/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * planner.c
 *	  The query optimizer external interface.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2019, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  src/backend/optimizer/plan/planner.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include <limits.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "access/genam.h"
#include "access/heapam.h"
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "access/parallel.h"
#include "access/sysattr.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
#include "catalog/pg_proc.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "executor/nodeAgg.h"
#include "foreign/fdwapi.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "jit/jit.h"
#include "lib/bipartite_match.h"
#include "lib/knapsack.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#ifdef OPTIMIZER_DEBUG
#include "nodes/print.h"
#endif
#include "optimizer/appendinfo.h"
#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/inherit.h"
#include "optimizer/paramassign.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "optimizer/plancat.h"
#include "optimizer/planmain.h"
#include "optimizer/planner.h"
#include "optimizer/prep.h"
#include "optimizer/subselect.h"
#include "optimizer/tlist.h"
#include "optimizer/var.h"
#include "parser/analyze.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "parser/parse_agg.h"
#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
#include "storage/dsm_impl.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/selfuncs.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"


/* GUC parameters */
double		cursor_tuple_fraction = DEFAULT_CURSOR_TUPLE_FRACTION;
int			force_parallel_mode = FORCE_PARALLEL_OFF;
bool		parallel_leader_participation = true;

/* Hook for plugins to get control in planner() */
planner_hook_type planner_hook = NULL;

/* Hook for plugins to get control when grouping_planner() plans upper rels */
create_upper_paths_hook_type create_upper_paths_hook = NULL;


/* Expression kind codes for preprocess_expression */
#define EXPRKIND_QUAL				0
#define EXPRKIND_TARGET				1
#define EXPRKIND_RTFUNC				2
#define EXPRKIND_RTFUNC_LATERAL		3
#define EXPRKIND_VALUES				4
#define EXPRKIND_VALUES_LATERAL		5
#define EXPRKIND_LIMIT				6
#define EXPRKIND_APPINFO			7
#define EXPRKIND_PHV				8
#define EXPRKIND_TABLESAMPLE		9
#define EXPRKIND_ARBITER_ELEM		10
#define EXPRKIND_TABLEFUNC			11
#define EXPRKIND_TABLEFUNC_LATERAL	12

/* Passthrough data for standard_qp_callback */
typedef struct
{
	List	   *tlist;			/* preprocessed query targetlist */
	List	   *activeWindows;	/* active windows, if any */
	List	   *groupClause;	/* overrides parse->groupClause */
} standard_qp_extra;

/*
 * Data specific to grouping sets
 */

typedef struct
{
	List	   *rollups;
	List	   *hash_sets_idx;
	double		dNumHashGroups;
	bool		any_hashable;
	Bitmapset  *unsortable_refs;
	Bitmapset  *unhashable_refs;
	List	   *unsortable_sets;
	int		   *tleref_to_colnum_map;
} grouping_sets_data;

/*
 * Temporary structure for use during WindowClause reordering in order to be
 * be able to sort WindowClauses on partitioning/ordering prefix.
 */
typedef struct
{
	WindowClause *wc;
	List	   *uniqueOrder;	/* A List of unique ordering/partitioning
								 * clauses per Window */
} WindowClauseSortData;

/* Local functions */
static Node *preprocess_expression(PlannerInfo *root, Node *expr, int kind);
static void preprocess_qual_conditions(PlannerInfo *root, Node *jtnode);
static void inheritance_planner(PlannerInfo *root);
static void grouping_planner(PlannerInfo *root, bool inheritance_update,
				 double tuple_fraction);
static grouping_sets_data *preprocess_grouping_sets(PlannerInfo *root);
static List *remap_to_groupclause_idx(List *groupClause, List *gsets,
						 int *tleref_to_colnum_map);
static void preprocess_rowmarks(PlannerInfo *root);
static double preprocess_limit(PlannerInfo *root,
				 double tuple_fraction,
				 int64 *offset_est, int64 *count_est);
static void remove_useless_groupby_columns(PlannerInfo *root);
static List *preprocess_groupclause(PlannerInfo *root, List *force);
static List *extract_rollup_sets(List *groupingSets);
static List *reorder_grouping_sets(List *groupingSets, List *sortclause);
static void standard_qp_callback(PlannerInfo *root, void *extra);
static double get_number_of_groups(PlannerInfo *root,
					 double path_rows,
					 grouping_sets_data *gd,
					 List *target_list);
static Size estimate_hashagg_tablesize(Path *path,
						   const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
						   double dNumGroups);
static RelOptInfo *create_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					  RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					  PathTarget *target,
					  bool target_parallel_safe,
					  const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
					  grouping_sets_data *gd);
static bool is_degenerate_grouping(PlannerInfo *root);
static void create_degenerate_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
								 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
								 RelOptInfo *grouped_rel);
static RelOptInfo *make_grouping_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *input_rel,
				  PathTarget *target, bool target_parallel_safe,
				  Node *havingQual);
static void create_ordinary_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							   RelOptInfo *input_rel,
							   RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
							   const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
							   grouping_sets_data *gd,
							   GroupPathExtraData *extra,
							   RelOptInfo **partially_grouped_rel_p);
static void consider_groupingsets_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
							Path *path,
							bool is_sorted,
							bool can_hash,
							grouping_sets_data *gd,
							const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
							double dNumGroups);
static RelOptInfo *create_window_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					PathTarget *input_target,
					PathTarget *output_target,
					bool output_target_parallel_safe,
					List *tlist,
					WindowFuncLists *wflists,
					List *activeWindows);
static void create_one_window_path(PlannerInfo *root,
					   RelOptInfo *window_rel,
					   Path *path,
					   PathTarget *input_target,
					   PathTarget *output_target,
					   List *tlist,
					   WindowFuncLists *wflists,
					   List *activeWindows);
static RelOptInfo *create_distinct_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					  RelOptInfo *input_rel);
static RelOptInfo *create_ordered_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					 PathTarget *target,
					 bool target_parallel_safe,
					 double limit_tuples);
static PathTarget *make_group_input_target(PlannerInfo *root,
						PathTarget *final_target);
static PathTarget *make_partial_grouping_target(PlannerInfo *root,
							 PathTarget *grouping_target,
							 Node *havingQual);
static List *postprocess_setop_tlist(List *new_tlist, List *orig_tlist);
static List *select_active_windows(PlannerInfo *root, WindowFuncLists *wflists);
static PathTarget *make_window_input_target(PlannerInfo *root,
						 PathTarget *final_target,
						 List *activeWindows);
static List *make_pathkeys_for_window(PlannerInfo *root, WindowClause *wc,
						 List *tlist);
static PathTarget *make_sort_input_target(PlannerInfo *root,
					   PathTarget *final_target,
					   bool *have_postponed_srfs);
static void adjust_paths_for_srfs(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
					  List *targets, List *targets_contain_srfs);
static void add_paths_to_grouping_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *input_rel,
						  RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
						  RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel,
						  const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
						  grouping_sets_data *gd,
						  double dNumGroups,
						  GroupPathExtraData *extra);
static RelOptInfo *create_partial_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							  RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
							  RelOptInfo *input_rel,
							  grouping_sets_data *gd,
							  GroupPathExtraData *extra,
							  bool force_rel_creation);
static void gather_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel);
static bool can_partial_agg(PlannerInfo *root,
				const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs);
static void apply_scanjoin_target_to_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							   RelOptInfo *rel,
							   List *scanjoin_targets,
							   List *scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs,
							   bool scanjoin_target_parallel_safe,
							   bool tlist_same_exprs);
static void create_partitionwise_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
									RelOptInfo *input_rel,
									RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
									RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel,
									const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
									grouping_sets_data *gd,
									PartitionwiseAggregateType patype,
									GroupPathExtraData *extra);
static bool group_by_has_partkey(RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					 List *targetList,
					 List *groupClause);
static int	common_prefix_cmp(const void *a, const void *b);


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *	   Query optimizer entry point
 *
 * To support loadable plugins that monitor or modify planner behavior,
 * we provide a hook variable that lets a plugin get control before and
 * after the standard planning process.  The plugin would normally call
 * standard_planner().
 *
 * Note to plugin authors: standard_planner() scribbles on its Query input,
 * so you'd better copy that data structure if you want to plan more than once.
 *
 *****************************************************************************/
PlannedStmt *
planner(Query *parse, int cursorOptions, ParamListInfo boundParams)
{
	PlannedStmt *result;

	if (planner_hook)
		result = (*planner_hook) (parse, cursorOptions, boundParams);
	else
		result = standard_planner(parse, cursorOptions, boundParams);
	return result;
}

PlannedStmt *
standard_planner(Query *parse, int cursorOptions, ParamListInfo boundParams)
{
	PlannedStmt *result;
	PlannerGlobal *glob;
	double		tuple_fraction;
	PlannerInfo *root;
	RelOptInfo *final_rel;
	Path	   *best_path;
	Plan	   *top_plan;
	ListCell   *lp,
			   *lr;

	/*
	 * Set up global state for this planner invocation.  This data is needed
	 * across all levels of sub-Query that might exist in the given command,
	 * so we keep it in a separate struct that's linked to by each per-Query
	 * PlannerInfo.
	 */
	glob = makeNode(PlannerGlobal);

	glob->boundParams = boundParams;
	glob->subplans = NIL;
	glob->subroots = NIL;
	glob->rewindPlanIDs = NULL;
	glob->finalrtable = NIL;
	glob->finalrowmarks = NIL;
	glob->resultRelations = NIL;
	glob->rootResultRelations = NIL;
	glob->relationOids = NIL;
	glob->invalItems = NIL;
	glob->paramExecTypes = NIL;
	glob->lastPHId = 0;
	glob->lastRowMarkId = 0;
	glob->lastPlanNodeId = 0;
	glob->transientPlan = false;
	glob->dependsOnRole = false;

	/*
	 * Assess whether it's feasible to use parallel mode for this query. We
	 * can't do this in a standalone backend, or if the command will try to
	 * modify any data, or if this is a cursor operation, or if GUCs are set
	 * to values that don't permit parallelism, or if parallel-unsafe
	 * functions are present in the query tree.
	 *
	 * (Note that we do allow CREATE TABLE AS, SELECT INTO, and CREATE
	 * MATERIALIZED VIEW to use parallel plans, but this is safe only because
	 * the command is writing into a completely new table which workers won't
	 * be able to see.  If the workers could see the table, the fact that
	 * group locking would cause them to ignore the leader's heavyweight
	 * relation extension lock and GIN page locks would make this unsafe.
	 * We'll have to fix that somehow if we want to allow parallel inserts in
	 * general; updates and deletes have additional problems especially around
	 * combo CIDs.)
	 *
	 * For now, we don't try to use parallel mode if we're running inside a
	 * parallel worker.  We might eventually be able to relax this
	 * restriction, but for now it seems best not to have parallel workers
	 * trying to create their own parallel workers.
	 *
	 * We can't use parallelism in serializable mode because the predicate
	 * locking code is not parallel-aware.  It's not catastrophic if someone
	 * tries to run a parallel plan in serializable mode; it just won't get
	 * any workers and will run serially.  But it seems like a good heuristic
	 * to assume that the same serialization level will be in effect at plan
	 * time and execution time, so don't generate a parallel plan if we're in
	 * serializable mode.
	 */
	if ((cursorOptions & CURSOR_OPT_PARALLEL_OK) != 0 &&
		IsUnderPostmaster &&
		parse->commandType == CMD_SELECT &&
		!parse->hasModifyingCTE &&
		max_parallel_workers_per_gather > 0 &&
		!IsParallelWorker() &&
		!IsolationIsSerializable())
	{
		/* all the cheap tests pass, so scan the query tree */
		glob->maxParallelHazard = max_parallel_hazard(parse);
		glob->parallelModeOK = (glob->maxParallelHazard != PROPARALLEL_UNSAFE);
	}
	else
	{
		/* skip the query tree scan, just assume it's unsafe */
		glob->maxParallelHazard = PROPARALLEL_UNSAFE;
		glob->parallelModeOK = false;
	}

	/*
	 * glob->parallelModeNeeded is normally set to false here and changed to
	 * true during plan creation if a Gather or Gather Merge plan is actually
	 * created (cf. create_gather_plan, create_gather_merge_plan).
	 *
	 * However, if force_parallel_mode = on or force_parallel_mode = regress,
	 * then we impose parallel mode whenever it's safe to do so, even if the
	 * final plan doesn't use parallelism.  It's not safe to do so if the
	 * query contains anything parallel-unsafe; parallelModeOK will be false
	 * in that case.  Note that parallelModeOK can't change after this point.
	 * Otherwise, everything in the query is either parallel-safe or
	 * parallel-restricted, and in either case it should be OK to impose
	 * parallel-mode restrictions.  If that ends up breaking something, then
	 * either some function the user included in the query is incorrectly
	 * labelled as parallel-safe or parallel-restricted when in reality it's
	 * parallel-unsafe, or else the query planner itself has a bug.
	 */
	glob->parallelModeNeeded = glob->parallelModeOK &&
		(force_parallel_mode != FORCE_PARALLEL_OFF);

	/* Determine what fraction of the plan is likely to be scanned */
	if (cursorOptions & CURSOR_OPT_FAST_PLAN)
	{
		/*
		 * We have no real idea how many tuples the user will ultimately FETCH
		 * from a cursor, but it is often the case that he doesn't want 'em
		 * all, or would prefer a fast-start plan anyway so that he can
		 * process some of the tuples sooner.  Use a GUC parameter to decide
		 * what fraction to optimize for.
		 */
		tuple_fraction = cursor_tuple_fraction;

		/*
		 * We document cursor_tuple_fraction as simply being a fraction, which
		 * means the edge cases 0 and 1 have to be treated specially here.  We
		 * convert 1 to 0 ("all the tuples") and 0 to a very small fraction.
		 */
		if (tuple_fraction >= 1.0)
			tuple_fraction = 0.0;
		else if (tuple_fraction <= 0.0)
			tuple_fraction = 1e-10;
	}
	else
	{
		/* Default assumption is we need all the tuples */
		tuple_fraction = 0.0;
	}

	/* primary planning entry point (may recurse for subqueries) */
	root = subquery_planner(glob, parse, NULL,
							false, tuple_fraction);

	/* Select best Path and turn it into a Plan */
	final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);
	best_path = get_cheapest_fractional_path(final_rel, tuple_fraction);

	top_plan = create_plan(root, best_path);

	/*
	 * If creating a plan for a scrollable cursor, make sure it can run
	 * backwards on demand.  Add a Material node at the top at need.
	 */
	if (cursorOptions & CURSOR_OPT_SCROLL)
	{
		if (!ExecSupportsBackwardScan(top_plan))
			top_plan = materialize_finished_plan(top_plan);
	}

	/*
	 * Optionally add a Gather node for testing purposes, provided this is
	 * actually a safe thing to do.
	 */
	if (force_parallel_mode != FORCE_PARALLEL_OFF && top_plan->parallel_safe)
	{
		Gather	   *gather = makeNode(Gather);

		/*
		 * If there are any initPlans attached to the formerly-top plan node,
		 * move them up to the Gather node; same as we do for Material node in
		 * materialize_finished_plan.
		 */
		gather->plan.initPlan = top_plan->initPlan;
		top_plan->initPlan = NIL;

		gather->plan.targetlist = top_plan->targetlist;
		gather->plan.qual = NIL;
		gather->plan.lefttree = top_plan;
		gather->plan.righttree = NULL;
		gather->num_workers = 1;
		gather->single_copy = true;
		gather->invisible = (force_parallel_mode == FORCE_PARALLEL_REGRESS);

		/*
		 * Since this Gather has no parallel-aware descendants to signal to,
		 * we don't need a rescan Param.
		 */
		gather->rescan_param = -1;

		/*
		 * Ideally we'd use cost_gather here, but setting up dummy path data
		 * to satisfy it doesn't seem much cleaner than knowing what it does.
		 */
		gather->plan.startup_cost = top_plan->startup_cost +
			parallel_setup_cost;
		gather->plan.total_cost = top_plan->total_cost +
			parallel_setup_cost + parallel_tuple_cost * top_plan->plan_rows;
		gather->plan.plan_rows = top_plan->plan_rows;
		gather->plan.plan_width = top_plan->plan_width;
		gather->plan.parallel_aware = false;
		gather->plan.parallel_safe = false;

		/* use parallel mode for parallel plans. */
		root->glob->parallelModeNeeded = true;

		top_plan = &gather->plan;
	}

	/*
	 * If any Params were generated, run through the plan tree and compute
	 * each plan node's extParam/allParam sets.  Ideally we'd merge this into
	 * set_plan_references' tree traversal, but for now it has to be separate
	 * because we need to visit subplans before not after main plan.
	 */
	if (glob->paramExecTypes != NIL)
	{
		Assert(list_length(glob->subplans) == list_length(glob->subroots));
		forboth(lp, glob->subplans, lr, glob->subroots)
		{
			Plan	   *subplan = (Plan *) lfirst(lp);
			PlannerInfo *subroot = lfirst_node(PlannerInfo, lr);

			SS_finalize_plan(subroot, subplan);
		}
		SS_finalize_plan(root, top_plan);
	}

	/* final cleanup of the plan */
	Assert(glob->finalrtable == NIL);
	Assert(glob->finalrowmarks == NIL);
	Assert(glob->resultRelations == NIL);
	Assert(glob->rootResultRelations == NIL);
	top_plan = set_plan_references(root, top_plan);
	/* ... and the subplans (both regular subplans and initplans) */
	Assert(list_length(glob->subplans) == list_length(glob->subroots));
	forboth(lp, glob->subplans, lr, glob->subroots)
	{
		Plan	   *subplan = (Plan *) lfirst(lp);
		PlannerInfo *subroot = lfirst_node(PlannerInfo, lr);

		lfirst(lp) = set_plan_references(subroot, subplan);
	}

	/* build the PlannedStmt result */
	result = makeNode(PlannedStmt);

	result->commandType = parse->commandType;
	result->queryId = parse->queryId;
	result->hasReturning = (parse->returningList != NIL);
	result->hasModifyingCTE = parse->hasModifyingCTE;
	result->canSetTag = parse->canSetTag;
	result->transientPlan = glob->transientPlan;
	result->dependsOnRole = glob->dependsOnRole;
	result->parallelModeNeeded = glob->parallelModeNeeded;
	result->planTree = top_plan;
	result->rtable = glob->finalrtable;
	result->resultRelations = glob->resultRelations;
	result->rootResultRelations = glob->rootResultRelations;
	result->subplans = glob->subplans;
	result->rewindPlanIDs = glob->rewindPlanIDs;
	result->rowMarks = glob->finalrowmarks;
	result->relationOids = glob->relationOids;
	result->invalItems = glob->invalItems;
	result->paramExecTypes = glob->paramExecTypes;
	/* utilityStmt should be null, but we might as well copy it */
	result->utilityStmt = parse->utilityStmt;
	result->stmt_location = parse->stmt_location;
	result->stmt_len = parse->stmt_len;

	result->jitFlags = PGJIT_NONE;
	if (jit_enabled && jit_above_cost >= 0 &&
		top_plan->total_cost > jit_above_cost)
	{
		result->jitFlags |= PGJIT_PERFORM;

		/*
		 * Decide how much effort should be put into generating better code.
		 */
		if (jit_optimize_above_cost >= 0 &&
			top_plan->total_cost > jit_optimize_above_cost)
			result->jitFlags |= PGJIT_OPT3;
		if (jit_inline_above_cost >= 0 &&
			top_plan->total_cost > jit_inline_above_cost)
			result->jitFlags |= PGJIT_INLINE;

		/*
		 * Decide which operations should be JITed.
		 */
		if (jit_expressions)
			result->jitFlags |= PGJIT_EXPR;
		if (jit_tuple_deforming)
			result->jitFlags |= PGJIT_DEFORM;
	}

	return result;
}


/*--------------------
 * subquery_planner
 *	  Invokes the planner on a subquery.  We recurse to here for each
 *	  sub-SELECT found in the query tree.
 *
 * glob is the global state for the current planner run.
 * parse is the querytree produced by the parser & rewriter.
 * parent_root is the immediate parent Query's info (NULL at the top level).
 * hasRecursion is true if this is a recursive WITH query.
 * tuple_fraction is the fraction of tuples we expect will be retrieved.
 * tuple_fraction is interpreted as explained for grouping_planner, below.
 *
 * Basically, this routine does the stuff that should only be done once
 * per Query object.  It then calls grouping_planner.  At one time,
 * grouping_planner could be invoked recursively on the same Query object;
 * that's not currently true, but we keep the separation between the two
 * routines anyway, in case we need it again someday.
 *
 * subquery_planner will be called recursively to handle sub-Query nodes
 * found within the query's expressions and rangetable.
 *
 * Returns the PlannerInfo struct ("root") that contains all data generated
 * while planning the subquery.  In particular, the Path(s) attached to
 * the (UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL) upperrel represent our conclusions about the
 * cheapest way(s) to implement the query.  The top level will select the
 * best Path and pass it through createplan.c to produce a finished Plan.
 *--------------------
 */
PlannerInfo *
subquery_planner(PlannerGlobal *glob, Query *parse,
				 PlannerInfo *parent_root,
				 bool hasRecursion, double tuple_fraction)
{
	PlannerInfo *root;
	List	   *newWithCheckOptions;
	List	   *newHaving;
	bool		hasOuterJoins;
	RelOptInfo *final_rel;
	ListCell   *l;

	/* Create a PlannerInfo data structure for this subquery */
	root = makeNode(PlannerInfo);
	root->parse = parse;
	root->glob = glob;
	root->query_level = parent_root ? parent_root->query_level + 1 : 1;
	root->parent_root = parent_root;
	root->plan_params = NIL;
	root->outer_params = NULL;
	root->planner_cxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
	root->init_plans = NIL;
	root->cte_plan_ids = NIL;
	root->multiexpr_params = NIL;
	root->eq_classes = NIL;
	root->append_rel_list = NIL;
	root->rowMarks = NIL;
	memset(root->upper_rels, 0, sizeof(root->upper_rels));
	memset(root->upper_targets, 0, sizeof(root->upper_targets));
	root->processed_tlist = NIL;
	root->grouping_map = NULL;
	root->minmax_aggs = NIL;
	root->qual_security_level = 0;
	root->inhTargetKind = INHKIND_NONE;
	root->hasRecursion = hasRecursion;
	if (hasRecursion)
		root->wt_param_id = assign_special_exec_param(root);
	else
		root->wt_param_id = -1;
	root->non_recursive_path = NULL;
	root->partColsUpdated = false;

	/*
	 * If there is a WITH list, process each WITH query and build an initplan
	 * SubPlan structure for it.
	 */
	if (parse->cteList)
		SS_process_ctes(root);

	/*
	 * Look for ANY and EXISTS SubLinks in WHERE and JOIN/ON clauses, and try
	 * to transform them into joins.  Note that this step does not descend
	 * into subqueries; if we pull up any subqueries below, their SubLinks are
	 * processed just before pulling them up.
	 */
	if (parse->hasSubLinks)
		pull_up_sublinks(root);

	/*
	 * Scan the rangetable for set-returning functions, and inline them if
	 * possible (producing subqueries that might get pulled up next).
	 * Recursion issues here are handled in the same way as for SubLinks.
	 */
	inline_set_returning_functions(root);

	/*
	 * Check to see if any subqueries in the jointree can be merged into this
	 * query.
	 */
	pull_up_subqueries(root);

	/*
	 * If this is a simple UNION ALL query, flatten it into an appendrel. We
	 * do this now because it requires applying pull_up_subqueries to the leaf
	 * queries of the UNION ALL, which weren't touched above because they
	 * weren't referenced by the jointree (they will be after we do this).
	 */
	if (parse->setOperations)
		flatten_simple_union_all(root);

	/*
	 * Detect whether any rangetable entries are RTE_JOIN kind; if not, we can
	 * avoid the expense of doing flatten_join_alias_vars().  Also check for
	 * outer joins --- if none, we can skip reduce_outer_joins().  And check
	 * for LATERAL RTEs, too.  This must be done after we have done
	 * pull_up_subqueries(), of course.
	 */
	root->hasJoinRTEs = false;
	root->hasLateralRTEs = false;
	hasOuterJoins = false;
	foreach(l, parse->rtable)
	{
		RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, l);

		if (rte->rtekind == RTE_JOIN)
		{
			root->hasJoinRTEs = true;
			if (IS_OUTER_JOIN(rte->jointype))
				hasOuterJoins = true;
		}
		if (rte->lateral)
			root->hasLateralRTEs = true;
	}

	/*
	 * Preprocess RowMark information.  We need to do this after subquery
	 * pullup (so that all non-inherited RTEs are present) and before
	 * inheritance expansion (so that the info is available for
	 * expand_inherited_tables to examine and modify).
	 */
	preprocess_rowmarks(root);

	/*
	 * Expand any rangetable entries that are inheritance sets into "append
	 * relations".  This can add entries to the rangetable, but they must be
	 * plain base relations not joins, so it's OK (and marginally more
	 * efficient) to do it after checking for join RTEs.  We must do it after
	 * pulling up subqueries, else we'd fail to handle inherited tables in
	 * subqueries.
	 */
	expand_inherited_tables(root);

	/*
	 * Set hasHavingQual to remember if HAVING clause is present.  Needed
	 * because preprocess_expression will reduce a constant-true condition to
	 * an empty qual list ... but "HAVING TRUE" is not a semantic no-op.
	 */
	root->hasHavingQual = (parse->havingQual != NULL);

	/* Clear this flag; might get set in distribute_qual_to_rels */
	root->hasPseudoConstantQuals = false;

	/*
	 * Do expression preprocessing on targetlist and quals, as well as other
	 * random expressions in the querytree.  Note that we do not need to
	 * handle sort/group expressions explicitly, because they are actually
	 * part of the targetlist.
	 */
	parse->targetList = (List *)
		preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) parse->targetList,
							  EXPRKIND_TARGET);

	/* Constant-folding might have removed all set-returning functions */
	if (parse->hasTargetSRFs)
		parse->hasTargetSRFs = expression_returns_set((Node *) parse->targetList);

	newWithCheckOptions = NIL;
	foreach(l, parse->withCheckOptions)
	{
		WithCheckOption *wco = lfirst_node(WithCheckOption, l);

		wco->qual = preprocess_expression(root, wco->qual,
										  EXPRKIND_QUAL);
		if (wco->qual != NULL)
			newWithCheckOptions = lappend(newWithCheckOptions, wco);
	}
	parse->withCheckOptions = newWithCheckOptions;

	parse->returningList = (List *)
		preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) parse->returningList,
							  EXPRKIND_TARGET);

	preprocess_qual_conditions(root, (Node *) parse->jointree);

	parse->havingQual = preprocess_expression(root, parse->havingQual,
											  EXPRKIND_QUAL);

	foreach(l, parse->windowClause)
	{
		WindowClause *wc = lfirst_node(WindowClause, l);

		/* partitionClause/orderClause are sort/group expressions */
		wc->startOffset = preprocess_expression(root, wc->startOffset,
												EXPRKIND_LIMIT);
		wc->endOffset = preprocess_expression(root, wc->endOffset,
											  EXPRKIND_LIMIT);
	}

	parse->limitOffset = preprocess_expression(root, parse->limitOffset,
											   EXPRKIND_LIMIT);
	parse->limitCount = preprocess_expression(root, parse->limitCount,
											  EXPRKIND_LIMIT);

	if (parse->onConflict)
	{
		parse->onConflict->arbiterElems = (List *)
			preprocess_expression(root,
								  (Node *) parse->onConflict->arbiterElems,
								  EXPRKIND_ARBITER_ELEM);
		parse->onConflict->arbiterWhere =
			preprocess_expression(root,
								  parse->onConflict->arbiterWhere,
								  EXPRKIND_QUAL);
		parse->onConflict->onConflictSet = (List *)
			preprocess_expression(root,
								  (Node *) parse->onConflict->onConflictSet,
								  EXPRKIND_TARGET);
		parse->onConflict->onConflictWhere =
			preprocess_expression(root,
								  parse->onConflict->onConflictWhere,
								  EXPRKIND_QUAL);
		/* exclRelTlist contains only Vars, so no preprocessing needed */
	}

	root->append_rel_list = (List *)
		preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) root->append_rel_list,
							  EXPRKIND_APPINFO);

	/* Also need to preprocess expressions within RTEs */
	foreach(l, parse->rtable)
	{
		RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, l);
		int			kind;
		ListCell   *lcsq;

		if (rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION)
		{
			if (rte->tablesample)
				rte->tablesample = (TableSampleClause *)
					preprocess_expression(root,
										  (Node *) rte->tablesample,
										  EXPRKIND_TABLESAMPLE);
		}
		else if (rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY)
		{
			/*
			 * We don't want to do all preprocessing yet on the subquery's
			 * expressions, since that will happen when we plan it.  But if it
			 * contains any join aliases of our level, those have to get
			 * expanded now, because planning of the subquery won't do it.
			 * That's only possible if the subquery is LATERAL.
			 */
			if (rte->lateral && root->hasJoinRTEs)
				rte->subquery = (Query *)
					flatten_join_alias_vars(root, (Node *) rte->subquery);
		}
		else if (rte->rtekind == RTE_FUNCTION)
		{
			/* Preprocess the function expression(s) fully */
			kind = rte->lateral ? EXPRKIND_RTFUNC_LATERAL : EXPRKIND_RTFUNC;
			rte->functions = (List *)
				preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) rte->functions, kind);
		}
		else if (rte->rtekind == RTE_TABLEFUNC)
		{
			/* Preprocess the function expression(s) fully */
			kind = rte->lateral ? EXPRKIND_TABLEFUNC_LATERAL : EXPRKIND_TABLEFUNC;
			rte->tablefunc = (TableFunc *)
				preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) rte->tablefunc, kind);
		}
		else if (rte->rtekind == RTE_VALUES)
		{
			/* Preprocess the values lists fully */
			kind = rte->lateral ? EXPRKIND_VALUES_LATERAL : EXPRKIND_VALUES;
			rte->values_lists = (List *)
				preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) rte->values_lists, kind);
		}

