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<appendix id="release">
 <title>Release Notes</title>

  <sect1 id="release-8-3">
   <title>Release 8.3</title>

   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
    <simpara>2007-12-??</simpara>
    <para>CURRENT AS OF 2007-10-03</>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>

    <para>
     This release represents a major leap forward by adding significant
     new functionality and performance enhancements to
     <productname>PostgreSQL</>. Many complex ideas that normally take
     years to implement were added rapidly to this release by our
     development team. This release starts <productname>PostgreSQL</> on
     a trajectory moving beyond feature-parity with other database
     systems to a time when <productname>PostgreSQL</> will be a
     technology leader in the database field. Major new capabilities
     in this release include:

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Full text search now fully integrated into the core database
        system
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support for the SQL/XML standard, including a new <type>XML</type> builtin
        data type
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enumerated (<type>ENUM</>) data type support
       </para>

       <para>
        This is accomplished by creating a new data type with an
        <literal>ENUM</> clause, e.g.
        <literal>CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy')</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) data type, similar to that
        defined by RFC 4122
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Arrays of composite types
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Control of whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last, using
        <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Updatable cursors using <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF</>
       </para>

       <para>
        This eliminates the need to reference a primary key to update or
        delete rows returned by a cursor.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
        basis
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, functions can now set their own
        <varname>search_path</> to prevent unexpected behavior if a
        different <varname>search_path</> exists at run-time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        User-defined types can now have type modifiers
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows a user type to take a modifier when
        being referenced, e.g. <type>SSNUM(7)</>.  Previously only
        predefined system data types would allow this, e.g.
        <type>CHAR(4)</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Automatically invalidate cached function code when table
        definitions change
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously PL/PgSQL functions that referenced temporary tables
        would fail if the temporary table was dropped and recreated
        between function invocations, unless <literal>EXECUTE</> was
        used.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Numerous improvements in logging and statistics collection,
        including the ability to emit postmaster log messages in
        <acronym>CSV</> format, which can be loaded into a database
        table for analysis
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        SSPI/GSSAPI authentication support
       </para>

       <para>
        This adds native Security Service Provider Interface (SSPI) for
        Windows.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Multiple autovacuum worker processes, and other autovacuum improvements
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows multiple vacuums to run concurrently, meaning
        vacuuming of a large table will not prevent smaller tables from
        being vacuumed at the same time. Autovacuum is now considered
        mature and thus enabled by default.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        The backend database server can now be compiled with
        <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</>
       </para>

       <para>
         Windows executables made with Visual C++ might have better
         stability and performance than those made with other tool sets.
         Development and debugging tools familiar to Windows developers
         will also work.
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    Major performance improvements are listed below. Fortunately, most of
    these enhancements are automatic and do not require user changes or
    tuning:

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Asynchronous commit option allows transactions to be committed
        but on-disk changes to be delayed
       </para>

       <para>
        This feature dramatically increases performance for data
        modification queries. The disadvantage is that because on-disk
        changes are delayed, if the operating system crashes before data
        is written to the disk, committed data will be lost. This is
        useful only for applications that can accept some data loss.
        Unlike <varname>fsync</varname>, asynchronous commit does not
        risk database corruption; the worst case is that after an
        operating system crash the last few reportedly-committed
        transactions will be missing.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <quote>Distributed</> checkpoints prevent I/O spikes during
        checkpoints
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously all modified buffers were forced to disk at
        checkpoint time, causing an I/O spike and decreasing server
        performance. This new capability spreads checkpoint activity out
        between checkpoints, reducing peak I/O usage.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) improves <command>UPDATE</>
        space usage
       </para>

       <para>
        To allow high concurrency <productname>PostgreSQL</> retains old
        versions of updated rows. Previously only <command>VACUUM</>
        could reuse space taken by dead rows. With <acronym>HOT</> dead
        row space can be reused at the time of <command>UPDATE</> or
        <command>INSERT</>. This allows for more consistent performance.
        <acronym>HOT</> also improved deleted row space reuse.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Just-in-time background writer strategy to improve disk write
        efficiency
       </para>

       <para>
        This basically makes the background writer self-tuning.
       </para>

      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduction of both per-field and per-row storage requirements
       </para>

       <para>
        Variable-length data types with data values less then 128 bytes
        will see a decrease of 3-6 bytes. For example, two
        <type>CHAR(1)</type> fields now take 4 bytes instead of 16. Rows
        are also 4 bytes shorter.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent large sequential scans from forcing out more frequently
        used cached pages
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow large sequential scans to use cached pages from other
        concurrent sequential scans
       </para>

       <para>
        This is accomplished by starting the new sequential scan in the
        middle of the table (where the other sequential scan is already
        in-progress) and wrapping around to the beginning to finish.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> to be done without sorting
       </para>

       <para>
        This is done by scanning the table and using a filter to find
        the few requested rows, rather than sorting the entire table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use pseudo-transaction ids in read-only transactions
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces transaction overhead for read-only transactions,
        and reduces the need for vacuuming for transaction id
        wrap-around.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
     release.
    </para>

    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> features have been moved into
        the core server, with some minor syntax changes
       </para>

       <para>
        XXX we need to provide a migration guide, at the very least
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Queries that previously automatically cast values to
        <type>TEXT</type> might now need explicit casts
       </para>

       <para>
        Data types other than <type>CHAR</> and <type>VARCHAR</> no
        longer automatically cast to <type>TEXT</>, except in the
        limited case of concatenation (<literal>||</>) where the other
        input is textual. While this change will require additional
        casts for some queries it also eliminates some unusual
        behavior.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Numerous changes in administrative server parameters
       </para>

       <para>
        <varname>bgwriter_lru_percent</>,
        <varname>bgwriter_all_percent</>,
        <varname>bgwriter_all_maxpages</>,
        <varname>stats_start_collector</>, and
        <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</> are removed.
        <varname>redirect_stderr</> is renamed to
        <varname>logging_collector</>. 
        <varname>stats_command_string</> is renamed to
        <varname>track_activities</>.
        <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
        are merged into <varname>track_counts</>.
        Previously <varname>archive_command</> controlled whether
        archiving was performed. Now a new boolean configuration
        parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>, controls this. Autovacuum's
        default settings have changed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Commenting out a parameter in <filename>postgresql.conf</> now
        causes it to revert to its default value
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously commenting out a value kept the value unchanged until
        the next server restart.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</literal>, where <command>SELECT</>
        returns no rows, now returns an empty array, rather than NULL
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <literal>ORDER BY ... USING</> <replaceable>operator</> now must
        use a less-than or greater-than <replaceable>operator</> that is
        defined in a btree operator class
       </para>

       <para>
        This restriction was added to prevent unexpected results.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        The array name for a base data type is no longer required to
        be the data type name with an underscore prefix
       </para>

       <para>
        The old naming convention is still honored when possible, but
        client code should no longer depending on it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Non-superuser database owners now have privileges to add trusted
        procedural languages in their databases by default
       </para>

       <para>
        While this is reasonably safe, some administrators may wish to
        revoke the privilege. It is controlled by
        <structname>pg_pltemplate</>.<structfield>tmpldbacreate</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>SET LOCAL</command> changes now persist until
        the end of the top-most transaction, unless rolled back
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously <command>SET LOCAL</command>'s effects reverted
        during subtransaction commit and <command>RELEASE</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Commands that are disallowed in transaction blocks are now also
        disallowed in multiple-statement query strings
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, <literal>BEGIN; DROP DATABASE; COMMIT</> will now be
        rejected even if submitted as a single query message.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add additional checks for invalidly-encoded multibyte strings
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, <function>chr()</function> has additional checks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <function>convert()</function> encoding has changed behavior
       </para>

       <para>
        <type>bytea</> is now used for strings that do not match the
        server encoding, and <function>convert_from</> and
        <function>convert_to</> have been added for consistency.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restrict object size functions to users who have reasonable
        permissions to view such information
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, database size now requires <literal>CONNECT</>
        permission, and tablespaces size requires <literal>CREATE</>
        permission.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New C macros for handling variable-length data values
       </para>

       <para>
        The new <function>SET_VARSIZE()</> macro <emphasis>must</> be
        used to set the length of generated values. Also, it might be
        necessary to expand (<quote>de-TOAST</quote>) input values in
        additional places.
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     Below you will find a detailed account of the
     changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3 and
     the previous major release.
    </para>

    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement an optional asynchronous commit mode (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        When <varname>synchronous_commit</varname> is off, we don't flush
        WAL before reporting a transaction committed.  Data consistency is
        still guaranteed (unlike turning <varname>fsync</varname> off), but
        a crash may lose the effects of the last few transactions.  In many
        applications this is an acceptable tradeoff for improved
        performance.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement <quote>distributed</> checkpoints (Itagaki Takahiro and
        Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        The I/O needed for a checkpoint is now spread over a fairly long
        period of time, rather than being spat out in a burst.  (This happens
        only for background checkpoints carried out by the bgwriter; other
        cases, such as a shutdown checkpoint, are still done at full speed.)
        This reduces the impact of checkpoints on query processing.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Heap-Only Tuples (Pavan Deolasee, with ideas from many others)
       </para>

       <para>
        When we update a tuple without changing any of its indexed columns,
        and the new version can be stored on the same heap page, we no longer
        generate extra index entries for the new version.  Instead, index
        searches follow the HOT-chain links to ensure they find the correct
        tuple version.  In addition, this patch introduces the ability to
        <quote>prune</quote> dead tuples on a per-page basis, without having
        to do a complete <command>VACUUM</command> pass to recover space.
        <command>VACUUM</command> is still needed to clean up dead index
        entries, however.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Just-in-time background writing strategy (Greg Smith, Itagaki
        Takahiro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This patch avoids re-scanning buffers that cannot possibly need to
        be cleaned, and estimates how many buffers it should try to clean
        based on moving averages of recent allocation requests and density
        of reusable buffers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support varlena fields with single-byte headers and unaligned
        storage (Greg Stark)
       </para>

       <para>
        This significantly reduces the on-disk size of short
        character-string fields.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Combine cmin and cmax fields of HeapTupleHeaders into a single field
        (Heikki)
       </para>

       <para>
        We do this by keeping private state in each backend that has
        inserted and deleted the same tuple during its current top-level
        transaction.  This is sufficient since there is no need to be able
        to determine the cmin/cmax from any other transaction. This gets us
        back down to 23-byte tuple headers, removing a space penalty paid in
        8.0 to support subtransactions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Lazy XID allocation (Florian Pflug)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly, every transaction obtained a transaction ID (XID).  Now,
        transactions that do not modify any database rows will typically
        never obtain an XID at all.  We already did things this way for
        subtransactions, but this patch extends the concept to top-level
        transactions.  In applications where there are lots of short
        read-only transactions, this should improve performance noticeably;
        not so much from removal of the actual XID-assignments, as from
        reduction of overhead that's driven by the rate of XID consumption.
        We add a concept of a <quote>virtual transaction ID</> so that active
        transactions can be uniquely identified even if they don't have a
        regular XID.  This is a much lighter-weight concept: uniqueness of
        VXIDs is only guaranteed over the short term, and no on-disk record
        is made about them.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce contention for the ProcArrayLock (Florian Pflug, Heikki)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve interlocking between checkpoint start and transaction commit
        (Heikki)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new method both speeds up commit (less for it to do) and
        prevents the problem of checkpoint being delayed indefinitely when
        there's a constant flow of commits.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create a dedicated <quote>wal writer</quote> process to offload
        WAL-writing work from backends (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        This process is also responsible for guaranteeing a maximum delay
        before asynchronously-committed transactions will be flushed to
        disk.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Skip writing WAL in <command>CLUSTER</command> and
        <command>COPY</command> in cases where it's not needed (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        If WAL archiving is not enabled, it's possible to ensure
        transactional safety by fsync'ing the destination table before
        commit, rather than emitting WAL records for all inserted tuples.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid rewriting <filename>pg_control</filename> at every WAL segment
        switch (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce WAL output size for page splits in btree indexes (Heikki)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid unnecessary disk reads during WAL recovery (Heikki)
       </para>

       <para>
        Aside from speeding up recovery, this change eliminates a potential
        data loss risk when restoring a WAL log that was written with
        full_page_writes off.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make large sequential scans and <command>VACUUM</command>s work in a
        limited-size <quote>ring</quote> of buffers (Simon, Heikki, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Aside from avoiding cache spoliation, this fixes the problem that
        <command>VACUUM</command> formerly tended to cause a WAL flush for
        every page it modified, because we had it hacked to use only a
        single buffer.  Those flushes will now occur only once per ring-ful.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Synchronize sequential scans (Jeff Davis)
       </para>

       <para>
        Large sequential scans now synchronize with each other, so that when
        multiple backends are scanning the same relation concurrently, each
        page is (ideally) read only once.  Note that a backend joining such
        a scan starts in the middle of the relation and <quote>wraps
        around</quote> to cover all blocks; this may affect the order in which
        rows are returned.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Suppress useless searches for unused line pointers in PageAddItem
        (Heikki, improving on an idea from Hiroki Kataoka)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Put a rate limit on messages sent by backends to the stats collector
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces the overhead for short transactions by combining
        reports for successive short transactions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement <quote>top N</quote> sorting in <literal>ORDER BY
        ... LIMIT</literal> queries (Greg Stark)
       </para>

       <para>
        We keep a heap of the current best N tuples and sift-up new tuples
        into it as we scan the input.  For M input tuples this means only
        about M*log(N) comparisons instead of M*log(M), not to mention a lot
        less workspace when N is small &mdash; avoiding spill-to-disk for large
        M is actually the most attractive thing about it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve hash join performance for cases with many input NULLs (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of mergejoin with a large sort operation as
        inner input (Greg Stark)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change uses a Materialize node between the mergejoin and the
        sort to prevent the sort from having to <quote>back up</>, which
        allows a more efficient sort.  The Materialize node keeps a circular
        buffer of only the prior tuples that the mergejoin may actually
        need again, so it usually won't need to spill to disk, resulting
        in net I/O savings.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid computing X^2 at each row in <function>avg(bigint)</function>
        and <function>avg(numeric)</function> (Mark Kirkwood)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Autovacuum is now enabled by default (Alvaro)
       </para>

       <para>
        Considerable work was done to make autovacuum less intrusive,
        allowing this to become a reasonable default.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support multiple concurrent autovacuum processes (Alvaro, Itagaki
        Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Set the default autovacuum <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname>
        value to 20ms, and reduce the default autovacuum vacuum and analyze
        threshold values to 50 tuples (Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make autovacuum report the start time of its current activity in
        <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make configuration parameters fall back to their default values when
        they are removed from the configuration file (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>

       <para>
        This fixes an ancient gotcha that returning a configuration file
        line to its original commented-out state did not undo the change.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Invalidate and rebuild cached plans whenever there is a schema
        change or statistics update to referenced relations (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Aside from improving performance (for example, by being able to make
        use of newly-added indexes), this finally fixes the problem that you
        couldn't drop and recreate a temp table that's used by a PL/PgSQL
        function, unless you used <literal>EXECUTE</literal> for all
        references to it.  A statement that depends on a temp table will now
        be replanned automatically if the temp table has been recreated.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for GSSAPI authentication (Henry Hotz, Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support SSPI authentication on Windows (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support a global SSL configuration file (Victor Wagner)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>ssl_ciphers</> parameter to control allowed ciphers
        (Victor Wagner)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new encodings EUC_JIS_2004 and SHIFT_JIS_2004, along with new
        conversions among EUC_JIS_2004, SHIFT_JIS_2004 and UTF-8 (Tatsuo)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make JOHAB encoding client-only (Tatsuo)
       </para>

       <para>
        It was found that JOHAB does not meet the assumptions needed to be
        used safely as a server-side encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Provide for logfiles in machine readable CSV format (Arul Shaji,
        Greg Smith, Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname> parameter to
        support configurable logging of autovacuum actions (Simon, Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>log_lock_waits</varname> parameter to log long wait
        times (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>log_temp_files</varname> parameter to log usage of
        temporary files (Bill Moran)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>log_checkpoints</varname> parameter to improve logging
        of checkpoints (Greg Smith, Heikki)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <literal>%s</literal> and <literal>%c</literal> escapes in
        <varname>log_line_prefix</varname> can now be used in all processes
        (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use our own timezone support for formatting timestamps displayed in
        the server log (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids Windows-specific problems with localized time zone names
        that are in the wrong encoding.  There is a new
        <varname>log_timezone</> parameter that controls the timezone used
        in log messages, separately from the client-visible
        <varname>timezone</> parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change the timestamps recorded in transaction commit/abort xlog
        records from time_t to TimestampTz representation (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This provides full gettimeofday() resolution for the timestamps,
        which might be useful when attempting to do point-in-time recovery
        &mdash; previously it was not possible to specify the stop point with
        sub-second resolution.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Split the <varname>archive_command</> parameter into separate
        <varname>archive_mode</> and <varname>archive_command</> parameters
        (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids some problems that occur if the user wishes to stop
        archiving temporarily.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <literal>%r</> option in <filename>recovery.conf</filename> to
        provide last restartpoint to <varname>restore_command</varname>
        (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>log_restartpoints</varname> recovery option to emit a
        log message at each restartpoint (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Last transaction end time is now logged at end of recovery and at
        each logged restartpoint (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create a <varname>temp_tablespaces</varname> parameter to allow
        selection of one or more tablespaces in which to store temp tables
        and temporary files (Jaime Casanova, Albert Cervera, Bernd Helmle)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is a list to allow spreading the load across multiple
        tablespaces; a random list element is chosen each time a temp object
        is to be created.  Temp files are not stored in per-database
        <filename>pgsql_tmp/</filename> directories anymore, but in
        per-tablespace directories.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New system view <literal>pg_stat_bgwriter</literal> displays
        statistics about the background writer process's performance
        (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new columns for database-wide tuple statistics to
        <literal>pg_stat_database</literal> (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add an <literal>xact_start</literal> column to
        <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        This makes it easier to identify long-running transactions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>n_live_tuples</> and <literal>n_dead_tuples</> columns
        to <literal>pg_stat_all_tables</literal> and related views (Glen
        Parker)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <varname>stats_start_collector</varname> parameter (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        We now always start the collector process, unless prevented by a
        problem with setting up the stats UDP socket.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</varname> parameter (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This seemed useless in view of the availability of
        <function>pg_stat_reset()</function>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Merge <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
        parameters into a single parameter <varname>track_counts</>,
        which controls all reports sent to the collector process (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename <varname>stats_command_string</varname> parameter to
        <varname>track_activities</varname> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Limit the amount of information reported when a user is dropped
        (Alvaro)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, dropping (or attempting to drop) a user who owned many
        objects could result in extremely large <literal>NOTICE</literal> or
        <literal>ERROR</literal> messages listing all these objects; this
        caused problems for some client applications.  The length of the
        list is now limited, although a full list is still sent to the
        server log.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Arrange to put TOAST tables belonging to temporary tables into
        special schemas named
        <literal>pg_toast_temp_<replaceable>nnn</></literal> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows low-level code such as the relcache to recognize that
        these tables are indeed temporary, which enables various
        optimizations such as not WAL-logging changes and using local rather
        than shared buffers for access.  Aside from obvious performance
        benefits, this provides a solution to bug #3483, in which other
        backends unexpectedly held open file references to temporary tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix problem that a constant flow of new connection requests could
        indefinitely delay the postmaster from completing a shutdown or
        crash restart (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> to disregard
        transactions in other databases (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Text search capability is now in core Postgres (Teodor, Oleg)
       </para>

