to <xref linkend="mvcc">.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="dynamic-trace">
  <title>Dynamic Tracing</title>

 <indexterm zone="dynamic-trace">
  <primary>DTrace</primary>
 </indexterm>

  <para>
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> provides facilities to support
   dynamic tracing of the database server. This allows an external
   utility to be called at specific points in the code and thereby trace
   execution.  Currently, this facility is primarily intended for use by
   database developers, as it requires substantial familiarity with the code.
  </para>

  <para>
   A number of probes or trace points are already inserted
   into the source code.  By default these probes are not compiled into the
   binary, and the user needs to explicitly tell the configure script to make
   the probes available in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
  </para>

  <para> 
   Currently, only the DTrace utility is supported, which is available
   on Solaris Express, Solaris 10, and Mac OS X Leopard. It is expected that
   DTrace will be available in the future on FreeBSD.
   Supporting other dynamic tracing utilities is theoretically possible by
   changing the definitions for the macros in
   <filename>src/include/utils/probes.h</>.
  </para>

  <sect2 id="compiling-for-trace">
   <title>Compiling for Dynamic Tracing</title>

  <para>
   By default, probes are not available, so you will need to
   explicitly tell the configure script to make the probes available
   in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. To include DTrace support
   specify <option>--enable-dtrace</> to configure.  See <xref
   linkend="install-procedure"> for further information.
  </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="trace-points">
   <title>Built-in Probes</title>

  <para>
   A few standard probes are provided in the source code
   (of course, more can be added as needed for a particular problem).
   These are shown in <xref linkend="trace-point-table">.
  </para>

 <table id="trace-point-table">
  <title>Built-in Probes</title>
  <tgroup cols="3">
   <thead>
    <row>
     <entry>Name</entry>
     <entry>Parameters</entry>
     <entry>Overview</entry>
    </row>
   </thead>

   <tbody>
    <row>
     <entry>transaction-start</entry>
     <entry>(int transactionId)</entry>
     <entry>The start of a new transaction.</entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>transaction-commit</entry>
     <entry>(int transactionId)</entry>
     <entry>The successful completion of a transaction.</entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>transaction-abort</entry>
     <entry>(int transactionId)</entry>
     <entry>The unsuccessful completion of a transaction.</entry>
    </row>
             
    <row>
     <entry>lwlock-acquire</entry>
     <entry>(int lockid, int mode)</entry>
     <entry>An LWLock has been acquired.</entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>lwlock-release</entry>
     <entry>(int lockid, int mode)</entry>
     <entry>An LWLock has been released.</entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>lwlock-startwait</entry>
     <entry>(int lockid, int mode)</entry>
     <entry>An LWLock was not immediately available and a backend
       has begun to wait for the lock to become available.
     </entry>
    </row>    
    <row>
     <entry>lwlock-endwait</entry>
     <entry>(int lockid, int mode)</entry>
     <entry>A backend has been released from its wait for an LWLock.
     </entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>lwlock-condacquire</entry>
     <entry>(int lockid, int mode)</entry>
     <entry>An LWLock was successfully acquired when the caller specified no
      waiting.
     </entry>
    </row> 
    <row>
     <entry>lwlock-condacquire-fail</entry>
     <entry>(int lockid, int mode)</entry>
     <entry>An LWLock was not successfully acquired when the caller specified
      no waiting.
     </entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>lock-startwait</entry>
     <entry>(int locktag_field2, int lockmode)</entry>
     <entry>A request for a heavyweight lock (lmgr lock) has begun to wait
      because the lock is not available.
     </entry>
    </row>
    <row>
     <entry>lock-endwait</entry>
     <entry>(int locktag_field2, int lockmode)</entry>
     <entry>A request for a heavyweight lock (lmgr lock) has finished waiting
      (i.e., has acquired the lock).
     </entry>
    </row>
   </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </table>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="using-trace-points">
   <title>Using Probes</title>