		/*
		 * Process each element of the securityQuals list as if it were a
		 * separate qual expression (as indeed it is).  We need to do it this
		 * way to get proper canonicalization of AND/OR structure.  Note that
		 * this converts each element into an implicit-AND sublist.
		 */
		foreach(lcsq, rte->securityQuals)
		{
			lfirst(lcsq) = preprocess_expression(root,
												 (Node *) lfirst(lcsq),
												 EXPRKIND_QUAL);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Now that we are done preprocessing expressions, and in particular done
	 * flattening join alias variables, get rid of the joinaliasvars lists.
	 * They no longer match what expressions in the rest of the tree look
	 * like, because we have not preprocessed expressions in those lists (and
	 * do not want to; for example, expanding a SubLink there would result in
	 * a useless unreferenced subplan).  Leaving them in place simply creates
	 * a hazard for later scans of the tree.  We could try to prevent that by
	 * using QTW_IGNORE_JOINALIASES in every tree scan done after this point,
	 * but that doesn't sound very reliable.
	 */
	if (root->hasJoinRTEs)
	{
		foreach(l, parse->rtable)
		{
			RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, l);

			rte->joinaliasvars = NIL;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * In some cases we may want to transfer a HAVING clause into WHERE. We
	 * cannot do so if the HAVING clause contains aggregates (obviously) or
	 * volatile functions (since a HAVING clause is supposed to be executed
	 * only once per group).  We also can't do this if there are any nonempty
	 * grouping sets; moving such a clause into WHERE would potentially change
	 * the results, if any referenced column isn't present in all the grouping
	 * sets.  (If there are only empty grouping sets, then the HAVING clause
	 * must be degenerate as discussed below.)
	 *
	 * Also, it may be that the clause is so expensive to execute that we're
	 * better off doing it only once per group, despite the loss of
	 * selectivity.  This is hard to estimate short of doing the entire
	 * planning process twice, so we use a heuristic: clauses containing
	 * subplans are left in HAVING.  Otherwise, we move or copy the HAVING
	 * clause into WHERE, in hopes of eliminating tuples before aggregation
	 * instead of after.
	 *
	 * If the query has explicit grouping then we can simply move such a
	 * clause into WHERE; any group that fails the clause will not be in the
	 * output because none of its tuples will reach the grouping or
	 * aggregation stage.  Otherwise we must have a degenerate (variable-free)
	 * HAVING clause, which we put in WHERE so that query_planner() can use it
	 * in a gating Result node, but also keep in HAVING to ensure that we
	 * don't emit a bogus aggregated row. (This could be done better, but it
	 * seems not worth optimizing.)
	 *
	 * Note that both havingQual and parse->jointree->quals are in
	 * implicitly-ANDed-list form at this point, even though they are declared
	 * as Node *.
	 */
	newHaving = NIL;
	foreach(l, (List *) parse->havingQual)
	{
		Node	   *havingclause = (Node *) lfirst(l);

		if ((parse->groupClause && parse->groupingSets) ||
			contain_agg_clause(havingclause) ||
			contain_volatile_functions(havingclause) ||
			contain_subplans(havingclause))
		{
			/* keep it in HAVING */
			newHaving = lappend(newHaving, havingclause);
		}
		else if (parse->groupClause && !parse->groupingSets)
		{
			/* move it to WHERE */
			parse->jointree->quals = (Node *)
				lappend((List *) parse->jointree->quals, havingclause);
		}
		else
		{
			/* put a copy in WHERE, keep it in HAVING */
			parse->jointree->quals = (Node *)
				lappend((List *) parse->jointree->quals,
						copyObject(havingclause));
			newHaving = lappend(newHaving, havingclause);
		}
	}
	parse->havingQual = (Node *) newHaving;

	/* Remove any redundant GROUP BY columns */
	remove_useless_groupby_columns(root);

	/*
	 * If we have any outer joins, try to reduce them to plain inner joins.
	 * This step is most easily done after we've done expression
	 * preprocessing.
	 */
	if (hasOuterJoins)
		reduce_outer_joins(root);

	/*
	 * Do the main planning.  If we have an inherited target relation, that
	 * needs special processing, else go straight to grouping_planner.
	 */
	if (parse->resultRelation &&
		rt_fetch(parse->resultRelation, parse->rtable)->inh)
		inheritance_planner(root);
	else
		grouping_planner(root, false, tuple_fraction);

	/*
	 * Capture the set of outer-level param IDs we have access to, for use in
	 * extParam/allParam calculations later.
	 */
	SS_identify_outer_params(root);

	/*
	 * If any initPlans were created in this query level, adjust the surviving
	 * Paths' costs and parallel-safety flags to account for them.  The
	 * initPlans won't actually get attached to the plan tree till
	 * create_plan() runs, but we must include their effects now.
	 */
	final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);
	SS_charge_for_initplans(root, final_rel);

	/*
	 * Make sure we've identified the cheapest Path for the final rel.  (By
	 * doing this here not in grouping_planner, we include initPlan costs in
	 * the decision, though it's unlikely that will change anything.)
	 */
	set_cheapest(final_rel);

	return root;
}

/*
 * preprocess_expression
 *		Do subquery_planner's preprocessing work for an expression,
 *		which can be a targetlist, a WHERE clause (including JOIN/ON
 *		conditions), a HAVING clause, or a few other things.
 */
static Node *
preprocess_expression(PlannerInfo *root, Node *expr, int kind)
{
	/*
	 * Fall out quickly if expression is empty.  This occurs often enough to
	 * be worth checking.  Note that null->null is the correct conversion for
	 * implicit-AND result format, too.
	 */
	if (expr == NULL)
		return NULL;

	/*
	 * If the query has any join RTEs, replace join alias variables with
	 * base-relation variables.  We must do this first, since any expressions
	 * we may extract from the joinaliasvars lists have not been preprocessed.
	 * For example, if we did this after sublink processing, sublinks expanded
	 * out from join aliases would not get processed.  But we can skip this in
	 * non-lateral RTE functions, VALUES lists, and TABLESAMPLE clauses, since
	 * they can't contain any Vars of the current query level.
	 */
	if (root->hasJoinRTEs &&
		!(kind == EXPRKIND_RTFUNC ||
		  kind == EXPRKIND_VALUES ||
		  kind == EXPRKIND_TABLESAMPLE ||
		  kind == EXPRKIND_TABLEFUNC))
		expr = flatten_join_alias_vars(root, expr);

	/*
	 * Simplify constant expressions.
	 *
	 * Note: an essential effect of this is to convert named-argument function
	 * calls to positional notation and insert the current actual values of
	 * any default arguments for functions.  To ensure that happens, we *must*
	 * process all expressions here.  Previous PG versions sometimes skipped
	 * const-simplification if it didn't seem worth the trouble, but we can't
	 * do that anymore.
	 *
	 * Note: this also flattens nested AND and OR expressions into N-argument
	 * form.  All processing of a qual expression after this point must be
	 * careful to maintain AND/OR flatness --- that is, do not generate a tree
	 * with AND directly under AND, nor OR directly under OR.
	 */
	expr = eval_const_expressions(root, expr);

	/*
	 * If it's a qual or havingQual, canonicalize it.
	 */
	if (kind == EXPRKIND_QUAL)
	{
		expr = (Node *) canonicalize_qual((Expr *) expr, false);

#ifdef OPTIMIZER_DEBUG
		printf("After canonicalize_qual()\n");
		pprint(expr);
#endif
	}

	/* Expand SubLinks to SubPlans */
	if (root->parse->hasSubLinks)
		expr = SS_process_sublinks(root, expr, (kind == EXPRKIND_QUAL));

	/*
	 * XXX do not insert anything here unless you have grokked the comments in
	 * SS_replace_correlation_vars ...
	 */

	/* Replace uplevel vars with Param nodes (this IS possible in VALUES) */
	if (root->query_level > 1)
		expr = SS_replace_correlation_vars(root, expr);

	/*
	 * If it's a qual or havingQual, convert it to implicit-AND format. (We
	 * don't want to do this before eval_const_expressions, since the latter
	 * would be unable to simplify a top-level AND correctly. Also,
	 * SS_process_sublinks expects explicit-AND format.)
	 */
	if (kind == EXPRKIND_QUAL)
		expr = (Node *) make_ands_implicit((Expr *) expr);

	return expr;
}

/*
 * preprocess_qual_conditions
 *		Recursively scan the query's jointree and do subquery_planner's
 *		preprocessing work on each qual condition found therein.
 */
static void
preprocess_qual_conditions(PlannerInfo *root, Node *jtnode)
{
	if (jtnode == NULL)
		return;
	if (IsA(jtnode, RangeTblRef))
	{
		/* nothing to do here */
	}
	else if (IsA(jtnode, FromExpr))
	{
		FromExpr   *f = (FromExpr *) jtnode;
		ListCell   *l;

		foreach(l, f->fromlist)
			preprocess_qual_conditions(root, lfirst(l));

		f->quals = preprocess_expression(root, f->quals, EXPRKIND_QUAL);
	}
	else if (IsA(jtnode, JoinExpr))
	{
		JoinExpr   *j = (JoinExpr *) jtnode;

		preprocess_qual_conditions(root, j->larg);
		preprocess_qual_conditions(root, j->rarg);

		j->quals = preprocess_expression(root, j->quals, EXPRKIND_QUAL);
	}
	else
		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d",
			 (int) nodeTag(jtnode));
}

/*
 * preprocess_phv_expression
 *	  Do preprocessing on a PlaceHolderVar expression that's been pulled up.
 *
 * If a LATERAL subquery references an output of another subquery, and that
 * output must be wrapped in a PlaceHolderVar because of an intermediate outer
 * join, then we'll push the PlaceHolderVar expression down into the subquery
 * and later pull it back up during find_lateral_references, which runs after
 * subquery_planner has preprocessed all the expressions that were in the
 * current query level to start with.  So we need to preprocess it then.
 */
Expr *
preprocess_phv_expression(PlannerInfo *root, Expr *expr)
{
	return (Expr *) preprocess_expression(root, (Node *) expr, EXPRKIND_PHV);
}

/*
 * inheritance_planner
 *	  Generate Paths in the case where the result relation is an
 *	  inheritance set.
 *
 * We have to handle this case differently from cases where a source relation
 * is an inheritance set. Source inheritance is expanded at the bottom of the
 * plan tree (see allpaths.c), but target inheritance has to be expanded at
 * the top.  The reason is that for UPDATE, each target relation needs a
 * different targetlist matching its own column set.  Fortunately,
 * the UPDATE/DELETE target can never be the nullable side of an outer join,
 * so it's OK to generate the plan this way.
 *
 * Returns nothing; the useful output is in the Paths we attach to
 * the (UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL) upperrel stored in *root.
 *
 * Note that we have not done set_cheapest() on the final rel; it's convenient
 * to leave this to the caller.
 */
static void
inheritance_planner(PlannerInfo *root)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	int			top_parentRTindex = parse->resultRelation;
	Bitmapset  *subqueryRTindexes;
	Bitmapset  *modifiableARIindexes;
	int			nominalRelation = -1;
	Index		rootRelation = 0;
	List	   *final_rtable = NIL;
	int			save_rel_array_size = 0;
	RelOptInfo **save_rel_array = NULL;
	AppendRelInfo **save_append_rel_array = NULL;
	List	   *subpaths = NIL;
	List	   *subroots = NIL;
	List	   *resultRelations = NIL;
	List	   *withCheckOptionLists = NIL;
	List	   *returningLists = NIL;
	List	   *rowMarks;
	RelOptInfo *final_rel;
	ListCell   *lc;
	Index		rti;
	RangeTblEntry *parent_rte;
	PlannerInfo *parent_root;
	Query	   *parent_parse;
	Bitmapset  *parent_relids = bms_make_singleton(top_parentRTindex);
	PlannerInfo **parent_roots = NULL;

	Assert(parse->commandType != CMD_INSERT);

	/*
	 * We generate a modified instance of the original Query for each target
	 * relation, plan that, and put all the plans into a list that will be
	 * controlled by a single ModifyTable node.  All the instances share the
	 * same rangetable, but each instance must have its own set of subquery
	 * RTEs within the finished rangetable because (1) they are likely to get
	 * scribbled on during planning, and (2) it's not inconceivable that
	 * subqueries could get planned differently in different cases.  We need
	 * not create duplicate copies of other RTE kinds, in particular not the
	 * target relations, because they don't have either of those issues.  Not
	 * having to duplicate the target relations is important because doing so
	 * (1) would result in a rangetable of length O(N^2) for N targets, with
	 * at least O(N^3) work expended here; and (2) would greatly complicate
	 * management of the rowMarks list.
	 *
	 * To begin with, generate a bitmapset of the relids of the subquery RTEs.
	 */
	subqueryRTindexes = NULL;
	rti = 1;
	foreach(lc, parse->rtable)
	{
		RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, lc);

		if (rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY)
			subqueryRTindexes = bms_add_member(subqueryRTindexes, rti);
		rti++;
	}

	/*
	 * Next, we want to identify which AppendRelInfo items contain references
	 * to any of the aforesaid subquery RTEs.  These items will need to be
	 * copied and modified to adjust their subquery references; whereas the
	 * other ones need not be touched.  It's worth being tense over this
	 * because we can usually avoid processing most of the AppendRelInfo
	 * items, thereby saving O(N^2) space and time when the target is a large
	 * inheritance tree.  We can identify AppendRelInfo items by their
	 * child_relid, since that should be unique within the list.
	 */
	modifiableARIindexes = NULL;
	if (subqueryRTindexes != NULL)
	{
		foreach(lc, root->append_rel_list)
		{
			AppendRelInfo *appinfo = lfirst_node(AppendRelInfo, lc);

			if (bms_is_member(appinfo->parent_relid, subqueryRTindexes) ||
				bms_is_member(appinfo->child_relid, subqueryRTindexes) ||
				bms_overlap(pull_varnos((Node *) appinfo->translated_vars),
							subqueryRTindexes))
				modifiableARIindexes = bms_add_member(modifiableARIindexes,
													  appinfo->child_relid);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If the parent RTE is a partitioned table, we should use that as the
	 * nominal target relation, because the RTEs added for partitioned tables
	 * (including the root parent) as child members of the inheritance set do
	 * not appear anywhere else in the plan, so the confusion explained below
	 * for non-partitioning inheritance cases is not possible.
	 */
	parent_rte = rt_fetch(top_parentRTindex, root->parse->rtable);
	if (parent_rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
	{
		nominalRelation = top_parentRTindex;
		rootRelation = top_parentRTindex;
	}

	/*
	 * The PlannerInfo for each child is obtained by translating the relevant
	 * members of the PlannerInfo for its immediate parent, which we find
	 * using the parent_relid in its AppendRelInfo.  We save the PlannerInfo
	 * for each parent in an array indexed by relid for fast retrieval. Since
	 * the maximum number of parents is limited by the number of RTEs in the
	 * query, we use that number to allocate the array. An extra entry is
	 * needed since relids start from 1.
	 */
	parent_roots = (PlannerInfo **) palloc0((list_length(parse->rtable) + 1) *
											sizeof(PlannerInfo *));
	parent_roots[top_parentRTindex] = root;

	/*
	 * And now we can get on with generating a plan for each child table.
	 */
	foreach(lc, root->append_rel_list)
	{
		AppendRelInfo *appinfo = lfirst_node(AppendRelInfo, lc);
		PlannerInfo *subroot;
		RangeTblEntry *child_rte;
		RelOptInfo *sub_final_rel;
		Path	   *subpath;

		/* append_rel_list contains all append rels; ignore others */
		if (!bms_is_member(appinfo->parent_relid, parent_relids))
			continue;

		/*
		 * expand_inherited_rtentry() always processes a parent before any of
		 * that parent's children, so the parent_root for this relation should
		 * already be available.
		 */
		parent_root = parent_roots[appinfo->parent_relid];
		Assert(parent_root != NULL);
		parent_parse = parent_root->parse;

		/*
		 * We need a working copy of the PlannerInfo so that we can control
		 * propagation of information back to the main copy.
		 */
		subroot = makeNode(PlannerInfo);
		memcpy(subroot, parent_root, sizeof(PlannerInfo));

		/*
		 * Generate modified query with this rel as target.  We first apply
		 * adjust_appendrel_attrs, which copies the Query and changes
		 * references to the parent RTE to refer to the current child RTE,
		 * then fool around with subquery RTEs.
		 */
		subroot->parse = (Query *)
			adjust_appendrel_attrs(parent_root,
								   (Node *) parent_parse,
								   1, &appinfo);

		/*
		 * If there are securityQuals attached to the parent, move them to the
		 * child rel (they've already been transformed properly for that).
		 */
		parent_rte = rt_fetch(appinfo->parent_relid, subroot->parse->rtable);
		child_rte = rt_fetch(appinfo->child_relid, subroot->parse->rtable);
		child_rte->securityQuals = parent_rte->securityQuals;
		parent_rte->securityQuals = NIL;

		/*
		 * Mark whether we're planning a query to a partitioned table or an
		 * inheritance parent.
		 */
		subroot->inhTargetKind =
			(rootRelation != 0) ? INHKIND_PARTITIONED : INHKIND_INHERITED;

		/*
		 * If this child is further partitioned, remember it as a parent.
		 * Since a partitioned table does not have any data, we don't need to
		 * create a plan for it, and we can stop processing it here.  We do,
		 * however, need to remember its modified PlannerInfo for use when
		 * processing its children, since we'll update their varnos based on
		 * the delta from immediate parent to child, not from top to child.
		 *
		 * Note: a very non-obvious point is that we have not yet added
		 * duplicate subquery RTEs to the subroot's rtable.  We mustn't,
		 * because then its children would have two sets of duplicates,
		 * confusing matters.
		 */
		if (child_rte->inh)
		{
			Assert(child_rte->relkind == RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE);
			parent_relids = bms_add_member(parent_relids, appinfo->child_relid);
			parent_roots[appinfo->child_relid] = subroot;

			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Set the nominal target relation of the ModifyTable node if not
		 * already done.  If the target is a partitioned table, we already set
		 * nominalRelation to refer to the partition root, above.  For
		 * non-partitioned inheritance cases, we'll use the first child
		 * relation (even if it's excluded) as the nominal target relation.
		 * Because of the way expand_inherited_rtentry works, that should be
		 * the RTE representing the parent table in its role as a simple
		 * member of the inheritance set.
		 *
		 * It would be logically cleaner to *always* use the inheritance
		 * parent RTE as the nominal relation; but that RTE is not otherwise
		 * referenced in the plan in the non-partitioned inheritance case.
		 * Instead the duplicate child RTE created by expand_inherited_rtentry
		 * is used elsewhere in the plan, so using the original parent RTE
		 * would give rise to confusing use of multiple aliases in EXPLAIN
		 * output for what the user will think is the "same" table.  OTOH,
		 * it's not a problem in the partitioned inheritance case, because the
		 * duplicate child RTE added for the parent does not appear anywhere
		 * else in the plan tree.
		 */
		if (nominalRelation < 0)
			nominalRelation = appinfo->child_relid;

		/*
		 * The rowMarks list might contain references to subquery RTEs, so
		 * make a copy that we can apply ChangeVarNodes to.  (Fortunately, the
		 * executor doesn't need to see the modified copies --- we can just
		 * pass it the original rowMarks list.)
		 */
		subroot->rowMarks = copyObject(parent_root->rowMarks);

		/*
		 * The append_rel_list likewise might contain references to subquery
		 * RTEs (if any subqueries were flattenable UNION ALLs).  So prepare
		 * to apply ChangeVarNodes to that, too.  As explained above, we only
		 * want to copy items that actually contain such references; the rest
		 * can just get linked into the subroot's append_rel_list.
		 *
		 * If we know there are no such references, we can just use the outer
		 * append_rel_list unmodified.
		 */
		if (modifiableARIindexes != NULL)
		{
			ListCell   *lc2;

			subroot->append_rel_list = NIL;
			foreach(lc2, parent_root->append_rel_list)
			{
				AppendRelInfo *appinfo2 = lfirst_node(AppendRelInfo, lc2);

				if (bms_is_member(appinfo2->child_relid, modifiableARIindexes))
					appinfo2 = copyObject(appinfo2);

				subroot->append_rel_list = lappend(subroot->append_rel_list,
												   appinfo2);
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Add placeholders to the child Query's rangetable list to fill the
		 * RT indexes already reserved for subqueries in previous children.
		 * These won't be referenced, so there's no need to make them very
		 * valid-looking.
		 */
		while (list_length(subroot->parse->rtable) < list_length(final_rtable))
			subroot->parse->rtable = lappend(subroot->parse->rtable,
											 makeNode(RangeTblEntry));

		/*
		 * If this isn't the first child Query, generate duplicates of all
		 * subquery RTEs, and adjust Var numbering to reference the
		 * duplicates. To simplify the loop logic, we scan the original rtable
		 * not the copy just made by adjust_appendrel_attrs; that should be OK
		 * since subquery RTEs couldn't contain any references to the target
		 * rel.
		 */
		if (final_rtable != NIL && subqueryRTindexes != NULL)
		{
			ListCell   *lr;

			rti = 1;
			foreach(lr, parent_parse->rtable)
			{
				RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, lr);

				if (bms_is_member(rti, subqueryRTindexes))
				{
					Index		newrti;

					/*
					 * The RTE can't contain any references to its own RT
					 * index, except in its securityQuals, so we can save a
					 * few cycles by applying ChangeVarNodes to the rest of
					 * the rangetable before we append the RTE to it.
					 */
					newrti = list_length(subroot->parse->rtable) + 1;
					ChangeVarNodes((Node *) subroot->parse, rti, newrti, 0);
					ChangeVarNodes((Node *) subroot->rowMarks, rti, newrti, 0);
					/* Skip processing unchanging parts of append_rel_list */
					if (modifiableARIindexes != NULL)
					{
						ListCell   *lc2;

						foreach(lc2, subroot->append_rel_list)
						{
							AppendRelInfo *appinfo2 = lfirst_node(AppendRelInfo, lc2);

							if (bms_is_member(appinfo2->child_relid,
											  modifiableARIindexes))
								ChangeVarNodes((Node *) appinfo2, rti, newrti, 0);
						}
					}
					rte = copyObject(rte);
					ChangeVarNodes((Node *) rte->securityQuals, rti, newrti, 0);
					subroot->parse->rtable = lappend(subroot->parse->rtable,
													 rte);
				}
				rti++;
			}
		}

		/* There shouldn't be any OJ info to translate, as yet */
		Assert(subroot->join_info_list == NIL);
		/* and we haven't created PlaceHolderInfos, either */
		Assert(subroot->placeholder_list == NIL);

		/* Generate Path(s) for accessing this result relation */
		grouping_planner(subroot, true, 0.0 /* retrieve all tuples */ );

		/*
		 * Select cheapest path in case there's more than one.  We always run
		 * modification queries to conclusion, so we care only for the
		 * cheapest-total path.
		 */
		sub_final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(subroot, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);
		set_cheapest(sub_final_rel);
		subpath = sub_final_rel->cheapest_total_path;

		/*
		 * If this child rel was excluded by constraint exclusion, exclude it
		 * from the result plan.
		 */
		if (IS_DUMMY_PATH(subpath))
			continue;

		/*
		 * If this is the first non-excluded child, its post-planning rtable
		 * becomes the initial contents of final_rtable; otherwise, append
		 * just its modified subquery RTEs to final_rtable.
		 */
		if (final_rtable == NIL)
			final_rtable = subroot->parse->rtable;
		else
			final_rtable = list_concat(final_rtable,
									   list_copy_tail(subroot->parse->rtable,
													  list_length(final_rtable)));

		/*
		 * We need to collect all the RelOptInfos from all child plans into
		 * the main PlannerInfo, since setrefs.c will need them.  We use the
		 * last child's simple_rel_array (previous ones are too short), so we
		 * have to propagate forward the RelOptInfos that were already built
		 * in previous children.
		 */
		Assert(subroot->simple_rel_array_size >= save_rel_array_size);
		for (rti = 1; rti < save_rel_array_size; rti++)
		{
			RelOptInfo *brel = save_rel_array[rti];

			if (brel)
				subroot->simple_rel_array[rti] = brel;
		}
		save_rel_array_size = subroot->simple_rel_array_size;
		save_rel_array = subroot->simple_rel_array;
		save_append_rel_array = subroot->append_rel_array;

		/* Make sure any initplans from this rel get into the outer list */
		root->init_plans = subroot->init_plans;

		/* Build list of sub-paths */
		subpaths = lappend(subpaths, subpath);

		/* Build list of modified subroots, too */
		subroots = lappend(subroots, subroot);

		/* Build list of target-relation RT indexes */
		resultRelations = lappend_int(resultRelations, appinfo->child_relid);

		/* Build lists of per-relation WCO and RETURNING targetlists */
		if (parse->withCheckOptions)
			withCheckOptionLists = lappend(withCheckOptionLists,
										   subroot->parse->withCheckOptions);
		if (parse->returningList)
			returningLists = lappend(returningLists,
									 subroot->parse->returningList);

		Assert(!parse->onConflict);
	}

	/* Result path must go into outer query's FINAL upperrel */
	final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);

	/*
	 * We don't currently worry about setting final_rel's consider_parallel
	 * flag in this case, nor about allowing FDWs or create_upper_paths_hook
	 * to get control here.
	 */

	/*
	 * If we managed to exclude every child rel, return a dummy plan; it
	 * doesn't even need a ModifyTable node.
	 */
	if (subpaths == NIL)
	{
		set_dummy_rel_pathlist(final_rel);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Put back the final adjusted rtable into the master copy of the Query.
	 * (We mustn't do this if we found no non-excluded children.)
	 */
	parse->rtable = final_rtable;
	root->simple_rel_array_size = save_rel_array_size;
	root->simple_rel_array = save_rel_array;
	root->append_rel_array = save_append_rel_array;

	/* Must reconstruct master's simple_rte_array, too */
	root->simple_rte_array = (RangeTblEntry **)
		palloc0((list_length(final_rtable) + 1) * sizeof(RangeTblEntry *));
	rti = 1;
	foreach(lc, final_rtable)
	{
		RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, lc);

		root->simple_rte_array[rti++] = rte;
	}

	/*
	 * If there was a FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE clause, the LockRows node will
	 * have dealt with fetching non-locked marked rows, else we need to have
	 * ModifyTable do that.
	 */
	if (parse->rowMarks)
		rowMarks = NIL;
	else
		rowMarks = root->rowMarks;

	/* Create Path representing a ModifyTable to do the UPDATE/DELETE work */
	add_path(final_rel, (Path *)
			 create_modifytable_path(root, final_rel,
									 parse->commandType,
									 parse->canSetTag,
									 nominalRelation,
									 rootRelation,
									 root->partColsUpdated,
									 resultRelations,
									 subpaths,
									 subroots,
									 withCheckOptionLists,
									 returningLists,
									 rowMarks,
									 NULL,
									 assign_special_exec_param(root)));
}

/*--------------------
 * grouping_planner
 *	  Perform planning steps related to grouping, aggregation, etc.
 *
 * This function adds all required top-level processing to the scan/join
 * Path(s) produced by query_planner.
 *
 * If inheritance_update is true, we're being called from inheritance_planner
 * and should not include a ModifyTable step in the resulting Path(s).
 * (inheritance_planner will create a single ModifyTable node covering all the
 * target tables.)
 *
 * tuple_fraction is the fraction of tuples we expect will be retrieved.
 * tuple_fraction is interpreted as follows:
 *	  0: expect all tuples to be retrieved (normal case)
 *	  0 < tuple_fraction < 1: expect the given fraction of tuples available
 *		from the plan to be retrieved
 *	  tuple_fraction >= 1: tuple_fraction is the absolute number of tuples
 *		expected to be retrieved (ie, a LIMIT specification)
 *
 * Returns nothing; the useful output is in the Paths we attach to the
 * (UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL) upperrel in *root.  In addition,
 * root->processed_tlist contains the final processed targetlist.
 *
 * Note that we have not done set_cheapest() on the final rel; it's convenient
 * to leave this to the caller.
 *--------------------
 */
static void
grouping_planner(PlannerInfo *root, bool inheritance_update,
				 double tuple_fraction)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	List	   *tlist;
	int64		offset_est = 0;
	int64		count_est = 0;
	double		limit_tuples = -1.0;
	bool		have_postponed_srfs = false;
	PathTarget *final_target;
	List	   *final_targets;
	List	   *final_targets_contain_srfs;
	bool		final_target_parallel_safe;
	RelOptInfo *current_rel;
	RelOptInfo *final_rel;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/* Tweak caller-supplied tuple_fraction if have LIMIT/OFFSET */
	if (parse->limitCount || parse->limitOffset)
	{
		tuple_fraction = preprocess_limit(root, tuple_fraction,
										  &offset_est, &count_est);