       <para>
        The features previously provided by <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>
        have been improved and moved into the standard server.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</literal> (Teodor, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Users can now control whether nulls sort before or after
        other values.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add ASC/DESC and NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST per-column options for btree
        indexes (Teodor, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is primarily useful for customizing multicolumn indexes to match
        the ordering needed by a specific query.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF</>
        <replaceable>cursor_name</>
        (Arul Shaji, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>FOR UPDATE</literal> in cursors (Arul Shaji, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Downgrade implicit casts to text to be assignment-only, except for
        the ones from the other string-category types (Peter, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change eliminates a lot of surprising interpretations that the
        parser could formerly make in cases when there was no directly
        applicable operator.  The  <literal>||</> (concatenation) operator
        has been generalized so that it will still accept non-textual
        inputs, thus preserving the main useful case for implicit text
        coercion.  In other cases, if you want something to be treated
        as text you'll need to say so.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create a general mechanism that supports casts to and from the
        standard string types (<type>text</type>, <type>varchar</type>,
        <type>bpchar</type>) for <emphasis>every</emphasis> datatype, by
        invoking the datatype's I/O functions (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        These new casts are assignment-only in the to-string direction,
        explicit-only in the other, and therefore should create no
        surprising behavior.  Remove a bunch of thereby-obsoleted
        datatype-specific casting functions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</literal> return an empty array,
        rather than a NULL, when the sub-select returns zero rows (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make 'col IS NULL' clauses be btree-indexable conditions (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for cross-type hashing (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows hash joins, hash indexes, hashed subplans, and hash
        aggregation to be used in situations involving cross-data-type
        comparisons, if the data types have compatible hash functions.  That
        is currently the case for
        <type>smallint</type>/<type>integer</type>/<type>bigint</type>, and
        also for <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve handling of <quote>equivalence classes</quote> of variables
        that are constrained to be equal within a query's <literal>WHERE</>
        clause (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Among other things, this change allows mergejoins to work with
        descending sort orders, and improves recognition of redundant sort
        columns.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance for planning large inheritance trees that are
        mostly excluded by constraints (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix problems with selectivity estimation for partial indexes (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix cost estimates for <literal>EXISTS</literal> subqueries that are
        evaluated as initPlans (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix some issues with user tables and views that are named similarly
        to system catalogs (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove the undocumented <literal>!!=</> (not in) operator (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This operator was obsoleted long ago by <literal>IN (SELECT
        ...)</literal> queries.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support arrays of composite types, including the rowtypes of regular
        tables and views (but not system catalogs, nor sequences or toast
        tables) (David Fetter, Andrew, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change also removes the hardwired convention that a type's
        array type is named exactly <quote>_type</quote>, instead using a
        new column <literal>pg_type.typarray</literal> to provide the
        linkage.  (It still will be named <quote>_type</quote>, though,
        except in odd corner cases such as maximum-length type names or
        collisions with a pre-existing type named with a leading
        underscore.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support per-function GUC parameter settings (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This provides a simple solution for functions that need local
        settings for parameters; in particular, security definer functions
        that must set <varname>search_path</varname> to avoid security
        loopholes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>COST</literal> and <literal>ROWS</literal> options to
        <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change allows simple user adjustment of the estimated cost of a
        function call, as well as control of the estimated number of rows
        returned by a set-returning function.  We might eventually wish to
        extend this to allow function-specific estimation routines, but
        there seems to be consensus that we should try a simple constant
        estimate first.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow triggers and rules to be defined with different, per session
        controllable, behaviors for replication purposes (Jan)
       </para>

       <para>
        This will allow replication systems to control the firing mechanism
        of triggers and rewrite rules without modifying the system catalogs
        directly.  The behavior is controlled by a new superuser-only
        parameter <varname>session_replication_role</varname>.
      </para>

       <para>
        <application>psql</application>'s <literal>\d</literal> command as
        well as <application>pg_dump</application> are extended in a
        backward compatible fashion.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support type modifiers for user-defined types (Teodor, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        User-defined types can now use parameters, similar to the maximum
        length and precision parameters used by some built-in types.  Any
        simple constant (numeric or string) or identifier can be used as a
        parameter value.  A type-specific function must be provided to
        validate this information and pack it into a 32-bit <quote>typmod</>
        value for storage.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Invent <quote>operator families</quote> to allow improved handling
        of cross-data-type operators (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change allows significantly better planning of queries
        involving cross-data-type comparisons.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean up semantic assumptions for foreign keys (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        There is now a sound semantic basis for the equality checks applied
        by foreign-key constraints; formerly the system tended to assume
        that any operator named <literal>=</> was the right thing.  The equality
        operators will now be selected from the opfamily of the unique index
        that the FK constraint depends on to enforce uniqueness of the
        referenced columns; therefore they are certain to be consistent with
        that index's notion of equality.  Among other things this should fix
        the problem noted awhile back that pg_dump may fail for foreign-key
        constraints on user-defined types when the required operators aren't
        in the search path.  This also means that the former warning
        condition about <quote>foreign key constraint will require costly
        sequential scans</quote> is gone: if the comparison condition isn't
        indexable then we'll reject the constraint entirely.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow non-superuser database owners to create procedural languages
        (Jeremy Drake)
       </para>

       <para>
        A database owner is now allowed to create a language in his database
        if it's marked <structfield>tmpldbacreate</> in
        <structname>pg_pltemplate</>.  The factory default is that this is set
        for all standard trusted languages, but of course a superuser may
        adjust the settings.  In service of this, add the long-foreseen owner
        column to <structname>pg_language</>; renaming, dropping, and altering
        owner of a PL now follow normal ownership rules instead of being
        superuser-only.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Arrange for <command>SET LOCAL</command>'s effects to persist until
        the end of the current top transaction, unless rolled back or
        overridden by a SET clause for the same variable attached to a
        surrounding function call (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is an incompatible change: in 8.0 through 8.2, <command>SET
        LOCAL</command>'s effects disappeared at subtransaction commit
        (leading to behavior that made little sense at the SQL level).
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>SET ... FROM CURRENT</literal> in
        <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command>, <command>ALTER DATABASE</command>,
        <command>ALTER ROLE</command> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This provides a convenient way of applying a session's current
        parameter setting as the default for future sessions or function
        calls.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement new commands <command>DISCARD ALL</command>,
        <command>DISCARD PLANS</command>, <command>DISCARD TEMP</command>,
        <command>CLOSE ALL</command>, and <command>DEALLOCATE ALL</command>
        (Marko Kreen, Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        These commands simplify resetting a database session to its initial
        state, and are particularly handy for connection-pooling software.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER VIEW ... RENAME TO</command> and <command>ALTER
        SEQUENCE ... RENAME TO</command> (David Fetter, Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        While it has long been possible to perform these operations using
        <command>ALTER TABLE</command>, users were often surprised that they
        couldn't say <command>ALTER VIEW</command> or <command>ALTER
        SEQUENCE</command> as appropriate.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement <command>CREATE TABLE LIKE ...  INCLUDING
        INDEXES</command> (Trevor Hardcastle, Nikhil S, Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>CLUSTER</command> MVCC-safe (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly, a <command>CLUSTER</command> command would discard all
        tuples that were committed dead, even if there were still
        transactions that should be able to see them under the MVCC snapshot
        rules.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support new syntax for <command>CLUSTER</command>: <literal>CLUSTER
        <replaceable>table</> USING <replaceable>index</></literal>
        (Holger Schurig)
      </para>

       <para>
        The old <command>CLUSTER</command> syntax is still supported, but
        the new form is considered more logical.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>CLUSTER</command> freeze tuples where possible
        (Heikki, Alvaro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is nearly free and may avoid the need for a subsequent
        <command>VACUUM</command> of the table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>CLUSTER</command> and <command>TRUNCATE</command>
        advance the table's <literal>relfrozenxid</literal> to
        <literal>RecentXmin</literal> (Alvaro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This may avoid the need for a subsequent <command>VACUUM</command>
        of the table.  The table-rewriting variants of <command>ALTER
        TABLE</command> do it too.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <command>EXPLAIN</command> so it can always print the correct
        referent of an upper plan level expression (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This fix banishes the old hack of showing
        <literal>?column<replaceable>N</>?</literal>
        when things got too complicated.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make PreventTransactionChain reject commands submitted as part of a
        multi-statement simple-Query message (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, <literal>BEGIN; DROP DATABASE; COMMIT</> will now be
        rejected even if submitted as a single Query message.  This is a
        potential incompatibility since some clients expected such strings to
        work; but it was always unsafe.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make CREATE/DROP/RENAME DATABASE wait a little bit to see if other
        backends will exit before failing because of conflicting DB usage
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This helps mask the fact that backend exit takes nonzero time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make
        <command>NOTIFY</command>/<command>LISTEN</command>/<command>UNLISTEN</command>
        only accept identifiers without a schema qualifier (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly, these commands accepted <quote>schema.relation</> but then
        ignored the schema part, leading to confusion.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        SQL/XML support (Nikolay Samokhvalov, Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        There is now an <type>xml</> data type and standard operations
        on it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support enum data types
       (Tom Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <type>uuid</type> data type similar to that defined in RFC
        4122 (Gevik Babakhani, Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Widen the <type>money</type> data type to 64 bits (D'Arcy Cain)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new regexp functions <function>regexp_matches()</function>,
        <function>regexp_split_to_array()</function>, and
        <function>regexp_split_to_table()</function> (Jeremy Drake, Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions provide access to the capture groups resulting from
        a POSIX regular expression match, and provide the ability to split a
        string on a POSIX regular expression.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> function for large object
        truncation (Kris Jurka)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement <function>width_bucket()</function> for the float8 data
        type (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a function <function>pg_stat_clear_snapshot()</function> that
        discards any statistics snapshot already collected in the current
        transaction (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows PL/PgSQL functions to watch for stats updates even
        though they are confined to a single transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>isodow</> option to <function>EXTRACT()</> and
        <function>date_part()</> (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is day of the week, with Sunday = 7.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add ID (ISO day of week) and IDDD (ISO day of year) format types for
        to_char(), to_date() and to_timestamp() (Brendan Jurd)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Check for overflow when converting far-future date values to
        timestamp (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>to_timestamp()</> and <function>to_date()</> assume
        <quote>TM</quote> for potentially variable-width fields (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        This matches Oracle behavior.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix off-by-one conversion in to_date()/to_timestamp() 'D' fields
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> to handle Infinity and
        Nan consistently (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        The code formerly was not consistent about distinguishing Infinity
        symbols from overflow conditions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>setseed()</function> return void, rather than a
        useless integer value (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a hash function for <type>numeric</type> (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows hash indexes and hash-based plans to be used with
        the <type>numeric</type> datatype.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve efficiency of
        <literal>LIKE</literal>/<literal>ILIKE</literal> code, especially
        for multi-byte charsets, and most especially for UTF8 (Andrew,
        Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow leading and trailing whitespace in the input to the
        <type>boolean</type> type (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add additional checks for invalidly-encoded data (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change plugs some holes that formerly existed in SQL literal
        backslash escape processing and <command>COPY</command> escape
        processing: the de-escaped string is rechecked if it might have
        resulted in creating invalid multi-byte characters.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Ensure that <function>chr()</function> cannot create invalidly
        encoded text (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        In UTF8-encoded databases the argument is treated as a Unicode code
        point.  In other multi-byte encodings the argument must designate a
        7-bit ASCII character, or an error is raised, as is also the case if
        the argument is 0.
      </para>

      <para>
        <function>ascii()</function> has been adjusted so that it remains
        the inverse of <function>chr()</function>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Adjust <function>convert()</function> behavior to ensure encoding
        validity (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        The two argument form of <function>convert()</function> is gone, and
        the three argument form now takes a <type>bytea</type> first
        argument and returns a <type>bytea</type>. To cover this loss three
        new functions are introduced:
       </para>

       <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          <function>convert_from(bytea, name)</function> returning
          <type>text</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the named
          encoding to the database encoding.
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          <function>convert_to(text, name)</function> returning <type>bytea</>
          &mdash; converts the first argument from the database encoding to
          the named encoding.
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          <function>length(bytea, name)</function> returning <type>int</>
          &mdash; gives the length of the first argument in characters in the
          named encoding.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <literal>CONVERT(argument USING conversion_name)</literal>
        (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        Although this syntax is required by the SQL standard, it's not clear
        what the standard expects it to do, except that it's most likely not
        what we were doing.  The former behavior was an encoding security
        hole, too.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Put some security restrictions on the dbsize functions (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Restrict <function>pg_database_size()</function> to users who can
        connect to the target database (note that <literal>CONNECT</literal>
        privilege is granted by default, so this does not change the default
        behavior).  Restrict <function>pg_tablespace_size()</function> to
        users who have <literal>CREATE</literal> privilege on the tablespace
        (which is <emphasis>not</emphasis> granted by default), except when
        the tablespace is the default tablespace for the current database
        (since we treat that as implicitly allowing use of the tablespace).
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>currtid()</function> functions require
        <literal>SELECT</literal> privileges on the target table (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support scrollable cursors (ie, add a direction clause in
        <command>FETCH</command>) in PL/PgSQL (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>IN</literal> as alternative to
        <literal>FROM</literal> in PL/PgSQL's <command>FETCH</command>
        statement, for consistency with the backend's
        <command>FETCH</command> command (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <command>MOVE</command> in PL/PgSQL (Magnus, Pavel Stehule,
        Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement <command>RETURN QUERY</command> for PL/PgSQL (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        This provides some convenient syntax sugar for PL/PgSQL
        set-returning functions that want to return the result of evaluating
        a query; it should also be more efficient than repeated
        <command>RETURN NEXT</command> statements.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow PL/PgSQL function parameter names to be qualified with the
        function's name (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reject zero or negative <literal>BY</literal> step in plpgsql
        integer <literal>FOR</literal>-loops, and behave sanely if the loop
        value overflows <type>int32</type> on the way to the end value (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve accuracy of error locations in PL/PgSQL syntax errors (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow type-name arguments to <function>spi_prepare()</function> to
        be standard type aliases as well as the names given in
        <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enable PL/PythonU to compile on Python 2.5 (Marko Kreen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow type-name arguments to <function>plpy.prepare()</function> to
        be standard type aliases as well as the names given in
        <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support true boolean type in Python versions that have it, i.e.,
        version 2.3 and later (Marko Kreen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Tcl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow type-name arguments to <function>spi_prepare</> to be standard
        type aliases as well as the names given in <literal>pg_type</>
        (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix problems with thread-enabled libtcl spawning multiple threads
        within the backend (Steve Marshall, Paul Bayer, Doug Knight)
       </para>

       <para>
        This caused all sorts of unpleasantness.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        List disabled triggers separately in <literal>\d</literal> output
        (Brendan Jurd)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Identify schema of inherited table in <literal>\d</literal> output
        (Bernd Helmle)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Show aggregate return types in <literal>\da</literal> output
        (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the function's volatility to the output of
        <literal>\df+</literal> (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In <literal>\d</literal> patterns, always match <literal>$</literal>
        literally, whether quoted or not (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Since we allow <literal>$</literal> as a character within
        identifiers, this behavior is useful, whereas the previous behavior
        of treating it as the regexp ending anchor was nearly useless given
        that the pattern is automatically anchored anyway.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>\prompt</literal> command (Chad Wagner)
       </para>

       <para>
        This lets a <application>psql</application> script prompt the user for input.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>\pset</literal>, <literal>\t</literal> and
        <literal>\x</literal> to use boolean constants on/off, rather than
        always toggling (Chad Wagner)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>\sleep</> command to allow delays in
        <application>psql</application> scripts (Jan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enable <literal>\timing</> output for <literal>\copy</> commands
        (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>\timing</literal> to have better resolution than
        ~15ms on Windows (Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Flush the <literal>\o</> file, if any, after each backslash command
        (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add --tablespaces-only and --roles-only options to
        <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add output-file option for <application>pg_dumpall</application>
        (Dave Page)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is primarily useful on Windows, where output redirection of
        child <application>pg_dump</application> processes doesn't work.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow pg_dumpall to accept an initial-connection database name
        rather than the default <literal>template1</literal> (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In -n and -t switches, always match <literal>$</literal> literally,
        whether quoted or not (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Since we allow <literal>$</literal> as a character within
        identifiers, this behavior is useful, whereas the previous behavior
        of treating it as the regexp ending anchor was nearly useless given
        that the pattern is automatically anchored anyway.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace linear searches with binary searches in pg_dump's code to
        lookup objects by OID (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This can improve speed materially in databases with thousands of
        objects of the same kind (for instances, thousands of functions).
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Other Client Application Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow a nondefault <filename>pg_xlog</filename> directory location
        to be specified to initdb (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Call setrlimit if possible in pg_regress to allow core file
        generation, and provide a switch for similar behavior in pg_ctl
        (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add cancel handlers so it's possible to Ctrl-C clusterdb, reindexdb
        and vacuumdb (Itagaki Takahiro, Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove gratuitous response messages from utility programs (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        The --quiet option is now obsolete and without effect in createdb,
        createuser, dropdb, dropuser; kept for compatibility but marked for
        removal in 8.4.