  <para>
   The example below shows a DTrace script for analyzing transaction
   counts on the system, as an alternative to snapshotting 
   <structname>pg_stat_database</> before and after a performance test:
<programlisting>
#!/usr/sbin/dtrace -qs 

postgresql$1:::transaction-start
{
      @start["Start"] = count();
      self->ts  = timestamp;
}

postgresql$1:::transaction-abort
{
      @abort["Abort"] = count();
}

postgresql$1:::transaction-commit
/self->ts/
{
      @commit["Commit"] = count();
      @time["Total time (ns)"] = sum(timestamp - self->ts);
      self->ts=0;
}
</programlisting>
   When executed, the example D script gives output such as:
<screen>
# ./txn_count.d `pgrep -n postgres` or ./txn_count.d &lt;PID&gt;
^C

Start                                          71
Commit                                         70
Total time (ns)                        2312105013
</screen>
  </para>
  <para>
   You should remember that DTrace scripts need to be carefully written and
   debugged prior to their use, otherwise the trace information collected might
   be meaningless. In most cases where problems are found it is the 
   instrumentation that is at fault, not the underlying system. When 
   discussing information found using dynamic tracing, be sure to enclose
   the script used to allow that too to be checked and discussed.
  </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="defining-trace-points">
   <title>Defining New Probes</title>

  <para>
   New probes can be defined within the code wherever the developer
   desires, though this will require a recompilation. Below are the steps
   for inserting new probes:
  </para>

  <procedure>
   <step>
    <para>
     Decide on probe names and data to be made available through the probes
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     Add the probe definitions to <filename>src/backend/utils/probes.d</>
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     Insert a one-line probe macros at the desired locations in the source code
    </para>
   </step>
 
   <step>
    <para>
     Recompile and verify that the new probes are available
    </para>
   </step>
  </procedure>

  <formalpara>
   <title>Example:</title>
   <para>
    Here is an example of how you would add a probe to trace all new transactions by transaction ID.
   </para>
  </formalpara>

  <procedure>
   <step>
    <para>   
     Name the probe transaction-start and give it a parameter of type integer (type of transaction ID) 
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     Add <quote>probe transaction__start(int);</quote> to
     <filename>src/backend/utils/probes.d</>, and it should look like the following:
<programlisting>
provider postgresql {
      ...
      probe transaction__start(int);
      ...
 };
</programlisting>
     Note the use of the double underline in the probe name. In the DTrace
     script, the double underline needs to be replaced with a hyphen.
    </para>

    <para>
     You should take care that the data types specified for the probe arguments
     match the data types of the variables used in the macro. Otherwise, you
     will get compilation errors. 
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     At compile time, transaction__start is converted to a macro called
     TRACE_POSTGRESQL_TRANSACTION_START, and it resides in
     <filename>src/backend/utils/probes.h</>. Before recompiling, add
     the single line macro to the appropriate location in the source code.
     In this case, it looks like the following: 
    </para>

    <para>
<programlisting>
static void
StartTransaction(void)
{
    ...

    /*
     * Advertise it in the proc array.      We assume assignment of
     * LocalTransactionID is atomic, and the backendId should be set already.
     */
    Assert(MyProc->backendId == vxid.backendId);
    MyProc->lxid = vxid.localTransactionId;

    TRACE_POSTGRESQL_TRANSACTION_START(vxid.localTransactionId);

    ...
}    
</programlisting>
    Note how the transaction ID is made available to the dynamic tracing
    utility.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     After recompiling and running the new binary, check that your newly added
     probe is available by executing the following DTrace command, and you
     should see similar output.
<screen>
# dtrace -ln transaction-start
   ID    PROVIDER          MODULE           FUNCTION NAME
18705 postgresql49878     postgres     StartTransactionCommand transaction-start
18755 postgresql49877     postgres     StartTransactionCommand transaction-start
18805 postgresql49876     postgres     StartTransactionCommand transaction-start
18855 postgresql49875     postgres     StartTransactionCommand transaction-start
18986 postgresql49873     postgres     StartTransactionCommand transaction-start
</screen>
    </para>
   </step>
  </procedure>

  </sect2>

 </sect1>

</chapter>