		/*
		 * If we have a known LIMIT, and don't have an unknown OFFSET, we can
		 * estimate the effects of using a bounded sort.
		 */
		if (count_est > 0 && offset_est >= 0)
			limit_tuples = (double) count_est + (double) offset_est;
	}

	/* Make tuple_fraction accessible to lower-level routines */
	root->tuple_fraction = tuple_fraction;

	if (parse->setOperations)
	{
		/*
		 * If there's a top-level ORDER BY, assume we have to fetch all the
		 * tuples.  This might be too simplistic given all the hackery below
		 * to possibly avoid the sort; but the odds of accurate estimates here
		 * are pretty low anyway.  XXX try to get rid of this in favor of
		 * letting plan_set_operations generate both fast-start and
		 * cheapest-total paths.
		 */
		if (parse->sortClause)
			root->tuple_fraction = 0.0;

		/*
		 * Construct Paths for set operations.  The results will not need any
		 * work except perhaps a top-level sort and/or LIMIT.  Note that any
		 * special work for recursive unions is the responsibility of
		 * plan_set_operations.
		 */
		current_rel = plan_set_operations(root);

		/*
		 * We should not need to call preprocess_targetlist, since we must be
		 * in a SELECT query node.  Instead, use the targetlist returned by
		 * plan_set_operations (since this tells whether it returned any
		 * resjunk columns!), and transfer any sort key information from the
		 * original tlist.
		 */
		Assert(parse->commandType == CMD_SELECT);

		tlist = root->processed_tlist;	/* from plan_set_operations */

		/* for safety, copy processed_tlist instead of modifying in-place */
		tlist = postprocess_setop_tlist(copyObject(tlist), parse->targetList);

		/* Save aside the final decorated tlist */
		root->processed_tlist = tlist;

		/* Also extract the PathTarget form of the setop result tlist */
		final_target = current_rel->cheapest_total_path->pathtarget;

		/* And check whether it's parallel safe */
		final_target_parallel_safe =
			is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) final_target->exprs);

		/* The setop result tlist couldn't contain any SRFs */
		Assert(!parse->hasTargetSRFs);
		final_targets = final_targets_contain_srfs = NIL;

		/*
		 * Can't handle FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE here (parser should have
		 * checked already, but let's make sure).
		 */
		if (parse->rowMarks)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
			/*------
			  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
					 errmsg("%s is not allowed with UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT",
							LCS_asString(linitial_node(RowMarkClause,
													   parse->rowMarks)->strength))));

		/*
		 * Calculate pathkeys that represent result ordering requirements
		 */
		Assert(parse->distinctClause == NIL);
		root->sort_pathkeys = make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses(root,
															parse->sortClause,
															tlist);
	}
	else
	{
		/* No set operations, do regular planning */
		PathTarget *sort_input_target;
		List	   *sort_input_targets;
		List	   *sort_input_targets_contain_srfs;
		bool		sort_input_target_parallel_safe;
		PathTarget *grouping_target;
		List	   *grouping_targets;
		List	   *grouping_targets_contain_srfs;
		bool		grouping_target_parallel_safe;
		PathTarget *scanjoin_target;
		List	   *scanjoin_targets;
		List	   *scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs;
		bool		scanjoin_target_parallel_safe;
		bool		scanjoin_target_same_exprs;
		bool		have_grouping;
		AggClauseCosts agg_costs;
		WindowFuncLists *wflists = NULL;
		List	   *activeWindows = NIL;
		grouping_sets_data *gset_data = NULL;
		standard_qp_extra qp_extra;

		/* A recursive query should always have setOperations */
		Assert(!root->hasRecursion);

		/* Preprocess grouping sets and GROUP BY clause, if any */
		if (parse->groupingSets)
		{
			gset_data = preprocess_grouping_sets(root);
		}
		else
		{
			/* Preprocess regular GROUP BY clause, if any */
			if (parse->groupClause)
				parse->groupClause = preprocess_groupclause(root, NIL);
		}

		/* Preprocess targetlist */
		tlist = preprocess_targetlist(root);

		/*
		 * We are now done hacking up the query's targetlist.  Most of the
		 * remaining planning work will be done with the PathTarget
		 * representation of tlists, but save aside the full representation so
		 * that we can transfer its decoration (resnames etc) to the topmost
		 * tlist of the finished Plan.
		 */
		root->processed_tlist = tlist;

		/*
		 * Collect statistics about aggregates for estimating costs, and mark
		 * all the aggregates with resolved aggtranstypes.  We must do this
		 * before slicing and dicing the tlist into various pathtargets, else
		 * some copies of the Aggref nodes might escape being marked with the
		 * correct transtypes.
		 *
		 * Note: currently, we do not detect duplicate aggregates here.  This
		 * may result in somewhat-overestimated cost, which is fine for our
		 * purposes since all Paths will get charged the same.  But at some
		 * point we might wish to do that detection in the planner, rather
		 * than during executor startup.
		 */
		MemSet(&agg_costs, 0, sizeof(AggClauseCosts));
		if (parse->hasAggs)
		{
			get_agg_clause_costs(root, (Node *) tlist, AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE,
								 &agg_costs);
			get_agg_clause_costs(root, parse->havingQual, AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE,
								 &agg_costs);
		}

		/*
		 * Locate any window functions in the tlist.  (We don't need to look
		 * anywhere else, since expressions used in ORDER BY will be in there
		 * too.)  Note that they could all have been eliminated by constant
		 * folding, in which case we don't need to do any more work.
		 */
		if (parse->hasWindowFuncs)
		{
			wflists = find_window_functions((Node *) tlist,
											list_length(parse->windowClause));
			if (wflists->numWindowFuncs > 0)
				activeWindows = select_active_windows(root, wflists);
			else
				parse->hasWindowFuncs = false;
		}

		/*
		 * Preprocess MIN/MAX aggregates, if any.  Note: be careful about
		 * adding logic between here and the query_planner() call.  Anything
		 * that is needed in MIN/MAX-optimizable cases will have to be
		 * duplicated in planagg.c.
		 */
		if (parse->hasAggs)
			preprocess_minmax_aggregates(root, tlist);

		/*
		 * Figure out whether there's a hard limit on the number of rows that
		 * query_planner's result subplan needs to return.  Even if we know a
		 * hard limit overall, it doesn't apply if the query has any
		 * grouping/aggregation operations, or SRFs in the tlist.
		 */
		if (parse->groupClause ||
			parse->groupingSets ||
			parse->distinctClause ||
			parse->hasAggs ||
			parse->hasWindowFuncs ||
			parse->hasTargetSRFs ||
			root->hasHavingQual)
			root->limit_tuples = -1.0;
		else
			root->limit_tuples = limit_tuples;

		/* Set up data needed by standard_qp_callback */
		qp_extra.tlist = tlist;
		qp_extra.activeWindows = activeWindows;
		qp_extra.groupClause = (gset_data
								? (gset_data->rollups ? linitial_node(RollupData, gset_data->rollups)->groupClause : NIL)
								: parse->groupClause);

		/*
		 * Generate the best unsorted and presorted paths for the scan/join
		 * portion of this Query, ie the processing represented by the
		 * FROM/WHERE clauses.  (Note there may not be any presorted paths.)
		 * We also generate (in standard_qp_callback) pathkey representations
		 * of the query's sort clause, distinct clause, etc.
		 */
		current_rel = query_planner(root, tlist,
									standard_qp_callback, &qp_extra);

		/*
		 * Convert the query's result tlist into PathTarget format.
		 *
		 * Note: it's desirable to not do this till after query_planner(),
		 * because the target width estimates can use per-Var width numbers
		 * that were obtained within query_planner().
		 */
		final_target = create_pathtarget(root, tlist);
		final_target_parallel_safe =
			is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) final_target->exprs);

		/*
		 * If ORDER BY was given, consider whether we should use a post-sort
		 * projection, and compute the adjusted target for preceding steps if
		 * so.
		 */
		if (parse->sortClause)
		{
			sort_input_target = make_sort_input_target(root,
													   final_target,
													   &have_postponed_srfs);
			sort_input_target_parallel_safe =
				is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) sort_input_target->exprs);
		}
		else
		{
			sort_input_target = final_target;
			sort_input_target_parallel_safe = final_target_parallel_safe;
		}

		/*
		 * If we have window functions to deal with, the output from any
		 * grouping step needs to be what the window functions want;
		 * otherwise, it should be sort_input_target.
		 */
		if (activeWindows)
		{
			grouping_target = make_window_input_target(root,
													   final_target,
													   activeWindows);
			grouping_target_parallel_safe =
				is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) grouping_target->exprs);
		}
		else
		{
			grouping_target = sort_input_target;
			grouping_target_parallel_safe = sort_input_target_parallel_safe;
		}

		/*
		 * If we have grouping or aggregation to do, the topmost scan/join
		 * plan node must emit what the grouping step wants; otherwise, it
		 * should emit grouping_target.
		 */
		have_grouping = (parse->groupClause || parse->groupingSets ||
						 parse->hasAggs || root->hasHavingQual);
		if (have_grouping)
		{
			scanjoin_target = make_group_input_target(root, final_target);
			scanjoin_target_parallel_safe =
				is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) grouping_target->exprs);
		}
		else
		{
			scanjoin_target = grouping_target;
			scanjoin_target_parallel_safe = grouping_target_parallel_safe;
		}

		/*
		 * If there are any SRFs in the targetlist, we must separate each of
		 * these PathTargets into SRF-computing and SRF-free targets.  Replace
		 * each of the named targets with a SRF-free version, and remember the
		 * list of additional projection steps we need to add afterwards.
		 */
		if (parse->hasTargetSRFs)
		{
			/* final_target doesn't recompute any SRFs in sort_input_target */
			split_pathtarget_at_srfs(root, final_target, sort_input_target,
									 &final_targets,
									 &final_targets_contain_srfs);
			final_target = linitial_node(PathTarget, final_targets);
			Assert(!linitial_int(final_targets_contain_srfs));
			/* likewise for sort_input_target vs. grouping_target */
			split_pathtarget_at_srfs(root, sort_input_target, grouping_target,
									 &sort_input_targets,
									 &sort_input_targets_contain_srfs);
			sort_input_target = linitial_node(PathTarget, sort_input_targets);
			Assert(!linitial_int(sort_input_targets_contain_srfs));
			/* likewise for grouping_target vs. scanjoin_target */
			split_pathtarget_at_srfs(root, grouping_target, scanjoin_target,
									 &grouping_targets,
									 &grouping_targets_contain_srfs);
			grouping_target = linitial_node(PathTarget, grouping_targets);
			Assert(!linitial_int(grouping_targets_contain_srfs));
			/* scanjoin_target will not have any SRFs precomputed for it */
			split_pathtarget_at_srfs(root, scanjoin_target, NULL,
									 &scanjoin_targets,
									 &scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs);
			scanjoin_target = linitial_node(PathTarget, scanjoin_targets);
			Assert(!linitial_int(scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs));
		}
		else
		{
			/* initialize lists; for most of these, dummy values are OK */
			final_targets = final_targets_contain_srfs = NIL;
			sort_input_targets = sort_input_targets_contain_srfs = NIL;
			grouping_targets = grouping_targets_contain_srfs = NIL;
			scanjoin_targets = list_make1(scanjoin_target);
			scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs = NIL;
		}

		/* Apply scan/join target. */
		scanjoin_target_same_exprs = list_length(scanjoin_targets) == 1
			&& equal(scanjoin_target->exprs, current_rel->reltarget->exprs);
		apply_scanjoin_target_to_paths(root, current_rel, scanjoin_targets,
									   scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs,
									   scanjoin_target_parallel_safe,
									   scanjoin_target_same_exprs);

		/*
		 * Save the various upper-rel PathTargets we just computed into
		 * root->upper_targets[].  The core code doesn't use this, but it
		 * provides a convenient place for extensions to get at the info.  For
		 * consistency, we save all the intermediate targets, even though some
		 * of the corresponding upperrels might not be needed for this query.
		 */
		root->upper_targets[UPPERREL_FINAL] = final_target;
		root->upper_targets[UPPERREL_WINDOW] = sort_input_target;
		root->upper_targets[UPPERREL_GROUP_AGG] = grouping_target;

		/*
		 * If we have grouping and/or aggregation, consider ways to implement
		 * that.  We build a new upperrel representing the output of this
		 * phase.
		 */
		if (have_grouping)
		{
			current_rel = create_grouping_paths(root,
												current_rel,
												grouping_target,
												grouping_target_parallel_safe,
												&agg_costs,
												gset_data);
			/* Fix things up if grouping_target contains SRFs */
			if (parse->hasTargetSRFs)
				adjust_paths_for_srfs(root, current_rel,
									  grouping_targets,
									  grouping_targets_contain_srfs);
		}

		/*
		 * If we have window functions, consider ways to implement those.  We
		 * build a new upperrel representing the output of this phase.
		 */
		if (activeWindows)
		{
			current_rel = create_window_paths(root,
											  current_rel,
											  grouping_target,
											  sort_input_target,
											  sort_input_target_parallel_safe,
											  tlist,
											  wflists,
											  activeWindows);
			/* Fix things up if sort_input_target contains SRFs */
			if (parse->hasTargetSRFs)
				adjust_paths_for_srfs(root, current_rel,
									  sort_input_targets,
									  sort_input_targets_contain_srfs);
		}

		/*
		 * If there is a DISTINCT clause, consider ways to implement that. We
		 * build a new upperrel representing the output of this phase.
		 */
		if (parse->distinctClause)
		{
			current_rel = create_distinct_paths(root,
												current_rel);
		}
	}							/* end of if (setOperations) */

	/*
	 * If ORDER BY was given, consider ways to implement that, and generate a
	 * new upperrel containing only paths that emit the correct ordering and
	 * project the correct final_target.  We can apply the original
	 * limit_tuples limit in sort costing here, but only if there are no
	 * postponed SRFs.
	 */
	if (parse->sortClause)
	{
		current_rel = create_ordered_paths(root,
										   current_rel,
										   final_target,
										   final_target_parallel_safe,
										   have_postponed_srfs ? -1.0 :
										   limit_tuples);
		/* Fix things up if final_target contains SRFs */
		if (parse->hasTargetSRFs)
			adjust_paths_for_srfs(root, current_rel,
								  final_targets,
								  final_targets_contain_srfs);
	}

	/*
	 * Now we are prepared to build the final-output upperrel.
	 */
	final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);

	/*
	 * If the input rel is marked consider_parallel and there's nothing that's
	 * not parallel-safe in the LIMIT clause, then the final_rel can be marked
	 * consider_parallel as well.  Note that if the query has rowMarks or is
	 * not a SELECT, consider_parallel will be false for every relation in the
	 * query.
	 */
	if (current_rel->consider_parallel &&
		is_parallel_safe(root, parse->limitOffset) &&
		is_parallel_safe(root, parse->limitCount))
		final_rel->consider_parallel = true;

	/*
	 * If the current_rel belongs to a single FDW, so does the final_rel.
	 */
	final_rel->serverid = current_rel->serverid;
	final_rel->userid = current_rel->userid;
	final_rel->useridiscurrent = current_rel->useridiscurrent;
	final_rel->fdwroutine = current_rel->fdwroutine;

	/*
	 * Generate paths for the final_rel.  Insert all surviving paths, with
	 * LockRows, Limit, and/or ModifyTable steps added if needed.
	 */
	foreach(lc, current_rel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);

		/*
		 * If there is a FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE clause, add the LockRows node.
		 * (Note: we intentionally test parse->rowMarks not root->rowMarks
		 * here.  If there are only non-locking rowmarks, they should be
		 * handled by the ModifyTable node instead.  However, root->rowMarks
		 * is what goes into the LockRows node.)
		 */
		if (parse->rowMarks)
		{
			path = (Path *) create_lockrows_path(root, final_rel, path,
												 root->rowMarks,
												 assign_special_exec_param(root));
		}

		/*
		 * If there is a LIMIT/OFFSET clause, add the LIMIT node.
		 */
		if (limit_needed(parse))
		{
			path = (Path *) create_limit_path(root, final_rel, path,
											  parse->limitOffset,
											  parse->limitCount,
											  offset_est, count_est);
		}

		/*
		 * If this is an INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE, and we're not being called from
		 * inheritance_planner, add the ModifyTable node.
		 */
		if (parse->commandType != CMD_SELECT && !inheritance_update)
		{
			Index		rootRelation;
			List	   *withCheckOptionLists;
			List	   *returningLists;
			List	   *rowMarks;

			/*
			 * If target is a partition root table, we need to mark the
			 * ModifyTable node appropriately for that.
			 */
			if (rt_fetch(parse->resultRelation, parse->rtable)->relkind ==
				RELKIND_PARTITIONED_TABLE)
				rootRelation = parse->resultRelation;
			else
				rootRelation = 0;

			/*
			 * Set up the WITH CHECK OPTION and RETURNING lists-of-lists, if
			 * needed.
			 */
			if (parse->withCheckOptions)
				withCheckOptionLists = list_make1(parse->withCheckOptions);
			else
				withCheckOptionLists = NIL;

			if (parse->returningList)
				returningLists = list_make1(parse->returningList);
			else
				returningLists = NIL;

			/*
			 * If there was a FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE clause, the LockRows node
			 * will have dealt with fetching non-locked marked rows, else we
			 * need to have ModifyTable do that.
			 */
			if (parse->rowMarks)
				rowMarks = NIL;
			else
				rowMarks = root->rowMarks;

			path = (Path *)
				create_modifytable_path(root, final_rel,
										parse->commandType,
										parse->canSetTag,
										parse->resultRelation,
										rootRelation,
										false,
										list_make1_int(parse->resultRelation),
										list_make1(path),
										list_make1(root),
										withCheckOptionLists,
										returningLists,
										rowMarks,
										parse->onConflict,
										assign_special_exec_param(root));
		}

		/* And shove it into final_rel */
		add_path(final_rel, path);
	}

	/*
	 * Generate partial paths for final_rel, too, if outer query levels might
	 * be able to make use of them.
	 */
	if (final_rel->consider_parallel && root->query_level > 1 &&
		!limit_needed(parse))
	{
		Assert(!parse->rowMarks && parse->commandType == CMD_SELECT);
		foreach(lc, current_rel->partial_pathlist)
		{
			Path	   *partial_path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);

			add_partial_path(final_rel, partial_path);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If there is an FDW that's responsible for all baserels of the query,
	 * let it consider adding ForeignPaths.
	 */
	if (final_rel->fdwroutine &&
		final_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths)
		final_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths(root, UPPERREL_FINAL,
													current_rel, final_rel,
													NULL);

	/* Let extensions possibly add some more paths */
	if (create_upper_paths_hook)
		(*create_upper_paths_hook) (root, UPPERREL_FINAL,
									current_rel, final_rel, NULL);

	/* Note: currently, we leave it to callers to do set_cheapest() */
}

/*
 * Do preprocessing for groupingSets clause and related data.  This handles the
 * preliminary steps of expanding the grouping sets, organizing them into lists
 * of rollups, and preparing annotations which will later be filled in with
 * size estimates.
 */
static grouping_sets_data *
preprocess_grouping_sets(PlannerInfo *root)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	List	   *sets;
	int			maxref = 0;
	ListCell   *lc;
	ListCell   *lc_set;
	grouping_sets_data *gd = palloc0(sizeof(grouping_sets_data));

	parse->groupingSets = expand_grouping_sets(parse->groupingSets, -1);

	gd->any_hashable = false;
	gd->unhashable_refs = NULL;
	gd->unsortable_refs = NULL;
	gd->unsortable_sets = NIL;

	if (parse->groupClause)
	{
		ListCell   *lc;

		foreach(lc, parse->groupClause)
		{
			SortGroupClause *gc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc);
			Index		ref = gc->tleSortGroupRef;

			if (ref > maxref)
				maxref = ref;

			if (!gc->hashable)
				gd->unhashable_refs = bms_add_member(gd->unhashable_refs, ref);

			if (!OidIsValid(gc->sortop))
				gd->unsortable_refs = bms_add_member(gd->unsortable_refs, ref);
		}
	}

	/* Allocate workspace array for remapping */
	gd->tleref_to_colnum_map = (int *) palloc((maxref + 1) * sizeof(int));

	/*
	 * If we have any unsortable sets, we must extract them before trying to
	 * prepare rollups. Unsortable sets don't go through
	 * reorder_grouping_sets, so we must apply the GroupingSetData annotation
	 * here.
	 */
	if (!bms_is_empty(gd->unsortable_refs))
	{
		List	   *sortable_sets = NIL;

		foreach(lc, parse->groupingSets)
		{
			List	   *gset = (List *) lfirst(lc);

			if (bms_overlap_list(gd->unsortable_refs, gset))
			{
				GroupingSetData *gs = makeNode(GroupingSetData);

				gs->set = gset;
				gd->unsortable_sets = lappend(gd->unsortable_sets, gs);

				/*
				 * We must enforce here that an unsortable set is hashable;
				 * later code assumes this.  Parse analysis only checks that
				 * every individual column is either hashable or sortable.
				 *
				 * Note that passing this test doesn't guarantee we can
				 * generate a plan; there might be other showstoppers.
				 */
				if (bms_overlap_list(gd->unhashable_refs, gset))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							 errmsg("could not implement GROUP BY"),
							 errdetail("Some of the datatypes only support hashing, while others only support sorting.")));
			}
			else
				sortable_sets = lappend(sortable_sets, gset);
		}

		if (sortable_sets)
			sets = extract_rollup_sets(sortable_sets);
		else
			sets = NIL;
	}
	else
		sets = extract_rollup_sets(parse->groupingSets);

	foreach(lc_set, sets)
	{
		List	   *current_sets = (List *) lfirst(lc_set);
		RollupData *rollup = makeNode(RollupData);
		GroupingSetData *gs;

		/*
		 * Reorder the current list of grouping sets into correct prefix
		 * order.  If only one aggregation pass is needed, try to make the
		 * list match the ORDER BY clause; if more than one pass is needed, we
		 * don't bother with that.
		 *
		 * Note that this reorders the sets from smallest-member-first to
		 * largest-member-first, and applies the GroupingSetData annotations,
		 * though the data will be filled in later.
		 */
		current_sets = reorder_grouping_sets(current_sets,
											 (list_length(sets) == 1
											  ? parse->sortClause
											  : NIL));

		/*
		 * Get the initial (and therefore largest) grouping set.
		 */
		gs = linitial_node(GroupingSetData, current_sets);

		/*
		 * Order the groupClause appropriately.  If the first grouping set is
		 * empty, then the groupClause must also be empty; otherwise we have
		 * to force the groupClause to match that grouping set's order.
		 *
		 * (The first grouping set can be empty even though parse->groupClause
		 * is not empty only if all non-empty grouping sets are unsortable.
		 * The groupClauses for hashed grouping sets are built later on.)
		 */
		if (gs->set)
			rollup->groupClause = preprocess_groupclause(root, gs->set);
		else
			rollup->groupClause = NIL;

		/*
		 * Is it hashable? We pretend empty sets are hashable even though we
		 * actually force them not to be hashed later. But don't bother if
		 * there's nothing but empty sets (since in that case we can't hash
		 * anything).
		 */
		if (gs->set &&
			!bms_overlap_list(gd->unhashable_refs, gs->set))
		{
			rollup->hashable = true;
			gd->any_hashable = true;
		}

		/*
		 * Now that we've pinned down an order for the groupClause for this
		 * list of grouping sets, we need to remap the entries in the grouping
		 * sets from sortgrouprefs to plain indices (0-based) into the
		 * groupClause for this collection of grouping sets. We keep the
		 * original form for later use, though.
		 */
		rollup->gsets = remap_to_groupclause_idx(rollup->groupClause,
												 current_sets,
												 gd->tleref_to_colnum_map);
		rollup->gsets_data = current_sets;

		gd->rollups = lappend(gd->rollups, rollup);
	}

	if (gd->unsortable_sets)
	{
		/*
		 * We have not yet pinned down a groupclause for this, but we will
		 * need index-based lists for estimation purposes. Construct
		 * hash_sets_idx based on the entire original groupclause for now.
		 */
		gd->hash_sets_idx = remap_to_groupclause_idx(parse->groupClause,
													 gd->unsortable_sets,
													 gd->tleref_to_colnum_map);
		gd->any_hashable = true;
	}

	return gd;
}

/*
 * Given a groupclause and a list of GroupingSetData, return equivalent sets
 * (without annotation) mapped to indexes into the given groupclause.
 */
static List *
remap_to_groupclause_idx(List *groupClause,
						 List *gsets,
						 int *tleref_to_colnum_map)
{
	int			ref = 0;
	List	   *result = NIL;
	ListCell   *lc;

	foreach(lc, groupClause)
	{
		SortGroupClause *gc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc);

		tleref_to_colnum_map[gc->tleSortGroupRef] = ref++;
	}

	foreach(lc, gsets)
	{
		List	   *set = NIL;
		ListCell   *lc2;
		GroupingSetData *gs = lfirst_node(GroupingSetData, lc);

		foreach(lc2, gs->set)
		{
			set = lappend_int(set, tleref_to_colnum_map[lfirst_int(lc2)]);
		}

		result = lappend(result, set);
	}

	return result;
}



/*
 * Detect whether a plan node is a "dummy" plan created when a relation
 * is deemed not to need scanning due to constraint exclusion.
 *
 * Currently, such dummy plans are Result nodes with constant FALSE
 * filter quals (see set_dummy_rel_pathlist and create_append_plan).
 *
 * XXX this probably ought to be somewhere else, but not clear where.
 */
bool
is_dummy_plan(Plan *plan)
{
	if (IsA(plan, Result))
	{
		List	   *rcqual = (List *) ((Result *) plan)->resconstantqual;

		if (list_length(rcqual) == 1)
		{
			Const	   *constqual = (Const *) linitial(rcqual);

			if (constqual && IsA(constqual, Const))
			{
				if (!constqual->constisnull &&
					!DatumGetBool(constqual->constvalue))
					return true;
			}
		}
	}
	return false;
}

/*
 * preprocess_rowmarks - set up PlanRowMarks if needed
 */
static void
preprocess_rowmarks(PlannerInfo *root)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	Bitmapset  *rels;
	List	   *prowmarks;
	ListCell   *l;
	int			i;

	if (parse->rowMarks)
	{
		/*
		 * We've got trouble if FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE appears inside
		 * grouping, since grouping renders a reference to individual tuple
		 * CTIDs invalid.  This is also checked at parse time, but that's
		 * insufficient because of rule substitution, query pullup, etc.
		 */
		CheckSelectLocking(parse, linitial_node(RowMarkClause,
												parse->rowMarks)->strength);
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * We only need rowmarks for UPDATE, DELETE, or FOR [KEY]
		 * UPDATE/SHARE.
		 */
		if (parse->commandType != CMD_UPDATE &&
			parse->commandType != CMD_DELETE)
			return;
	}

	/*
	 * We need to have rowmarks for all base relations except the target. We
	 * make a bitmapset of all base rels and then remove the items we don't
	 * need or have FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE marks for.
	 */
	rels = get_relids_in_jointree((Node *) parse->jointree, false);
	if (parse->resultRelation)
		rels = bms_del_member(rels, parse->resultRelation);

	/*
	 * Convert RowMarkClauses to PlanRowMark representation.
	 */
	prowmarks = NIL;
	foreach(l, parse->rowMarks)
	{
		RowMarkClause *rc = lfirst_node(RowMarkClause, l);
		RangeTblEntry *rte = rt_fetch(rc->rti, parse->rtable);
		PlanRowMark *newrc;

		/*
		 * Currently, it is syntactically impossible to have FOR UPDATE et al
		 * applied to an update/delete target rel.  If that ever becomes
		 * possible, we should drop the target from the PlanRowMark list.
		 */
		Assert(rc->rti != parse->resultRelation);

		/*
		 * Ignore RowMarkClauses for subqueries; they aren't real tables and
		 * can't support true locking.  Subqueries that got flattened into the
		 * main query should be ignored completely.  Any that didn't will get
		 * ROW_MARK_COPY items in the next loop.
		 */
		if (rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
			continue;

		rels = bms_del_member(rels, rc->rti);

		newrc = makeNode(PlanRowMark);
		newrc->rti = newrc->prti = rc->rti;
		newrc->rowmarkId = ++(root->glob->lastRowMarkId);
		newrc->markType = select_rowmark_type(rte, rc->strength);
		newrc->allMarkTypes = (1 << newrc->markType);
		newrc->strength = rc->strength;
		newrc->waitPolicy = rc->waitPolicy;
		newrc->isParent = false;

		prowmarks = lappend(prowmarks, newrc);
	}

	/*
	 * Now, add rowmarks for any non-target, non-locked base relations.
	 */
	i = 0;
	foreach(l, parse->rtable)
	{
		RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, l);
		PlanRowMark *newrc;

		i++;
		if (!bms_is_member(i, rels))
			continue;

		newrc = makeNode(PlanRowMark);
		newrc->rti = newrc->prti = i;
		newrc->rowmarkId = ++(root->glob->lastRowMarkId);
		newrc->markType = select_rowmark_type(rte, LCS_NONE);
		newrc->allMarkTypes = (1 << newrc->markType);
		newrc->strength = LCS_NONE;
		newrc->waitPolicy = LockWaitBlock;	/* doesn't matter */
		newrc->isParent = false;

		prowmarks = lappend(prowmarks, newrc);
	}

	root->rowMarks = prowmarks;
}

/*
 * Select RowMarkType to use for a given table
 */
RowMarkType
select_rowmark_type(RangeTblEntry *rte, LockClauseStrength strength)
{
	if (rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
	{
		/* If it's not a table at all, use ROW_MARK_COPY */
		return ROW_MARK_COPY;
	}
	else if (rte->relkind == RELKIND_FOREIGN_TABLE)
	{
		/* Let the FDW select the rowmark type, if it wants to */
		FdwRoutine *fdwroutine = GetFdwRoutineByRelId(rte->relid);

		if (fdwroutine->GetForeignRowMarkType != NULL)
			return fdwroutine->GetForeignRowMarkType(rte, strength);
		/* Otherwise, use ROW_MARK_COPY by default */
		return ROW_MARK_COPY;
	}
	else
	{
		/* Regular table, apply the appropriate lock type */
		switch (strength)
		{
			case LCS_NONE:

				/*
				 * We don't need a tuple lock, only the ability to re-fetch
				 * the row.
				 */
				return ROW_MARK_REFERENCE;
				break;
			case LCS_FORKEYSHARE:
				return ROW_MARK_KEYSHARE;
				break;
			case LCS_FORSHARE:
				return ROW_MARK_SHARE;
				break;
			case LCS_FORNOKEYUPDATE:
				return ROW_MARK_NOKEYEXCLUSIVE;
				break;
			case LCS_FORUPDATE:
				return ROW_MARK_EXCLUSIVE;
				break;
		}
		elog(ERROR, "unrecognized LockClauseStrength %d", (int) strength);
		return ROW_MARK_EXCLUSIVE;	/* keep compiler quiet */
	}
}

/*
 * preprocess_limit - do pre-estimation for LIMIT and/or OFFSET clauses
 *
 * We try to estimate the values of the LIMIT/OFFSET clauses, and pass the
 * results back in *count_est and *offset_est.  These variables are set to
 * 0 if the corresponding clause is not present, and -1 if it's present
 * but we couldn't estimate the value for it.  (The "0" convention is OK
 * for OFFSET but a little bit bogus for LIMIT: effectively we estimate
 * LIMIT 0 as though it were LIMIT 1.  But this is in line with the planner's
 * usual practice of never estimating less than one row.)  These values will
 * be passed to create_limit_path, which see if you change this code.
 *
 * The return value is the suitably adjusted tuple_fraction to use for
 * planning the query.  This adjustment is not overridable, since it reflects
 * plan actions that grouping_planner() will certainly take, not assumptions
 * about context.
 */
static double
preprocess_limit(PlannerInfo *root, double tuple_fraction,
				 int64 *offset_est, int64 *count_est)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	Node	   *est;
	double		limit_fraction;

	/* Should not be called unless LIMIT or OFFSET */
	Assert(parse->limitCount || parse->limitOffset);

	/*
	 * Try to obtain the clause values.  We use estimate_expression_value
	 * primarily because it can sometimes do something useful with Params.
	 */
	if (parse->limitCount)
	{
		est = estimate_expression_value(root, parse->limitCount);
		if (est && IsA(est, Const))
		{
			if (((Const *) est)->constisnull)
			{
				/* NULL indicates LIMIT ALL, ie, no limit */
				*count_est = 0; /* treat as not present */
			}
			else
			{
				*count_est = DatumGetInt64(((Const *) est)->constvalue);
				if (*count_est <= 0)
					*count_est = 1; /* force to at least 1 */
			}
		}
		else
			*count_est = -1;	/* can't estimate */
	}
	else
		*count_est = 0;			/* not present */

	if (parse->limitOffset)
	{
		est = estimate_expression_value(root, parse->limitOffset);
		if (est && IsA(est, Const))
		{
			if (((Const *) est)->constisnull)
			{
				/* Treat NULL as no offset; the executor will too */
				*offset_est = 0;	/* treat as not present */
			}
			else
			{
				*offset_est = DatumGetInt64(((Const *) est)->constvalue);
				if (*offset_est < 0)
					*offset_est = 0;	/* treat as not present */
			}
		}
		else
			*offset_est = -1;	/* can't estimate */
	}
	else
		*offset_est = 0;		/* not present */

	if (*count_est != 0)
	{
		/*
		 * A LIMIT clause limits the absolute number of tuples returned.
		 * However, if it's not a constant LIMIT then we have to guess; for
		 * lack of a better idea, assume 10% of the plan's result is wanted.
		 */
		if (*count_est < 0 || *offset_est < 0)
		{
			/* LIMIT or OFFSET is an expression ... punt ... */
			limit_fraction = 0.10;
		}
		else
		{
			/* LIMIT (plus OFFSET, if any) is max number of tuples needed */
			limit_fraction = (double) *count_est + (double) *offset_est;
		}

		/*
		 * If we have absolute limits from both caller and LIMIT, use the
		 * smaller value; likewise if they are both fractional.  If one is
		 * fractional and the other absolute, we can't easily determine which
		 * is smaller, but we use the heuristic that the absolute will usually
		 * be smaller.
		 */
		if (tuple_fraction >= 1.0)
		{
			if (limit_fraction >= 1.0)
			{
				/* both absolute */
				tuple_fraction = Min(tuple_fraction, limit_fraction);
			}
			else
			{
				/* caller absolute, limit fractional; use caller's value */
			}
		}
		else if (tuple_fraction > 0.0)
		{
			if (limit_fraction >= 1.0)
			{
				/* caller fractional, limit absolute; use limit */
				tuple_fraction = limit_fraction;
			}
			else
			{
				/* both fractional */
				tuple_fraction = Min(tuple_fraction, limit_fraction);
			}
		}
		else
		{
			/* no info from caller, just use limit */
			tuple_fraction = limit_fraction;
		}
	}
	else if (*offset_est != 0 && tuple_fraction > 0.0)
	{
		/*
		 * We have an OFFSET but no LIMIT.  This acts entirely differently
		 * from the LIMIT case: here, we need to increase rather than decrease
		 * the caller's tuple_fraction, because the OFFSET acts to cause more
		 * tuples to be fetched instead of fewer.  This only matters if we got
		 * a tuple_fraction > 0, however.
		 *
		 * As above, use 10% if OFFSET is present but unestimatable.
		 */
		if (*offset_est < 0)
			limit_fraction = 0.10;
		else
			limit_fraction = (double) *offset_est;

		/*
		 * If we have absolute counts from both caller and OFFSET, add them
		 * together; likewise if they are both fractional.  If one is
		 * fractional and the other absolute, we want to take the larger, and
		 * we heuristically assume that's the fractional one.
		 */
		if (tuple_fraction >= 1.0)
		{
			if (limit_fraction >= 1.0)
			{
				/* both absolute, so add them together */
				tuple_fraction += limit_fraction;
			}
			else
			{
				/* caller absolute, limit fractional; use limit */
				tuple_fraction = limit_fraction;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			if (limit_fraction >= 1.0)
			{
				/* caller fractional, limit absolute; use caller's value */
			}
			else
			{
				/* both fractional, so add them together */
				tuple_fraction += limit_fraction;
				if (tuple_fraction >= 1.0)
					tuple_fraction = 0.0;	/* assume fetch all */
			}
		}
	}

	return tuple_fraction;
}

/*
 * limit_needed - do we actually need a Limit plan node?
 *
 * If we have constant-zero OFFSET and constant-null LIMIT, we can skip adding
 * a Limit node.  This is worth checking for because "OFFSET 0" is a common
 * locution for an optimization fence.  (Because other places in the planner
 * merely check whether parse->limitOffset isn't NULL, it will still work as
 * an optimization fence --- we're just suppressing unnecessary run-time
 * overhead.)
 *
 * This might look like it could be merged into preprocess_limit, but there's
 * a key distinction: here we need hard constants in OFFSET/LIMIT, whereas
 * in preprocess_limit it's good enough to consider estimated values.
 */
bool
limit_needed(Query *parse)
{
	Node	   *node;

	node = parse->limitCount;
	if (node)
	{
		if (IsA(node, Const))
		{
			/* NULL indicates LIMIT ALL, ie, no limit */
			if (!((Const *) node)->constisnull)
				return true;	/* LIMIT with a constant value */
		}
		else
			return true;		/* non-constant LIMIT */
	}

	node = parse->limitOffset;
	if (node)
	{
		if (IsA(node, Const))
		{
			/* Treat NULL as no offset; the executor would too */
			if (!((Const *) node)->constisnull)
			{
				int64		offset = DatumGetInt64(((Const *) node)->constvalue);

				if (offset != 0)
					return true;	/* OFFSET with a nonzero value */
			}
		}
		else
			return true;		/* non-constant OFFSET */
	}

	return false;				/* don't need a Limit plan node */
}


/*
 * remove_useless_groupby_columns
 *		Remove any columns in the GROUP BY clause that are redundant due to
 *		being functionally dependent on other GROUP BY columns.
 *
 * Since some other DBMSes do not allow references to ungrouped columns, it's
 * not unusual to find all columns listed in GROUP BY even though listing the
 * primary-key columns would be sufficient.  Deleting such excess columns
 * avoids redundant sorting work, so it's worth doing.  When we do this, we
 * must mark the plan as dependent on the pkey constraint (compare the
 * parser's check_ungrouped_columns() and check_functional_grouping()).
 *
 * In principle, we could treat any NOT-NULL columns appearing in a UNIQUE
 * index as the determining columns.  But as with check_functional_grouping(),
 * there's currently no way to represent dependency on a NOT NULL constraint,
 * so we consider only the pkey for now.
 */
static void
remove_useless_groupby_columns(PlannerInfo *root)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	Bitmapset **groupbyattnos;
	Bitmapset **surplusvars;
	ListCell   *lc;
	int			relid;

	/* No chance to do anything if there are less than two GROUP BY items */
	if (list_length(parse->groupClause) < 2)
		return;

	/* Don't fiddle with the GROUP BY clause if the query has grouping sets */
	if (parse->groupingSets)
		return;

	/*
	 * Scan the GROUP BY clause to find GROUP BY items that are simple Vars.
	 * Fill groupbyattnos[k] with a bitmapset of the column attnos of RTE k
	 * that are GROUP BY items.
	 */
	groupbyattnos = (Bitmapset **) palloc0(sizeof(Bitmapset *) *
										   (list_length(parse->rtable) + 1));
	foreach(lc, parse->groupClause)
	{
		SortGroupClause *sgc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc);
		TargetEntry *tle = get_sortgroupclause_tle(sgc, parse->targetList);
		Var		   *var = (Var *) tle->expr;

		/*
		 * Ignore non-Vars and Vars from other query levels.
		 *
		 * XXX in principle, stable expressions containing Vars could also be
		 * removed, if all the Vars are functionally dependent on other GROUP
		 * BY items.  But it's not clear that such cases occur often enough to
		 * be worth troubling over.
		 */
		if (!IsA(var, Var) ||
			var->varlevelsup > 0)
			continue;

		/* OK, remember we have this Var */
		relid = var->varno;
		Assert(relid <= list_length(parse->rtable));
		groupbyattnos[relid] = bms_add_member(groupbyattnos[relid],
											  var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
	}

	/*
	 * Consider each relation and see if it is possible to remove some of its
	 * Vars from GROUP BY.  For simplicity and speed, we do the actual removal
	 * in a separate pass.  Here, we just fill surplusvars[k] with a bitmapset
	 * of the column attnos of RTE k that are removable GROUP BY items.
	 */
	surplusvars = NULL;			/* don't allocate array unless required */
	relid = 0;
	foreach(lc, parse->rtable)
	{
		RangeTblEntry *rte = lfirst_node(RangeTblEntry, lc);
		Bitmapset  *relattnos;
		Bitmapset  *pkattnos;
		Oid			constraintOid;

		relid++;

		/* Only plain relations could have primary-key constraints */
		if (rte->rtekind != RTE_RELATION)
			continue;

		/* Nothing to do unless this rel has multiple Vars in GROUP BY */
		relattnos = groupbyattnos[relid];
		if (bms_membership(relattnos) != BMS_MULTIPLE)
			continue;

		/*
		 * Can't remove any columns for this rel if there is no suitable
		 * (i.e., nondeferrable) primary key constraint.
		 */
		pkattnos = get_primary_key_attnos(rte->relid, false, &constraintOid);
		if (pkattnos == NULL)
			continue;

		/*
		 * If the primary key is a proper subset of relattnos then we have
		 * some items in the GROUP BY that can be removed.
		 */
		if (bms_subset_compare(pkattnos, relattnos) == BMS_SUBSET1)
		{
			/*
			 * To easily remember whether we've found anything to do, we don't
			 * allocate the surplusvars[] array until we find something.
			 */
			if (surplusvars == NULL)
				surplusvars = (Bitmapset **) palloc0(sizeof(Bitmapset *) *
													 (list_length(parse->rtable) + 1));

			/* Remember the attnos of the removable columns */
			surplusvars[relid] = bms_difference(relattnos, pkattnos);

			/* Also, mark the resulting plan as dependent on this constraint */
			parse->constraintDeps = lappend_oid(parse->constraintDeps,
												constraintOid);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If we found any surplus Vars, build a new GROUP BY clause without them.
	 * (Note: this may leave some TLEs with unreferenced ressortgroupref
	 * markings, but that's harmless.)
	 */
	if (surplusvars != NULL)
	{
		List	   *new_groupby = NIL;

		foreach(lc, parse->groupClause)
		{
			SortGroupClause *sgc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc);
			TargetEntry *tle = get_sortgroupclause_tle(sgc, parse->targetList);
			Var		   *var = (Var *) tle->expr;

			/*
			 * New list must include non-Vars, outer Vars, and anything not
			 * marked as surplus.
			 */
			if (!IsA(var, Var) ||
				var->varlevelsup > 0 ||
				!bms_is_member(var->varattno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber,
							   surplusvars[var->varno]))
				new_groupby = lappend(new_groupby, sgc);
		}

		parse->groupClause = new_groupby;
	}
}

/*
 * preprocess_groupclause - do preparatory work on GROUP BY clause
 *
 * The idea here is to adjust the ordering of the GROUP BY elements
 * (which in itself is semantically insignificant) to match ORDER BY,
 * thereby allowing a single sort operation to both implement the ORDER BY
 * requirement and set up for a Unique step that implements GROUP BY.
 *
 * In principle it might be interesting to consider other orderings of the
 * GROUP BY elements, which could match the sort ordering of other
 * possible plans (eg an indexscan) and thereby reduce cost.  We don't
 * bother with that, though.  Hashed grouping will frequently win anyway.
 *
 * Note: we need no comparable processing of the distinctClause because
 * the parser already enforced that that matches ORDER BY.
 *
 * For grouping sets, the order of items is instead forced to agree with that
 * of the grouping set (and items not in the grouping set are skipped). The
 * work of sorting the order of grouping set elements to match the ORDER BY if
 * possible is done elsewhere.
 */
static List *
preprocess_groupclause(PlannerInfo *root, List *force)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	List	   *new_groupclause = NIL;
	bool		partial_match;
	ListCell   *sl;
	ListCell   *gl;

	/* For grouping sets, we need to force the ordering */
	if (force)
	{
		foreach(sl, force)
		{
			Index		ref = lfirst_int(sl);
			SortGroupClause *cl = get_sortgroupref_clause(ref, parse->groupClause);

			new_groupclause = lappend(new_groupclause, cl);
		}

		return new_groupclause;
	}

	/* If no ORDER BY, nothing useful to do here */
	if (parse->sortClause == NIL)
		return parse->groupClause;

	/*
	 * Scan the ORDER BY clause and construct a list of matching GROUP BY
	 * items, but only as far as we can make a matching prefix.
	 *
	 * This code assumes that the sortClause contains no duplicate items.
	 */
	foreach(sl, parse->sortClause)
	{
		SortGroupClause *sc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, sl);

		foreach(gl, parse->groupClause)
		{
			SortGroupClause *gc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, gl);

			if (equal(gc, sc))
			{
				new_groupclause = lappend(new_groupclause, gc);
				break;
			}
		}
		if (gl == NULL)
			break;				/* no match, so stop scanning */
	}

	/* Did we match all of the ORDER BY list, or just some of it? */
	partial_match = (sl != NULL);

	/* If no match at all, no point in reordering GROUP BY */
	if (new_groupclause == NIL)
		return parse->groupClause;

	/*
	 * Add any remaining GROUP BY items to the new list, but only if we were
	 * able to make a complete match.  In other words, we only rearrange the
	 * GROUP BY list if the result is that one list is a prefix of the other
	 * --- otherwise there's no possibility of a common sort.  Also, give up
	 * if there are any non-sortable GROUP BY items, since then there's no
	 * hope anyway.
	 */
	foreach(gl, parse->groupClause)
	{
		SortGroupClause *gc = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, gl);

		if (list_member_ptr(new_groupclause, gc))
			continue;			/* it matched an ORDER BY item */
		if (partial_match)
			return parse->groupClause;	/* give up, no common sort possible */
		if (!OidIsValid(gc->sortop))
			return parse->groupClause;	/* give up, GROUP BY can't be sorted */
		new_groupclause = lappend(new_groupclause, gc);
	}

	/* Success --- install the rearranged GROUP BY list */
	Assert(list_length(parse->groupClause) == list_length(new_groupclause));
	return new_groupclause;
}

/*
 * Extract lists of grouping sets that can be implemented using a single
 * rollup-type aggregate pass each. Returns a list of lists of grouping sets.
 *
 * Input must be sorted with smallest sets first. Result has each sublist
 * sorted with smallest sets first.
 *
 * We want to produce the absolute minimum possible number of lists here to
 * avoid excess sorts. Fortunately, there is an algorithm for this; the problem
 * of finding the minimal partition of a partially-ordered set into chains
 * (which is what we need, taking the list of grouping sets as a poset ordered
 * by set inclusion) can be mapped to the problem of finding the maximum
 * cardinality matching on a bipartite graph, which is solvable in polynomial
 * time with a worst case of no worse than O(n^2.5) and usually much
 * better. Since our N is at most 4096, we don't need to consider fallbacks to
 * heuristic or approximate methods.  (Planning time for a 12-d cube is under
 * half a second on my modest system even with optimization off and assertions
 * on.)
 */
static List *
extract_rollup_sets(List *groupingSets)
{
	int			num_sets_raw = list_length(groupingSets);
	int			num_empty = 0;
	int			num_sets = 0;	/* distinct sets */
	int			num_chains = 0;
	List	   *result = NIL;
	List	  **results;
	List	  **orig_sets;
	Bitmapset **set_masks;
	int		   *chains;
	short	  **adjacency;
	short	   *adjacency_buf;
	BipartiteMatchState *state;
	int			i;
	int			j;
	int			j_size;
	ListCell   *lc1 = list_head(groupingSets);
	ListCell   *lc;

	/*
	 * Start by stripping out empty sets.  The algorithm doesn't require this,
	 * but the planner currently needs all empty sets to be returned in the
	 * first list, so we strip them here and add them back after.
	 */
	while (lc1 && lfirst(lc1) == NIL)
	{
		++num_empty;
		lc1 = lnext(lc1);
	}

	/* bail out now if it turns out that all we had were empty sets. */
	if (!lc1)
		return list_make1(groupingSets);

	/*----------
	 * We don't strictly need to remove duplicate sets here, but if we don't,
	 * they tend to become scattered through the result, which is a bit
	 * confusing (and irritating if we ever decide to optimize them out).
	 * So we remove them here and add them back after.
	 *
	 * For each non-duplicate set, we fill in the following:
	 *
	 * orig_sets[i] = list of the original set lists
	 * set_masks[i] = bitmapset for testing inclusion
	 * adjacency[i] = array [n, v1, v2, ... vn] of adjacency indices
	 *
	 * chains[i] will be the result group this set is assigned to.
	 *
	 * We index all of these from 1 rather than 0 because it is convenient
	 * to leave 0 free for the NIL node in the graph algorithm.
	 *----------
	 */
	orig_sets = palloc0((num_sets_raw + 1) * sizeof(List *));
	set_masks = palloc0((num_sets_raw + 1) * sizeof(Bitmapset *));
	adjacency = palloc0((num_sets_raw + 1) * sizeof(short *));
	adjacency_buf = palloc((num_sets_raw + 1) * sizeof(short));

	j_size = 0;
	j = 0;
	i = 1;

	for_each_cell(lc, lc1)
	{
		List	   *candidate = (List *) lfirst(lc);
		Bitmapset  *candidate_set = NULL;
		ListCell   *lc2;
		int			dup_of = 0;

		foreach(lc2, candidate)
		{
			candidate_set = bms_add_member(candidate_set, lfirst_int(lc2));
		}

		/* we can only be a dup if we're the same length as a previous set */
		if (j_size == list_length(candidate))
		{
			int			k;

			for (k = j; k < i; ++k)
			{
				if (bms_equal(set_masks[k], candidate_set))
				{
					dup_of = k;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		else if (j_size < list_length(candidate))
		{
			j_size = list_length(candidate);
			j = i;
		}

		if (dup_of > 0)
		{
			orig_sets[dup_of] = lappend(orig_sets[dup_of], candidate);
			bms_free(candidate_set);
		}
		else
		{
			int			k;
			int			n_adj = 0;

			orig_sets[i] = list_make1(candidate);
			set_masks[i] = candidate_set;

			/* fill in adjacency list; no need to compare equal-size sets */

			for (k = j - 1; k > 0; --k)
			{
				if (bms_is_subset(set_masks[k], candidate_set))
					adjacency_buf[++n_adj] = k;
			}

			if (n_adj > 0)
			{
				adjacency_buf[0] = n_adj;
				adjacency[i] = palloc((n_adj + 1) * sizeof(short));
				memcpy(adjacency[i], adjacency_buf, (n_adj + 1) * sizeof(short));
			}
			else
				adjacency[i] = NULL;

			++i;
		}
	}

	num_sets = i - 1;

	/*
	 * Apply the graph matching algorithm to do the work.
	 */
	state = BipartiteMatch(num_sets, num_sets, adjacency);

	/*
	 * Now, the state->pair* fields have the info we need to assign sets to
	 * chains. Two sets (u,v) belong to the same chain if pair_uv[u] = v or
	 * pair_vu[v] = u (both will be true, but we check both so that we can do
	 * it in one pass)
	 */
	chains = palloc0((num_sets + 1) * sizeof(int));

	for (i = 1; i <= num_sets; ++i)
	{
		int			u = state->pair_vu[i];
		int			v = state->pair_uv[i];

		if (u > 0 && u < i)
			chains[i] = chains[u];
		else if (v > 0 && v < i)
			chains[i] = chains[v];
		else
			chains[i] = ++num_chains;
	}

	/* build result lists. */
	results = palloc0((num_chains + 1) * sizeof(List *));

	for (i = 1; i <= num_sets; ++i)
	{
		int			c = chains[i];

		Assert(c > 0);

		results[c] = list_concat(results[c], orig_sets[i]);
	}

	/* push any empty sets back on the first list. */
	while (num_empty-- > 0)
		results[1] = lcons(NIL, results[1]);

	/* make result list */
	for (i = 1; i <= num_chains; ++i)
		result = lappend(result, results[i]);

	/*
	 * Free all the things.
	 *
	 * (This is over-fussy for small sets but for large sets we could have
	 * tied up a nontrivial amount of memory.)
	 */
	BipartiteMatchFree(state);
	pfree(results);
	pfree(chains);
	for (i = 1; i <= num_sets; ++i)
		if (adjacency[i])
			pfree(adjacency[i]);
	pfree(adjacency);
	pfree(adjacency_buf);
	pfree(orig_sets);
	for (i = 1; i <= num_sets; ++i)
		bms_free(set_masks[i]);
	pfree(set_masks);

	return result;
}

/*
 * Reorder the elements of a list of grouping sets such that they have correct
 * prefix relationships. Also inserts the GroupingSetData annotations.
 *
 * The input must be ordered with smallest sets first; the result is returned
 * with largest sets first.  Note that the result shares no list substructure
 * with the input, so it's safe for the caller to modify it later.
 *
 * If we're passed in a sortclause, we follow its order of columns to the
 * extent possible, to minimize the chance that we add unnecessary sorts.
 * (We're trying here to ensure that GROUPING SETS ((a,b,c),(c)) ORDER BY c,b,a
 * gets implemented in one pass.)
 */
static List *
reorder_grouping_sets(List *groupingsets, List *sortclause)
{
	ListCell   *lc;
	ListCell   *lc2;
	List	   *previous = NIL;
	List	   *result = NIL;

	foreach(lc, groupingsets)
	{
		List	   *candidate = (List *) lfirst(lc);
		List	   *new_elems = list_difference_int(candidate, previous);
		GroupingSetData *gs = makeNode(GroupingSetData);

		if (list_length(new_elems) > 0)
		{
			while (list_length(sortclause) > list_length(previous))
			{
				SortGroupClause *sc = list_nth(sortclause, list_length(previous));
				int			ref = sc->tleSortGroupRef;

				if (list_member_int(new_elems, ref))
				{
					previous = lappend_int(previous, ref);
					new_elems = list_delete_int(new_elems, ref);
				}
				else
				{
					/* diverged from the sortclause; give up on it */
					sortclause = NIL;
					break;
				}
			}

			foreach(lc2, new_elems)
			{
				previous = lappend_int(previous, lfirst_int(lc2));
			}
		}

		gs->set = list_copy(previous);
		result = lcons(gs, result);
		list_free(new_elems);
	}

	list_free(previous);

	return result;
}

/*
 * Compute query_pathkeys and other pathkeys during plan generation
 */
static void
standard_qp_callback(PlannerInfo *root, void *extra)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	standard_qp_extra *qp_extra = (standard_qp_extra *) extra;
	List	   *tlist = qp_extra->tlist;
	List	   *activeWindows = qp_extra->activeWindows;

	/*
	 * Calculate pathkeys that represent grouping/ordering requirements.  The
	 * sortClause is certainly sort-able, but GROUP BY and DISTINCT might not
	 * be, in which case we just leave their pathkeys empty.
	 */
	if (qp_extra->groupClause &&
		grouping_is_sortable(qp_extra->groupClause))
		root->group_pathkeys =
			make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses(root,
										  qp_extra->groupClause,
										  tlist);
	else
		root->group_pathkeys = NIL;

	/* We consider only the first (bottom) window in pathkeys logic */
	if (activeWindows != NIL)
	{
		WindowClause *wc = linitial_node(WindowClause, activeWindows);

		root->window_pathkeys = make_pathkeys_for_window(root,
														 wc,
														 tlist);
	}
	else
		root->window_pathkeys = NIL;

	if (parse->distinctClause &&
		grouping_is_sortable(parse->distinctClause))
		root->distinct_pathkeys =
			make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses(root,
										  parse->distinctClause,
										  tlist);
	else
		root->distinct_pathkeys = NIL;

	root->sort_pathkeys =
		make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses(root,
									  parse->sortClause,
									  tlist);

	/*
	 * Figure out whether we want a sorted result from query_planner.
	 *
	 * If we have a sortable GROUP BY clause, then we want a result sorted
	 * properly for grouping.  Otherwise, if we have window functions to
	 * evaluate, we try to sort for the first window.  Otherwise, if there's a
	 * sortable DISTINCT clause that's more rigorous than the ORDER BY clause,
	 * we try to produce output that's sufficiently well sorted for the
	 * DISTINCT.  Otherwise, if there is an ORDER BY clause, we want to sort
	 * by the ORDER BY clause.
	 *
	 * Note: if we have both ORDER BY and GROUP BY, and ORDER BY is a superset
	 * of GROUP BY, it would be tempting to request sort by ORDER BY --- but
	 * that might just leave us failing to exploit an available sort order at
	 * all.  Needs more thought.  The choice for DISTINCT versus ORDER BY is
	 * much easier, since we know that the parser ensured that one is a
	 * superset of the other.
	 */
	if (root->group_pathkeys)
		root->query_pathkeys = root->group_pathkeys;
	else if (root->window_pathkeys)
		root->query_pathkeys = root->window_pathkeys;
	else if (list_length(root->distinct_pathkeys) >
			 list_length(root->sort_pathkeys))
		root->query_pathkeys = root->distinct_pathkeys;
	else if (root->sort_pathkeys)
		root->query_pathkeys = root->sort_pathkeys;
	else
		root->query_pathkeys = NIL;
}

/*
 * Estimate number of groups produced by grouping clauses (1 if not grouping)
 *
 * path_rows: number of output rows from scan/join step
 * gd: grouping sets data including list of grouping sets and their clauses
 * target_list: target list containing group clause references
 *
 * If doing grouping sets, we also annotate the gsets data with the estimates
 * for each set and each individual rollup list, with a view to later
 * determining whether some combination of them could be hashed instead.
 */
static double
get_number_of_groups(PlannerInfo *root,
					 double path_rows,
					 grouping_sets_data *gd,
					 List *target_list)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	double		dNumGroups;

	if (parse->groupClause)
	{
		List	   *groupExprs;

		if (parse->groupingSets)
		{
			/* Add up the estimates for each grouping set */
			ListCell   *lc;
			ListCell   *lc2;