        Progress messages when acting on all databases now go to stdout
        instead of stderr, since they are not in fact errors.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Interpret the dbName parameter of PQsetdbLogin as a conninfo string
        if it contains an = sign (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows use of all the options of conninfo strings through
        client programs that still use PQsetdbLogin.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support a global SSL configuration file (Victor Wagner)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add libpq environment variable PGSSLKEY to control SSL hardware keys
        (Victor Wagner)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> function for large object
        truncation (Kris Jurka)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Provide <function>PQconnectionUsedPassword()</function> function
        that returns true if the server demanded a password during
        authentication (Joe Conway)
       </para>

       <para>
        If this is true after a failed connection, and the user did not give
        a password, clients may choose to prompt for a password and retry.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ecpg</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major rewrite to use V3 frontend/backend protocol (Michael)
       </para>

       <para>
        Among other things, prepared statements can now be prepared on the
        server side.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use native threads, instead of pthreads, on Windows (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve thread-safety of ecpglib (Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent ecpg libraries from exporting any symbols other than
        their intended API (Michael)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>Windows</> Port</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support building the entire Postgres system with Visual C++ (Magnus
        and others)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove old-style client-only Visual C++ build infrastructure for
        everything except libpq (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow regression tests to be started by an admin user (Magnus)
       </para>

       <para>
        This uses the same privilege-dropping method that's used by pg_ctl
        and initdb.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Native shared memory implementation for Windows (Magnus)
       </para>

       <para>
        Same underlying tech as before, but removes the useless SysV
        emulation layer.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace direct assignments to VARATT_SIZEP(x) with SET_VARSIZE(x,
        len) (Greg Stark, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Third-party C code that manipulates varlena datums <emphasis>must</emphasis> convert to
        this convention, since the varvarlena patch changes the
        representation of length words on some architectures.  Also, it
        may be necessary to <quote>detoast</quote> input varlena datums in cases where
        no toasting could have happened before.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename DLLIMPORT macro to PGDLLIMPORT to avoid conflict with third
        party includes (like tcl) that define DLLIMPORT (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove the prohibition on executing cursor commands through
        <function>SPI_execute</function> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The macro definition of SPI_ERROR_CURSOR still exists, so as not to
        needlessly break any SPI callers that are checking for it, but that
        code will never actually be returned anymore.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean up SPI's API a little bit by declaring SPI plan pointers as
        <literal>SPIPlanPtr</> instead of <literal>void *</> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This does not break any existing code, but switching is recommended
        to help catch simple programming mistakes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Expose more cursor-related functionality in SPI (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        Allow access to the planner's cursor-related planning options, and
        provide new FETCH/MOVE routines that allow access to the full power
        of those commands.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add configure --enable-profiling switch to enable code profiling
        (works with gcc only, for now) (Korry Douglas and Nikhil S)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add configure option --with-system-tzdata to use operating system
        time zone database (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>gmake draft</literal> in doc/src/sgml/Makefile (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow GIN's extractQuery method to signal that nothing can satisfy
        the query (Teodor)
       </para>

       <para>
        This changes prototype of extractQuery method to use int32* instead
        of uint32* for nentries argument.  A -1 result means that no search
        is needed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move NAMEDATALEN definition from postgres_ext.h to
        pg_config_manual.h (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        It used to be part of libpq's exported interface many releases ago,
        but now it's no longer necessary to make it accessible to clients.
        We may eventually make it configurable via a configure switch, but
        we should first flush out any client-side code that thinks it needs
        to know the value.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Get rid of client-code dependencies on the exact text of the
        no-password error message, by using
        <function>PQconnectionUsedPassword()</function> instead (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename MaxTupleSize to MaxHeapTupleSize to clarify that it's not
        meant to describe the maximum size of index tuples (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove the xlog-centric <quote>database system is ready</quote>
        message and replace it with <quote>database system is ready to
        accept connections</quote>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Provide <function>strlcpy()</function> and
        <function>strlcat()</function> on all platforms, and replace
        error-prone uses of <function>strncpy()</function>,
        <function>strncat()</function>, etc (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve smgr/md API (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This improves error detection and reporting, both for external
        problems and for coding errors inside the backend.  Notably,
        disallow <function>mdread()</function> beyond EOF, and enforce that
        <function>mdwrite()</function> is to be used for rewriting existing
        blocks while <function>mdextend()</function> is to be used for
        extending the relation EOF.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restructure planner-to-executor API (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Notably, the executor no longer sees the Query structure at all, but
        gets a new node type called PlannedStmt that is more suitable as
        executor input.  This allows us to stop storing mostly-redundant
        Query trees in prepared statements, portals, etc.  Also, the
        rangetable used by the executor is now a flat list with no
        unnecessary substructure &mdash; this simplifies many things.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Preserve typmod information in Const, Param, ArrayRef, ArrayExpr,
        and EXPR and ARRAY SubLink nodes (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This seems like a good idea in view of the expected increase in
        typmod usage from Teodor's work to allow user-defined types to have
        typmods.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove advertising clause from Berkeley BSD-licensed files, per
        instructions from Berkeley (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace 4-clause licensed blf.[ch] in contrib/pgcrypto with blowfish
        implementation from PuTTY which is under minimal BSD/MIT license
        (Marko Kreen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Decouple the values of TOAST_TUPLE_THRESHOLD and
        TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE, and adjust them to avoid wasting two bytes per
        toast chunk (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This forces initdb because the value of TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE
        determines the content of toast tables.  Add TOAST_MAX_CHUNK_SIZE to
        the values checked in pg_control, since it can't be changed without
        invalidating toast table content.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         While TOAST_TUPLE_THRESHOLD can now be changed without initdb, some
         thought still needs to be given to needs_toast_table() in
         toasting.c before unleashing random changes.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix pgstats counting of live and dead tuples to recognize that
        committed and aborted transactions have different effects (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This should result in noticeably more accurate tracking of
        n_live_tuples and n_dead_tuples.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a flag bit to WAL records that shows whether it is safe to
        remove full-page images (Koichi Suzuki)
       </para>

       <para>
        This supports implementation of external WAL-compression filters
        that remove such images.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create hooks to let a loadable plugin monitor (or even replace) the
        planner and/or create plans for hypothetical situations (Gurjeet
        Singh, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create a function variable <literal>join_search_hook</> to let plugins
        override the join search order portion of the planner (Julius
        Stroffek)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add tas() support for Renesas' M32R processor (Kazuhiro Inaoka)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Downgrade some boring startup messages to <literal>DEBUG1</literal>
        (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix several hash functions that were taking chintzy shortcuts
        instead of delivering a well-randomized hash value (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Redefine IsTransactionState() to only return true for
        TRANS_INPROGRESS state (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Arrange for <function>quote_identifier()</function> and
        <application>pg_dump</application> to not quote keywords that are
        unreserved according to the grammar (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Should this be flagged as a potential incompatibility?
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix PGXS conventions so that extensions can be built against
        Postgres installations whose pg_config program does not appear first
        in the PATH (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Adjust the output of <function>MemoryContextStats()</function> so
        that the line for a child memory context is indented two spaces to
        the right of its parent context (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change the on-disk representation of the <type>numeric</type>
        datatype so that the sign_dscale word comes before the weight
        instead of after (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use SYSV semaphores rather than POSIX on Darwin &gt;= 6.0, i.e., OS X
        10.2 and up (Chris Marcellino)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>/contrib/pageinspect</filename> module for low-level
        page inspection (Simon, Heikki)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>/contrib/pg_standby</filename> module for warm standby
        operation (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>/contrib/uuid-ossp</filename> module for generating
        UUID values using the OSSP UUID library (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        Use configure option <literal>--with-ossp-uuid</literal> to
        activate. This takes advantage of the new <type>uuid</type> builtin
        type.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add pgbench option to set fillfactor (Pavan Deolasee)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enhance pgbench -l option to add timestamp (Greg Smith)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add usage count statistics to the information available from
        <filename>contrib/pgbuffercache</filename> (Greg Smith)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add GIN support for hstore (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add GIN support for pg_trgm (Guillaume Smet, Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Update <filename>/contrib/start-scripts</filename> OS/X startup
        files, and move to a separate OS/X directory (Mark Cotner, David
        Fetter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restrict <function>pgrowlocks()</function> and
        <function>dblink_get_pkey()</function> to users who have
        <literal>SELECT</literal> privilege on the target table (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Restrict <filename>contrib/pgstattuple</filename> functions to
        superusers (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <filename>contrib/xml2</filename> is deprecated and planned for
        removal in 8.4 (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new XML support in core Postgres supersedes this module.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-2-5">
   <title>Release 8.2.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.4.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
       on the same table (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix <literal>ALTER DOMAIN ADD CONSTRAINT</> for cases involving
       domains over domains (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix some planner problems with outer joins, notably poor
       size estimation for <literal>t1 LEFT JOIN t2 WHERE t2.col IS NULL</>
       (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow the <type>interval</> data type to accept input consisting only of
       milliseconds or microseconds (Neil)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow timezone name to appear before the year in <type>timestamp</> input (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fixes for <acronym>GIN</> indexes used by <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> (Teodor)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Speed up rtree index insertion (Teodor)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix logging so that log messages are never interleaved when using
       the syslogger process (Andrew)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
       of memory (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix incorrect handling of some foreign-key corner cases (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix <function>stddev_pop(numeric)</> and <function>var_pop(numeric)</> (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent <command>REINDEX</> and <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Update the time zone database rules, particularly New Zealand's upcoming changes (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Windows socket and semaphore improvements (Magnus)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>pg_ctl -w</> work properly in Windows service mode (Dave Page)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix memory allocation bug when using <application>MIT Kerberos</> on Windows (Magnus)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Suppress timezone name (<literal>%Z</>) in log timestamps on Windows
       because of possible encoding mismatches (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Restrict <filename>/contrib/pgstattuple</> functions to superusers, for security reasons (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Do not let <filename>/contrib/intarray</> try to make its GIN opclass
       the default (this caused problems at dump/restore) (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-2-4">
   <title>Release 8.2.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.3,
    including a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
      and operators (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <varname>shared_preload_libraries</> for Windows
      by forcing reload in each backend (Korry Douglas)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>to_char()</> so it properly upper/lower cases localized day or month
      names (Pavel Stehule)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Require <command>COMMIT PREPARED</> to be executed in the same
      database as the transaction was prepared in (Heikki)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <command>pg_dump</> to do binary backups larger than two gigabytes
      on Windows (Magnus)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      New traditional (Taiwan) Chinese <acronym>FAQ</> (Zhou Daojing)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent the statistics collector from writing to disk too frequently (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bug in domains that use array types (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>pg_dump</> so it can dump a serial column's sequence
      using <option>-t</> when not also dumping the owning table
      (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Planner fixes, including improving outer join and bitmap scan
      selection logic (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible wrong answers or crash when a PL/pgSQL function tries
      to <literal>RETURN</> from within an <literal>EXCEPTION</> block
      (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix POSIX-style timezone specs to follow new USA DST rules (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-2-3">
   <title>Release 8.2.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-07</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains two fixes from 8.2.2.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove overly-restrictive check for type length in constraints and
      functional indexes(Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix optimization so MIN/MAX in subqueries can again use indexes (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-2-2">
   <title>Release 8.2.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.1, including
    a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove security vulnerabilities that allowed connected users
      to read backend memory (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      The vulnerabilities involve suppressing the normal check that a SQL
      function returns the data type it's declared to, and changing the
      data type of a table column (CVE-2007-0555, CVE-2007-0556).  These
      errors can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
      principle might be used to read database content that the user
      should not be able to access.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix not-so-rare-anymore bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix Borland C compile scripts (L Bayuk)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly handle <function>to_char('CC')</> for years ending in
      <literal>00</> (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      Year 2000 is in the twentieth century, not the twenty-first.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> localization improvements (Tatsuo, Teodor)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect permission check in
      <literal>information_schema.key_column_usage</> view (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      The symptom is <quote>relation with OID nnnnn does not exist</> errors.
      To get this fix without using <command>initdb</>, use <command>CREATE OR
      REPLACE VIEW</> to install the corrected definition found in
      <filename>share/information_schema.sql</>.  Note you will need to do
      this in each database.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <command>VACUUM</> performance for databases with many tables (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potentially incorrect results from index searches using
      <literal>ROW</> inequality conditions (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
      over three bytes long (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bogus <quote>permission denied</> failures occurring on Windows
      due to attempts to fsync already-deleted files (Magnus, Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bug that could cause the statistics collector
      to hang on Windows (Magnus)
     </para>

     <para>
      This would in turn lead to autovacuum not working.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crashes when an already-in-use PL/pgSQL function is
      updated (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve PL/pgSQL handling of domain types (Sergiy Vyshnevetskiy, Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible errors in processing PL/pgSQL exception blocks (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-2-1">
   <title>Release 8.2.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix crash with <literal>SELECT</> ... <literal>LIMIT ALL</> (also
       <literal>LIMIT NULL</>) (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <filename>Several /contrib/tsearch2</> fixes (Teodor)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       On Windows, make log messages coming from the operating system use
       <acronym>ASCII</> encoding (Hiroshi Saito)
      </para>

      <para>
       This fixes a conversion problem when there is a mismatch between
       the encoding of the operating system and database server.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix Windows linking of <application>pg_dump</> using
       <filename>win32.mak</>
       (Hiroshi Saito)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix planner mistakes for outer join queries (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix several problems in queries involving sub-SELECTs (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix potential crash in SPI during subtransaction abort (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This affects all PL functions since they all use SPI.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve build speed of <acronym>PDF</> documentation (Peter)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Re-add <acronym>JST</> (Japan) timezone abbreviation (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve optimization decisions related to index scans (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Have <application>psql</> print multi-byte combining characters as
       before, rather than output as <literal>\u</> (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <application>pg_dumpall</> assume that databases have public
       <literal>CONNECT</> privilege, when dumping from a pre-8.2 server (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This preserves the previous behavior that anyone can connect to a
       database if allowed by <filename>pg_hba.conf</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-2">
   <title>Release 8.2</title>

   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
    <simpara>2006-12-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>

    <para>
     This release adds many functionality and performance improvements that
     were requested by users, including:

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Query language enhancements including <command>INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
        RETURNING</command>, multirow <literal>VALUES</literal> lists, and
        optional target-table alias in
        <command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</command>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Index creation without blocking concurrent
        <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>
        operations
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Many query optimization improvements, including support for
        reordering outer joins
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improved sorting performance with lower memory usage
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        More efficient locking with better concurrency
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        More efficient vacuuming
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Easier administration of warm standby servers
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <literal>FILLFACTOR</literal> support for tables and indexes
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Monitoring, logging, and performance tuning additions
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        More control over creating and dropping objects
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Table inheritance relationships can be defined
        for and removed from pre-existing tables
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>COPY TO</command> can copy the output of an arbitrary
        <command>SELECT</command> statement
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Array improvements, including nulls in arrays
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Aggregate-function improvements, including multiple-input
        aggregates and SQL:2003 statistical functions
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Many <filename>contrib/</filename> improvements
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
     release.
    </para>

    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Set <link
        linkend="guc-escape-string-warning"><varname>escape_string_warning</></link>
        to <literal>on</> by default (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        This issues a warning if backslash escapes are used in
        <link linkend="sql-syntax-strings">non-escape (non-<literal>E''</>)
        strings</link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change the <link linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">row
        constructor syntax</link> (<literal>ROW(...)</>) so that
        list elements <literal>foo.*</> will be expanded to a list
        of their member fields, rather than creating a nested
        row type field as formerly (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new behavior is substantially more useful since it
        allows, for example, triggers to check for data changes
        with <literal>IF row(new.*) IS DISTINCT FROM row(old.*)</>.
        The old behavior is still available by omitting <literal>.*</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link linkend="row-wise-comparison">row comparisons</link>
        follow <acronym>SQL</> standard semantics and allow them
        to be used in index scans (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, row = and &lt;&gt; comparisons followed the
        standard but &lt; &lt;= &gt; &gt;= did not.  A row comparison
        can now be used as an index constraint for a multicolumn
        index matching the row value.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link linkend="functions-comparison">row <literal>IS <optional>NOT</> NULL</literal></link>
        tests follow <acronym>SQL</> standard semantics (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The former behavior conformed to the standard for simple cases
        with <literal>IS NULL</>, but <literal>IS NOT NULL</> would return
        true if any row field was non-null, whereas the standard says it
        should return true only when all fields are non-null.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link linkend="SQL-SET-CONSTRAINTS"><command>SET
        CONSTRAINT</></link> affect only one constraint (Kris Jurka)
       </para>