			Assert(gd);			/* keep Coverity happy */

			dNumGroups = 0;

			foreach(lc, gd->rollups)
			{
				RollupData *rollup = lfirst_node(RollupData, lc);
				ListCell   *lc;

				groupExprs = get_sortgrouplist_exprs(rollup->groupClause,
													 target_list);

				rollup->numGroups = 0.0;

				forboth(lc, rollup->gsets, lc2, rollup->gsets_data)
				{
					List	   *gset = (List *) lfirst(lc);
					GroupingSetData *gs = lfirst_node(GroupingSetData, lc2);
					double		numGroups = estimate_num_groups(root,
																groupExprs,
																path_rows,
																&gset);

					gs->numGroups = numGroups;
					rollup->numGroups += numGroups;
				}

				dNumGroups += rollup->numGroups;
			}

			if (gd->hash_sets_idx)
			{
				ListCell   *lc;

				gd->dNumHashGroups = 0;

				groupExprs = get_sortgrouplist_exprs(parse->groupClause,
													 target_list);

				forboth(lc, gd->hash_sets_idx, lc2, gd->unsortable_sets)
				{
					List	   *gset = (List *) lfirst(lc);
					GroupingSetData *gs = lfirst_node(GroupingSetData, lc2);
					double		numGroups = estimate_num_groups(root,
																groupExprs,
																path_rows,
																&gset);

					gs->numGroups = numGroups;
					gd->dNumHashGroups += numGroups;
				}

				dNumGroups += gd->dNumHashGroups;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			/* Plain GROUP BY */
			groupExprs = get_sortgrouplist_exprs(parse->groupClause,
												 target_list);

			dNumGroups = estimate_num_groups(root, groupExprs, path_rows,
											 NULL);
		}
	}
	else if (parse->groupingSets)
	{
		/* Empty grouping sets ... one result row for each one */
		dNumGroups = list_length(parse->groupingSets);
	}
	else if (parse->hasAggs || root->hasHavingQual)
	{
		/* Plain aggregation, one result row */
		dNumGroups = 1;
	}
	else
	{
		/* Not grouping */
		dNumGroups = 1;
	}

	return dNumGroups;
}

/*
 * estimate_hashagg_tablesize
 *	  estimate the number of bytes that a hash aggregate hashtable will
 *	  require based on the agg_costs, path width and dNumGroups.
 *
 * XXX this may be over-estimating the size now that hashagg knows to omit
 * unneeded columns from the hashtable. Also for mixed-mode grouping sets,
 * grouping columns not in the hashed set are counted here even though hashagg
 * won't store them. Is this a problem?
 */
static Size
estimate_hashagg_tablesize(Path *path, const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
						   double dNumGroups)
{
	Size		hashentrysize;

	/* Estimate per-hash-entry space at tuple width... */
	hashentrysize = MAXALIGN(path->pathtarget->width) +
		MAXALIGN(SizeofMinimalTupleHeader);

	/* plus space for pass-by-ref transition values... */
	hashentrysize += agg_costs->transitionSpace;
	/* plus the per-hash-entry overhead */
	hashentrysize += hash_agg_entry_size(agg_costs->numAggs);

	/*
	 * Note that this disregards the effect of fill-factor and growth policy
	 * of the hash-table. That's probably ok, given default the default
	 * fill-factor is relatively high. It'd be hard to meaningfully factor in
	 * "double-in-size" growth policies here.
	 */
	return hashentrysize * dNumGroups;
}

/*
 * create_grouping_paths
 *
 * Build a new upperrel containing Paths for grouping and/or aggregation.
 * Along the way, we also build an upperrel for Paths which are partially
 * grouped and/or aggregated.  A partially grouped and/or aggregated path
 * needs a FinalizeAggregate node to complete the aggregation.  Currently,
 * the only partially grouped paths we build are also partial paths; that
 * is, they need a Gather and then a FinalizeAggregate.
 *
 * input_rel: contains the source-data Paths
 * target: the pathtarget for the result Paths to compute
 * agg_costs: cost info about all aggregates in query (in AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE mode)
 * gd: grouping sets data including list of grouping sets and their clauses
 *
 * Note: all Paths in input_rel are expected to return the target computed
 * by make_group_input_target.
 */
static RelOptInfo *
create_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					  RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					  PathTarget *target,
					  bool target_parallel_safe,
					  const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
					  grouping_sets_data *gd)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	RelOptInfo *grouped_rel;
	RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel;

	/*
	 * Create grouping relation to hold fully aggregated grouping and/or
	 * aggregation paths.
	 */
	grouped_rel = make_grouping_rel(root, input_rel, target,
									target_parallel_safe, parse->havingQual);

	/*
	 * Create either paths for a degenerate grouping or paths for ordinary
	 * grouping, as appropriate.
	 */
	if (is_degenerate_grouping(root))
		create_degenerate_grouping_paths(root, input_rel, grouped_rel);
	else
	{
		int			flags = 0;
		GroupPathExtraData extra;

		/*
		 * Determine whether it's possible to perform sort-based
		 * implementations of grouping.  (Note that if groupClause is empty,
		 * grouping_is_sortable() is trivially true, and all the
		 * pathkeys_contained_in() tests will succeed too, so that we'll
		 * consider every surviving input path.)
		 *
		 * If we have grouping sets, we might be able to sort some but not all
		 * of them; in this case, we need can_sort to be true as long as we
		 * must consider any sorted-input plan.
		 */
		if ((gd && gd->rollups != NIL)
			|| grouping_is_sortable(parse->groupClause))
			flags |= GROUPING_CAN_USE_SORT;

		/*
		 * Determine whether we should consider hash-based implementations of
		 * grouping.
		 *
		 * Hashed aggregation only applies if we're grouping. If we have
		 * grouping sets, some groups might be hashable but others not; in
		 * this case we set can_hash true as long as there is nothing globally
		 * preventing us from hashing (and we should therefore consider plans
		 * with hashes).
		 *
		 * Executor doesn't support hashed aggregation with DISTINCT or ORDER
		 * BY aggregates.  (Doing so would imply storing *all* the input
		 * values in the hash table, and/or running many sorts in parallel,
		 * either of which seems like a certain loser.)  We similarly don't
		 * support ordered-set aggregates in hashed aggregation, but that case
		 * is also included in the numOrderedAggs count.
		 *
		 * Note: grouping_is_hashable() is much more expensive to check than
		 * the other gating conditions, so we want to do it last.
		 */
		if ((parse->groupClause != NIL &&
			 agg_costs->numOrderedAggs == 0 &&
			 (gd ? gd->any_hashable : grouping_is_hashable(parse->groupClause))))
			flags |= GROUPING_CAN_USE_HASH;

		/*
		 * Determine whether partial aggregation is possible.
		 */
		if (can_partial_agg(root, agg_costs))
			flags |= GROUPING_CAN_PARTIAL_AGG;

		extra.flags = flags;
		extra.target_parallel_safe = target_parallel_safe;
		extra.havingQual = parse->havingQual;
		extra.targetList = parse->targetList;
		extra.partial_costs_set = false;

		/*
		 * Determine whether partitionwise aggregation is in theory possible.
		 * It can be disabled by the user, and for now, we don't try to
		 * support grouping sets.  create_ordinary_grouping_paths() will check
		 * additional conditions, such as whether input_rel is partitioned.
		 */
		if (enable_partitionwise_aggregate && !parse->groupingSets)
			extra.patype = PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_FULL;
		else
			extra.patype = PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_NONE;

		create_ordinary_grouping_paths(root, input_rel, grouped_rel,
									   agg_costs, gd, &extra,
									   &partially_grouped_rel);
	}

	set_cheapest(grouped_rel);
	return grouped_rel;
}

/*
 * make_grouping_rel
 *
 * Create a new grouping rel and set basic properties.
 *
 * input_rel represents the underlying scan/join relation.
 * target is the output expected from the grouping relation.
 */
static RelOptInfo *
make_grouping_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *input_rel,
				  PathTarget *target, bool target_parallel_safe,
				  Node *havingQual)
{
	RelOptInfo *grouped_rel;

	if (IS_OTHER_REL(input_rel))
	{
		grouped_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_GROUP_AGG,
									  input_rel->relids);
		grouped_rel->reloptkind = RELOPT_OTHER_UPPER_REL;
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * By tradition, the relids set for the main grouping relation is
		 * NULL.  (This could be changed, but might require adjustments
		 * elsewhere.)
		 */
		grouped_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_GROUP_AGG, NULL);
	}

	/* Set target. */
	grouped_rel->reltarget = target;

	/*
	 * If the input relation is not parallel-safe, then the grouped relation
	 * can't be parallel-safe, either.  Otherwise, it's parallel-safe if the
	 * target list and HAVING quals are parallel-safe.
	 */
	if (input_rel->consider_parallel && target_parallel_safe &&
		is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) havingQual))
		grouped_rel->consider_parallel = true;

	/*
	 * If the input rel belongs to a single FDW, so does the grouped rel.
	 */
	grouped_rel->serverid = input_rel->serverid;
	grouped_rel->userid = input_rel->userid;
	grouped_rel->useridiscurrent = input_rel->useridiscurrent;
	grouped_rel->fdwroutine = input_rel->fdwroutine;

	return grouped_rel;
}

/*
 * is_degenerate_grouping
 *
 * A degenerate grouping is one in which the query has a HAVING qual and/or
 * grouping sets, but no aggregates and no GROUP BY (which implies that the
 * grouping sets are all empty).
 */
static bool
is_degenerate_grouping(PlannerInfo *root)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;

	return (root->hasHavingQual || parse->groupingSets) &&
		!parse->hasAggs && parse->groupClause == NIL;
}

/*
 * create_degenerate_grouping_paths
 *
 * When the grouping is degenerate (see is_degenerate_grouping), we are
 * supposed to emit either zero or one row for each grouping set depending on
 * whether HAVING succeeds.  Furthermore, there cannot be any variables in
 * either HAVING or the targetlist, so we actually do not need the FROM table
 * at all! We can just throw away the plan-so-far and generate a Result node.
 * This is a sufficiently unusual corner case that it's not worth contorting
 * the structure of this module to avoid having to generate the earlier paths
 * in the first place.
 */
static void
create_degenerate_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *input_rel,
								 RelOptInfo *grouped_rel)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	int			nrows;
	Path	   *path;

	nrows = list_length(parse->groupingSets);
	if (nrows > 1)
	{
		/*
		 * Doesn't seem worthwhile writing code to cons up a generate_series
		 * or a values scan to emit multiple rows. Instead just make N clones
		 * and append them.  (With a volatile HAVING clause, this means you
		 * might get between 0 and N output rows. Offhand I think that's
		 * desired.)
		 */
		List	   *paths = NIL;

		while (--nrows >= 0)
		{
			path = (Path *)
				create_result_path(root, grouped_rel,
								   grouped_rel->reltarget,
								   (List *) parse->havingQual);
			paths = lappend(paths, path);
		}
		path = (Path *)
			create_append_path(root,
							   grouped_rel,
							   paths,
							   NIL,
							   NULL,
							   0,
							   false,
							   NIL,
							   -1);
	}
	else
	{
		/* No grouping sets, or just one, so one output row */
		path = (Path *)
			create_result_path(root, grouped_rel,
							   grouped_rel->reltarget,
							   (List *) parse->havingQual);
	}

	add_path(grouped_rel, path);
}

/*
 * create_ordinary_grouping_paths
 *
 * Create grouping paths for the ordinary (that is, non-degenerate) case.
 *
 * We need to consider sorted and hashed aggregation in the same function,
 * because otherwise (1) it would be harder to throw an appropriate error
 * message if neither way works, and (2) we should not allow hashtable size
 * considerations to dissuade us from using hashing if sorting is not possible.
 *
 * *partially_grouped_rel_p will be set to the partially grouped rel which this
 * function creates, or to NULL if it doesn't create one.
 */
static void
create_ordinary_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *input_rel,
							   RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
							   const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
							   grouping_sets_data *gd,
							   GroupPathExtraData *extra,
							   RelOptInfo **partially_grouped_rel_p)
{
	Path	   *cheapest_path = input_rel->cheapest_total_path;
	RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel = NULL;
	double		dNumGroups;
	PartitionwiseAggregateType patype = PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_NONE;

	/*
	 * If this is the topmost grouping relation or if the parent relation is
	 * doing some form of partitionwise aggregation, then we may be able to do
	 * it at this level also.  However, if the input relation is not
	 * partitioned, partitionwise aggregate is impossible, and if it is dummy,
	 * partitionwise aggregate is pointless.
	 */
	if (extra->patype != PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_NONE &&
		input_rel->part_scheme && input_rel->part_rels &&
		!IS_DUMMY_REL(input_rel))
	{
		/*
		 * If this is the topmost relation or if the parent relation is doing
		 * full partitionwise aggregation, then we can do full partitionwise
		 * aggregation provided that the GROUP BY clause contains all of the
		 * partitioning columns at this level.  Otherwise, we can do at most
		 * partial partitionwise aggregation.  But if partial aggregation is
		 * not supported in general then we can't use it for partitionwise
		 * aggregation either.
		 */
		if (extra->patype == PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_FULL &&
			group_by_has_partkey(input_rel, extra->targetList,
								 root->parse->groupClause))
			patype = PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_FULL;
		else if ((extra->flags & GROUPING_CAN_PARTIAL_AGG) != 0)
			patype = PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_PARTIAL;
		else
			patype = PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_NONE;
	}

	/*
	 * Before generating paths for grouped_rel, we first generate any possible
	 * partially grouped paths; that way, later code can easily consider both
	 * parallel and non-parallel approaches to grouping.
	 */
	if ((extra->flags & GROUPING_CAN_PARTIAL_AGG) != 0)
	{
		bool		force_rel_creation;

		/*
		 * If we're doing partitionwise aggregation at this level, force
		 * creation of a partially_grouped_rel so we can add partitionwise
		 * paths to it.
		 */
		force_rel_creation = (patype == PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_PARTIAL);

		partially_grouped_rel =
			create_partial_grouping_paths(root,
										  grouped_rel,
										  input_rel,
										  gd,
										  extra,
										  force_rel_creation);
	}

	/* Set out parameter. */
	*partially_grouped_rel_p = partially_grouped_rel;

	/* Apply partitionwise aggregation technique, if possible. */
	if (patype != PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_NONE)
		create_partitionwise_grouping_paths(root, input_rel, grouped_rel,
											partially_grouped_rel, agg_costs,
											gd, patype, extra);

	/* If we are doing partial aggregation only, return. */
	if (extra->patype == PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_PARTIAL)
	{
		Assert(partially_grouped_rel);

		if (partially_grouped_rel->pathlist)
			set_cheapest(partially_grouped_rel);

		return;
	}

	/* Gather any partially grouped partial paths. */
	if (partially_grouped_rel && partially_grouped_rel->partial_pathlist)
	{
		gather_grouping_paths(root, partially_grouped_rel);
		set_cheapest(partially_grouped_rel);
	}

	/*
	 * Estimate number of groups.
	 */
	dNumGroups = get_number_of_groups(root,
									  cheapest_path->rows,
									  gd,
									  extra->targetList);

	/* Build final grouping paths */
	add_paths_to_grouping_rel(root, input_rel, grouped_rel,
							  partially_grouped_rel, agg_costs, gd,
							  dNumGroups, extra);

	/* Give a helpful error if we failed to find any implementation */
	if (grouped_rel->pathlist == NIL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("could not implement GROUP BY"),
				 errdetail("Some of the datatypes only support hashing, while others only support sorting.")));

	/*
	 * If there is an FDW that's responsible for all baserels of the query,
	 * let it consider adding ForeignPaths.
	 */
	if (grouped_rel->fdwroutine &&
		grouped_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths)
		grouped_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths(root, UPPERREL_GROUP_AGG,
													  input_rel, grouped_rel,
													  extra);

	/* Let extensions possibly add some more paths */
	if (create_upper_paths_hook)
		(*create_upper_paths_hook) (root, UPPERREL_GROUP_AGG,
									input_rel, grouped_rel,
									extra);
}

/*
 * For a given input path, consider the possible ways of doing grouping sets on
 * it, by combinations of hashing and sorting.  This can be called multiple
 * times, so it's important that it not scribble on input.  No result is
 * returned, but any generated paths are added to grouped_rel.
 */
static void
consider_groupingsets_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
							Path *path,
							bool is_sorted,
							bool can_hash,
							grouping_sets_data *gd,
							const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
							double dNumGroups)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;

	/*
	 * If we're not being offered sorted input, then only consider plans that
	 * can be done entirely by hashing.
	 *
	 * We can hash everything if it looks like it'll fit in work_mem. But if
	 * the input is actually sorted despite not being advertised as such, we
	 * prefer to make use of that in order to use less memory.
	 *
	 * If none of the grouping sets are sortable, then ignore the work_mem
	 * limit and generate a path anyway, since otherwise we'll just fail.
	 */
	if (!is_sorted)
	{
		List	   *new_rollups = NIL;
		RollupData *unhashed_rollup = NULL;
		List	   *sets_data;
		List	   *empty_sets_data = NIL;
		List	   *empty_sets = NIL;
		ListCell   *lc;
		ListCell   *l_start = list_head(gd->rollups);
		AggStrategy strat = AGG_HASHED;
		Size		hashsize;
		double		exclude_groups = 0.0;

		Assert(can_hash);

		/*
		 * If the input is coincidentally sorted usefully (which can happen
		 * even if is_sorted is false, since that only means that our caller
		 * has set up the sorting for us), then save some hashtable space by
		 * making use of that. But we need to watch out for degenerate cases:
		 *
		 * 1) If there are any empty grouping sets, then group_pathkeys might
		 * be NIL if all non-empty grouping sets are unsortable. In this case,
		 * there will be a rollup containing only empty groups, and the
		 * pathkeys_contained_in test is vacuously true; this is ok.
		 *
		 * XXX: the above relies on the fact that group_pathkeys is generated
		 * from the first rollup. If we add the ability to consider multiple
		 * sort orders for grouping input, this assumption might fail.
		 *
		 * 2) If there are no empty sets and only unsortable sets, then the
		 * rollups list will be empty (and thus l_start == NULL), and
		 * group_pathkeys will be NIL; we must ensure that the vacuously-true
		 * pathkeys_contain_in test doesn't cause us to crash.
		 */
		if (l_start != NULL &&
			pathkeys_contained_in(root->group_pathkeys, path->pathkeys))
		{
			unhashed_rollup = lfirst_node(RollupData, l_start);
			exclude_groups = unhashed_rollup->numGroups;
			l_start = lnext(l_start);
		}

		hashsize = estimate_hashagg_tablesize(path,
											  agg_costs,
											  dNumGroups - exclude_groups);

		/*
		 * gd->rollups is empty if we have only unsortable columns to work
		 * with.  Override work_mem in that case; otherwise, we'll rely on the
		 * sorted-input case to generate usable mixed paths.
		 */
		if (hashsize > work_mem * 1024L && gd->rollups)
			return;				/* nope, won't fit */

		/*
		 * We need to burst the existing rollups list into individual grouping
		 * sets and recompute a groupClause for each set.
		 */
		sets_data = list_copy(gd->unsortable_sets);

		for_each_cell(lc, l_start)
		{
			RollupData *rollup = lfirst_node(RollupData, lc);

			/*
			 * If we find an unhashable rollup that's not been skipped by the
			 * "actually sorted" check above, we can't cope; we'd need sorted
			 * input (with a different sort order) but we can't get that here.
			 * So bail out; we'll get a valid path from the is_sorted case
			 * instead.
			 *
			 * The mere presence of empty grouping sets doesn't make a rollup
			 * unhashable (see preprocess_grouping_sets), we handle those
			 * specially below.
			 */
			if (!rollup->hashable)
				return;
			else
				sets_data = list_concat(sets_data, list_copy(rollup->gsets_data));
		}
		foreach(lc, sets_data)
		{
			GroupingSetData *gs = lfirst_node(GroupingSetData, lc);
			List	   *gset = gs->set;
			RollupData *rollup;

			if (gset == NIL)
			{
				/* Empty grouping sets can't be hashed. */
				empty_sets_data = lappend(empty_sets_data, gs);
				empty_sets = lappend(empty_sets, NIL);
			}
			else
			{
				rollup = makeNode(RollupData);

				rollup->groupClause = preprocess_groupclause(root, gset);
				rollup->gsets_data = list_make1(gs);
				rollup->gsets = remap_to_groupclause_idx(rollup->groupClause,
														 rollup->gsets_data,
														 gd->tleref_to_colnum_map);
				rollup->numGroups = gs->numGroups;
				rollup->hashable = true;
				rollup->is_hashed = true;
				new_rollups = lappend(new_rollups, rollup);
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If we didn't find anything nonempty to hash, then bail.  We'll
		 * generate a path from the is_sorted case.
		 */
		if (new_rollups == NIL)
			return;

		/*
		 * If there were empty grouping sets they should have been in the
		 * first rollup.
		 */
		Assert(!unhashed_rollup || !empty_sets);

		if (unhashed_rollup)
		{
			new_rollups = lappend(new_rollups, unhashed_rollup);
			strat = AGG_MIXED;
		}
		else if (empty_sets)
		{
			RollupData *rollup = makeNode(RollupData);

			rollup->groupClause = NIL;
			rollup->gsets_data = empty_sets_data;
			rollup->gsets = empty_sets;
			rollup->numGroups = list_length(empty_sets);
			rollup->hashable = false;
			rollup->is_hashed = false;
			new_rollups = lappend(new_rollups, rollup);
			strat = AGG_MIXED;
		}

		add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
				 create_groupingsets_path(root,
										  grouped_rel,
										  path,
										  (List *) parse->havingQual,
										  strat,
										  new_rollups,
										  agg_costs,
										  dNumGroups));
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * If we have sorted input but nothing we can do with it, bail.
	 */
	if (list_length(gd->rollups) == 0)
		return;

	/*
	 * Given sorted input, we try and make two paths: one sorted and one mixed
	 * sort/hash. (We need to try both because hashagg might be disabled, or
	 * some columns might not be sortable.)
	 *
	 * can_hash is passed in as false if some obstacle elsewhere (such as
	 * ordered aggs) means that we shouldn't consider hashing at all.
	 */
	if (can_hash && gd->any_hashable)
	{
		List	   *rollups = NIL;
		List	   *hash_sets = list_copy(gd->unsortable_sets);
		double		availspace = (work_mem * 1024.0);
		ListCell   *lc;

		/*
		 * Account first for space needed for groups we can't sort at all.
		 */
		availspace -= (double) estimate_hashagg_tablesize(path,
														  agg_costs,
														  gd->dNumHashGroups);

		if (availspace > 0 && list_length(gd->rollups) > 1)
		{
			double		scale;
			int			num_rollups = list_length(gd->rollups);
			int			k_capacity;
			int		   *k_weights = palloc(num_rollups * sizeof(int));
			Bitmapset  *hash_items = NULL;
			int			i;

			/*
			 * We treat this as a knapsack problem: the knapsack capacity
			 * represents work_mem, the item weights are the estimated memory
			 * usage of the hashtables needed to implement a single rollup,
			 * and we really ought to use the cost saving as the item value;
			 * however, currently the costs assigned to sort nodes don't
			 * reflect the comparison costs well, and so we treat all items as
			 * of equal value (each rollup we hash instead saves us one sort).
			 *
			 * To use the discrete knapsack, we need to scale the values to a
			 * reasonably small bounded range.  We choose to allow a 5% error
			 * margin; we have no more than 4096 rollups in the worst possible
			 * case, which with a 5% error margin will require a bit over 42MB
			 * of workspace. (Anyone wanting to plan queries that complex had
			 * better have the memory for it.  In more reasonable cases, with
			 * no more than a couple of dozen rollups, the memory usage will
			 * be negligible.)
			 *
			 * k_capacity is naturally bounded, but we clamp the values for
			 * scale and weight (below) to avoid overflows or underflows (or
			 * uselessly trying to use a scale factor less than 1 byte).
			 */
			scale = Max(availspace / (20.0 * num_rollups), 1.0);
			k_capacity = (int) floor(availspace / scale);

			/*
			 * We leave the first rollup out of consideration since it's the
			 * one that matches the input sort order.  We assign indexes "i"
			 * to only those entries considered for hashing; the second loop,
			 * below, must use the same condition.
			 */
			i = 0;
			for_each_cell(lc, lnext(list_head(gd->rollups)))
			{
				RollupData *rollup = lfirst_node(RollupData, lc);

				if (rollup->hashable)
				{
					double		sz = estimate_hashagg_tablesize(path,
																agg_costs,
																rollup->numGroups);

					/*
					 * If sz is enormous, but work_mem (and hence scale) is
					 * small, avoid integer overflow here.
					 */
					k_weights[i] = (int) Min(floor(sz / scale),
											 k_capacity + 1.0);
					++i;
				}
			}

			/*
			 * Apply knapsack algorithm; compute the set of items which
			 * maximizes the value stored (in this case the number of sorts
			 * saved) while keeping the total size (approximately) within
			 * capacity.
			 */
			if (i > 0)
				hash_items = DiscreteKnapsack(k_capacity, i, k_weights, NULL);

			if (!bms_is_empty(hash_items))
			{
				rollups = list_make1(linitial(gd->rollups));

				i = 0;
				for_each_cell(lc, lnext(list_head(gd->rollups)))
				{
					RollupData *rollup = lfirst_node(RollupData, lc);

					if (rollup->hashable)
					{
						if (bms_is_member(i, hash_items))
							hash_sets = list_concat(hash_sets,
													list_copy(rollup->gsets_data));
						else
							rollups = lappend(rollups, rollup);
						++i;
					}
					else
						rollups = lappend(rollups, rollup);
				}
			}
		}

		if (!rollups && hash_sets)
			rollups = list_copy(gd->rollups);

		foreach(lc, hash_sets)
		{
			GroupingSetData *gs = lfirst_node(GroupingSetData, lc);
			RollupData *rollup = makeNode(RollupData);

			Assert(gs->set != NIL);

			rollup->groupClause = preprocess_groupclause(root, gs->set);
			rollup->gsets_data = list_make1(gs);
			rollup->gsets = remap_to_groupclause_idx(rollup->groupClause,
													 rollup->gsets_data,
													 gd->tleref_to_colnum_map);
			rollup->numGroups = gs->numGroups;
			rollup->hashable = true;
			rollup->is_hashed = true;
			rollups = lcons(rollup, rollups);
		}

		if (rollups)
		{
			add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
					 create_groupingsets_path(root,
											  grouped_rel,
											  path,
											  (List *) parse->havingQual,
											  AGG_MIXED,
											  rollups,
											  agg_costs,
											  dNumGroups));
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Now try the simple sorted case.
	 */
	if (!gd->unsortable_sets)
		add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
				 create_groupingsets_path(root,
										  grouped_rel,
										  path,
										  (List *) parse->havingQual,
										  AGG_SORTED,
										  gd->rollups,
										  agg_costs,
										  dNumGroups));
}

/*
 * create_window_paths
 *
 * Build a new upperrel containing Paths for window-function evaluation.
 *
 * input_rel: contains the source-data Paths
 * input_target: result of make_window_input_target
 * output_target: what the topmost WindowAggPath should return
 * tlist: query's target list (needed to look up pathkeys)
 * wflists: result of find_window_functions
 * activeWindows: result of select_active_windows
 *
 * Note: all Paths in input_rel are expected to return input_target.
 */
static RelOptInfo *
create_window_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					PathTarget *input_target,
					PathTarget *output_target,
					bool output_target_parallel_safe,
					List *tlist,
					WindowFuncLists *wflists,
					List *activeWindows)
{
	RelOptInfo *window_rel;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/* For now, do all work in the (WINDOW, NULL) upperrel */
	window_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_WINDOW, NULL);

	/*
	 * If the input relation is not parallel-safe, then the window relation
	 * can't be parallel-safe, either.  Otherwise, we need to examine the
	 * target list and active windows for non-parallel-safe constructs.
	 */
	if (input_rel->consider_parallel && output_target_parallel_safe &&
		is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) activeWindows))
		window_rel->consider_parallel = true;

	/*
	 * If the input rel belongs to a single FDW, so does the window rel.
	 */
	window_rel->serverid = input_rel->serverid;
	window_rel->userid = input_rel->userid;
	window_rel->useridiscurrent = input_rel->useridiscurrent;
	window_rel->fdwroutine = input_rel->fdwroutine;

	/*
	 * Consider computing window functions starting from the existing
	 * cheapest-total path (which will likely require a sort) as well as any
	 * existing paths that satisfy root->window_pathkeys (which won't).
	 */
	foreach(lc, input_rel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);

		if (path == input_rel->cheapest_total_path ||
			pathkeys_contained_in(root->window_pathkeys, path->pathkeys))
			create_one_window_path(root,
								   window_rel,
								   path,
								   input_target,
								   output_target,
								   tlist,
								   wflists,
								   activeWindows);
	}

	/*
	 * If there is an FDW that's responsible for all baserels of the query,
	 * let it consider adding ForeignPaths.
	 */
	if (window_rel->fdwroutine &&
		window_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths)
		window_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths(root, UPPERREL_WINDOW,
													 input_rel, window_rel,
													 NULL);

	/* Let extensions possibly add some more paths */
	if (create_upper_paths_hook)
		(*create_upper_paths_hook) (root, UPPERREL_WINDOW,
									input_rel, window_rel, NULL);

	/* Now choose the best path(s) */
	set_cheapest(window_rel);

	return window_rel;
}

/*
 * Stack window-function implementation steps atop the given Path, and
 * add the result to window_rel.
 *
 * window_rel: upperrel to contain result
 * path: input Path to use (must return input_target)
 * input_target: result of make_window_input_target
 * output_target: what the topmost WindowAggPath should return
 * tlist: query's target list (needed to look up pathkeys)
 * wflists: result of find_window_functions
 * activeWindows: result of select_active_windows
 */
static void
create_one_window_path(PlannerInfo *root,
					   RelOptInfo *window_rel,
					   Path *path,
					   PathTarget *input_target,
					   PathTarget *output_target,
					   List *tlist,
					   WindowFuncLists *wflists,
					   List *activeWindows)
{
	PathTarget *window_target;
	ListCell   *l;

	/*
	 * Since each window clause could require a different sort order, we stack
	 * up a WindowAgg node for each clause, with sort steps between them as
	 * needed.  (We assume that select_active_windows chose a good order for
	 * executing the clauses in.)
	 *
	 * input_target should contain all Vars and Aggs needed for the result.
	 * (In some cases we wouldn't need to propagate all of these all the way
	 * to the top, since they might only be needed as inputs to WindowFuncs.
	 * It's probably not worth trying to optimize that though.)  It must also
	 * contain all window partitioning and sorting expressions, to ensure
	 * they're computed only once at the bottom of the stack (that's critical
	 * for volatile functions).  As we climb up the stack, we'll add outputs
	 * for the WindowFuncs computed at each level.
	 */
	window_target = input_target;

	foreach(l, activeWindows)
	{
		WindowClause *wc = lfirst_node(WindowClause, l);
		List	   *window_pathkeys;

		window_pathkeys = make_pathkeys_for_window(root,
												   wc,
												   tlist);

		/* Sort if necessary */
		if (!pathkeys_contained_in(window_pathkeys, path->pathkeys))
		{
			path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root, window_rel,
											 path,
											 window_pathkeys,
											 -1.0);
		}

		if (lnext(l))
		{
			/*
			 * Add the current WindowFuncs to the output target for this
			 * intermediate WindowAggPath.  We must copy window_target to
			 * avoid changing the previous path's target.
			 *
			 * Note: a WindowFunc adds nothing to the target's eval costs; but
			 * we do need to account for the increase in tlist width.
			 */
			ListCell   *lc2;

			window_target = copy_pathtarget(window_target);
			foreach(lc2, wflists->windowFuncs[wc->winref])
			{
				WindowFunc *wfunc = lfirst_node(WindowFunc, lc2);

				add_column_to_pathtarget(window_target, (Expr *) wfunc, 0);
				window_target->width += get_typavgwidth(wfunc->wintype, -1);
			}
		}
		else
		{
			/* Install the goal target in the topmost WindowAgg */
			window_target = output_target;
		}

		path = (Path *)
			create_windowagg_path(root, window_rel, path, window_target,
								  wflists->windowFuncs[wc->winref],
								  wc);
	}

	add_path(window_rel, path);
}

/*
 * create_distinct_paths
 *
 * Build a new upperrel containing Paths for SELECT DISTINCT evaluation.
 *
 * input_rel: contains the source-data Paths
 *
 * Note: input paths should already compute the desired pathtarget, since
 * Sort/Unique won't project anything.
 */
static RelOptInfo *
create_distinct_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					  RelOptInfo *input_rel)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	Path	   *cheapest_input_path = input_rel->cheapest_total_path;
	RelOptInfo *distinct_rel;
	double		numDistinctRows;
	bool		allow_hash;
	Path	   *path;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/* For now, do all work in the (DISTINCT, NULL) upperrel */
	distinct_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_DISTINCT, NULL);

	/*
	 * We don't compute anything at this level, so distinct_rel will be
	 * parallel-safe if the input rel is parallel-safe.  In particular, if
	 * there is a DISTINCT ON (...) clause, any path for the input_rel will
	 * output those expressions, and will not be parallel-safe unless those
	 * expressions are parallel-safe.
	 */
	distinct_rel->consider_parallel = input_rel->consider_parallel;

	/*
	 * If the input rel belongs to a single FDW, so does the distinct_rel.
	 */
	distinct_rel->serverid = input_rel->serverid;
	distinct_rel->userid = input_rel->userid;
	distinct_rel->useridiscurrent = input_rel->useridiscurrent;
	distinct_rel->fdwroutine = input_rel->fdwroutine;

	/* Estimate number of distinct rows there will be */
	if (parse->groupClause || parse->groupingSets || parse->hasAggs ||
		root->hasHavingQual)
	{
		/*
		 * If there was grouping or aggregation, use the number of input rows
		 * as the estimated number of DISTINCT rows (ie, assume the input is
		 * already mostly unique).
		 */
		numDistinctRows = cheapest_input_path->rows;
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * Otherwise, the UNIQUE filter has effects comparable to GROUP BY.
		 */
		List	   *distinctExprs;

		distinctExprs = get_sortgrouplist_exprs(parse->distinctClause,
												parse->targetList);
		numDistinctRows = estimate_num_groups(root, distinctExprs,
											  cheapest_input_path->rows,
											  NULL);
	}

	/*
	 * Consider sort-based implementations of DISTINCT, if possible.
	 */
	if (grouping_is_sortable(parse->distinctClause))
	{
		/*
		 * First, if we have any adequately-presorted paths, just stick a
		 * Unique node on those.  Then consider doing an explicit sort of the
		 * cheapest input path and Unique'ing that.
		 *
		 * When we have DISTINCT ON, we must sort by the more rigorous of
		 * DISTINCT and ORDER BY, else it won't have the desired behavior.
		 * Also, if we do have to do an explicit sort, we might as well use
		 * the more rigorous ordering to avoid a second sort later.  (Note
		 * that the parser will have ensured that one clause is a prefix of
		 * the other.)
		 */
		List	   *needed_pathkeys;

		if (parse->hasDistinctOn &&
			list_length(root->distinct_pathkeys) <
			list_length(root->sort_pathkeys))
			needed_pathkeys = root->sort_pathkeys;
		else
			needed_pathkeys = root->distinct_pathkeys;

		foreach(lc, input_rel->pathlist)
		{
			Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);

			if (pathkeys_contained_in(needed_pathkeys, path->pathkeys))
			{
				add_path(distinct_rel, (Path *)
						 create_upper_unique_path(root, distinct_rel,
												  path,
												  list_length(root->distinct_pathkeys),
												  numDistinctRows));
			}
		}

		/* For explicit-sort case, always use the more rigorous clause */
		if (list_length(root->distinct_pathkeys) <
			list_length(root->sort_pathkeys))
		{
			needed_pathkeys = root->sort_pathkeys;
			/* Assert checks that parser didn't mess up... */
			Assert(pathkeys_contained_in(root->distinct_pathkeys,
										 needed_pathkeys));
		}
		else
			needed_pathkeys = root->distinct_pathkeys;

		path = cheapest_input_path;
		if (!pathkeys_contained_in(needed_pathkeys, path->pathkeys))
			path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root, distinct_rel,
											 path,
											 needed_pathkeys,
											 -1.0);

		add_path(distinct_rel, (Path *)
				 create_upper_unique_path(root, distinct_rel,
										  path,
										  list_length(root->distinct_pathkeys),
										  numDistinctRows));
	}

	/*
	 * Consider hash-based implementations of DISTINCT, if possible.
	 *
	 * If we were not able to make any other types of path, we *must* hash or
	 * die trying.  If we do have other choices, there are several things that
	 * should prevent selection of hashing: if the query uses DISTINCT ON
	 * (because it won't really have the expected behavior if we hash), or if
	 * enable_hashagg is off, or if it looks like the hashtable will exceed
	 * work_mem.
	 *
	 * Note: grouping_is_hashable() is much more expensive to check than the
	 * other gating conditions, so we want to do it last.
	 */
	if (distinct_rel->pathlist == NIL)
		allow_hash = true;		/* we have no alternatives */
	else if (parse->hasDistinctOn || !enable_hashagg)
		allow_hash = false;		/* policy-based decision not to hash */
	else
	{
		Size		hashentrysize;

		/* Estimate per-hash-entry space at tuple width... */
		hashentrysize = MAXALIGN(cheapest_input_path->pathtarget->width) +
			MAXALIGN(SizeofMinimalTupleHeader);
		/* plus the per-hash-entry overhead */
		hashentrysize += hash_agg_entry_size(0);

		/* Allow hashing only if hashtable is predicted to fit in work_mem */
		allow_hash = (hashentrysize * numDistinctRows <= work_mem * 1024L);
	}

	if (allow_hash && grouping_is_hashable(parse->distinctClause))
	{
		/* Generate hashed aggregate path --- no sort needed */
		add_path(distinct_rel, (Path *)
				 create_agg_path(root,
								 distinct_rel,
								 cheapest_input_path,
								 cheapest_input_path->pathtarget,
								 AGG_HASHED,
								 AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE,
								 parse->distinctClause,
								 NIL,
								 NULL,
								 numDistinctRows));
	}

	/* Give a helpful error if we failed to find any implementation */
	if (distinct_rel->pathlist == NIL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("could not implement DISTINCT"),
				 errdetail("Some of the datatypes only support hashing, while others only support sorting.")));

	/*
	 * If there is an FDW that's responsible for all baserels of the query,
	 * let it consider adding ForeignPaths.
	 */
	if (distinct_rel->fdwroutine &&
		distinct_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths)
		distinct_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths(root, UPPERREL_DISTINCT,
													   input_rel, distinct_rel,
													   NULL);

	/* Let extensions possibly add some more paths */
	if (create_upper_paths_hook)
		(*create_upper_paths_hook) (root, UPPERREL_DISTINCT,
									input_rel, distinct_rel, NULL);

	/* Now choose the best path(s) */
	set_cheapest(distinct_rel);

	return distinct_rel;
}

/*
 * create_ordered_paths
 *
 * Build a new upperrel containing Paths for ORDER BY evaluation.
 *
 * All paths in the result must satisfy the ORDER BY ordering.
 * The only new path we need consider is an explicit sort on the
 * cheapest-total existing path.
 *
 * input_rel: contains the source-data Paths
 * target: the output tlist the result Paths must emit
 * limit_tuples: estimated bound on the number of output tuples,
 *		or -1 if no LIMIT or couldn't estimate
 */
static RelOptInfo *
create_ordered_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
					 RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					 PathTarget *target,
					 bool target_parallel_safe,
					 double limit_tuples)
{
	Path	   *cheapest_input_path = input_rel->cheapest_total_path;
	RelOptInfo *ordered_rel;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/* For now, do all work in the (ORDERED, NULL) upperrel */
	ordered_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_ORDERED, NULL);

	/*
	 * If the input relation is not parallel-safe, then the ordered relation
	 * can't be parallel-safe, either.  Otherwise, it's parallel-safe if the
	 * target list is parallel-safe.
	 */
	if (input_rel->consider_parallel && target_parallel_safe)
		ordered_rel->consider_parallel = true;

	/*
	 * If the input rel belongs to a single FDW, so does the ordered_rel.
	 */
	ordered_rel->serverid = input_rel->serverid;
	ordered_rel->userid = input_rel->userid;
	ordered_rel->useridiscurrent = input_rel->useridiscurrent;
	ordered_rel->fdwroutine = input_rel->fdwroutine;

	foreach(lc, input_rel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
		bool		is_sorted;

		is_sorted = pathkeys_contained_in(root->sort_pathkeys,
										  path->pathkeys);
		if (path == cheapest_input_path || is_sorted)
		{
			if (!is_sorted)
			{
				/* An explicit sort here can take advantage of LIMIT */
				path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root,
												 ordered_rel,
												 path,
												 root->sort_pathkeys,
												 limit_tuples);
			}

			/* Add projection step if needed */
			if (path->pathtarget != target)
				path = apply_projection_to_path(root, ordered_rel,
												path, target);

			add_path(ordered_rel, path);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * generate_gather_paths() will have already generated a simple Gather
	 * path for the best parallel path, if any, and the loop above will have
	 * considered sorting it.  Similarly, generate_gather_paths() will also
	 * have generated order-preserving Gather Merge plans which can be used
	 * without sorting if they happen to match the sort_pathkeys, and the loop
	 * above will have handled those as well.  However, there's one more
	 * possibility: it may make sense to sort the cheapest partial path
	 * according to the required output order and then use Gather Merge.
	 */
	if (ordered_rel->consider_parallel && root->sort_pathkeys != NIL &&
		input_rel->partial_pathlist != NIL)
	{
		Path	   *cheapest_partial_path;

		cheapest_partial_path = linitial(input_rel->partial_pathlist);

		/*
		 * If cheapest partial path doesn't need a sort, this is redundant
		 * with what's already been tried.
		 */
		if (!pathkeys_contained_in(root->sort_pathkeys,
								   cheapest_partial_path->pathkeys))
		{
			Path	   *path;
			double		total_groups;

			path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root,
											 ordered_rel,
											 cheapest_partial_path,
											 root->sort_pathkeys,
											 limit_tuples);

			total_groups = cheapest_partial_path->rows *
				cheapest_partial_path->parallel_workers;
			path = (Path *)
				create_gather_merge_path(root, ordered_rel,
										 path,
										 path->pathtarget,
										 root->sort_pathkeys, NULL,
										 &total_groups);

			/* Add projection step if needed */
			if (path->pathtarget != target)
				path = apply_projection_to_path(root, ordered_rel,
												path, target);

			add_path(ordered_rel, path);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If there is an FDW that's responsible for all baserels of the query,
	 * let it consider adding ForeignPaths.
	 */
	if (ordered_rel->fdwroutine &&
		ordered_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths)
		ordered_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths(root, UPPERREL_ORDERED,
													  input_rel, ordered_rel,
													  NULL);

	/* Let extensions possibly add some more paths */
	if (create_upper_paths_hook)
		(*create_upper_paths_hook) (root, UPPERREL_ORDERED,
									input_rel, ordered_rel, NULL);

	/*
	 * No need to bother with set_cheapest here; grouping_planner does not
	 * need us to do it.
	 */
	Assert(ordered_rel->pathlist != NIL);

	return ordered_rel;
}


/*
 * make_group_input_target
 *	  Generate appropriate PathTarget for initial input to grouping nodes.
 *
 * If there is grouping or aggregation, the scan/join subplan cannot emit
 * the query's final targetlist; for example, it certainly can't emit any
 * aggregate function calls.  This routine generates the correct target
 * for the scan/join subplan.
 *
 * The query target list passed from the parser already contains entries
 * for all ORDER BY and GROUP BY expressions, but it will not have entries
 * for variables used only in HAVING clauses; so we need to add those
 * variables to the subplan target list.  Also, we flatten all expressions
 * except GROUP BY items into their component variables; other expressions
 * will be computed by the upper plan nodes rather than by the subplan.
 * For example, given a query like
 *		SELECT a+b,SUM(c+d) FROM table GROUP BY a+b;
 * we want to pass this targetlist to the subplan:
 *		a+b,c,d
 * where the a+b target will be used by the Sort/Group steps, and the
 * other targets will be used for computing the final results.
 *
 * 'final_target' is the query's final target list (in PathTarget form)
 *
 * The result is the PathTarget to be computed by the Paths returned from
 * query_planner().
 */
static PathTarget *
make_group_input_target(PlannerInfo *root, PathTarget *final_target)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	PathTarget *input_target;
	List	   *non_group_cols;
	List	   *non_group_vars;
	int			i;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/*
	 * We must build a target containing all grouping columns, plus any other
	 * Vars mentioned in the query's targetlist and HAVING qual.
	 */
	input_target = create_empty_pathtarget();
	non_group_cols = NIL;

	i = 0;
	foreach(lc, final_target->exprs)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);
		Index		sgref = get_pathtarget_sortgroupref(final_target, i);

		if (sgref && parse->groupClause &&
			get_sortgroupref_clause_noerr(sgref, parse->groupClause) != NULL)
		{
			/*
			 * It's a grouping column, so add it to the input target as-is.
			 */
			add_column_to_pathtarget(input_target, expr, sgref);
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Non-grouping column, so just remember the expression for later
			 * call to pull_var_clause.
			 */
			non_group_cols = lappend(non_group_cols, expr);
		}

		i++;
	}

	/*
	 * If there's a HAVING clause, we'll need the Vars it uses, too.
	 */
	if (parse->havingQual)
		non_group_cols = lappend(non_group_cols, parse->havingQual);

	/*
	 * Pull out all the Vars mentioned in non-group cols (plus HAVING), and
	 * add them to the input target if not already present.  (A Var used
	 * directly as a GROUP BY item will be present already.)  Note this
	 * includes Vars used in resjunk items, so we are covering the needs of
	 * ORDER BY and window specifications.  Vars used within Aggrefs and
	 * WindowFuncs will be pulled out here, too.
	 */
	non_group_vars = pull_var_clause((Node *) non_group_cols,
									 PVC_RECURSE_AGGREGATES |
									 PVC_RECURSE_WINDOWFUNCS |
									 PVC_INCLUDE_PLACEHOLDERS);
	add_new_columns_to_pathtarget(input_target, non_group_vars);

	/* clean up cruft */
	list_free(non_group_vars);
	list_free(non_group_cols);

	/* XXX this causes some redundant cost calculation ... */
	return set_pathtarget_cost_width(root, input_target);
}

/*
 * make_partial_grouping_target
 *	  Generate appropriate PathTarget for output of partial aggregate
 *	  (or partial grouping, if there are no aggregates) nodes.
 *
 * A partial aggregation node needs to emit all the same aggregates that
 * a regular aggregation node would, plus any aggregates used in HAVING;
 * except that the Aggref nodes should be marked as partial aggregates.
 *
 * In addition, we'd better emit any Vars and PlaceholderVars that are
 * used outside of Aggrefs in the aggregation tlist and HAVING.  (Presumably,
 * these would be Vars that are grouped by or used in grouping expressions.)
 *
 * grouping_target is the tlist to be emitted by the topmost aggregation step.
 * havingQual represents the HAVING clause.
 */
static PathTarget *
make_partial_grouping_target(PlannerInfo *root,
							 PathTarget *grouping_target,
							 Node *havingQual)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	PathTarget *partial_target;
	List	   *non_group_cols;
	List	   *non_group_exprs;
	int			i;
	ListCell   *lc;

	partial_target = create_empty_pathtarget();
	non_group_cols = NIL;

	i = 0;
	foreach(lc, grouping_target->exprs)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);
		Index		sgref = get_pathtarget_sortgroupref(grouping_target, i);

		if (sgref && parse->groupClause &&
			get_sortgroupref_clause_noerr(sgref, parse->groupClause) != NULL)
		{
			/*
			 * It's a grouping column, so add it to the partial_target as-is.
			 * (This allows the upper agg step to repeat the grouping calcs.)
			 */
			add_column_to_pathtarget(partial_target, expr, sgref);
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Non-grouping column, so just remember the expression for later
			 * call to pull_var_clause.
			 */
			non_group_cols = lappend(non_group_cols, expr);
		}

		i++;
	}

	/*
	 * If there's a HAVING clause, we'll need the Vars/Aggrefs it uses, too.
	 */
	if (havingQual)
		non_group_cols = lappend(non_group_cols, havingQual);

	/*
	 * Pull out all the Vars, PlaceHolderVars, and Aggrefs mentioned in
	 * non-group cols (plus HAVING), and add them to the partial_target if not
	 * already present.  (An expression used directly as a GROUP BY item will
	 * be present already.)  Note this includes Vars used in resjunk items, so
	 * we are covering the needs of ORDER BY and window specifications.
	 */
	non_group_exprs = pull_var_clause((Node *) non_group_cols,
									  PVC_INCLUDE_AGGREGATES |
									  PVC_RECURSE_WINDOWFUNCS |
									  PVC_INCLUDE_PLACEHOLDERS);

	add_new_columns_to_pathtarget(partial_target, non_group_exprs);

	/*
	 * Adjust Aggrefs to put them in partial mode.  At this point all Aggrefs
	 * are at the top level of the target list, so we can just scan the list
	 * rather than recursing through the expression trees.
	 */
	foreach(lc, partial_target->exprs)
	{
		Aggref	   *aggref = (Aggref *) lfirst(lc);

		if (IsA(aggref, Aggref))
		{
			Aggref	   *newaggref;

			/*
			 * We shouldn't need to copy the substructure of the Aggref node,
			 * but flat-copy the node itself to avoid damaging other trees.
			 */
			newaggref = makeNode(Aggref);
			memcpy(newaggref, aggref, sizeof(Aggref));

			/* For now, assume serialization is required */
			mark_partial_aggref(newaggref, AGGSPLIT_INITIAL_SERIAL);

			lfirst(lc) = newaggref;
		}
	}

	/* clean up cruft */
	list_free(non_group_exprs);
	list_free(non_group_cols);

	/* XXX this causes some redundant cost calculation ... */
	return set_pathtarget_cost_width(root, partial_target);
}

/*
 * mark_partial_aggref
 *	  Adjust an Aggref to make it represent a partial-aggregation step.
 *
 * The Aggref node is modified in-place; caller must do any copying required.
 */
void
mark_partial_aggref(Aggref *agg, AggSplit aggsplit)
{
	/* aggtranstype should be computed by this point */
	Assert(OidIsValid(agg->aggtranstype));
	/* ... but aggsplit should still be as the parser left it */
	Assert(agg->aggsplit == AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE);

	/* Mark the Aggref with the intended partial-aggregation mode */
	agg->aggsplit = aggsplit;

	/*
	 * Adjust result type if needed.  Normally, a partial aggregate returns
	 * the aggregate's transition type; but if that's INTERNAL and we're
	 * serializing, it returns BYTEA instead.
	 */
	if (DO_AGGSPLIT_SKIPFINAL(aggsplit))
	{
		if (agg->aggtranstype == INTERNALOID && DO_AGGSPLIT_SERIALIZE(aggsplit))
			agg->aggtype = BYTEAOID;
		else
			agg->aggtype = agg->aggtranstype;
	}
}

/*
 * postprocess_setop_tlist
 *	  Fix up targetlist returned by plan_set_operations().
 *
 * We need to transpose sort key info from the orig_tlist into new_tlist.
 * NOTE: this would not be good enough if we supported resjunk sort keys
 * for results of set operations --- then, we'd need to project a whole
 * new tlist to evaluate the resjunk columns.  For now, just ereport if we
 * find any resjunk columns in orig_tlist.
 */
static List *
postprocess_setop_tlist(List *new_tlist, List *orig_tlist)
{
	ListCell   *l;
	ListCell   *orig_tlist_item = list_head(orig_tlist);

	foreach(l, new_tlist)
	{
		TargetEntry *new_tle = lfirst_node(TargetEntry, l);
		TargetEntry *orig_tle;

		/* ignore resjunk columns in setop result */
		if (new_tle->resjunk)
			continue;

		Assert(orig_tlist_item != NULL);
		orig_tle = lfirst_node(TargetEntry, orig_tlist_item);
		orig_tlist_item = lnext(orig_tlist_item);
		if (orig_tle->resjunk)	/* should not happen */
			elog(ERROR, "resjunk output columns are not implemented");
		Assert(new_tle->resno == orig_tle->resno);
		new_tle->ressortgroupref = orig_tle->ressortgroupref;
	}
	if (orig_tlist_item != NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "resjunk output columns are not implemented");
	return new_tlist;
}

/*
 * select_active_windows
 *		Create a list of the "active" window clauses (ie, those referenced
 *		by non-deleted WindowFuncs) in the order they are to be executed.
 */
static List *
select_active_windows(PlannerInfo *root, WindowFuncLists *wflists)
{
	List	   *windowClause = root->parse->windowClause;
	List	   *result = NIL;
	ListCell   *lc;
	int			nActive = 0;
	WindowClauseSortData *actives = palloc(sizeof(WindowClauseSortData)
										   * list_length(windowClause));

	/* First, construct an array of the active windows */
	foreach(lc, windowClause)
	{
		WindowClause *wc = lfirst_node(WindowClause, lc);

		/* It's only active if wflists shows some related WindowFuncs */
		Assert(wc->winref <= wflists->maxWinRef);
		if (wflists->windowFuncs[wc->winref] == NIL)
			continue;

		actives[nActive].wc = wc;	/* original clause */

		/*
		 * For sorting, we want the list of partition keys followed by the
		 * list of sort keys. But pathkeys construction will remove duplicates
		 * between the two, so we can as well (even though we can't detect all
		 * of the duplicates, since some may come from ECs - that might mean
		 * we miss optimization chances here). We must, however, ensure that
		 * the order of entries is preserved with respect to the ones we do
		 * keep.
		 *
		 * partitionClause and orderClause had their own duplicates removed in
		 * parse analysis, so we're only concerned here with removing
		 * orderClause entries that also appear in partitionClause.
		 */
		actives[nActive].uniqueOrder =
			list_concat_unique(list_copy(wc->partitionClause),
							   wc->orderClause);
		nActive++;
	}

	/*
	 * Sort active windows by their partitioning/ordering clauses, ignoring
	 * any framing clauses, so that the windows that need the same sorting are
	 * adjacent in the list. When we come to generate paths, this will avoid
	 * inserting additional Sort nodes.
	 *
	 * This is how we implement a specific requirement from the SQL standard,
	 * which says that when two or more windows are order-equivalent (i.e.
	 * have matching partition and order clauses, even if their names or
	 * framing clauses differ), then all peer rows must be presented in the
	 * same order in all of them. If we allowed multiple sort nodes for such
	 * cases, we'd risk having the peer rows end up in different orders in
	 * equivalent windows due to sort instability. (See General Rule 4 of
	 * <window clause> in SQL2008 - SQL2016.)
	 *
	 * Additionally, if the entire list of clauses of one window is a prefix
	 * of another, put first the window with stronger sorting requirements.
	 * This way we will first sort for stronger window, and won't have to sort
	 * again for the weaker one.
	 */
	qsort(actives, nActive, sizeof(WindowClauseSortData), common_prefix_cmp);

	/* build ordered list of the original WindowClause nodes */
	for (int i = 0; i < nActive; i++)
		result = lappend(result, actives[i].wc);

	pfree(actives);

	return result;
}

/*
 * common_prefix_cmp
 *	  QSort comparison function for WindowClauseSortData
 *
 * Sort the windows by the required sorting clauses. First, compare the sort
 * clauses themselves. Second, if one window's clauses are a prefix of another
 * one's clauses, put the window with more sort clauses first.
 */
static int
common_prefix_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	const WindowClauseSortData *wcsa = a;
	const WindowClauseSortData *wcsb = b;
	ListCell   *item_a;
	ListCell   *item_b;

	forboth(item_a, wcsa->uniqueOrder, item_b, wcsb->uniqueOrder)
	{
		SortGroupClause *sca = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, item_a);
		SortGroupClause *scb = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, item_b);

		if (sca->tleSortGroupRef > scb->tleSortGroupRef)
			return -1;
		else if (sca->tleSortGroupRef < scb->tleSortGroupRef)
			return 1;
		else if (sca->sortop > scb->sortop)
			return -1;
		else if (sca->sortop < scb->sortop)
			return 1;
		else if (sca->nulls_first && !scb->nulls_first)
			return -1;
		else if (!sca->nulls_first && scb->nulls_first)
			return 1;
		/* no need to compare eqop, since it is fully determined by sortop */
	}

	if (list_length(wcsa->uniqueOrder) > list_length(wcsb->uniqueOrder))
		return -1;
	else if (list_length(wcsa->uniqueOrder) < list_length(wcsb->uniqueOrder))
		return 1;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * make_window_input_target
 *	  Generate appropriate PathTarget for initial input to WindowAgg nodes.
 *
 * When the query has window functions, this function computes the desired
 * target to be computed by the node just below the first WindowAgg.
 * This tlist must contain all values needed to evaluate the window functions,
 * compute the final target list, and perform any required final sort step.
 * If multiple WindowAggs are needed, each intermediate one adds its window
 * function results onto this base tlist; only the topmost WindowAgg computes
 * the actual desired target list.
 *
 * This function is much like make_group_input_target, though not quite enough
 * like it to share code.  As in that function, we flatten most expressions
 * into their component variables.  But we do not want to flatten window
 * PARTITION BY/ORDER BY clauses, since that might result in multiple
 * evaluations of them, which would be bad (possibly even resulting in
 * inconsistent answers, if they contain volatile functions).
 * Also, we must not flatten GROUP BY clauses that were left unflattened by
 * make_group_input_target, because we may no longer have access to the
 * individual Vars in them.
 *
 * Another key difference from make_group_input_target is that we don't
 * flatten Aggref expressions, since those are to be computed below the
 * window functions and just referenced like Vars above that.
 *
 * 'final_target' is the query's final target list (in PathTarget form)
 * 'activeWindows' is the list of active windows previously identified by
 *			select_active_windows.
 *
 * The result is the PathTarget to be computed by the plan node immediately
 * below the first WindowAgg node.
 */
static PathTarget *
make_window_input_target(PlannerInfo *root,
						 PathTarget *final_target,
						 List *activeWindows)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	PathTarget *input_target;
	Bitmapset  *sgrefs;
	List	   *flattenable_cols;
	List	   *flattenable_vars;
	int			i;
	ListCell   *lc;

	Assert(parse->hasWindowFuncs);