       <para>
        In previous releases, <command>SET CONSTRAINT</> modified
        all constraints with a matching name.  In this release,
        the schema search path is used to modify only the first
        matching constraint.  A schema specification is also
        supported.  This more nearly conforms to the SQL standard.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <literal>RULE</> permission for tables, for security reasons
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        As of this release, only a table's owner can create or modify
        rules for the table.  For backwards compatibility,
        <command>GRANT</>/<command>REVOKE RULE</> is still accepted,
        but it does nothing.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Array comparison improvements (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Now array dimensions are also compared.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <link linkend="functions-array">array concatenation</link>
        to match documented behavior (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This changes the previous behavior where concatenation
        would modify the array lower bound.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make command-line options of <application>postmaster</>
        and <link linkend="app-postgres"><application>postgres</></link>
        identical (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the postmaster to pass arguments to each backend
        without using <literal>-o</>.  Note that some options are now
        only available as long-form options, because there were conflicting
        single-letter options.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Deprecate use of <application>postmaster</> symbolic link (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        <application>postmaster</> and <application>postgres</>
        commands now act identically, with the behavior determined
        by command-line options.  The <application>postmaster</> symbolic link is
        kept for compatibility, but is not really needed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <link
        linkend="guc-log-duration"><varname>log_duration</></link>
        to output even if the query is not output (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        In prior releases, <varname>log_duration</> only printed if
        the query appeared earlier in the log.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link
        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(time)</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(interval)</></link>
        treat <literal>HH</> and <literal>HH12</> as 12-hour
        intervals
       </para>

       <para>
        Most applications should use <literal>HH24</> unless they
        want a 12-hour display.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Zero unmasked bits in conversion from <link
        linkend="datatype-inet"><type>INET</></link> to <link
        linkend="datatype-inet"><type>CIDR</></link> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This ensures that the converted value is actually valid for
        <type>CIDR</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <varname>australian_timezones</> configuration variable
        (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>

       <para>
        This variable has been superseded by a more general facility
        for configuring timezone abbreviations.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve cost estimation for nested-loop index scans (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This might eliminate the need to set unrealistically small
        values of <link
        linkend="guc-random-page-cost"><varname>random_page_cost</></link>.
        If you have been using a very small <varname>random_page_cost</>,
        please recheck your test cases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change behavior of <command>pg_dump</> <literal>-n</> and
        <literal>-t</> options.  (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
       <para>
        See the <command>pg_dump</> manual page for details.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link>
        <function>PQdsplen()</> to return a useful value (Martijn
        van Oosterhout)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Declare <link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link>
        <function>PQgetssl()</> as returning <literal>void *</>,
        rather than <literal>SSL *</> (Martijn van Oosterhout)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows applications to use the function without including
        the OpenSSL headers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        C-language loadable modules must now include a
        <link linkend="xfunc-c-dynload"><literal>PG_MODULE_MAGIC</></link>
        macro call for version compatibility checking
        (Martijn van Oosterhout)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        For security's sake, modules used by a PL/PerlU function are no
        longer available to PL/Perl functions (Andrew)
       </para>
       <note>
        <para>
         This also implies that data can no longer be shared between a PL/Perl
         function and a PL/PerlU function.
         Some Perl installations have not been compiled with the correct flags
         to allow multiple interpreters to exist within a single process.
         In this situation PL/Perl and PL/PerlU cannot both be used in a
         single backend. The solution is to get a Perl installation which
         supports multiple interpreters.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In <filename>contrib/xml2/</>, rename <function>xml_valid()</> to
        <function>xml_is_well_formed()</> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        <function>xml_valid()</> will remain for backward compatibility,
        but its behavior will change to do schema checking in a future
        release.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <filename>contrib/ora2pg/</>, now at <ulink
        url="http://www.samse.fr/GPL/ora2pg"></ulink>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove contrib modules that have been migrated to PgFoundry:
        <filename>adddepend</>, <filename>dbase</>, <filename>dbmirror</>,
        <filename>fulltextindex</>, <filename>mac</>, <filename>userlock</>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove abandoned contrib modules:
        <filename>mSQL-interface</>, <filename>tips</>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <acronym>QNX</> and <acronym>BEOS</> ports (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        These ports no longer had active maintainers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     Below you will find a detailed account of the
     changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.2 and
     the previous major release.
    </para>

    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the planner to reorder <link linkend="queries-join">outer
        joins</link> in some circumstances (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        In previous releases, outer joins would always be evaluated in
        the order written in the query. This change allows the
        query optimizer to consider reordering outer joins, in cases where
        it can determine that the join order can be changed without
        altering the meaning of the query.  This can make a
        considerable performance difference for queries involving
        multiple outer joins or mixed inner and outer joins.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve efficiency of <link
        linkend="functions-comparisons"><literal>IN</>
        (list-of-expressions)</link> clauses (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve sorting speed and reduce memory usage (Simon, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve subtransaction performance (Alvaro, Itagaki Takahiro,
        Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>FILLFACTOR</> to <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE">table</link> and <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATEINDEX">index</link> creation (ITAGAKI
        Takahiro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This leaves extra free space in each table or index page,
        allowing improved performance as the database grows.  This
        is particularly valuable to maintain clustering.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase default values for <link
        linkend="guc-shared-buffers"><varname>shared_buffers</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="guc-max-fsm-pages"><varname>max_fsm_pages</></link>
        (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve locking performance by breaking the lock manager tables into
        sections
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows locking to be more fine-grained, reducing
        contention.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce locking requirements of sequential scans (Qingqing
        Zhou)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce locking required for database creation and destruction
        (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the optimizer's selectivity estimates for <link
        linkend="functions-like"><literal>LIKE</></link>, <link
        linkend="functions-like"><literal>ILIKE</></link>, and
        <link linkend="functions-posix-regexp">regular expression</link>
        operations (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve planning of joins to <link linkend="ddl-inherit">inherited
        tables</link> and <link linkend="queries-union"><literal>UNION
        ALL</></link> views (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="guc-constraint-exclusion">constraint
        exclusion</link> to be applied to <link
        linkend="ddl-inherit">inherited</link> <command>UPDATE</> and
        <command>DELETE</> queries (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        <command>SELECT</> already honored constraint exclusion.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve planning of constant <literal>WHERE</> clauses, such as
        a condition that depends only on variables inherited from an
        outer query level (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Protocol-level unnamed prepared statements are re-planned
        for each set of <literal>BIND</> values (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This improves performance because the exact parameter values
        can be used in the plan.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Speed up vacuuming of B-Tree indexes (Heikki Linnakangas,
        Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid extra scan of tables without indexes during <link
        linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></link> (Greg Stark)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve multicolumn <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link>
        indexing (Oleg, Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove dead index entries before B-Tree page split (Junji
        Teramoto)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow a forced switch to a new transaction log file (Simon, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is valuable for keeping warm standby slave servers
        in sync with the master.  Transaction log file switching now also happens
        automatically during <link
        linkend="functions-admin"><function>pg_stop_backup()</></link>.
        This ensures that all
        transaction log files needed for recovery can be archived immediately.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>WAL</> informational functions (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        Add functions for interrogating the current transaction log insertion
        point and determining <acronym>WAL</> filenames from the
        hex <acronym>WAL</> locations displayed by <link
        linkend="functions-admin"><function>pg_stop_backup()</></link>
        and related functions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve recovery from a crash during <acronym>WAL</> replay (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        The server now does periodic checkpoints during <acronym>WAL</>
        recovery, so if there is a crash, future <acronym>WAL</>
        recovery is shortened.  This also eliminates the need for
        warm standby servers to replay the entire log since the
        base backup if they crash.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve reliability of long-term <acronym>WAL</> replay
        (Heikki, Simon, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly, trying to roll forward through more than 2 billion
        transactions would not work due to XID wraparound.  This meant
        warm standby servers had to be reloaded
        from fresh base backups periodically.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="guc-archive-timeout"><varname>archive_timeout</></link>
        to force transaction log file switches at a given interval (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        This enforces a maximum replication delay for warm standby servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add native <link linkend="auth-ldap"><acronym>LDAP</></link>
        authentication (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is particularly useful for platforms that do not
        support <acronym>PAM</>, such as Windows.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="sql-grant-description-objects"><literal>GRANT
        CONNECT ON DATABASE</></link> (Gevik Babakhani)
       </para>

       <para>
        This gives SQL-level control over database access.  It works as
        an additional filter on top of the existing
        <link linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        controls.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <link linkend="ssl-tcp"><acronym>SSL</>
        Certificate Revocation List</link> (<acronym>CRL</>) files
        (Libor Hoho&scaron;)
       </para>

       <para>
        The server and <application>libpq</> both recognize <acronym>CRL</>
        files now.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link> indexes are
        now clusterable (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove routine autovacuum server log entries (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_activity</></link>
        now shows autovacuum activity.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Track maximum XID age within individual tables, instead of whole databases (Alvaro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces the overhead involved in preventing transaction
        ID wraparound, by avoiding unnecessary VACUUMs.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add last vacuum and analyze timestamp columns to the stats
        collector (Larry Rosenman)
       </para>

       <para>
        These values now appear in the <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_*_tables</></link>
        system views.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of statistics monitoring, especially
        <varname>stats_command_string</>
        (Tom, Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        This release enables <varname>stats_command_string</> by
        default, now that its overhead is minimal.  This means
        <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_activity</></link>
        will now show all active queries by default.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <literal>waiting</> column to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_activity</></link>
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows <structname>pg_stat_activity</> to show all the
        information included in the <application>ps</> display.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add configuration parameter <link
        linkend="guc-update-process-title"><varname>update_process_title</></link>
        to control whether the <application>ps</> display is updated
        for every command (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        On platforms where it is expensive to update the <application>ps</>
        display, it might be worthwhile to turn this off and rely solely on
        <structname>pg_stat_activity</> for status information.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow units to be specified in configuration settings
        (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, you can now set <link
        linkend="guc-shared-buffers"><varname>shared_buffers</></link>
        to <literal>32MB</> rather than mentally converting sizes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <link linkend="config-setting">include
        directives</link> in <filename>postgresql.conf</> (Joachim
        Wieland)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve logging of protocol-level prepare/bind/execute
        messages (Bruce, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Such logging now shows statement names, bind parameter
        values, and the text of the query being executed.  Also,
        the query text is properly included in logged error messages
        when enabled by <varname>log_min_error_statement</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <link
        linkend="guc-max-stack-depth"><varname>max_stack_depth</></link>
        from being set to unsafe values
       </para>

       <para>
        On platforms where we can determine the actual kernel stack depth
        limit (which is most), make sure that the initial default value of
        <varname>max_stack_depth</> is safe, and reject attempts to set it
        to unsafely large values.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enable highlighting of error location in query in more
        cases (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The server is now able to report a specific error location for
        some semantic errors (such as unrecognized column name), rather
        than just for basic syntax errors as before.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean out <filename>pg_internal.init</> cache files during server
        restart (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids a hazard that the cache files might contain stale
        data after PITR recovery.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a
        gigabyte boundary by <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix bug causing needless deadlock errors on row-level locks (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Each backend process is now its own process group leader (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows query cancel to abort subprocesses invoked from a
        backend or archive/recovery process.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-INSERT"><command>INSERT</></link>/<link
        linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></link>/<link
        linkend="SQL-DELETE"><command>DELETE</></link>
        <literal>RETURNING</> (Jonah Harris, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows these commands to return values, such as the
        computed serial key for a new row.  In the <command>UPDATE</>
        case, values from the updated version of the row are returned.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for multiple-row <link
        linkend="queries-values"><literal>VALUES</></link> clauses,
        per SQL standard (Joe, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows <command>INSERT</> to insert multiple rows of
        constants, or queries to generate result sets using constants.
        For example, <literal>INSERT ...  VALUES (...), (...),
        ....</>, and <literal>SELECT * FROM (VALUES (...), (...),
        ....) AS alias(f1, ...)</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></link>
        and <link linkend="SQL-DELETE"><command>DELETE</></link>
        to use an alias for the target table (Atsushi Ogawa)
       </para>

       <para>
        The SQL standard does not permit an alias in these commands, but
        many database systems allow one anyway for notational convenience.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></link>
        to set multiple columns with a list of values (Susanne
        Ebrecht)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is basically a short-hand for assigning the columns
        and values in pairs.  The syntax is <literal>UPDATE tab
        SET (<replaceable>column</>, ...) = (<replaceable>val</>, ...)</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make row comparisons work per standard (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The forms &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, &gt;= now compare rows lexicographically,
        that is, compare the first elements, if equal compare the second
        elements, and so on.  Formerly they expanded to an AND condition
        across all the elements, which was neither standard nor very useful.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-TRUNCATE"><literal>CASCADE</></link>
        option to <command>TRUNCATE</> (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>

       <para>
        This causes <command>TRUNCATE</> to automatically include all tables
        that reference the specified table(s) via foreign keys.  While
        convenient, this is a dangerous tool &mdash; use with caution!
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>FOR UPDATE</> and <literal>FOR SHARE</>
        in the same <link linkend="SQL-INSERT"><literal>SELECT</></link>
        command (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="functions-comparisons"><literal>IS NOT
        DISTINCT FROM</></link> (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        This operator is similar to equality (<literal>=</>), but
        evaluates to true when both left and right operands are
        <literal>NULL</>, and to false when just one is, rather than
        yielding <literal>NULL</> in these cases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the length output used by <link
        linkend="queries-union"><literal>UNION</></link>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</>
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        When all corresponding columns are of the same defined length, that
        length is used for the result, rather than a generic length.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="functions-like"><literal>ILIKE</></link>
        to work for multi-byte encodings (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Internally, <literal>ILIKE</> now calls <function>lower()</>
        and then uses <literal>LIKE</>.  Locale-specific regular
        expression patterns still do not work in these encodings.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enable <link
        linkend="guc-standard-conforming-strings"><varname>standard_conforming_strings</></link>
        to be turned <literal>on</> (Kevin Grittner)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows backslash escaping in strings to be disabled,
        making <productname>PostgreSQL</> more
        standards-compliant.  The default is <literal>off</> for backwards
        compatibility, but future releases will default this to <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Do not flatten subqueries that contain <literal>volatile</>
        functions in their target lists (Jaime Casanova)
       </para>

       <para>
        This prevents surprising behavior due to multiple evaluation
        of a <literal>volatile</> function (such as <function>random()</>
        or <function>nextval()</>).  It might cause performance
        degradation in the presence of functions that are unnecessarily
        marked as <literal>volatile</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add system views <link
        linkend="view-pg-prepared-statements"><literal>pg_prepared_statements</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="view-pg-cursors"><literal>pg_cursors</></link>
        to show prepared statements and open cursors (Joachim Wieland, Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        These are very useful in pooled connection setups.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support portal parameters in <link
        linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"><command>EXPLAIN</></link> and <link
        linkend="SQL-EXECUTE"><command>EXECUTE</></link> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows, for example, <acronym>JDBC</> <literal>?</> parameters to
        work in these commands.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        If <acronym>SQL</>-level <link
        linkend="SQL-PREPARE"><command>PREPARE</></link> parameters
        are unspecified, infer their types from the content of the
        query (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        Protocol-level <command>PREPARE</> already did this.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>LIMIT</> and <literal>OFFSET</> to exceed
        two billion (Dhanaraj M)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>TABLESPACE</> clause to <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLEAS"><command>CREATE TABLE AS</></link>
        (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows a tablespace to be specified for the new table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>ON COMMIT</> clause to <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLEAS"><command>CREATE TABLE AS</></link>
        (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows temporary tables to be truncated or dropped on
        transaction commit.  The default behavior is for the table
        to remain until the session ends.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS</> to <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE TABLE LIKE</></link>
        (Greg Stark)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows easy copying of <literal>CHECK</> constraints to a new
        table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the creation of placeholder (shell) <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATETYPE">types</link> (Martijn van Oosterhout)
       </para>

       <para>
        A shell type declaration creates a type name, without specifying
        any of the details of the type.  Making a shell type is useful
        because it allows cleaner declaration of the type's input/output
        functions, which must exist before the type can be defined <quote>for
        real</>.  The syntax is <command>CREATE TYPE <replaceable
        class="parameter">typename</replaceable></>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <link linkend="SQL-CREATEAGGREGATE">Aggregate functions</link>
        now support multiple input parameters (Sergey Koposov, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new aggregate creation <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATEAGGREGATE">syntax</link> (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new syntax is <command>CREATE AGGREGATE
        <replaceable>aggname</> (<replaceable>input_type</>)
        (<replaceable>parameter_list</>)</command>.  This more
        naturally supports the new multi-parameter aggregate
        functionality.  The previous syntax is still supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERROLE"><command>ALTER ROLE PASSWORD NULL</></link>
        to remove a previously set role password (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>DROP</> object <literal>IF EXISTS</> for many
        object types (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows <command>DROP</> operations on non-existent
        objects without generating an error.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-DROP-OWNED"><literal>DROP OWNED</></link>
        to drop all objects owned by a role (Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-REASSIGN-OWNED"><literal>REASSIGN
        OWNED</></link> to reassign ownership of all objects owned
        by a role (Alvaro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This, and <literal>DROP OWNED</> above, facilitate dropping
        roles.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-GRANT"><command>GRANT ON SEQUENCE</></link>
        syntax (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        This was added for setting sequence-specific permissions.
        <literal>GRANT ON TABLE</> for sequences is still supported
        for backward compatibility.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-GRANT"><literal>USAGE</></link>
        permission for sequences that allows only <function>currval()</>
        and <function>nextval()</>, not <function>setval()</>
        (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>USAGE</> permission allows more fine-grained
        control over sequence access.  Granting <literal>USAGE</>
        allows users to increment
        a sequence, but prevents them from setting the sequence to
        an arbitrary value using <function>setval()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><literal>ALTER TABLE
        [ NO ] INHERIT</></link> (Greg Stark)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows inheritance to be adjusted dynamically, rather than
        just at table creation and destruction.  This is very valuable
        when using inheritance to implement table partitioning.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-COMMENT">comments</link> on global
        objects to be stored globally (Kris Jurka)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, comments attached to databases were stored in individual
        databases, making them ineffective, and there was no provision
        at all for comments on roles or tablespaces.  This change adds a new
        shared catalog <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-shdescription"><structname>pg_shdescription</structname></link>
        and stores comments on databases, roles, and tablespaces therein.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add option to allow indexes to be created without blocking
        concurrent writes to the table (Greg Stark, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new syntax is <link linkend="SQL-CREATEINDEX"><command>CREATE
        INDEX CONCURRENTLY</></link>.  The default behavior is
        still to block table modification while a index is being
        created.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Provide <link linkend="functions-advisory-locks">advisory
        locking</link> functionality (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is a new locking API designed to replace what used to be
        in /contrib/userlock.  The userlock code is now on pgfoundry.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link> to
        dump a <command>SELECT</> query (Zoltan Boszormenyi, Karel
        Zak)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows <command>COPY</> to dump arbitrary <acronym>SQL</>
        queries. The syntax is <literal>COPY (SELECT ...) TO</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make the <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link>
        command return a command tag that includes the number of
        rows copied (Volkan YAZICI)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></link>
        to expire rows without being affected by other concurrent
        <command>VACUUM</> operations (Hannu Krossing, Alvaro, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <link linkend="APP-INITDB"><application>initdb</></link>
        detect the operating system locale and set the default
        <varname>DateStyle</> accordingly (Peter)
       </para>

       <para>
        This makes it more likely that the installed
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> <varname>DateStyle</> value will
        be as desired.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce number of progress messages displayed by <application>initdb</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Date/Time Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow full timezone names in <link
        linkend="datatype-datetime"><type>timestamp</></link> input values
        (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, <literal>'2006-05-24 21:11
        America/New_York'::timestamptz</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support configurable timezone abbreviations (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>

       <para>
        A desired set of timezone abbreviations can be chosen via the
        configuration parameter <link
        linkend="guc-timezone-abbreviations"><varname>timezone_abbreviations</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="view-pg-timezone-abbrevs"><varname>pg_timezone_abbrevs</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="view-pg-timezone-names"><varname>pg_timezone_names</></link>
        views to show supported timezones (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>clock_timestamp()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>statement_timestamp()</></link>,
        and <link
        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>transaction_timestamp()</></link>
        (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        <function>clock_timestamp()</> is the current wall-clock time,
        <function>statement_timestamp()</> is the time the current
        statement arrived at the server, and
        <function>transaction_timestamp()</> is an alias for
        <function>now()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char()</></link>
        to print localized month and day names (Euler Taveira de
        Oliveira)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(time)</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(interval)</></link>
        to output <acronym>AM</>/<acronym>PM</> specifications
        (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        Intervals and times are treated as 24-hour periods, e.g.
        <literal>25 hours</> is considered <acronym>AM</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new function <link
        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>justify_interval()</></link>
        to adjust interval units (Mark Dilger)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow timezone offsets up to 14:59 away from GMT
       </para>

       <para>
        Kiribati uses GMT+14, so we'd better accept that.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Interval computation improvements (Michael Glaesemann, Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Other Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow arrays to contain <literal>NULL</> elements (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow assignment to array elements not contiguous with the existing
        entries (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The intervening array positions will be filled with nulls.
        This is per SQL standard.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New built-in <link linkend="functions-array">operators</link>
        for array-subset comparisons (<literal>@&gt;</>,
        <literal>&lt;@</>, <literal>&amp;&amp;</>) (Teodor, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        These operators can be indexed for many data types using
        <acronym>GiST</> or <acronym>GIN</> indexes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add convenient arithmetic <link
        linkend="cidr-inet-operators-table">operations</link> on
        <type>INET</>/<type>CIDR</> values (Stephen R. van den
        Berg)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new operators are <literal>&</> (and), <literal>|</>
        (or), <literal>~</> (not), <type>inet</> <literal>+</> <type>int8</>,
        <type>inet</> <literal>-</> <type>int8</>, and
        <type>inet</> <literal>-</> <type>inet</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new <link
        linkend="functions-aggregate-statistics-table">aggregate functions</link>
        from SQL:2003 (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new functions are <function>var_pop()</>,
        <function>var_samp()</>, <function>stddev_pop()</>, and
        <function>stddev_samp()</>.  <function>var_samp()</> and
        <function>stddev_samp()</> are merely renamings of the
        existing aggregates <function>variance()</> and
        <function>stddev()</>.  The latter names remain available
        for backward compatibility.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add SQL:2003 statistical <link
        linkend="functions-aggregate-statistics-table">aggregates</link>
        (Sergey Koposov)
       </para>

       <para>
        New functions:  <function>regr_intercept()</>,
        <function>regr_slope()</>, <function>regr_r2()</>,
        <function>corr()</>, <function>covar_samp()</>,
        <function>covar_pop()</>, <function>regr_avgx()</>,
        <function>regr_avgy()</>, <function>regr_sxy()</>,
        <function>regr_sxx()</>, <function>regr_syy()</>,
        <function>regr_count()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-CREATEDOMAIN">domains</link> to be
        based on other domains (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Properly enforce domain <link
        linkend="ddl-constraints"><literal>CHECK</></link> constraints
        everywhere (Neil, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, the result of a user-defined function that is
        declared to return a domain type is now checked against the
        domain's constraints. This closes a significant hole in the domain
        implementation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix problems with dumping renamed <link
        linkend="datatype-serial"><type>SERIAL</></link> columns
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        The fix is to dump a <type>SERIAL</> column by explicitly
        specifying its <literal>DEFAULT</> and sequence elements,
        and reconstructing the <type>SERIAL</> column on reload
        using a new <link linkend="SQL-ALTERSEQUENCE"><command>ALTER
        SEQUENCE OWNED BY</></link> command.  This also allows
        dropping a <type>SERIAL</> column specification.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a server-side sleep function <link
        linkend="functions-datetime-delay"><function>pg_sleep()</></link>
        (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add all comparison operators for the <link
        linkend="datatype-oid"><type>tid</></link> (tuple id) data
        type (Mark Kirkwood, Greg Stark, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>TG_table_name</> and <literal>TG_table_schema</> to
        trigger parameters (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>TG_relname</> is now deprecated.  Comparable
        changes have been made in the trigger parameters for the other
        PLs as well.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>FOR</> statements to return values to scalars
        as well as records and row types (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <literal>BY</> clause to the <literal>FOR</> loop,
        to control the iteration increment (Jaime Casanova)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>STRICT</> to <link
        linkend="plpgsql-statements-sql-onerow"><command>SELECT
        INTO</></link> (Matt Miller)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>STRICT</> mode throws an exception if more or less
        than one row is returned by the <command>SELECT</>, for
        <productname>Oracle PL/SQL</> compatibility.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> to
        trigger parameters (Adam Sj&oslash;gren)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add prepared queries (Dmitry Karasik)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>$_TD</> trigger data a global variable (Andrew)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, it was lexical, which caused unexpected sharing
        violations.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Run PL/Perl and PL/PerlU in separate interpreters, for security
        reasons (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        In consequence, they can no longer share data nor loaded modules.
        Also, if Perl has not been compiled with the requisite flags to
        allow multiple interpreters, only one of these languages can be used
        in any given backend process.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Named parameters are passed as ordinary variables, as well as in the
        <literal>args[]</> array (Sven Suursoho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> to
        trigger parameters (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow returning of composite types and result sets (Sven Suursoho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Return result-set as <literal>list</>, <literal>iterator</>,
        or <literal>generator </>(Sven Suursoho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow functions to return <literal>void</> (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Python 2.5 is now supported (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new command <literal>\password</> for changing role
        password with client-side password encryption (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>\c</> to connect to a new host and port
        number (David, Volkan YAZICI)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add tablespace display to <literal>\l+</> (Philip Yarra)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <literal>\df</> slash command to include the argument
        names and modes (<literal>OUT</> or <literal>INOUT</>) of
        the function (David Fetter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support binary <command>COPY</> (Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add option to run the entire session in a single transaction
        (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        Use option <literal>-1</> or <literal>--single-transaction</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support for automatically retrieving <command>SELECT</>
        results in batches using a cursor (Chris Mair)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is enabled using <command>\set FETCH_COUNT
        <replaceable>n</></command>. This
        feature allows large result sets to be retrieved in
        <application>psql</> without attempting to buffer the entire
        result set in memory.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make multi-line values align in the proper column
        (Martijn van Oosterhout)
       </para>

       <para>
        Field values containing newlines are now displayed in a more
        readable fashion.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Save multi-line statements as a single entry, rather than
        one line at a time (Sergey E. Koposov)
       </para>

       <para>
        This makes up-arrow recall of queries easier.  (This is
        not available on Windows, because that platform uses the native
        command-line editing present in the operating system.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make the line counter 64-bit so it can handle files with more
        than two billion lines (David Fetter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Report both the returned data and the command status tag
        for <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE
        RETURNING</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow complex selection of objects to be included or excluded
        by <application>pg_dump</> (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>

       <para>
        <application>pg_dump</> now supports multiple <literal>-n</>
        (schema) and <literal>-t</> (table) options, and adds
        <literal>-N</> and <literal>-T</> options to exclude objects.
        Also, the arguments of these switches can now be wild-card expressions
        rather than single object names, for example
        <literal>-t 'foo*'</>, and a schema can be part of
        a <literal>-t</> or <literal>-T</> switch, for example
        <literal>-t schema1.table1</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="APP-PGRESTORE"><application>pg_restore</></link>
        <literal>--no-data-for-failed-tables</> option to suppress
        loading data if table creation failed (i.e., the table already
        exists) (Martin Pitt)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="APP-PGRESTORE"><application>pg_restore</></link>
        option to run the entire session in a single transaction
        (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        Use option <literal>-1</> or <literal>--single-transaction</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="libpq-misc"><function>PQencryptPassword()</></link>
        to encrypt passwords (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows passwords to be sent pre-encrypted for commands
        like <link linkend="SQL-ALTERROLE"><command>ALTER ROLE ...
        PASSWORD</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function <link
        linkend="libpq-threading"><function>PQisthreadsafe()</></link>
        (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows applications to query the thread-safety status
        of the library.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="libpq-exec-main"><function>PQdescribePrepared()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="libpq-exec-main"><function>PQdescribePortal()</></link>,
        and related functions to return information about previously
        prepared statements and open cursors (Volkan YAZICI)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="libpq-ldap"><acronym>LDAP</></link> lookups
        from <link
        linkend="libpq-pgservice"><filename>pg_service.conf</></link>
        (Laurenz Albe)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow a hostname in <link
        linkend="libpq-pgpass"><filename>~/.pgpass</></link>
        to match the default socket directory (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        A blank hostname continues to match any Unix-socket connection,
        but this addition allows entries that are specific to one of
        several postmasters on the machine.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ecpg</></link> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-SHOW"><command>SHOW</></link> to
        put its result into a variable (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY TO STDOUT</></link>
        (Joachim Wieland)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add regression tests (Joachim Wieland, Michael)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major source code cleanups (Joachim Wieland, Michael)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title><application>Windows</> Port</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <acronym>MSVC</> to compile the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        server (Magnus, Hiroshi Saito)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>MSVC</> support for utility commands and <link
        linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> (Hiroshi
        Saito)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for Windows code pages <literal>1253</>,
        <literal>1254</>, <literal>1255</>, and <literal>1257</>
        (Kris Jurka)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Drop privileges on startup, so that the server can be started from
        an administrative account (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Stability fixes (Qingqing Zhou, Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add native semaphore implementation (Qingqing Zhou)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous code mimicked SysV semaphores.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</></link> (Generalized
        Inverted iNdex) index access method (Teodor, Oleg)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove R-tree indexing (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Rtree has been re-implemented using <link
        linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link>. Among other
        differences, this means that rtree indexes now have support
        for crash recovery via write-ahead logging (WAL).
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce libraries needlessly linked into the backend (Martijn
        van Oosterhout, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a configure flag to allow libedit to be preferred over
        <acronym>GNU</> readline (Bruce)
       </para>

       <para>
        Use configure <link
        linkend="configure"><literal>--with-libedit-preferred</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow installation into directories containing spaces
        (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve ability to relocate installation directories (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <productname>Solaris x86_64</> using the
        <productname>Solaris</> compiler (Pierre Girard, Theo
        Schlossnagle, Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>DTrace</> support (Robert Lor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>PG_VERSION_NUM</> for use by third-party
        applications wanting to test the backend version in C using &gt;
        and &lt; comparisons (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>XLOG_BLCKSZ</> as independent from <literal>BLCKSZ</>
        (Mark Wong)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>LWLOCK_STATS</> define to report locking
        activity (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Emit warnings for unknown <application>configure</> options
        (Martijn van Oosterhout)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add server support for <quote>plugin</> libraries
        that can be used for add-on tasks such as debugging and performance
        measurement (Korry Douglas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This consists of two features: a table of <quote>rendezvous
        variables</> that allows separately-loaded shared libraries to
        communicate, and a new configuration parameter <link
        linkend="guc-local-preload-libraries"><varname>local_preload_libraries</></link>
        that allows libraries to be loaded into specific sessions without
        explicit cooperation from the client application.  This allows
        external add-ons to implement features such as a PL/PgSQL debugger.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename existing configuration parameter
        <varname>preload_libraries</> to <link
        linkend="guc-shared-preload-libraries"><varname>shared_preload_libraries</></link>
        (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        This was done for clarity in comparison to
        <varname>local_preload_libraries</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new configuration parameter <link
        linkend="guc-server-version-num"><varname>server_version_num</></link>
        (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is like <varname>server_version</varname>, but is an
        integer, e.g.  <literal>80200</>. This allows applications to
        make version checks more easily.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a configuration parameter <link
        linkend="guc-seq-page-cost"><varname>seq_page_cost</></link>
        (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Re-implement the <link linkend="regress">regression test</link> script as a C program
        (Magnus, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow loadable modules to allocate shared memory and
        lightweight locks (Marc Munro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add automatic initialization and finalization of dynamically
        loaded libraries (Ralf Engelschall, Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        New <link linkend="xfunc-c-dynload">functions</link>
        <function>_PG_init()</> and <function>_PG_fini()</> are
        called if the library defines such symbols.  Hence we no
        longer need to specify an initialization function in
        <varname>shared_preload_libraries</>; we can assume that
        the library used the <function>_PG_init()</> convention
        instead.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="xfunc-c-dynload"><literal>PG_MODULE_MAGIC</></link>
        header block to all shared object files (Martijn van
        Oosterhout)
       </para>

       <para>
        The magic block prevents version mismatches between loadable object
        files and servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add shared library support for AIX (Laurenz Albe)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <link linkend="datatype-xml"><acronym>XML</></link>
        documentation section (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major tsearch2 improvements (Oleg, Teodor)
       </para>

       <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          multibyte encoding support, including <acronym>UTF8</>
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          query rewriting support
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          improved ranking functions
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          thesaurus dictionary support
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          Ispell dictionaries now recognize <application>MySpell</>
          format, used by <application>OpenOffice</>
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          <acronym>GIN</> support
         </para>
        </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>

      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add adminpack module containing <application>Pgadmin</> administration
        functions (Dave)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions provide additional file system access
        routines not present in the default <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        server.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add sslinfo module (Victor Wagner)
       </para>

       <para>
        Reports information about the current connection's <acronym>SSL</>
        certificate.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add pgrowlocks module (Tatsuo)
       </para>

       <para>
        This shows row locking information for a specified table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add hstore module (Oleg, Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add isn module, replacing isbn_issn (Jeremy Kronuz)
       </para>

       <para>
        This new implementation supports <acronym>EAN13</>, <acronym>UPC</>,
        <acronym>ISBN</> (books), <acronym>ISMN</> (music), and
        <acronym>ISSN</> (serials).
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add index information functions to pgstattuple (ITAGAKI Takahiro,
        Satoshi Nagayasu)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add pg_freespacemap module to display free space map information
        (Mark Kirkwood)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        pgcrypto now has all planned functionality (Marko Kreen)
       </para>
       <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          Include iMath library in pgcrypto to have the public-key encryption
          functions always available.
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          Add SHA224 algorithm that was missing in OpenBSD code.
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          Activate builtin code for SHA224/256/384/512 hashes on older
          OpenSSL to have those algorithms always available.
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          New function gen_random_bytes() that returns cryptographically strong
          randomness.  Useful for generating encryption keys.
         </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
         <para>
          Remove digest_exists(), hmac_exists() and cipher_exists() functions.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improvements to cube module (Joshua Reich)
       </para>

       <para>
        New functions are <function>cube(float[])</>,
        <function>cube(float[], float[])</>, and
        <function>cube_subset(cube, int4[])</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add async query capability to dblink (Kai Londenberg,
        Joe Conway)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New operators for array-subset comparisons (<literal>@&gt;</>,
        <literal>&lt;@</>, <literal>&amp;&amp;</>) (Tom)
       </para>