	/*
	 * Collect the sortgroupref numbers of window PARTITION/ORDER BY clauses
	 * into a bitmapset for convenient reference below.
	 */
	sgrefs = NULL;
	foreach(lc, activeWindows)
	{
		WindowClause *wc = lfirst_node(WindowClause, lc);
		ListCell   *lc2;

		foreach(lc2, wc->partitionClause)
		{
			SortGroupClause *sortcl = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc2);

			sgrefs = bms_add_member(sgrefs, sortcl->tleSortGroupRef);
		}
		foreach(lc2, wc->orderClause)
		{
			SortGroupClause *sortcl = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc2);

			sgrefs = bms_add_member(sgrefs, sortcl->tleSortGroupRef);
		}
	}

	/* Add in sortgroupref numbers of GROUP BY clauses, too */
	foreach(lc, parse->groupClause)
	{
		SortGroupClause *grpcl = lfirst_node(SortGroupClause, lc);

		sgrefs = bms_add_member(sgrefs, grpcl->tleSortGroupRef);
	}

	/*
	 * Construct a target containing all the non-flattenable targetlist items,
	 * and save aside the others for a moment.
	 */
	input_target = create_empty_pathtarget();
	flattenable_cols = NIL;

	i = 0;
	foreach(lc, final_target->exprs)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);
		Index		sgref = get_pathtarget_sortgroupref(final_target, i);

		/*
		 * Don't want to deconstruct window clauses or GROUP BY items.  (Note
		 * that such items can't contain window functions, so it's okay to
		 * compute them below the WindowAgg nodes.)
		 */
		if (sgref != 0 && bms_is_member(sgref, sgrefs))
		{
			/*
			 * Don't want to deconstruct this value, so add it to the input
			 * target as-is.
			 */
			add_column_to_pathtarget(input_target, expr, sgref);
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Column is to be flattened, so just remember the expression for
			 * later call to pull_var_clause.
			 */
			flattenable_cols = lappend(flattenable_cols, expr);
		}

		i++;
	}

	/*
	 * Pull out all the Vars and Aggrefs mentioned in flattenable columns, and
	 * add them to the input target if not already present.  (Some might be
	 * there already because they're used directly as window/group clauses.)
	 *
	 * Note: it's essential to use PVC_INCLUDE_AGGREGATES here, so that any
	 * Aggrefs are placed in the Agg node's tlist and not left to be computed
	 * at higher levels.  On the other hand, we should recurse into
	 * WindowFuncs to make sure their input expressions are available.
	 */
	flattenable_vars = pull_var_clause((Node *) flattenable_cols,
									   PVC_INCLUDE_AGGREGATES |
									   PVC_RECURSE_WINDOWFUNCS |
									   PVC_INCLUDE_PLACEHOLDERS);
	add_new_columns_to_pathtarget(input_target, flattenable_vars);

	/* clean up cruft */
	list_free(flattenable_vars);
	list_free(flattenable_cols);

	/* XXX this causes some redundant cost calculation ... */
	return set_pathtarget_cost_width(root, input_target);
}

/*
 * make_pathkeys_for_window
 *		Create a pathkeys list describing the required input ordering
 *		for the given WindowClause.
 *
 * The required ordering is first the PARTITION keys, then the ORDER keys.
 * In the future we might try to implement windowing using hashing, in which
 * case the ordering could be relaxed, but for now we always sort.
 */
static List *
make_pathkeys_for_window(PlannerInfo *root, WindowClause *wc,
						 List *tlist)
{
	List	   *window_pathkeys;
	List	   *window_sortclauses;

	/* Throw error if can't sort */
	if (!grouping_is_sortable(wc->partitionClause))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("could not implement window PARTITION BY"),
				 errdetail("Window partitioning columns must be of sortable datatypes.")));
	if (!grouping_is_sortable(wc->orderClause))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("could not implement window ORDER BY"),
				 errdetail("Window ordering columns must be of sortable datatypes.")));

	/* Okay, make the combined pathkeys */
	window_sortclauses = list_concat(list_copy(wc->partitionClause),
									 list_copy(wc->orderClause));
	window_pathkeys = make_pathkeys_for_sortclauses(root,
													window_sortclauses,
													tlist);
	list_free(window_sortclauses);
	return window_pathkeys;
}

/*
 * make_sort_input_target
 *	  Generate appropriate PathTarget for initial input to Sort step.
 *
 * If the query has ORDER BY, this function chooses the target to be computed
 * by the node just below the Sort (and DISTINCT, if any, since Unique can't
 * project) steps.  This might or might not be identical to the query's final
 * output target.
 *
 * The main argument for keeping the sort-input tlist the same as the final
 * is that we avoid a separate projection node (which will be needed if
 * they're different, because Sort can't project).  However, there are also
 * advantages to postponing tlist evaluation till after the Sort: it ensures
 * a consistent order of evaluation for any volatile functions in the tlist,
 * and if there's also a LIMIT, we can stop the query without ever computing
 * tlist functions for later rows, which is beneficial for both volatile and
 * expensive functions.
 *
 * Our current policy is to postpone volatile expressions till after the sort
 * unconditionally (assuming that that's possible, ie they are in plain tlist
 * columns and not ORDER BY/GROUP BY/DISTINCT columns).  We also prefer to
 * postpone set-returning expressions, because running them beforehand would
 * bloat the sort dataset, and because it might cause unexpected output order
 * if the sort isn't stable.  However there's a constraint on that: all SRFs
 * in the tlist should be evaluated at the same plan step, so that they can
 * run in sync in nodeProjectSet.  So if any SRFs are in sort columns, we
 * mustn't postpone any SRFs.  (Note that in principle that policy should
 * probably get applied to the group/window input targetlists too, but we
 * have not done that historically.)  Lastly, expensive expressions are
 * postponed if there is a LIMIT, or if root->tuple_fraction shows that
 * partial evaluation of the query is possible (if neither is true, we expect
 * to have to evaluate the expressions for every row anyway), or if there are
 * any volatile or set-returning expressions (since once we've put in a
 * projection at all, it won't cost any more to postpone more stuff).
 *
 * Another issue that could potentially be considered here is that
 * evaluating tlist expressions could result in data that's either wider
 * or narrower than the input Vars, thus changing the volume of data that
 * has to go through the Sort.  However, we usually have only a very bad
 * idea of the output width of any expression more complex than a Var,
 * so for now it seems too risky to try to optimize on that basis.
 *
 * Note that if we do produce a modified sort-input target, and then the
 * query ends up not using an explicit Sort, no particular harm is done:
 * we'll initially use the modified target for the preceding path nodes,
 * but then change them to the final target with apply_projection_to_path.
 * Moreover, in such a case the guarantees about evaluation order of
 * volatile functions still hold, since the rows are sorted already.
 *
 * This function has some things in common with make_group_input_target and
 * make_window_input_target, though the detailed rules for what to do are
 * different.  We never flatten/postpone any grouping or ordering columns;
 * those are needed before the sort.  If we do flatten a particular
 * expression, we leave Aggref and WindowFunc nodes alone, since those were
 * computed earlier.
 *
 * 'final_target' is the query's final target list (in PathTarget form)
 * 'have_postponed_srfs' is an output argument, see below
 *
 * The result is the PathTarget to be computed by the plan node immediately
 * below the Sort step (and the Distinct step, if any).  This will be
 * exactly final_target if we decide a projection step wouldn't be helpful.
 *
 * In addition, *have_postponed_srfs is set to true if we choose to postpone
 * any set-returning functions to after the Sort.
 */
static PathTarget *
make_sort_input_target(PlannerInfo *root,
					   PathTarget *final_target,
					   bool *have_postponed_srfs)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	PathTarget *input_target;
	int			ncols;
	bool	   *col_is_srf;
	bool	   *postpone_col;
	bool		have_srf;
	bool		have_volatile;
	bool		have_expensive;
	bool		have_srf_sortcols;
	bool		postpone_srfs;
	List	   *postponable_cols;
	List	   *postponable_vars;
	int			i;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/* Shouldn't get here unless query has ORDER BY */
	Assert(parse->sortClause);

	*have_postponed_srfs = false;	/* default result */

	/* Inspect tlist and collect per-column information */
	ncols = list_length(final_target->exprs);
	col_is_srf = (bool *) palloc0(ncols * sizeof(bool));
	postpone_col = (bool *) palloc0(ncols * sizeof(bool));
	have_srf = have_volatile = have_expensive = have_srf_sortcols = false;

	i = 0;
	foreach(lc, final_target->exprs)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);

		/*
		 * If the column has a sortgroupref, assume it has to be evaluated
		 * before sorting.  Generally such columns would be ORDER BY, GROUP
		 * BY, etc targets.  One exception is columns that were removed from
		 * GROUP BY by remove_useless_groupby_columns() ... but those would
		 * only be Vars anyway.  There don't seem to be any cases where it
		 * would be worth the trouble to double-check.
		 */
		if (get_pathtarget_sortgroupref(final_target, i) == 0)
		{
			/*
			 * Check for SRF or volatile functions.  Check the SRF case first
			 * because we must know whether we have any postponed SRFs.
			 */
			if (parse->hasTargetSRFs &&
				expression_returns_set((Node *) expr))
			{
				/* We'll decide below whether these are postponable */
				col_is_srf[i] = true;
				have_srf = true;
			}
			else if (contain_volatile_functions((Node *) expr))
			{
				/* Unconditionally postpone */
				postpone_col[i] = true;
				have_volatile = true;
			}
			else
			{
				/*
				 * Else check the cost.  XXX it's annoying to have to do this
				 * when set_pathtarget_cost_width() just did it.  Refactor to
				 * allow sharing the work?
				 */
				QualCost	cost;

				cost_qual_eval_node(&cost, (Node *) expr, root);

				/*
				 * We arbitrarily define "expensive" as "more than 10X
				 * cpu_operator_cost".  Note this will take in any PL function
				 * with default cost.
				 */
				if (cost.per_tuple > 10 * cpu_operator_cost)
				{
					postpone_col[i] = true;
					have_expensive = true;
				}
			}
		}
		else
		{
			/* For sortgroupref cols, just check if any contain SRFs */
			if (!have_srf_sortcols &&
				parse->hasTargetSRFs &&
				expression_returns_set((Node *) expr))
				have_srf_sortcols = true;
		}

		i++;
	}

	/*
	 * We can postpone SRFs if we have some but none are in sortgroupref cols.
	 */
	postpone_srfs = (have_srf && !have_srf_sortcols);

	/*
	 * If we don't need a post-sort projection, just return final_target.
	 */
	if (!(postpone_srfs || have_volatile ||
		  (have_expensive &&
		   (parse->limitCount || root->tuple_fraction > 0))))
		return final_target;

	/*
	 * Report whether the post-sort projection will contain set-returning
	 * functions.  This is important because it affects whether the Sort can
	 * rely on the query's LIMIT (if any) to bound the number of rows it needs
	 * to return.
	 */
	*have_postponed_srfs = postpone_srfs;

	/*
	 * Construct the sort-input target, taking all non-postponable columns and
	 * then adding Vars, PlaceHolderVars, Aggrefs, and WindowFuncs found in
	 * the postponable ones.
	 */
	input_target = create_empty_pathtarget();
	postponable_cols = NIL;

	i = 0;
	foreach(lc, final_target->exprs)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);

		if (postpone_col[i] || (postpone_srfs && col_is_srf[i]))
			postponable_cols = lappend(postponable_cols, expr);
		else
			add_column_to_pathtarget(input_target, expr,
									 get_pathtarget_sortgroupref(final_target, i));

		i++;
	}

	/*
	 * Pull out all the Vars, Aggrefs, and WindowFuncs mentioned in
	 * postponable columns, and add them to the sort-input target if not
	 * already present.  (Some might be there already.)  We mustn't
	 * deconstruct Aggrefs or WindowFuncs here, since the projection node
	 * would be unable to recompute them.
	 */
	postponable_vars = pull_var_clause((Node *) postponable_cols,
									   PVC_INCLUDE_AGGREGATES |
									   PVC_INCLUDE_WINDOWFUNCS |
									   PVC_INCLUDE_PLACEHOLDERS);
	add_new_columns_to_pathtarget(input_target, postponable_vars);

	/* clean up cruft */
	list_free(postponable_vars);
	list_free(postponable_cols);

	/* XXX this represents even more redundant cost calculation ... */
	return set_pathtarget_cost_width(root, input_target);
}

/*
 * get_cheapest_fractional_path
 *	  Find the cheapest path for retrieving a specified fraction of all
 *	  the tuples expected to be returned by the given relation.
 *
 * We interpret tuple_fraction the same way as grouping_planner.
 *
 * We assume set_cheapest() has been run on the given rel.
 */
Path *
get_cheapest_fractional_path(RelOptInfo *rel, double tuple_fraction)
{
	Path	   *best_path = rel->cheapest_total_path;
	ListCell   *l;

	/* If all tuples will be retrieved, just return the cheapest-total path */
	if (tuple_fraction <= 0.0)
		return best_path;

	/* Convert absolute # of tuples to a fraction; no need to clamp to 0..1 */
	if (tuple_fraction >= 1.0 && best_path->rows > 0)
		tuple_fraction /= best_path->rows;

	foreach(l, rel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(l);

		if (path == rel->cheapest_total_path ||
			compare_fractional_path_costs(best_path, path, tuple_fraction) <= 0)
			continue;

		best_path = path;
	}

	return best_path;
}

/*
 * adjust_paths_for_srfs
 *		Fix up the Paths of the given upperrel to handle tSRFs properly.
 *
 * The executor can only handle set-returning functions that appear at the
 * top level of the targetlist of a ProjectSet plan node.  If we have any SRFs
 * that are not at top level, we need to split up the evaluation into multiple
 * plan levels in which each level satisfies this constraint.  This function
 * modifies each Path of an upperrel that (might) compute any SRFs in its
 * output tlist to insert appropriate projection steps.
 *
 * The given targets and targets_contain_srfs lists are from
 * split_pathtarget_at_srfs().  We assume the existing Paths emit the first
 * target in targets.
 */
static void
adjust_paths_for_srfs(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel,
					  List *targets, List *targets_contain_srfs)
{
	ListCell   *lc;

	Assert(list_length(targets) == list_length(targets_contain_srfs));
	Assert(!linitial_int(targets_contain_srfs));

	/* If no SRFs appear at this plan level, nothing to do */
	if (list_length(targets) == 1)
		return;

	/*
	 * Stack SRF-evaluation nodes atop each path for the rel.
	 *
	 * In principle we should re-run set_cheapest() here to identify the
	 * cheapest path, but it seems unlikely that adding the same tlist eval
	 * costs to all the paths would change that, so we don't bother. Instead,
	 * just assume that the cheapest-startup and cheapest-total paths remain
	 * so.  (There should be no parameterized paths anymore, so we needn't
	 * worry about updating cheapest_parameterized_paths.)
	 */
	foreach(lc, rel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
		Path	   *newpath = subpath;
		ListCell   *lc1,
				   *lc2;

		Assert(subpath->param_info == NULL);
		forboth(lc1, targets, lc2, targets_contain_srfs)
		{
			PathTarget *thistarget = lfirst_node(PathTarget, lc1);
			bool		contains_srfs = (bool) lfirst_int(lc2);

			/* If this level doesn't contain SRFs, do regular projection */
			if (contains_srfs)
				newpath = (Path *) create_set_projection_path(root,
															  rel,
															  newpath,
															  thistarget);
			else
				newpath = (Path *) apply_projection_to_path(root,
															rel,
															newpath,
															thistarget);
		}
		lfirst(lc) = newpath;
		if (subpath == rel->cheapest_startup_path)
			rel->cheapest_startup_path = newpath;
		if (subpath == rel->cheapest_total_path)
			rel->cheapest_total_path = newpath;
	}

	/* Likewise for partial paths, if any */
	foreach(lc, rel->partial_pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
		Path	   *newpath = subpath;
		ListCell   *lc1,
				   *lc2;

		Assert(subpath->param_info == NULL);
		forboth(lc1, targets, lc2, targets_contain_srfs)
		{
			PathTarget *thistarget = lfirst_node(PathTarget, lc1);
			bool		contains_srfs = (bool) lfirst_int(lc2);

			/* If this level doesn't contain SRFs, do regular projection */
			if (contains_srfs)
				newpath = (Path *) create_set_projection_path(root,
															  rel,
															  newpath,
															  thistarget);
			else
			{
				/* avoid apply_projection_to_path, in case of multiple refs */
				newpath = (Path *) create_projection_path(root,
														  rel,
														  newpath,
														  thistarget);
			}
		}
		lfirst(lc) = newpath;
	}
}

/*
 * expression_planner
 *		Perform planner's transformations on a standalone expression.
 *
 * Various utility commands need to evaluate expressions that are not part
 * of a plannable query.  They can do so using the executor's regular
 * expression-execution machinery, but first the expression has to be fed
 * through here to transform it from parser output to something executable.
 *
 * Currently, we disallow sublinks in standalone expressions, so there's no
 * real "planning" involved here.  (That might not always be true though.)
 * What we must do is run eval_const_expressions to ensure that any function
 * calls are converted to positional notation and function default arguments
 * get inserted.  The fact that constant subexpressions get simplified is a
 * side-effect that is useful when the expression will get evaluated more than
 * once.  Also, we must fix operator function IDs.
 *
 * This does not return any information about dependencies of the expression.
 * Hence callers should use the results only for the duration of the current
 * query.  Callers that would like to cache the results for longer should use
 * expression_planner_with_deps, probably via the plancache.
 *
 * Note: this must not make any damaging changes to the passed-in expression
 * tree.  (It would actually be okay to apply fix_opfuncids to it, but since
 * we first do an expression_tree_mutator-based walk, what is returned will
 * be a new node tree.)  The result is constructed in the current memory
 * context; beware that this can leak a lot of additional stuff there, too.
 */
Expr *
expression_planner(Expr *expr)
{
	Node	   *result;

	/*
	 * Convert named-argument function calls, insert default arguments and
	 * simplify constant subexprs
	 */
	result = eval_const_expressions(NULL, (Node *) expr);

	/* Fill in opfuncid values if missing */
	fix_opfuncids(result);

	return (Expr *) result;
}

/*
 * expression_planner_with_deps
 *		Perform planner's transformations on a standalone expression,
 *		returning expression dependency information along with the result.
 *
 * This is identical to expression_planner() except that it also returns
 * information about possible dependencies of the expression, ie identities of
 * objects whose definitions affect the result.  As in a PlannedStmt, these
 * are expressed as a list of relation Oids and a list of PlanInvalItems.
 */
Expr *
expression_planner_with_deps(Expr *expr,
							 List **relationOids,
							 List **invalItems)
{
	Node	   *result;
	PlannerGlobal glob;
	PlannerInfo root;

	/* Make up dummy planner state so we can use setrefs machinery */
	MemSet(&glob, 0, sizeof(glob));
	glob.type = T_PlannerGlobal;
	glob.relationOids = NIL;
	glob.invalItems = NIL;

	MemSet(&root, 0, sizeof(root));
	root.type = T_PlannerInfo;
	root.glob = &glob;

	/*
	 * Convert named-argument function calls, insert default arguments and
	 * simplify constant subexprs.  Collect identities of inlined functions
	 * and elided domains, too.
	 */
	result = eval_const_expressions(&root, (Node *) expr);

	/* Fill in opfuncid values if missing */
	fix_opfuncids(result);

	/*
	 * Now walk the finished expression to find anything else we ought to
	 * record as an expression dependency.
	 */
	(void) extract_query_dependencies_walker(result, &root);

	*relationOids = glob.relationOids;
	*invalItems = glob.invalItems;

	return (Expr *) result;
}


/*
 * plan_cluster_use_sort
 *		Use the planner to decide how CLUSTER should implement sorting
 *
 * tableOid is the OID of a table to be clustered on its index indexOid
 * (which is already known to be a btree index).  Decide whether it's
 * cheaper to do an indexscan or a seqscan-plus-sort to execute the CLUSTER.
 * Return true to use sorting, false to use an indexscan.
 *
 * Note: caller had better already hold some type of lock on the table.
 */
bool
plan_cluster_use_sort(Oid tableOid, Oid indexOid)
{
	PlannerInfo *root;
	Query	   *query;
	PlannerGlobal *glob;
	RangeTblEntry *rte;
	RelOptInfo *rel;
	IndexOptInfo *indexInfo;
	QualCost	indexExprCost;
	Cost		comparisonCost;
	Path	   *seqScanPath;
	Path		seqScanAndSortPath;
	IndexPath  *indexScanPath;
	ListCell   *lc;

	/* We can short-circuit the cost comparison if indexscans are disabled */
	if (!enable_indexscan)
		return true;			/* use sort */

	/* Set up mostly-dummy planner state */
	query = makeNode(Query);
	query->commandType = CMD_SELECT;

	glob = makeNode(PlannerGlobal);

	root = makeNode(PlannerInfo);
	root->parse = query;
	root->glob = glob;
	root->query_level = 1;
	root->planner_cxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
	root->wt_param_id = -1;

	/* Build a minimal RTE for the rel */
	rte = makeNode(RangeTblEntry);
	rte->rtekind = RTE_RELATION;
	rte->relid = tableOid;
	rte->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;	/* Don't be too picky. */
	rte->rellockmode = AccessShareLock;
	rte->lateral = false;
	rte->inh = false;
	rte->inFromCl = true;
	query->rtable = list_make1(rte);

	/* Set up RTE/RelOptInfo arrays */
	setup_simple_rel_arrays(root);

	/* Build RelOptInfo */
	rel = build_simple_rel(root, 1, NULL);

	/* Locate IndexOptInfo for the target index */
	indexInfo = NULL;
	foreach(lc, rel->indexlist)
	{
		indexInfo = lfirst_node(IndexOptInfo, lc);
		if (indexInfo->indexoid == indexOid)
			break;
	}

	/*
	 * It's possible that get_relation_info did not generate an IndexOptInfo
	 * for the desired index; this could happen if it's not yet reached its
	 * indcheckxmin usability horizon, or if it's a system index and we're
	 * ignoring system indexes.  In such cases we should tell CLUSTER to not
	 * trust the index contents but use seqscan-and-sort.
	 */
	if (lc == NULL)				/* not in the list? */
		return true;			/* use sort */

	/*
	 * Rather than doing all the pushups that would be needed to use
	 * set_baserel_size_estimates, just do a quick hack for rows and width.
	 */
	rel->rows = rel->tuples;
	rel->reltarget->width = get_relation_data_width(tableOid, NULL);

	root->total_table_pages = rel->pages;

	/*
	 * Determine eval cost of the index expressions, if any.  We need to
	 * charge twice that amount for each tuple comparison that happens during
	 * the sort, since tuplesort.c will have to re-evaluate the index
	 * expressions each time.  (XXX that's pretty inefficient...)
	 */
	cost_qual_eval(&indexExprCost, indexInfo->indexprs, root);
	comparisonCost = 2.0 * (indexExprCost.startup + indexExprCost.per_tuple);

	/* Estimate the cost of seq scan + sort */
	seqScanPath = create_seqscan_path(root, rel, NULL, 0);
	cost_sort(&seqScanAndSortPath, root, NIL,
			  seqScanPath->total_cost, rel->tuples, rel->reltarget->width,
			  comparisonCost, maintenance_work_mem, -1.0);

	/* Estimate the cost of index scan */
	indexScanPath = create_index_path(root, indexInfo,
									  NIL, NIL, NIL, NIL, NIL,
									  ForwardScanDirection, false,
									  NULL, 1.0, false);

	return (seqScanAndSortPath.total_cost < indexScanPath->path.total_cost);
}

/*
 * plan_create_index_workers
 *		Use the planner to decide how many parallel worker processes
 *		CREATE INDEX should request for use
 *
 * tableOid is the table on which the index is to be built.  indexOid is the
 * OID of an index to be created or reindexed (which must be a btree index).
 *
 * Return value is the number of parallel worker processes to request.  It
 * may be unsafe to proceed if this is 0.  Note that this does not include the
 * leader participating as a worker (value is always a number of parallel
 * worker processes).
 *
 * Note: caller had better already hold some type of lock on the table and
 * index.
 */
int
plan_create_index_workers(Oid tableOid, Oid indexOid)
{
	PlannerInfo *root;
	Query	   *query;
	PlannerGlobal *glob;
	RangeTblEntry *rte;
	Relation	heap;
	Relation	index;
	RelOptInfo *rel;
	int			parallel_workers;
	BlockNumber heap_blocks;
	double		reltuples;
	double		allvisfrac;

	/* Return immediately when parallelism disabled */
	if (max_parallel_maintenance_workers == 0)
		return 0;

	/* Set up largely-dummy planner state */
	query = makeNode(Query);
	query->commandType = CMD_SELECT;

	glob = makeNode(PlannerGlobal);

	root = makeNode(PlannerInfo);
	root->parse = query;
	root->glob = glob;
	root->query_level = 1;
	root->planner_cxt = CurrentMemoryContext;
	root->wt_param_id = -1;

	/*
	 * Build a minimal RTE.
	 *
	 * Set the target's table to be an inheritance parent.  This is a kludge
	 * that prevents problems within get_relation_info(), which does not
	 * expect that any IndexOptInfo is currently undergoing REINDEX.
	 */
	rte = makeNode(RangeTblEntry);
	rte->rtekind = RTE_RELATION;
	rte->relid = tableOid;
	rte->relkind = RELKIND_RELATION;	/* Don't be too picky. */
	rte->rellockmode = AccessShareLock;
	rte->lateral = false;
	rte->inh = true;
	rte->inFromCl = true;
	query->rtable = list_make1(rte);

	/* Set up RTE/RelOptInfo arrays */
	setup_simple_rel_arrays(root);

	/* Build RelOptInfo */
	rel = build_simple_rel(root, 1, NULL);

	heap = heap_open(tableOid, NoLock);
	index = index_open(indexOid, NoLock);

	/*
	 * Determine if it's safe to proceed.
	 *
	 * Currently, parallel workers can't access the leader's temporary tables.
	 * Furthermore, any index predicate or index expressions must be parallel
	 * safe.
	 */
	if (heap->rd_rel->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_TEMP ||
		!is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) RelationGetIndexExpressions(index)) ||
		!is_parallel_safe(root, (Node *) RelationGetIndexPredicate(index)))
	{
		parallel_workers = 0;
		goto done;
	}

	/*
	 * If parallel_workers storage parameter is set for the table, accept that
	 * as the number of parallel worker processes to launch (though still cap
	 * at max_parallel_maintenance_workers).  Note that we deliberately do not
	 * consider any other factor when parallel_workers is set. (e.g., memory
	 * use by workers.)
	 */
	if (rel->rel_parallel_workers != -1)
	{
		parallel_workers = Min(rel->rel_parallel_workers,
							   max_parallel_maintenance_workers);
		goto done;
	}

	/*
	 * Estimate heap relation size ourselves, since rel->pages cannot be
	 * trusted (heap RTE was marked as inheritance parent)
	 */
	estimate_rel_size(heap, NULL, &heap_blocks, &reltuples, &allvisfrac);

	/*
	 * Determine number of workers to scan the heap relation using generic
	 * model
	 */
	parallel_workers = compute_parallel_worker(rel, heap_blocks, -1,
											   max_parallel_maintenance_workers);

	/*
	 * Cap workers based on available maintenance_work_mem as needed.
	 *
	 * Note that each tuplesort participant receives an even share of the
	 * total maintenance_work_mem budget.  Aim to leave participants
	 * (including the leader as a participant) with no less than 32MB of
	 * memory.  This leaves cases where maintenance_work_mem is set to 64MB
	 * immediately past the threshold of being capable of launching a single
	 * parallel worker to sort.
	 */
	while (parallel_workers > 0 &&
		   maintenance_work_mem / (parallel_workers + 1) < 32768L)
		parallel_workers--;

done:
	index_close(index, NoLock);
	heap_close(heap, NoLock);

	return parallel_workers;
}

/*
 * add_paths_to_grouping_rel
 *
 * Add non-partial paths to grouping relation.
 */
static void
add_paths_to_grouping_rel(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *input_rel,
						  RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
						  RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel,
						  const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
						  grouping_sets_data *gd, double dNumGroups,
						  GroupPathExtraData *extra)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	Path	   *cheapest_path = input_rel->cheapest_total_path;
	ListCell   *lc;
	bool		can_hash = (extra->flags & GROUPING_CAN_USE_HASH) != 0;
	bool		can_sort = (extra->flags & GROUPING_CAN_USE_SORT) != 0;
	List	   *havingQual = (List *) extra->havingQual;
	AggClauseCosts *agg_final_costs = &extra->agg_final_costs;

	if (can_sort)
	{
		/*
		 * Use any available suitably-sorted path as input, and also consider
		 * sorting the cheapest-total path.
		 */
		foreach(lc, input_rel->pathlist)
		{
			Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
			bool		is_sorted;

			is_sorted = pathkeys_contained_in(root->group_pathkeys,
											  path->pathkeys);
			if (path == cheapest_path || is_sorted)
			{
				/* Sort the cheapest-total path if it isn't already sorted */
				if (!is_sorted)
					path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root,
													 grouped_rel,
													 path,
													 root->group_pathkeys,
													 -1.0);