       <para>
        Various contrib packages already had these operators for their
        datatypes, but the naming wasn't consistent.  We have now added
        consistently named array-subset comparison operators to the core code
        and all the contrib packages that have such functionality.
        (The old names remain available, but are deprecated.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add uninstall scripts for all contrib packages that have install
        scripts (David, Josh Drake)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect3>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-10">
   <title>Release 8.1.10</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.9.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.10</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
       on the same table (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow the <type>interval</> data type to accept input consisting only of
       milliseconds or microseconds (Neil)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Speed up rtree index insertion (Teodor)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix logging so that log messages are never interleaved when using
       the syslogger process (Andrew)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
       of memory (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix incorrect handling of some foreign-key corner cases (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent <command>REINDEX</> and <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Update the time zone database rules, particularly New Zealand's upcoming changes (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Windows socket improvements (Magnus)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Suppress timezone name (<literal>%Z</>) in log timestamps on Windows
       because of possible encoding mismatches (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-9">
   <title>Release 8.1.9</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.8,
    including a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.9</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
      and operators (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Require <command>COMMIT PREPARED</> to be executed in the same
      database as the transaction was prepared in (Heikki)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Planner fixes, including improving outer join and bitmap scan
      selection logic (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (bug introduced in 8.1.6)
      (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix POSIX-style timezone specs to follow new USA DST rules (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-8">
   <title>Release 8.1.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-07</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains one fix from 8.1.7.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove overly-restrictive check for type length in constraints and
      functional indexes(Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-7">
   <title>Release 8.1.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.6, including
    a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove security vulnerabilities that allowed connected users
      to read backend memory (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      The vulnerabilities involve suppressing the normal check that a SQL
      function returns the data type it's declared to, and changing the
      data type of a table column (CVE-2007-0555, CVE-2007-0556).  These
      errors can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
      principle might be used to read database content that the user
      should not be able to access.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <command>VACUUM</> performance for databases with many tables (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix autovacuum to avoid leaving non-permanent transaction IDs in
      non-connectable databases (Alvaro)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug affects the 8.1 branch only.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
      over three bytes long (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bogus <quote>permission denied</> failures occurring on Windows
      due to attempts to fsync already-deleted files (Magnus, Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crashes when an already-in-use PL/pgSQL function is
      updated (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-6">
   <title>Release 8.1.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.5.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve handling of <function>getaddrinfo()</> on AIX (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This fixes a problem with starting the statistics collector,
       among other things.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix <application>pg_restore</> to handle a tar-format backup
       that contains large objects (blobs) with comments (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean out <filename>pg_internal.init</> cache files during server
        restart (Simon)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids a hazard that the cache files might contain stale
        data after PITR recovery.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a
        gigabyte boundary by <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix bug causing needless deadlock errors on row-level locks (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix possible deadlock in Windows signal handling (Teodor)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix error when constructing an <literal>ARRAY[]</> made up of multiple
       empty elements (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix ecpg memory leak during connection (Michael)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix for Darwin (OS X) compilation (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
       change the output of these functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Update timezone database
      </para>

      <para>
       This affects Australian and Canadian daylight-savings rules in
       particular.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-5">
   <title>Release 8.1.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.4.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow aggregate functions in <command>UPDATE</>
commands, except within sub-SELECTs (Tom)</para>
<para>The behavior of such an aggregate was unpredictable, and in 8.1.X
could cause a crash, so it has been disabled.  The SQL standard does not allow
this either.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump when an untyped literal is taken as
ANYARRAY</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in duration logging for extended query protocol
when a <command>COMMIT</> or <command>ROLLBACK</> is
executed</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mishandling of AFTER triggers when query contains a SQL
function returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ... TYPE</> to recheck
<literal>NOT NULL</> for <literal>USING</> clause (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>string_to_array()</> to handle overlapping
  matches for the separator string</para>
<para>For example, <literal>string_to_array('123xx456xxx789', 'xx')</>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>to_timestamp()</> for
<literal>AM</>/<literal>PM</> formats (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix autovacuum's calculation that decides whether
  <command>ANALYZE</> is needed (Alvaro)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Numerous robustness fixes in <application>ecpg</> (Joachim
Wieland)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Minor fixes in /contrib/dblink and /contrib/tsearch2</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Efficiency improvements in hash tables and bitmap index scans
(Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix instability of statistics collection on Windows (Tom, Andrew)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <varname>statement_timeout</> to use the proper
units on Win32 (Bruce)</para>
<para>In previous Win32 8.1.X versions, the delay was off by a factor of
100.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for <acronym>MSVC</> and <productname>Borland C++</>
compilers (Hiroshi Saito)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> and
<productname>Intel</> compilers (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix rare bug in continuous archiving (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-4">
   <title>Release 8.1.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.3,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations and
<varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix weak key selection in pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)</para>
<para>Errors in fortuna PRNG reseeding logic could cause a predictable
session key to be selected by <function>pgp_sym_encrypt()</> in some cases.
This only affects non-OpenSSL-using builds.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>win866_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Make autovacuum visible in <structname>pg_stat_activity</>
(Alvaro)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Disable <literal>full_page_writes</> (Tom)</para>
<para>In certain cases, having <literal>full_page_writes</> off would cause
crash recovery to fail.  A proper fix will appear in 8.2; for now it's just
disabled.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Various planner fixes, particularly for bitmap index scans and
MIN/MAX optimization (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix incorrect optimization in merge join (Tom)</para>
<para>Outer joins could sometimes emit multiple copies of unmatched rows.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix crash from using and modifying a plpgsql function in the
same transaction</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a B-Tree index has been
truncated</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
<literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <command>SELECT INTO</> and <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> to
create tables in the default tablespace, not the base directory (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve qsort performance (Dann Corbit)</para>
<para>Currently this code is only used on Solaris.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for OS/X Bonjour on x86 systems (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problem with password prompting on some Win32 systems
(Robert Kinberg)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve <application>pg_dump</>'s handling of default values
for domains</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dumpall</> to handle identically-named
users and groups reasonably (only possible when dumping from a pre-8.1 server)
(Tom)</para>
<para>The user and group will be merged into a single role with
<literal>LOGIN</> permission.  Formerly the merged role wouldn't have
<literal>LOGIN</> permission, making it unusable as a user.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_restore</> <literal>-n</> to work as
documented (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-3">
   <title>Release 8.1.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.2,
    including one very serious security issue.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix bug that allowed any logged-in user to <command>SET
ROLE</> to any other database user id (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>Due to inadequate validity checking, a user could exploit the special
case that <command>SET ROLE</> normally uses to restore the previous role
setting after an error.  This allowed ordinary users to acquire superuser
status, for example.
The escalation-of-privilege risk exists only in 8.1.0-8.1.2.
However, in all releases back to 7.3 there is a related bug in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> that allows unprivileged users to crash the server,
if it has been compiled with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 8.0.4, 7.4.9, and 7.3.11 releases.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog and pg_subtrans file creation
(Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix cases that could lead to crashes if a cache-invalidation
message arrives at just the wrong time (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
<literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
(Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Ensure <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> will process
<literal>FOREIGN KEY</>, <literal>UNIQUE</>, and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</>
constraints in the proper order (Nakano Yoshihisa)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fixes to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators or operator classes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_restore</> to continue properly after a
<command>COPY</> failure; formerly it tried to treat the remaining
<command>COPY</> data as SQL commands (Stephen Frost)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_ctl</> <literal>unregister</> crash
when the  data directory is not specified (Magnus)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>libpq</> <function>PQprint</> HTML tags
(Christoph Zwerschke)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>ecpg</> crash on AMD64 and PPC
(Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Allow <literal>SETOF</> and <literal>%TYPE</> to be used
together in function result type declarations</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Recover properly if error occurs during argument passing
in <application>PL/python</> (Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix memory leak in <function>plperl_return_next</>
(Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>PL/perl</>'s handling of locales on
Win32 to match the backend (Andrew)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Various optimizer fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix crash when <literal>log_min_messages</> is set to
<literal>DEBUG3</> or above in <filename>postgresql.conf</> on Win32
(Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pgxs</> <literal>-L</> library path
specification for Win32, Cygwin, OS X, AIX (Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Check that SID is enabled while checking for Win32 admin
privileges (Magnus)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Properly reject out-of-range date inputs (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve speed of <command>COPY IN</> via libpq, by
avoiding a kernel call per data line (Alon Goldshuv)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Improve speed of <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> index
creation (Tom)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-2">
   <title>Release 8.1.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.1.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
     However, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix Windows code so that postmaster will continue rather
than exit if there is no more room in ShmemBackendArray (Magnus)</para>
<para>The previous behavior could lead to a denial-of-service situation if too
many connection requests arrive close together.  This applies
<emphasis>only</> to the Windows port.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug introduced in 8.0 that could allow ReadBuffer
to return an already-used page as new, potentially causing loss of
recently-committed data (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Allow more flexible relocation of installation
directories (Tom)</para>
<para>Previous releases supported relocation only if all installation
directory paths were the same except for the last component.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent crashes caused by the use of
<literal>ISO-8859-5</> and <literal>ISO-8859-9</> encodings
(Tatsuo)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug where COPY CSV mode considered any
<literal>\.</> to terminate the copy data</para> <para>The new code
requires <literal>\.</> to appear alone on a line, as per
documentation.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Make COPY CSV mode quote a literal data value of
<literal>\.</> to ensure it cannot be interpreted as the
end-of-data marker (Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Various fixes for functions returning <literal>RECORD</>s
(Tom) </para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix processing of <filename>postgresql.conf</> so a
final line with no newline is processed properly (Tom)
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix autovacuum crash when processing expression indexes
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1-1">
   <title>Release 8.1.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.0.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect optimizations of outer-join conditions
(Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with wrong reported column names in cases
involving sub-selects flattened by the optimizer (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix update failures in scenarios involving CHECK constraints,
toasted columns, <emphasis>and</> indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bgwriter problems after recovering from errors
(Tom)</para>
<para>
The background writer was found to leak buffer pins after write errors.
While not fatal in itself, this might lead to mysterious blockages of
later VACUUM commands.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> and <filename>/contrib/ltree</>
fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with translated error messages in
languages that require word reordering, such as Turkish; also problems with
unexpected truncation of output strings and wrong display of the smallest
possible bigint value (Andrew, Tom)</para>
<para>
These problems only appeared on platforms that were using our
<filename>port/snprintf.c</> code, which includes BSD variants if
<literal>--enable-nls</> was given, and perhaps others.  In addition,
a different form of the translated-error-message problem could appear
on Windows depending on which version of <filename>libintl</> was used.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Re-allow <literal>AM</>/<literal>PM</>, <literal>HH</>,
<literal>HH12</>, and <literal>D</> format specifiers for
<function>to_char(time)</> and <function>to_char(interval)</>.
(<function>to_char(interval)</> should probably use
<literal>HH24</>.) (Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>AIX, HPUX, and MSVC compile fixes (Tom, Hiroshi
Saito)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Retry file reads and writes after Windows
NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES error (Qingqing Zhou)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent <application>autovacuum</> from crashing during
ANALYZE of expression index (Alvaro)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS temp
tables</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems when a trigger alters the output of a SELECT
DISTINCT query</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Add 8.1.0 release note item on how to migrate invalid
<literal>UTF-8</> byte sequences (Paul Lindner)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-1">
   <title>Release 8.1</title>

   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
    <simpara>2005-11-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>

    <para>
     Major changes in this release:
    </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Improve concurrent access to the shared buffer cache (Tom)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Access to the shared buffer cache was identified as a
        significant scalability problem, particularly on multi-CPU
        systems. In this release, the way that locking is done in the
        buffer manager has been overhauled to reduce lock contention
        and improve scalability. The buffer manager has also been
        changed to use a <quote>clock sweep</quote> replacement
        policy.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Allow index scans to use an intermediate in-memory bitmap (Tom)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In previous releases, only a single index could be used to do
        lookups on a table. With this feature, if a query has
        <command>WHERE tab.col1 = 4 and tab.col2 = 9</>, and there is
        no multicolumn index on <literal>col1</> and <literal>col2</>,
        but there is an index on <literal>col1</> and another on
        <literal>col2</>, it is possible to search both indexes and
        combine the results in memory, then do heap fetches for only
        the rows matching both the <literal>col1</> and
        <literal>col2</> restrictions. This is very useful in
        environments that have a lot of unstructured queries where it
        is impossible to create indexes that match all possible access
        conditions.  Bitmap scans are useful even with a single index,
        as they reduce the amount of random access needed; a bitmap
        index scan is efficient for retrieving fairly large fractions
        of the complete table, whereas plain index scans are not.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Add two-phase commit (Heikki Linnakangas, Alvaro, Tom)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Two-phase commit allows transactions to be "prepared" on several
        computers, and once all computers have successfully prepared
        their transactions (none failed), all transactions can be
        committed. Even if a machine crashes after a prepare, the
        prepared transaction can be committed after the machine is
        restarted. New syntax includes <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> and
        <command>COMMIT/ROLLBACK PREPARED</>. A new system view
        <literal>pg_prepared_xacts</> has also been added.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Create a new role system that replaces users and groups
       (Stephen Frost)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Roles are a combination of users and groups. Like users, they
        can have login capability, and like groups, a role can have
        other roles as members. Roles basically remove the distinction
        between users and groups. For example, a role can:
       </para>

       <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
         <para>
           Have login capability (optionally)
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Own objects
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Hold access permissions for database objects
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Inherit permissions from other roles it is a member of
         </para>
        </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>
       <para>
        Once a user logs into a role, she obtains capabilities of
        the login role plus any inherited roles, and can use
        <command>SET ROLE</> to switch to other roles she is a member of.
        This feature is a generalization of the SQL standard's concept of
        roles.
        This change also replaces <structname>pg_shadow</> and
        <structname>pg_group</> by new role-capable catalogs
        <structname>pg_authid</> and <structname>pg_auth_members</>. The old
        tables are redefined as read-only views on the new role tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Automatically use indexes for <function>MIN()</> and
       <function>MAX()</> (Tom)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In previous releases, the only way to use an index for
        <function>MIN()</> or <function>MAX()</> was to rewrite the
        query as <command>SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY col LIMIT 1</>.
        Index usage now happens automatically.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Move <filename>/contrib/pg_autovacuum</> into the main server
       (Alvaro)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Integrating autovacuum into the server allows it to be
        automatically started and stopped in sync with the database
        server, and allows autovacuum to be configured from
        <filename>postgresql.conf</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Add shared row level locks using <command>SELECT ... FOR SHARE</>
       (Alvaro)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        While <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s MVCC locking
        allows <command>SELECT</> to never be blocked by writers and
        therefore does not need shared row locks for typical operations,
        shared locks are useful for applications that require shared row
        locking.  In particular this reduces the locking requirements
        imposed by referential integrity checks.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Add dependencies on shared objects, specifically roles
       (Alvaro)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        This extension of the dependency mechanism prevents roles from
        being dropped while there are still database objects they own.
        Formerly it was possible to accidentally <quote>orphan</> objects by
        deleting their owner.  While this could be recovered from, it
        was messy and unpleasant.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Improve performance for partitioned tables (Simon)
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        The new <varname>constraint_exclusion</varname> configuration
        parameter avoids lookups on child tables where constraints indicate
        that no matching rows exist in the child table.
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows for a basic type of table partitioning. If child tables
        store separate key ranges and this is enforced using appropriate
        <command>CHECK</> constraints, the optimizer will skip child
        table accesses when the constraint guarantees no matching rows
        exist in the child table.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is required
     for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
    </para>

    <para>
     The 8.0 release announced that the <function>to_char()</> function
     for intervals would be removed in 8.1. However, since no better API
     has been suggested, <function>to_char(interval)</> has been enhanced in
     8.1 and will remain in the server.
    </para>

    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <varname>add_missing_from</> is now false by default (Neil)
      </para>
      <para>
       By default, we now generate an error if a table is used in a query
       without a <literal>FROM</> reference.  The old behavior is still
       available, but the parameter must be set to 'true' to obtain it.
      </para>

      <para>
       It might be necessary to set <varname>add_missing_from</> to true
       in order to load an existing dump file, if the dump contains any
       views or rules created using the implicit-<literal>FROM</> syntax.
       This should be a one-time annoyance, because
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1 will convert
       such views and rules to standard explicit-<literal>FROM</> syntax.
       Subsequent dumps will therefore not have the problem.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Cause input of a zero-length string (<literal>''</literal>) for
       <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type>/<type>oid</type>
       to throw an error, rather than treating it as a zero (Neil)
      </para>
      <para>
       This change is consistent with the current handling of
       zero-length strings for integers. The schedule for this change
       was announced in 8.0.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <varname>default_with_oids</> is now false by default (Neil)
      </para>
      <para>
       With this option set to false, user-created tables no longer
       have an OID column unless <command>WITH OIDS</> is specified in
       <command>CREATE TABLE</>. Though OIDs have existed in all
       releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>, their use is limited
       because they are only four bytes long and the counter is shared
       across all installed databases. The preferred way of uniquely
       identifying rows is via sequences and the <type>SERIAL</> type,
       which have been supported since <productname>PostgreSQL</> 6.4.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <literal>E''</> syntax so eventually ordinary strings can
       treat backslashes literally (Bruce)
      </para>
      <para>
       Currently <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> processes a
       backslash in a string literal as introducing a special escape sequence,
       e.g. <literal>\n</> or <literal>\010</>.
       While this allows easy entry of special values, it is
       nonstandard and makes porting of applications from other
       databases more difficult. For this reason, the
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> project is planning to
       remove the special meaning of backslashes in strings. For
       backward compatibility and for users who want special backslash
       processing, a new string syntax has been created. This new string
       syntax is formed by writing an <literal>E</> immediately preceding the
       single quote that starts the string, e.g. <literal>E'hi\n'</>. While
       this release does not change the handling of backslashes in strings, it
       does add new configuration parameters to help users migrate applications
       for future releases:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         <varname>standard_conforming_strings</> &mdash; does this release
         treat backslashes literally in ordinary strings?
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
       <para>
        <varname>escape_string_warning</> &mdash; warn about backslashes in
        ordinary (non-E) strings
       </para>
      </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