				/* Now decide what to stick atop it */
				if (parse->groupingSets)
				{
					consider_groupingsets_paths(root, grouped_rel,
												path, true, can_hash,
												gd, agg_costs, dNumGroups);
				}
				else if (parse->hasAggs)
				{
					/*
					 * We have aggregation, possibly with plain GROUP BY. Make
					 * an AggPath.
					 */
					add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_agg_path(root,
											 grouped_rel,
											 path,
											 grouped_rel->reltarget,
											 parse->groupClause ? AGG_SORTED : AGG_PLAIN,
											 AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE,
											 parse->groupClause,
											 havingQual,
											 agg_costs,
											 dNumGroups));
				}
				else if (parse->groupClause)
				{
					/*
					 * We have GROUP BY without aggregation or grouping sets.
					 * Make a GroupPath.
					 */
					add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_group_path(root,
											   grouped_rel,
											   path,
											   parse->groupClause,
											   havingQual,
											   dNumGroups));
				}
				else
				{
					/* Other cases should have been handled above */
					Assert(false);
				}
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Instead of operating directly on the input relation, we can
		 * consider finalizing a partially aggregated path.
		 */
		if (partially_grouped_rel != NULL)
		{
			foreach(lc, partially_grouped_rel->pathlist)
			{
				Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);

				/*
				 * Insert a Sort node, if required.  But there's no point in
				 * sorting anything but the cheapest path.
				 */
				if (!pathkeys_contained_in(root->group_pathkeys, path->pathkeys))
				{
					if (path != partially_grouped_rel->cheapest_total_path)
						continue;
					path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root,
													 grouped_rel,
													 path,
													 root->group_pathkeys,
													 -1.0);
				}

				if (parse->hasAggs)
					add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_agg_path(root,
											 grouped_rel,
											 path,
											 grouped_rel->reltarget,
											 parse->groupClause ? AGG_SORTED : AGG_PLAIN,
											 AGGSPLIT_FINAL_DESERIAL,
											 parse->groupClause,
											 havingQual,
											 agg_final_costs,
											 dNumGroups));
				else
					add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_group_path(root,
											   grouped_rel,
											   path,
											   parse->groupClause,
											   havingQual,
											   dNumGroups));
			}
		}
	}

	if (can_hash)
	{
		Size		hashaggtablesize;

		if (parse->groupingSets)
		{
			/*
			 * Try for a hash-only groupingsets path over unsorted input.
			 */
			consider_groupingsets_paths(root, grouped_rel,
										cheapest_path, false, true,
										gd, agg_costs, dNumGroups);
		}
		else
		{
			hashaggtablesize = estimate_hashagg_tablesize(cheapest_path,
														  agg_costs,
														  dNumGroups);

			/*
			 * Provided that the estimated size of the hashtable does not
			 * exceed work_mem, we'll generate a HashAgg Path, although if we
			 * were unable to sort above, then we'd better generate a Path, so
			 * that we at least have one.
			 */
			if (hashaggtablesize < work_mem * 1024L ||
				grouped_rel->pathlist == NIL)
			{
				/*
				 * We just need an Agg over the cheapest-total input path,
				 * since input order won't matter.
				 */
				add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
						 create_agg_path(root, grouped_rel,
										 cheapest_path,
										 grouped_rel->reltarget,
										 AGG_HASHED,
										 AGGSPLIT_SIMPLE,
										 parse->groupClause,
										 havingQual,
										 agg_costs,
										 dNumGroups));
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Generate a Finalize HashAgg Path atop of the cheapest partially
		 * grouped path, assuming there is one. Once again, we'll only do this
		 * if it looks as though the hash table won't exceed work_mem.
		 */
		if (partially_grouped_rel && partially_grouped_rel->pathlist)
		{
			Path	   *path = partially_grouped_rel->cheapest_total_path;

			hashaggtablesize = estimate_hashagg_tablesize(path,
														  agg_final_costs,
														  dNumGroups);

			if (hashaggtablesize < work_mem * 1024L)
				add_path(grouped_rel, (Path *)
						 create_agg_path(root,
										 grouped_rel,
										 path,
										 grouped_rel->reltarget,
										 AGG_HASHED,
										 AGGSPLIT_FINAL_DESERIAL,
										 parse->groupClause,
										 havingQual,
										 agg_final_costs,
										 dNumGroups));
		}
	}

	/*
	 * When partitionwise aggregate is used, we might have fully aggregated
	 * paths in the partial pathlist, because add_paths_to_append_rel() will
	 * consider a path for grouped_rel consisting of a Parallel Append of
	 * non-partial paths from each child.
	 */
	if (grouped_rel->partial_pathlist != NIL)
		gather_grouping_paths(root, grouped_rel);
}

/*
 * create_partial_grouping_paths
 *
 * Create a new upper relation representing the result of partial aggregation
 * and populate it with appropriate paths.  Note that we don't finalize the
 * lists of paths here, so the caller can add additional partial or non-partial
 * paths and must afterward call gather_grouping_paths and set_cheapest on
 * the returned upper relation.
 *
 * All paths for this new upper relation -- both partial and non-partial --
 * have been partially aggregated but require a subsequent FinalizeAggregate
 * step.
 *
 * NB: This function is allowed to return NULL if it determines that there is
 * no real need to create a new RelOptInfo.
 */
static RelOptInfo *
create_partial_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							  RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
							  RelOptInfo *input_rel,
							  grouping_sets_data *gd,
							  GroupPathExtraData *extra,
							  bool force_rel_creation)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;
	RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel;
	AggClauseCosts *agg_partial_costs = &extra->agg_partial_costs;
	AggClauseCosts *agg_final_costs = &extra->agg_final_costs;
	Path	   *cheapest_partial_path = NULL;
	Path	   *cheapest_total_path = NULL;
	double		dNumPartialGroups = 0;
	double		dNumPartialPartialGroups = 0;
	ListCell   *lc;
	bool		can_hash = (extra->flags & GROUPING_CAN_USE_HASH) != 0;
	bool		can_sort = (extra->flags & GROUPING_CAN_USE_SORT) != 0;

	/*
	 * Consider whether we should generate partially aggregated non-partial
	 * paths.  We can only do this if we have a non-partial path, and only if
	 * the parent of the input rel is performing partial partitionwise
	 * aggregation.  (Note that extra->patype is the type of partitionwise
	 * aggregation being used at the parent level, not this level.)
	 */
	if (input_rel->pathlist != NIL &&
		extra->patype == PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_PARTIAL)
		cheapest_total_path = input_rel->cheapest_total_path;

	/*
	 * If parallelism is possible for grouped_rel, then we should consider
	 * generating partially-grouped partial paths.  However, if the input rel
	 * has no partial paths, then we can't.
	 */
	if (grouped_rel->consider_parallel && input_rel->partial_pathlist != NIL)
		cheapest_partial_path = linitial(input_rel->partial_pathlist);

	/*
	 * If we can't partially aggregate partial paths, and we can't partially
	 * aggregate non-partial paths, then don't bother creating the new
	 * RelOptInfo at all, unless the caller specified force_rel_creation.
	 */
	if (cheapest_total_path == NULL &&
		cheapest_partial_path == NULL &&
		!force_rel_creation)
		return NULL;

	/*
	 * Build a new upper relation to represent the result of partially
	 * aggregating the rows from the input relation.
	 */
	partially_grouped_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root,
											UPPERREL_PARTIAL_GROUP_AGG,
											grouped_rel->relids);
	partially_grouped_rel->consider_parallel =
		grouped_rel->consider_parallel;
	partially_grouped_rel->reloptkind = grouped_rel->reloptkind;
	partially_grouped_rel->serverid = grouped_rel->serverid;
	partially_grouped_rel->userid = grouped_rel->userid;
	partially_grouped_rel->useridiscurrent = grouped_rel->useridiscurrent;
	partially_grouped_rel->fdwroutine = grouped_rel->fdwroutine;

	/*
	 * Build target list for partial aggregate paths.  These paths cannot just
	 * emit the same tlist as regular aggregate paths, because (1) we must
	 * include Vars and Aggrefs needed in HAVING, which might not appear in
	 * the result tlist, and (2) the Aggrefs must be set in partial mode.
	 */
	partially_grouped_rel->reltarget =
		make_partial_grouping_target(root, grouped_rel->reltarget,
									 extra->havingQual);

	if (!extra->partial_costs_set)
	{
		/*
		 * Collect statistics about aggregates for estimating costs of
		 * performing aggregation in parallel.
		 */
		MemSet(agg_partial_costs, 0, sizeof(AggClauseCosts));
		MemSet(agg_final_costs, 0, sizeof(AggClauseCosts));
		if (parse->hasAggs)
		{
			List	   *partial_target_exprs;

			/* partial phase */
			partial_target_exprs = partially_grouped_rel->reltarget->exprs;
			get_agg_clause_costs(root, (Node *) partial_target_exprs,
								 AGGSPLIT_INITIAL_SERIAL,
								 agg_partial_costs);

			/* final phase */
			get_agg_clause_costs(root, (Node *) grouped_rel->reltarget->exprs,
								 AGGSPLIT_FINAL_DESERIAL,
								 agg_final_costs);
			get_agg_clause_costs(root, extra->havingQual,
								 AGGSPLIT_FINAL_DESERIAL,
								 agg_final_costs);
		}

		extra->partial_costs_set = true;
	}

	/* Estimate number of partial groups. */
	if (cheapest_total_path != NULL)
		dNumPartialGroups =
			get_number_of_groups(root,
								 cheapest_total_path->rows,
								 gd,
								 extra->targetList);
	if (cheapest_partial_path != NULL)
		dNumPartialPartialGroups =
			get_number_of_groups(root,
								 cheapest_partial_path->rows,
								 gd,
								 extra->targetList);

	if (can_sort && cheapest_total_path != NULL)
	{
		/* This should have been checked previously */
		Assert(parse->hasAggs || parse->groupClause);

		/*
		 * Use any available suitably-sorted path as input, and also consider
		 * sorting the cheapest partial path.
		 */
		foreach(lc, input_rel->pathlist)
		{
			Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
			bool		is_sorted;

			is_sorted = pathkeys_contained_in(root->group_pathkeys,
											  path->pathkeys);
			if (path == cheapest_total_path || is_sorted)
			{
				/* Sort the cheapest partial path, if it isn't already */
				if (!is_sorted)
					path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root,
													 partially_grouped_rel,
													 path,
													 root->group_pathkeys,
													 -1.0);

				if (parse->hasAggs)
					add_path(partially_grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_agg_path(root,
											 partially_grouped_rel,
											 path,
											 partially_grouped_rel->reltarget,
											 parse->groupClause ? AGG_SORTED : AGG_PLAIN,
											 AGGSPLIT_INITIAL_SERIAL,
											 parse->groupClause,
											 NIL,
											 agg_partial_costs,
											 dNumPartialGroups));
				else
					add_path(partially_grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_group_path(root,
											   partially_grouped_rel,
											   path,
											   parse->groupClause,
											   NIL,
											   dNumPartialGroups));
			}
		}
	}

	if (can_sort && cheapest_partial_path != NULL)
	{
		/* Similar to above logic, but for partial paths. */
		foreach(lc, input_rel->partial_pathlist)
		{
			Path	   *path = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
			bool		is_sorted;

			is_sorted = pathkeys_contained_in(root->group_pathkeys,
											  path->pathkeys);
			if (path == cheapest_partial_path || is_sorted)
			{
				/* Sort the cheapest partial path, if it isn't already */
				if (!is_sorted)
					path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root,
													 partially_grouped_rel,
													 path,
													 root->group_pathkeys,
													 -1.0);

				if (parse->hasAggs)
					add_partial_path(partially_grouped_rel, (Path *)
									 create_agg_path(root,
													 partially_grouped_rel,
													 path,
													 partially_grouped_rel->reltarget,
													 parse->groupClause ? AGG_SORTED : AGG_PLAIN,
													 AGGSPLIT_INITIAL_SERIAL,
													 parse->groupClause,
													 NIL,
													 agg_partial_costs,
													 dNumPartialPartialGroups));
				else
					add_partial_path(partially_grouped_rel, (Path *)
									 create_group_path(root,
													   partially_grouped_rel,
													   path,
													   parse->groupClause,
													   NIL,
													   dNumPartialPartialGroups));
			}
		}
	}

	if (can_hash && cheapest_total_path != NULL)
	{
		Size		hashaggtablesize;

		/* Checked above */
		Assert(parse->hasAggs || parse->groupClause);

		hashaggtablesize =
			estimate_hashagg_tablesize(cheapest_total_path,
									   agg_partial_costs,
									   dNumPartialGroups);

		/*
		 * Tentatively produce a partial HashAgg Path, depending on if it
		 * looks as if the hash table will fit in work_mem.
		 */
		if (hashaggtablesize < work_mem * 1024L &&
			cheapest_total_path != NULL)
		{
			add_path(partially_grouped_rel, (Path *)
					 create_agg_path(root,
									 partially_grouped_rel,
									 cheapest_total_path,
									 partially_grouped_rel->reltarget,
									 AGG_HASHED,
									 AGGSPLIT_INITIAL_SERIAL,
									 parse->groupClause,
									 NIL,
									 agg_partial_costs,
									 dNumPartialGroups));
		}
	}

	if (can_hash && cheapest_partial_path != NULL)
	{
		Size		hashaggtablesize;

		hashaggtablesize =
			estimate_hashagg_tablesize(cheapest_partial_path,
									   agg_partial_costs,
									   dNumPartialPartialGroups);

		/* Do the same for partial paths. */
		if (hashaggtablesize < work_mem * 1024L &&
			cheapest_partial_path != NULL)
		{
			add_partial_path(partially_grouped_rel, (Path *)
							 create_agg_path(root,
											 partially_grouped_rel,
											 cheapest_partial_path,
											 partially_grouped_rel->reltarget,
											 AGG_HASHED,
											 AGGSPLIT_INITIAL_SERIAL,
											 parse->groupClause,
											 NIL,
											 agg_partial_costs,
											 dNumPartialPartialGroups));
		}
	}

	/*
	 * If there is an FDW that's responsible for all baserels of the query,
	 * let it consider adding partially grouped ForeignPaths.
	 */
	if (partially_grouped_rel->fdwroutine &&
		partially_grouped_rel->fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths)
	{
		FdwRoutine *fdwroutine = partially_grouped_rel->fdwroutine;

		fdwroutine->GetForeignUpperPaths(root,
										 UPPERREL_PARTIAL_GROUP_AGG,
										 input_rel, partially_grouped_rel,
										 extra);
	}

	return partially_grouped_rel;
}

/*
 * Generate Gather and Gather Merge paths for a grouping relation or partial
 * grouping relation.
 *
 * generate_gather_paths does most of the work, but we also consider a special
 * case: we could try sorting the data by the group_pathkeys and then applying
 * Gather Merge.
 *
 * NB: This function shouldn't be used for anything other than a grouped or
 * partially grouped relation not only because of the fact that it explicitly
 * references group_pathkeys but we pass "true" as the third argument to
 * generate_gather_paths().
 */
static void
gather_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
	Path	   *cheapest_partial_path;

	/* Try Gather for unordered paths and Gather Merge for ordered ones. */
	generate_gather_paths(root, rel, true);

	/* Try cheapest partial path + explicit Sort + Gather Merge. */
	cheapest_partial_path = linitial(rel->partial_pathlist);
	if (!pathkeys_contained_in(root->group_pathkeys,
							   cheapest_partial_path->pathkeys))
	{
		Path	   *path;
		double		total_groups;

		total_groups =
			cheapest_partial_path->rows * cheapest_partial_path->parallel_workers;
		path = (Path *) create_sort_path(root, rel, cheapest_partial_path,
										 root->group_pathkeys,
										 -1.0);
		path = (Path *)
			create_gather_merge_path(root,
									 rel,
									 path,
									 rel->reltarget,
									 root->group_pathkeys,
									 NULL,
									 &total_groups);

		add_path(rel, path);
	}
}

/*
 * can_partial_agg
 *
 * Determines whether or not partial grouping and/or aggregation is possible.
 * Returns true when possible, false otherwise.
 */
static bool
can_partial_agg(PlannerInfo *root, const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs)
{
	Query	   *parse = root->parse;

	if (!parse->hasAggs && parse->groupClause == NIL)
	{
		/*
		 * We don't know how to do parallel aggregation unless we have either
		 * some aggregates or a grouping clause.
		 */
		return false;
	}
	else if (parse->groupingSets)
	{
		/* We don't know how to do grouping sets in parallel. */
		return false;
	}
	else if (agg_costs->hasNonPartial || agg_costs->hasNonSerial)
	{
		/* Insufficient support for partial mode. */
		return false;
	}

	/* Everything looks good. */
	return true;
}

/*
 * apply_scanjoin_target_to_paths
 *
 * Adjust the final scan/join relation, and recursively all of its children,
 * to generate the final scan/join target.  It would be more correct to model
 * this as a separate planning step with a new RelOptInfo at the toplevel and
 * for each child relation, but doing it this way is noticeably cheaper.
 * Maybe that problem can be solved at some point, but for now we do this.
 *
 * If tlist_same_exprs is true, then the scan/join target to be applied has
 * the same expressions as the existing reltarget, so we need only insert the
 * appropriate sortgroupref information.  By avoiding the creation of
 * projection paths we save effort both immediately and at plan creation time.
 */
static void
apply_scanjoin_target_to_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
							   RelOptInfo *rel,
							   List *scanjoin_targets,
							   List *scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs,
							   bool scanjoin_target_parallel_safe,
							   bool tlist_same_exprs)
{
	ListCell   *lc;
	PathTarget *scanjoin_target;
	bool		is_dummy_rel = IS_DUMMY_REL(rel);

	check_stack_depth();

	/*
	 * If the scan/join target is not parallel-safe, partial paths cannot
	 * generate it.
	 */
	if (!scanjoin_target_parallel_safe)
	{
		/*
		 * Since we can't generate the final scan/join target, this is our
		 * last opportunity to use any partial paths that exist.  We don't do
		 * this if the case where the target is parallel-safe, since we will
		 * be able to generate superior paths by doing it after the final
		 * scan/join target has been applied.
		 *
		 * Note that this may invalidate rel->cheapest_total_path, so we must
		 * not rely on it after this point without first calling set_cheapest.
		 */
		generate_gather_paths(root, rel, false);

		/* Can't use parallel query above this level. */
		rel->partial_pathlist = NIL;
		rel->consider_parallel = false;
	}

	/*
	 * Update the reltarget.  This may not be strictly necessary in all cases,
	 * but it is at least necessary when create_append_path() gets called
	 * below directly or indirectly, since that function uses the reltarget as
	 * the pathtarget for the resulting path.  It seems like a good idea to do
	 * it unconditionally.
	 */
	rel->reltarget = llast_node(PathTarget, scanjoin_targets);

	/* Special case: handle dummy relations separately. */
	if (is_dummy_rel)
	{
		/*
		 * Since this is a dummy rel, it's got a single Append path with no
		 * child paths.  Replace it with a new path having the final scan/join
		 * target.  (Note that since Append is not projection-capable, it
		 * would be bad to handle this using the general purpose code below;
		 * we'd end up putting a ProjectionPath on top of the existing Append
		 * node, which would cause this relation to stop appearing to be a
		 * dummy rel.)
		 */
		rel->pathlist = list_make1(create_append_path(root, rel, NIL, NIL,
													  NULL, 0, false, NIL,
													  -1));
		rel->partial_pathlist = NIL;
		set_cheapest(rel);
		Assert(IS_DUMMY_REL(rel));

		/*
		 * Forget about any child relations.  There's no point in adjusting
		 * them and no point in using them for later planning stages (in
		 * particular, partitionwise aggregate).
		 */
		rel->nparts = 0;
		rel->part_rels = NULL;
		rel->boundinfo = NULL;

		return;
	}

	/* Extract SRF-free scan/join target. */
	scanjoin_target = linitial_node(PathTarget, scanjoin_targets);

	/*
	 * Adjust each input path.  If the tlist exprs are the same, we can just
	 * inject the sortgroupref information into the existing pathtarget.
	 * Otherwise, replace each path with a projection path that generates the
	 * SRF-free scan/join target.  This can't change the ordering of paths
	 * within rel->pathlist, so we just modify the list in place.
	 */
	foreach(lc, rel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
		Path	   *newpath;

		Assert(subpath->param_info == NULL);

		if (tlist_same_exprs)
			subpath->pathtarget->sortgrouprefs =
				scanjoin_target->sortgrouprefs;
		else
		{
			newpath = (Path *) create_projection_path(root, rel, subpath,
													  scanjoin_target);
			lfirst(lc) = newpath;
		}
	}

	/* Same for partial paths. */
	foreach(lc, rel->partial_pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc);
		Path	   *newpath;

		/* Shouldn't have any parameterized paths anymore */
		Assert(subpath->param_info == NULL);

		if (tlist_same_exprs)
			subpath->pathtarget->sortgrouprefs =
				scanjoin_target->sortgrouprefs;
		else
		{
			newpath = (Path *) create_projection_path(root,
													  rel,
													  subpath,
													  scanjoin_target);
			lfirst(lc) = newpath;
		}
	}

	/* Now fix things up if scan/join target contains SRFs */
	if (root->parse->hasTargetSRFs)
		adjust_paths_for_srfs(root, rel,
							  scanjoin_targets,
							  scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs);

	/*
	 * If the relation is partitioned, recursively apply the same changes to
	 * all partitions and generate new Append paths.  Since Append is not
	 * projection-capable, that might save a separate Result node, and it also
	 * is important for partitionwise aggregate.
	 */
	if (rel->part_scheme && rel->part_rels)
	{
		int			partition_idx;
		List	   *live_children = NIL;

		/* Adjust each partition. */
		for (partition_idx = 0; partition_idx < rel->nparts; partition_idx++)
		{
			RelOptInfo *child_rel = rel->part_rels[partition_idx];
			ListCell   *lc;
			AppendRelInfo **appinfos;
			int			nappinfos;
			List	   *child_scanjoin_targets = NIL;

			/* Translate scan/join targets for this child. */
			appinfos = find_appinfos_by_relids(root, child_rel->relids,
											   &nappinfos);
			foreach(lc, scanjoin_targets)
			{
				PathTarget *target = lfirst_node(PathTarget, lc);

				target = copy_pathtarget(target);
				target->exprs = (List *)
					adjust_appendrel_attrs(root,
										   (Node *) target->exprs,
										   nappinfos, appinfos);
				child_scanjoin_targets = lappend(child_scanjoin_targets,
												 target);
			}
			pfree(appinfos);

			/* Recursion does the real work. */
			apply_scanjoin_target_to_paths(root, child_rel,
										   child_scanjoin_targets,
										   scanjoin_targets_contain_srfs,
										   scanjoin_target_parallel_safe,
										   tlist_same_exprs);

			/* Save non-dummy children for Append paths. */
			if (!IS_DUMMY_REL(child_rel))
				live_children = lappend(live_children, child_rel);
		}

		/* Build new paths for this relation by appending child paths. */
		if (live_children != NIL)
			add_paths_to_append_rel(root, rel, live_children);
	}

	/*
	 * Consider generating Gather or Gather Merge paths.  We must only do this
	 * if the relation is parallel safe, and we don't do it for child rels to
	 * avoid creating multiple Gather nodes within the same plan. We must do
	 * this after all paths have been generated and before set_cheapest, since
	 * one of the generated paths may turn out to be the cheapest one.
	 */
	if (rel->consider_parallel && !IS_OTHER_REL(rel))
		generate_gather_paths(root, rel, false);

	/*
	 * Reassess which paths are the cheapest, now that we've potentially added
	 * new Gather (or Gather Merge) and/or Append (or MergeAppend) paths to
	 * this relation.
	 */
	set_cheapest(rel);
}

/*
 * create_partitionwise_grouping_paths
 *
 * If the partition keys of input relation are part of the GROUP BY clause, all
 * the rows belonging to a given group come from a single partition.  This
 * allows aggregation/grouping over a partitioned relation to be broken down
 * into aggregation/grouping on each partition.  This should be no worse, and
 * often better, than the normal approach.
 *
 * However, if the GROUP BY clause does not contain all the partition keys,
 * rows from a given group may be spread across multiple partitions. In that
 * case, we perform partial aggregation for each group, append the results,
 * and then finalize aggregation.  This is less certain to win than the
 * previous case.  It may win if the PartialAggregate stage greatly reduces
 * the number of groups, because fewer rows will pass through the Append node.
 * It may lose if we have lots of small groups.
 */
static void
create_partitionwise_grouping_paths(PlannerInfo *root,
									RelOptInfo *input_rel,
									RelOptInfo *grouped_rel,
									RelOptInfo *partially_grouped_rel,
									const AggClauseCosts *agg_costs,
									grouping_sets_data *gd,
									PartitionwiseAggregateType patype,
									GroupPathExtraData *extra)
{
	int			nparts = input_rel->nparts;
	int			cnt_parts;
	List	   *grouped_live_children = NIL;
	List	   *partially_grouped_live_children = NIL;
	PathTarget *target = grouped_rel->reltarget;
	bool		partial_grouping_valid = true;

	Assert(patype != PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_NONE);
	Assert(patype != PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_PARTIAL ||
		   partially_grouped_rel != NULL);

	/* Add paths for partitionwise aggregation/grouping. */
	for (cnt_parts = 0; cnt_parts < nparts; cnt_parts++)
	{
		RelOptInfo *child_input_rel = input_rel->part_rels[cnt_parts];
		PathTarget *child_target = copy_pathtarget(target);
		AppendRelInfo **appinfos;
		int			nappinfos;
		GroupPathExtraData child_extra;
		RelOptInfo *child_grouped_rel;
		RelOptInfo *child_partially_grouped_rel;

		/* Input child rel must have a path */
		Assert(child_input_rel->pathlist != NIL);

		/*
		 * Copy the given "extra" structure as is and then override the
		 * members specific to this child.
		 */
		memcpy(&child_extra, extra, sizeof(child_extra));

		appinfos = find_appinfos_by_relids(root, child_input_rel->relids,
										   &nappinfos);

		child_target->exprs = (List *)
			adjust_appendrel_attrs(root,
								   (Node *) target->exprs,
								   nappinfos, appinfos);

		/* Translate havingQual and targetList. */
		child_extra.havingQual = (Node *)
			adjust_appendrel_attrs(root,
								   extra->havingQual,
								   nappinfos, appinfos);
		child_extra.targetList = (List *)
			adjust_appendrel_attrs(root,
								   (Node *) extra->targetList,
								   nappinfos, appinfos);

		/*
		 * extra->patype was the value computed for our parent rel; patype is
		 * the value for this relation.  For the child, our value is its
		 * parent rel's value.
		 */
		child_extra.patype = patype;

		/*
		 * Create grouping relation to hold fully aggregated grouping and/or
		 * aggregation paths for the child.
		 */
		child_grouped_rel = make_grouping_rel(root, child_input_rel,
											  child_target,
											  extra->target_parallel_safe,
											  child_extra.havingQual);

		/* Ignore empty children. They contribute nothing. */
		if (IS_DUMMY_REL(child_input_rel))
		{
			mark_dummy_rel(child_grouped_rel);

			continue;
		}

		/* Create grouping paths for this child relation. */
		create_ordinary_grouping_paths(root, child_input_rel,
									   child_grouped_rel,
									   agg_costs, gd, &child_extra,
									   &child_partially_grouped_rel);

		if (child_partially_grouped_rel)
		{
			partially_grouped_live_children =
				lappend(partially_grouped_live_children,
						child_partially_grouped_rel);
		}
		else
			partial_grouping_valid = false;

		if (patype == PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_FULL)
		{
			set_cheapest(child_grouped_rel);
			grouped_live_children = lappend(grouped_live_children,
											child_grouped_rel);
		}

		pfree(appinfos);
	}

	/*
	 * Try to create append paths for partially grouped children. For full
	 * partitionwise aggregation, we might have paths in the partial_pathlist
	 * if parallel aggregation is possible.  For partial partitionwise
	 * aggregation, we may have paths in both pathlist and partial_pathlist.
	 *
	 * NB: We must have a partially grouped path for every child in order to
	 * generate a partially grouped path for this relation.
	 */
	if (partially_grouped_rel && partial_grouping_valid)
	{
		Assert(partially_grouped_live_children != NIL);

		add_paths_to_append_rel(root, partially_grouped_rel,
								partially_grouped_live_children);

		/*
		 * We need call set_cheapest, since the finalization step will use the
		 * cheapest path from the rel.
		 */
		if (partially_grouped_rel->pathlist)
			set_cheapest(partially_grouped_rel);
	}

	/* If possible, create append paths for fully grouped children. */
	if (patype == PARTITIONWISE_AGGREGATE_FULL)
	{
		Assert(grouped_live_children != NIL);

		add_paths_to_append_rel(root, grouped_rel, grouped_live_children);
	}
}

/*
 * group_by_has_partkey
 *
 * Returns true, if all the partition keys of the given relation are part of
 * the GROUP BY clauses, false otherwise.
 */
static bool
group_by_has_partkey(RelOptInfo *input_rel,
					 List *targetList,
					 List *groupClause)
{
	List	   *groupexprs = get_sortgrouplist_exprs(groupClause, targetList);
	int			cnt = 0;
	int			partnatts;

	/* Input relation should be partitioned. */
	Assert(input_rel->part_scheme);

	/* Rule out early, if there are no partition keys present. */
	if (!input_rel->partexprs)
		return false;

	partnatts = input_rel->part_scheme->partnatts;

	for (cnt = 0; cnt < partnatts; cnt++)
	{
		List	   *partexprs = input_rel->partexprs[cnt];
		ListCell   *lc;
		bool		found = false;

		foreach(lc, partexprs)
		{
			Expr	   *partexpr = lfirst(lc);

			if (list_member(groupexprs, partexpr))
			{
				found = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If none of the partition key expressions match with any of the
		 * GROUP BY expression, return false.
		 */
		if (!found)
			return false;
	}

	return true;
}