      <para>
       The <varname>standard_conforming_strings</> value is read-only.
       Applications can retrieve the value to know how backslashes are
       processed.  (Presence of the parameter can also be taken as an
       indication that <literal>E''</> string syntax is supported.)
       In a future release, <varname>standard_conforming_strings</>
       will be true, meaning backslashes will be treated literally in
       non-E strings. To prepare for this change, use <literal>E''</>
       strings in places that need special backslash processing, and
       turn on <varname>escape_string_warning</> to find additional
       strings that need to be converted to use <literal>E''</>.
       Also, use two single-quotes (<literal>''</>) to embed a literal
       single-quote in a string, rather than the
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-supported syntax of
       backslash single-quote (<literal>\'</>).  The former is
       standards-conforming and does not require the use of the
       <literal>E''</> string syntax.  You can also use the
       <literal>$$</> string syntax, which does not treat backslashes
       specially.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> reindex all indexes in the
       database (Tom)
      </para>
      <para>
       Formerly, <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> reindexed only
       system tables. This new behavior seems more intuitive. A new
       command <command>REINDEX SYSTEM</> provides the old functionality
       of reindexing just the system tables.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Read-only large object descriptors now obey MVCC snapshot semantics
      </para>
      <para>
       When a large object is opened with <literal>INV_READ</> (and not
       <literal>INV_WRITE</>), the data read from the descriptor will now
       reflect a <quote>snapshot</> of the large object's state at the
       time of the transaction snapshot in use by the query that called
       <function>lo_open()</>.  To obtain the old behavior of always
       returning the latest committed data, include <literal>INV_WRITE</>
       in the mode flags for <function>lo_open()</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add proper dependencies for arguments of sequence functions (Tom)
      </para>
      <para>
       In previous releases, sequence names passed to <function>nextval()</>,
       <function>currval()</>, and <function>setval()</> were stored as
       simple text strings, meaning that renaming or dropping a
       sequence used in a <literal>DEFAULT</> clause made the clause
       invalid. This release stores all newly-created sequence function
       arguments as internal OIDs, allowing them to track sequence
       renaming, and adding dependency information that prevents
       improper sequence removal. It also makes such <literal>DEFAULT</>
       clauses immune to schema renaming and search path changes.
      </para>
      <para>
       Some applications might rely on the old behavior of
       run-time lookup for sequence names. This can still be done by
       explicitly casting the argument to <type>text</>, for example
       <literal>nextval('myseq'::text)</>.
      </para>
      <para>
       Pre-8.1 database dumps loaded into 8.1 will use the old text-based
       representation and therefore will not have the features of
       OID-stored arguments. However, it is possible to update a
       database containing text-based <literal>DEFAULT</> clauses.
       First, save this query into a file, such as <filename>fixseq.sql</>:
<programlisting>
SELECT  'ALTER TABLE ' ||
    pg_catalog.quote_ident(n.nspname) || '.' ||
    pg_catalog.quote_ident(c.relname) ||
    ' ALTER COLUMN ' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(a.attname) ||
    ' SET DEFAULT ' ||
    regexp_replace(d.adsrc,
                   $$val\(\(('[^']*')::text\)::regclass$$,
                   $$val(\1$$,
                   'g') ||
    ';'
FROM    pg_namespace n, pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_attrdef d
WHERE   n.oid = c.relnamespace AND
    c.oid = a.attrelid AND
    a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND
    a.attnum = d.adnum AND
    d.adsrc ~ $$val\(\('[^']*'::text\)::regclass$$;
</programlisting>
       Next, run the query against a database to find what
       adjustments are required, like this for database <literal>db1</>:
<programlisting>
psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1
</programlisting>
       This will show the <command>ALTER TABLE</> commands needed to
       convert the database to the newer OID-based representation.
       If the commands look reasonable, run this to update the database:
<programlisting>
psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1 | psql -e db1
</programlisting>
       This process must be repeated in each database to be updated.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In <application>psql</application>, treat unquoted
       <literal>\{digit}+</> sequences as octal (Bruce)
      </para>
      <para>
       In previous releases, <literal>\{digit}+</> sequences were
       treated as decimal, and only <literal>\0{digit}+</> were treated
       as octal. This change was made for consistency.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Remove grammar productions for prefix and postfix <literal>%</>
       and <literal>^</> operators
       (Tom)
      </para>
      <para>
       These have never been documented and complicated the use of the
       modulus operator (<literal>%</>) with negative numbers.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <literal>&amp;&lt;</> and <literal>&amp;&gt;</> for polygons
       consistent with the box "over" operators (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <command>CREATE LANGUAGE</> can ignore the provided arguments
       in favor of information from <structname>pg_pltemplate</>
       (Tom)
      </para>
      <para>
       A new system catalog <structname>pg_pltemplate</> has been defined
       to carry information about the preferred definitions of procedural
       languages (such as whether they have validator functions).  When
       an entry exists in this catalog for the language being created,
       <command>CREATE LANGUAGE</> will ignore all its parameters except the
       language name and instead use the catalog information.  This measure
       was taken because of increasing problems with obsolete language
       definitions being loaded by old dump files.  As of 8.1,
       <application>pg_dump</> will dump procedural language definitions as
       just <command>CREATE LANGUAGE <replaceable>name</></command>, relying
       on a template entry to exist at load time.  We expect this will be a
       more future-proof representation.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <function>pg_cancel_backend(int)</function> return a
       <type>boolean</type> rather than an <type>integer</type> (Neil)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Some users are having problems loading UTF-8 data into 8.1.X.
       This is because previous versions allowed invalid UTF-8 byte
       sequences to be entered into the database, and this release
       properly accepts only valid UTF-8 sequences. One way to correct a
       dumpfile is to run the command <command>iconv -c -f UTF-8 -t
       UTF-8 -o cleanfile.sql dumpfile.sql</>. The <literal>-c</> option
       removes invalid character sequences. A diff of the two files will
       show the sequences that are invalid. <command>iconv</> reads the
       entire input file into memory so it might be necessary to use
       <application>split</> to break up the dump into multiple smaller
       files for processing.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Additional Changes</title>

    <para>
     Below you will find a detailed account of the additional changes
     between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1 and the
     previous major release.
    </para>

    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve GiST and R-tree index performance (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the optimizer, including auto-resizing of hash joins
        (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Overhaul internal API in several areas
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change WAL record CRCs from 64-bit to 32-bit (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        We determined that the extra cost of computing 64-bit CRCs was
        significant, and the gain in reliability too marginal to justify it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent writing large empty gaps in WAL pages (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve spinlock behavior on SMP machines, particularly Opterons (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow nonconsecutive index columns to be used in a multicolumn
        index (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        For example, this allows an index on columns a,b,c to be used in
        a query with <command>WHERE a = 4 and c = 10</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Skip WAL logging for <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> /
        <command>SELECT INTO</> (Simon)
       </para>
       <para>
        Since a crash during <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> would cause the
        table to be dropped during recovery, there is no reason to WAL
        log as the table is loaded.  (Logging still happens if WAL
        archiving is enabled, however.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow concurrent GiST index access (Teodor, Oleg)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add configuration parameter <varname>full_page_writes</> to
        control writing full pages to WAL (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        To prevent partial disk writes from corrupting the database,
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> writes a complete copy of
        each database disk page to WAL the first time it is modified
        after a checkpoint. This option turns off that functionality for more
        speed.  This is safe to use with battery-backed disk caches where
        partial page writes cannot happen.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use <literal>O_DIRECT</> if available when using
        <literal>O_SYNC</> for <varname>wal_sync_method</varname>
        (Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
       <para>
        <literal>O_DIRECT</> causes disk writes to bypass the kernel
        cache, and for WAL writes, this improves performance.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <command>COPY FROM</> performance (Alon Goldshuv)
       </para>
       <para>
        This was accomplished by reading <command>COPY</> input in
        larger chunks, rather than character by character.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the performance of <function>COUNT()</function>,
        <function>SUM</function>, <function>AVG()</function>,
        <function>STDDEV()</function>, and
        <function>VARIANCE()</function> (Neil, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent problems due to transaction ID (XID) wraparound (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The server will now warn when the transaction counter approaches
        the wraparound point.  If the counter becomes too close to wraparound,
        the server will stop accepting queries.  This ensures that data is
        not lost before needed vacuuming is performed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix problems with object IDs (OIDs) conflicting with existing system
        objects after the OID counter has wrapped around (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add warning about the need to increase
        <varname>max_fsm_relations</> and <varname>max_fsm_pages</>
        during <command>VACUUM</> (Ron Mayer)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>temp_buffers</> configuration parameter to allow
        users to determine the size of the local buffer area for
        temporary table access (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add session start time and client IP address to
        <literal>pg_stat_activity</> (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Adjust <literal>pg_stat</> views for bitmap scans (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The meanings of some of the fields have changed slightly.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enhance <literal>pg_locks</> view (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Log queries for client-side <command>PREPARE</> and
        <command>EXECUTE</> (Simon)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow Kerberos name and user name case sensitivity to be
        specified in <filename>postgresql.conf</> (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add configuration parameter <varname>krb_server_hostname</> so
        that the server host name can be specified as part of service
        principal (Todd Kover)
       </para>
       <para>
        If not set, any service principal matching an entry in the
        keytab can be used. This is new Kerberos matching behavior in
        this release.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <varname>log_line_prefix</> options for millisecond
        timestamps (<literal>%m</>) and remote host (<literal>%h</>) (Ed
        L.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add WAL logging for GiST indexes (Teodor, Oleg)
       </para>
       <para>
        GiST indexes are now safe for crash and point-in-time recovery.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove old <filename>*.backup</> files when we do
        <function>pg_stop_backup()</> (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        This prevents a large number of <filename>*.backup</> files from
        existing in <filename>pg_xlog/</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add configuration parameters to control TCP/IP keep-alive
        times for idle, interval, and count (Oliver Jowett)
       </para>

       <para>
        These values can be changed to allow more rapid detection of
        lost client connections.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add per-user and per-database connection limits (Petr Jelinek)
       </para>
       <para>
        Using <command>ALTER USER</> and <command>ALTER DATABASE</>,
        limits can now be enforced on the maximum number of sessions that
        can concurrently connect as a specific user or to a specific database.
        Setting the limit to zero disables user or database connections.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow more than two gigabytes of shared memory and per-backend
        work memory on 64-bit machines (Koichi Suzuki)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New system catalog <structname>pg_pltemplate</> allows overriding
        obsolete procedural-language definitions in dump files (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add temporary views (Koju Iijima, Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <command>HAVING</> without any aggregate functions or
        <command>GROUP BY</> so that the query returns a single group (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously, such a case would treat the <command>HAVING</>
        clause the same as a <command>WHERE</> clause.  This was not per spec.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>USING</> clause to allow additional tables to be
        specified to <command>DELETE</> (Euler Taveira de Oliveira, Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        In prior releases, there was no clear method for specifying
        additional tables to be used for joins in a <command>DELETE</>
        statement. <command>UPDATE</> already has a <literal>FROM</>
        clause for this purpose.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex escapes in backend and ecpg
        strings (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is just like the standard C <literal>\x</> escape syntax.
        Octal escapes were already supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>BETWEEN SYMMETRIC</> query syntax (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
       <para>
        This feature allows <command>BETWEEN</> comparisons without
        requiring the first value to be less than the second. For
        example, <command>2 BETWEEN [ASYMMETRIC] 3 AND 1</> returns
        false, while <command>2 BETWEEN SYMMETRIC 3 AND 1</> returns
        true. <command>BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC</> was already supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>NOWAIT</> option to <command>SELECT ... FOR
        UPDATE/SHARE</> (Hans-Juergen Schoenig)
       </para>
       <para>
        While the <varname>statement_timeout</> configuration
        parameter allows a query taking more than a certain amount of
        time to be cancelled, the <command>NOWAIT</> option allows a
        query to be canceled as soon as a <command>SELECT ... FOR
        UPDATE/SHARE</> command cannot immediately acquire a row lock.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Track dependencies of shared objects (Alvaro)
       </para>
       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> allows global tables
        (users, databases, tablespaces) to reference information in
        multiple databases. This addition adds dependency information
        for global tables, so, for example, user ownership can be
        tracked across databases, so a user who owns something in any
        database can no longer be removed. Dependency tracking already
        existed for database-local objects.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow limited <command>ALTER OWNER</> commands to be performed
        by the object owner (Stephen Frost)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prior releases allowed only superusers to change object owners.
        Now, ownership can be transferred if the user executing the command
        owns the object and would be able to create it as the new owner
        (that is, the user is a member of the new owning role and that role
        has the CREATE permission that would be needed to create the object
        afresh).
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER</> object <command>SET SCHEMA</> capability
        for some object types (tables, functions, types) (Bernd Helmle)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows objects to be moved to different schemas.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER TABLE ENABLE/DISABLE TRIGGER</command> to
        disable triggers (Satoshi Nagayasu)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>TRUNCATE</> to truncate multiple tables in a
        single command (Alvaro)
       </para>
       <para>
        Because of referential integrity checks, it is not allowed to
        truncate a table that is part of a referential integrity
        constraint. Using this new functionality, <command>TRUNCATE</>
        can be used to truncate such tables, if both tables involved in
        a referential integrity constraint are truncated in a single
        <command>TRUNCATE</> command.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Properly process carriage returns and line feeds in
        <command>COPY CSV</> mode (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        In release 8.0, carriage returns and line feeds in <command>CSV
        COPY TO</> were processed in an inconsistent manner. (This was
        documented on the TODO list.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>COPY WITH CSV HEADER</> to allow a header line as
        the first line in <command>COPY</> (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows handling of the common <command>CSV</> usage of
        placing the column names on the first line of the data file. For
        <command>COPY TO</>, the first line contains the column names,
        and for <command>COPY FROM</>, the first line is ignored.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        On Windows, display better sub-second precision in
        <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add trigger duration display to <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</>
        (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prior releases included trigger execution time as part of the
        total execution time, but did not show it separately.  It is now
        possible to see how much time is spent in each trigger.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex escapes in <command>COPY</>
        (Sergey Ten)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previous releases only supported octal escapes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>SHOW ALL</> include variable descriptions
        (Matthias Schmidt)
       </para>
       <para>
        <command>SHOW</> varname still only displays the variable's
        value and does not include the description.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>initdb</application> create a new standard
        database called <literal>postgres</>, and convert utilities to
        use <literal>postgres</> rather than <literal>template1</> for
        standard lookups (Dave)
       </para>
       <para>
        In prior releases, <literal>template1</> was used both as a
        default connection for utilities like
        <application>createuser</application>, and as a template for
        new databases. This caused <command>CREATE DATABASE</> to
        sometimes fail, because a new database cannot be created if
        anyone else is in the template database. With this change, the
        default connection database is now <literal>postgres</>,
        meaning it is much less likely someone will be using
        <literal>template1</> during <command>CREATE DATABASE</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create new <application>reindexdb</application> command-line
        utility by moving <filename>/contrib/reindexdb</> into the
        server (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>MAX()</> and <function>MIN()</> aggregates for
        array types (Koju Iijima)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>to_date()</> and <function>to_timestamp()</> to
        behave reasonably when <literal>CC</> and <literal>YY</> fields
        are both used (Karel Zak)
       </para>
       <para>
        If the format specification contains <literal>CC</> and a year
        specification is <literal>YYY</> or longer, ignore the
        <literal>CC</>. If the year specification is <literal>YY</> or
        shorter, interpret <literal>CC</> as the previous century.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>md5(bytea)</> (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
       </para>
       <para>
        <function>md5(text)</> already existed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <command>numeric ^ numeric</> based on
        <function>power(numeric, numeric)</>
       </para>
       <para>
        The function already existed, but there was no operator assigned
        to it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <type>NUMERIC</> modulus by properly truncating the quotient
        during computation (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous releases, modulus for large values sometimes
        returned negative results due to rounding of the quotient.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a function <function>lastval()</> (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
       </para>
       <para>
        <function>lastval()</> is a simplified version of
        <function>currval()</>. It automatically determines the proper
        sequence name based on the most recent <function>nextval()</> or
        <function>setval()</> call performed by the current session.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>to_timestamp(DOUBLE PRECISION) (Michael Glaesemann)</>
       </para>
       <para>
        Converts Unix seconds since 1970 to a <type>TIMESTAMP WITH
        TIMEZONE</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>pg_postmaster_start_time()</> function (Euler
        Taveira de Oliveira, Matthias Schmidt)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the full use of time zone names in <command>AT TIME
        ZONE</>, not just the short list previously available (Magnus)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously, only a predefined list of time zone names were
        supported by <command>AT TIME ZONE</>. Now any supported time
        zone name can be used, e.g.:
        <programlisting>
         SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/London';
        </programlisting>
        In the above query, the time zone used is adjusted based on the
        daylight saving time rules that were in effect on the supplied
        date.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>GREATEST()</> and <function>LEAST()</> variadic
        functions (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
       <para>
        These functions take a variable number of arguments and return
        the greatest or least value among the arguments.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>pg_column_size()</> (Mark Kirkwood)
       </para>
       <para>
        This returns storage size of a column, which might be compressed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>regexp_replace()</> (Atsushi Ogawa)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows regular expression replacement, like sed. An optional
        flag argument allows selection of global (replace all) and
        case-insensitive modes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix interval division and multiplication (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previous versions sometimes returned unjustified results, like
        <command>'4 months'::interval / 5</> returning <command>'1 mon
        -6 days'</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix roundoff behavior in timestamp, time, and interval output (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This fixes some cases in which the seconds field would be shown as
        <literal>60</> instead of incrementing the higher-order fields.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a separate day field to type <type>interval</> so a one day
        interval can be distinguished from a 24 hour interval (Michael
        Glaesemann)
       </para>
       <para>
        Days that contain a daylight saving time adjustment are not 24
        hours long, but typically 23 or 25 hours.  This change creates a
        conceptual distinction between intervals of <quote>so many days</>
        and intervals of <quote>so many hours</>.  Adding
        <literal>1 day</> to a timestamp now gives the same local time on
        the next day even if a daylight saving time adjustment occurs
        between, whereas adding <literal>24 hours</> will give a different
        local time when this happens.  For example, under US DST rules:
        <programlisting>
         '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '1 day' = '2005-04-04 00:00:00-04'
         '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '24 hours' = '2005-04-04 01:00:00-04'
        </programlisting>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>justify_days()</> and <function>justify_hours()</>
        (Michael Glaesemann)
       </para>
       <para>
        These functions, respectively, adjust days to an appropriate
        number of full months and days, and adjust hours to an
        appropriate number of full days and hours.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move <filename>/contrib/dbsize</> into the backend, and rename
        some of the functions (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
       <para>
        <itemizedlist>

         <listitem>
          <para>
            <function>pg_tablespace_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_database_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_relation_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_total_relation_size()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_size_pretty()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>
       </para>
       <para>
        <function>pg_total_relation_size()</> includes indexes and TOAST
        tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions for read-only file access to the cluster directory
        (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
       <para>
        <itemizedlist>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_stat_file()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_read_file()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <function>pg_ls_dir()</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>pg_reload_conf()</> to force reloading of the
        configuration files (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>pg_rotate_logfile()</> to force rotation of the
        server log file (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <literal>pg_stat_*</> views to include TOAST tables (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Encoding and Locale Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename some encodings to be more consistent and to follow
        international standards (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        <itemizedlist>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <literal>UNICODE</> is now <literal>UTF8</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <literal>ALT</> is now <literal>WIN866</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
           <literal>WIN</> is now <literal>WIN1251</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

         <listitem>
          <para>
          <literal>TCVN</> is now <literal>WIN1258</>
          </para>
         </listitem>

        </itemizedlist>
       </para>

       <para>
        The original names still work.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>WIN1252</> encoding (Roland Volkmann)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for four-byte <literal>UTF8</> characters (John
        Hansen)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously only one, two, and three-byte <literal>UTF8</> characters
        were supported. This is particularly important for support for
        some Chinese character sets.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow direct conversion between <literal>EUC_JP</> and
        <literal>SJIS</> to improve performance (Atsushi Ogawa)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the UTF8 encoding to work on Windows (Magnus)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is done by mapping UTF8 to the Windows-native UTF16
        implementation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>General Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</> (Sergey Yatskevich)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow function characteristics, like strictness and volatility,
        to be modified via <command>ALTER FUNCTION</> (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the maximum number of function arguments to 100 (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow SQL and PL/PgSQL functions to use <command>OUT</> and
        <command>INOUT</> parameters (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        <command>OUT</> is an alternate way for a function to return
        values. Instead of using <command>RETURN</>, values can be
        returned by assigning to parameters declared as <command>OUT</> or
        <command>INOUT</>.  This is notationally simpler in some cases,
        particularly so when multiple values need to be returned.
        While returning multiple values from a function
        was possible in previous releases, this greatly simplifies the
        process.  (The feature will be extended to other server-side
        languages in future releases.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move language handler functions into the <literal>pg_catalog</> schema
       </para>
       <para>
        This makes it easier to drop the public schema if desired.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>SPI_getnspname()</function> to SPI (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

    <sect3>
     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Overhaul the memory management of PL/PgSQL functions (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        The parsetree of each function is now stored in a separate
        memory context. This allows this memory to be easily reclaimed
        when it is no longer needed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Check function syntax at <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> time,
        rather than at runtime (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously, most syntax errors were reported only when the
        function was executed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>OPEN</> to open non-<command>SELECT</> queries
        like <command>EXPLAIN</> and <command>SHOW</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        No longer require functions to issue a <command>RETURN</>
        statement (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is a byproduct of the newly added <command>OUT</> and
        <command>INOUT</> functionality.  <command>RETURN</> can
        be omitted when it is not needed to provide the function's
        return value.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for an optional <command>INTO</> clause to
        PL/PgSQL's <command>EXECUTE</> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> set <command>ROW_COUNT</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Define <literal>SQLSTATE</> and <literal>SQLERRM</> to return
        the <literal>SQLSTATE</> and error message of the current
        exception (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        These variables are only defined inside exception blocks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the parameters to the <command>RAISE</> statement to be
        expressions (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a loop <command>CONTINUE</> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow block and loop labels (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow large result sets to be returned efficiently (Abhijit
        Menon-Sen)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows functions to use <function>return_next()</> to avoid
        building the entire result set in memory.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow one-row-at-a-time retrieval of query results (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows functions to use <function>spi_query()</> and
        <function>spi_fetchrow()</> to avoid accumulating the entire
        result set in memory.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Force PL/Perl to handle strings as <literal>UTF8</> if the
        server encoding is <literal>UTF8</> (David Kamholz)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a validator function for PL/Perl (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows syntax errors to be reported at definition time,
        rather than execution time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow PL/Perl to return a Perl array when the function returns
        an array type (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        This basically maps <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> arrays
        to Perl arrays.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow Perl nonfatal warnings to generate <command>NOTICE</>
        messages (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow Perl's <literal>strict</> mode to be enabled (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>\set ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</> to allow statements in
        a transaction to error without affecting the rest of the
        transaction (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is basically implemented by wrapping every statement in a
        sub-transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex strings in
        <application>psql</> variables (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Octal escapes were already supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <command>troff -ms</> output format (Roger
        Leigh)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the history file location to be controlled by
        <envar>HISTFILE</> (Andreas Seltenreich)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows configuration of per-database history storage.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <command>\x</> (expanded mode) from affecting
        the output of <command>\d tablename</> (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>-L</> option to <application>psql</application> to
        log sessions (Lorne Sunley)
       </para>
       <para>
        This option was added because some operating systems do not have
        simple command-line activity logging functionality.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>\d</> show the tablespaces of indexes (Qingqing
        Zhou)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</application> help (<command>\h</>) to
        make a best guess on the proper help information (Greg Sabino
        Mullane)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows the user to just add <command>\h</> to the front of
        the syntax error query and get help on the supported syntax.
        Previously any additional query text beyond the command name
        had to be removed to use <command>\h</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>\pset numericlocale</> to allow numbers to be
        output in a locale-aware format (Eugen Nedelcu)
       </para>
       <para>
        For example, using <literal>C</> locale <literal>100000</> would
        be output as <literal>100,000.0</> while a European locale might
        output this value as <literal>100.000,0</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make startup banner show both server version number and
        <application>psql</>'s version number, when they are different (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Also, a warning will be shown if the server and <application>psql</>
        are from different major releases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>-n</> / <option>--schema</> switch to
        <application>pg_restore</> (Richard van den Berg)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows just the objects in a specified schema to be restored.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to dump large objects even in
        text mode (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        With this change, large objects are now always dumped; the former
        <option>-b</> switch is a no-op.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to dump a consistent snapshot of
        large objects (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Dump comments for large objects (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>--encoding</> to <application>pg_dump</>
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows a database to be dumped in an encoding that is
        different from the server's encoding. This is valuable when
        transferring the dump to a machine with a different encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rely on <structname>pg_pltemplate</> for procedural languages (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        If the call handler for a procedural language is in the
        <literal>pg_catalog</> schema, <application>pg_dump</> does not
        dump the handler.  Instead, it dumps the language using just
        <command>CREATE LANGUAGE <replaceable>name</></command>,
        relying on the <structname>pg_pltemplate</> catalog to provide
        the language's creation parameters at load time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title><application>libpq</application> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <envar>PGPASSFILE</> environment variable to specify the
        password file's filename (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>lo_create()</>, that is similar to
        <function>lo_creat()</> but allows the OID of the large object
        to be specified (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>libpq</application> consistently return an error
        to the client application on <function>malloc()</function>
        failure (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <application>pgxs</> to support building against a relocated
        installation
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add spinlock support for the Itanium processor using Intel
        compiler (Vikram Kalsi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add Kerberos 5 support for Windows (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add Chinese FAQ (laser@pgsqldb.com)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename Rendezvous to Bonjour to match OS/X feature renaming
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>fsync_writethrough</literal> on
        Darwin (Chris Campbell)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Streamline the passing of information within the server, the
        optimizer, and the lock system (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_config</> to be compiled using MSVC (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is required to build DBD::Pg using <application>MSVC</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove support for Kerberos V4 (Magnus)
       </para>
       <para>
        Kerberos 4 had security vulnerabilities and is no longer
        maintained.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Code cleanups (Coverity static analysis performed by
        EnterpriseDB)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Modify <filename>postgresql.conf</> to use documentation defaults
        <literal>on</>/<literal>off</> rather than
        <literal>true</>/<literal>false</> (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enhance <application>pg_config</> to be able to report more
        build-time values (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>libpq</application> to be built thread-safe
        on Windows (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow IPv6 connections to be used on Windows (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add Server Administration documentation about I/O subsystem
        reliability (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move private declarations from <filename>gist.h</filename> to
        <filename>gist_private.h</filename> (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        In previous releases, <filename>gist.h</> contained both the
        public GiST API (intended for use by authors of GiST index
        implementations) as well as some private declarations used by
        the implementation of GiST itself. The latter have been moved
        to a separate file, <filename>gist_private.h</>. Most GiST
        index implementations should be unaffected.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Overhaul GiST memory management (Neil)
       </para>

       <para>
        GiST methods are now always invoked in a short-lived memory
        context. Therefore, memory allocated via <function>palloc()</>
        will be reclaimed automatically, so GiST index implementations
        do not need to manually release allocated memory via
        <function>pfree()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>/contrib/pg_buffercache</> contrib module (Mark
        Kirkwood)
       </para>
       <para>
        This displays the contents of the buffer cache, for debugging and
        performance tuning purposes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <filename>/contrib/array</> because it is obsolete (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean up the <filename>/contrib/lo</> module (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move <filename>/contrib/findoidjoins</> to
        <filename>/src/tools</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove the <literal>&lt;&lt</>, <literal>&gt;&gt;</>,
        <literal>&amp;&lt</>, and <literal>&amp;&gt;</> operators from
        <filename>/contrib/cube</>
       </para>
       <para>
        These operators were not useful.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <filename>/contrib/btree_gist</> (Janko Richter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <filename>/contrib/pgbench</> (Tomoaki Sato, Tatsuo)
       </para>
       <para>
        There is now a facility for testing with SQL command scripts given
        by the user, instead of only a hard-wired command sequence.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> (Marko Kreen)
       </para>

       <itemizedlist>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Implementation of OpenPGP symmetric-key and public-key encryption
         </para>
         <para>
          Both RSA and Elgamal public-key algorithms are supported.
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Stand alone build: include SHA256/384/512 hashes, Fortuna PRNG
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          OpenSSL build: support 3DES, use internal AES with OpenSSL &lt; 0.9.7
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Take build parameters (OpenSSL, zlib) from <filename>configure</> result
         </para>
         <para>
          There is no need to edit the <filename>Makefile</> anymore.
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
         <para>
          Remove support for <filename>libmhash</> and <filename>libmcrypt</>
         </para>
        </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-14">
   <title>Release 8.0.14</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.13.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.14</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
       on the same table (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix logging so that log messages are never interleaved when using
       the syslogger process (Andrew)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
       of memory (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix incorrect handling of some foreign-key corner cases (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Update the time zone database rules, particularly New Zealand's upcoming changes (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Windows socket improvements (Magnus)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Suppress timezone name (<literal>%Z</>) in log timestamps on Windows
       because of possible encoding mismatches (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-13">
   <title>Release 8.0.13</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.12,
    including a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.13</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
      and operators (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (bug introduced in 8.0.10)
      (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix POSIX-style timezone specs to follow new USA DST rules (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-12">
   <title>Release 8.0.12</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-07</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains one fix from 8.0.11.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.12</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove overly-restrictive check for type length in constraints and
      functional indexes(Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-11">
   <title>Release 8.0.11</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.10, including
    a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.11</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove security vulnerabilities that allowed connected users
      to read backend memory (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      The vulnerabilities involve suppressing the normal check that a SQL
      function returns the data type it's declared to, and changing the
      data type of a table column (CVE-2007-0555, CVE-2007-0556).  These
      errors can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
      principle might be used to read database content that the user
      should not be able to access.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
      over three bytes long (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-10">
   <title>Release 8.0.10</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.9.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.10</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve handling of <function>getaddrinfo()</> on AIX (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This fixes a problem with starting the statistics collector,
       among other things.
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a
        gigabyte boundary by <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix possible deadlock in Windows signal handling (Teodor)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix error when constructing an <literal>ARRAY[]</> made up of multiple
       empty elements (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix ecpg memory leak during connection (Michael)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
       change the output of these functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Update timezone database
      </para>

      <para>
       This affects Australian and Canadian daylight-savings rules in
       particular.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-9">
   <title>Release 8.0.9</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.8.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.9</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix crash when referencing <literal>NEW</> row
values in rule WHERE expressions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump when an untyped literal is taken as
ANYARRAY</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mishandling of AFTER triggers when query contains a SQL
function returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ... TYPE</> to recheck
<literal>NOT NULL</> for <literal>USING</> clause (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>string_to_array()</> to handle overlapping
  matches for the separator string</para>
<para>For example, <literal>string_to_array('123xx456xxx789', 'xx')</>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Numerous robustness fixes in <application>ecpg</> (Joachim
Wieland)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix instability of statistics collection on Win32 (Tom, Andrew)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> and
<productname>Intel</> compilers (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-8">
   <title>Release 8.0.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.7,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations and
<varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug that sometimes caused OR'd index scans to
miss rows they should have returned</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
truncated</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
<literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <command>SELECT INTO</> and <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> to
create tables in the default tablespace, not the base directory (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for Bonjour on Intel Macs (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problem with password prompting on some Win32 systems
(Robert Kinberg)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-7">
   <title>Release 8.0.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.6.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
     notes for 8.0.6.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 8.0.4, 7.4.9, and 7.3.11 releases.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog and pg_subtrans file creation
(Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix cases that could lead to crashes if a cache-invalidation
message arrives at just the wrong time (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
<literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
(Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Ensure <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> will process
<literal>FOREIGN KEY</>, <literal>UNIQUE</>, and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</>
constraints in the proper order (Nakano Yoshihisa)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fixes to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators or operator classes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_restore</> to continue properly after a
<command>COPY</> failure; formerly it tried to treat the remaining
<command>COPY</> data as SQL commands (Stephen Frost)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_ctl</> <literal>unregister</> crash
when the  data directory is not specified (Magnus)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>ecpg</> crash on AMD64 and PPC
(Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Recover properly if error occurs during argument passing
in <application>PL/python</> (Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>PL/perl</>'s handling of locales on
Win32 to match the backend (Andrew)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix crash when <literal>log_min_messages</> is set to
<literal>DEBUG3</> or above in <filename>postgresql.conf</> on Win32
(Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>pgxs</> <literal>-L</> library path
specification for Win32, Cygwin, OS X, AIX (Bruce)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Check that SID is enabled while checking for Win32 admin
privileges (Magnus)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Properly reject out-of-range date inputs (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-6">
   <title>Release 8.0.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.5.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
     notes for 8.0.3.
     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix Windows code so that postmaster will continue rather
than exit if there is no more room in ShmemBackendArray (Magnus)</para>
<para>The previous behavior could lead to a denial-of-service situation if too
many connection requests arrive close together.  This applies
<emphasis>only</> to the Windows port.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug introduced in 8.0 that could allow ReadBuffer
to return an already-used page as new, potentially causing loss of
recently-committed data (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Allow more flexible relocation of installation
directories (Tom)</para>
<para>Previous releases supported relocation only if all installation
directory paths were the same except for the last component.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Various fixes for functions returning <literal>RECORD</>s
(Tom) </para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-5">
   <title>Release 8.0.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.4.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
     notes for 8.0.3.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
<para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
corruption.</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bgwriter problems after recovering from errors
(Tom)</para>
<para>
The background writer was found to leak buffer pins after write errors.
While not fatal in itself, this might lead to mysterious blockages of
later VACUUM commands.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>AIX and HPUX compile fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Retry file reads and writes after Windows
NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES error (Qingqing Zhou)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix intermittent failure when <varname>log_line_prefix</>
includes <literal>%i</></para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <application>psql</> performance issue with long scripts
on Windows (Merlin Moncure)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix missing updates of <filename>pg_group</> flat
file</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
<para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Postpone timezone initialization until after
<filename>postmaster.pid</> is created</para>
<para>This avoids confusing startup scripts that expect the pid file to appear
quickly.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
table has been dropped</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix problems with whole-row references (<literal>foo.*</>)
to subquery results</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-4">
   <title>Release 8.0.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.3.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
     notes for 8.0.3.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
<literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
<literal>ctid</> links</para>
<para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
circumstances.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
<para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force a checkpoint before committing <command>CREATE
DATABASE</></para>
<para>This should fix recent reports of <quote>index is not a btree</>
failures when a crash occurs shortly after <command>CREATE
DATABASE</>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix the sense of the test for read-only transaction
in <command>COPY</></para>
<para>The code formerly prohibited <command>COPY TO</>, where it should
prohibit <command>COPY FROM</>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle consecutive embedded newlines in <command>COPY</>
CSV-mode input</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>date_trunc(week)</> for dates near year
end</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning problem with outer-join ON clauses that reference
only the inner-side relation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Further fixes for <literal>x FULL JOIN y ON true</> corner
cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix overenthusiastic optimization of <literal>x IN (SELECT
DISTINCT ...)</> and related cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-planning of queries with small <literal>LIMIT</>
values due to poorly thought out <quote>fuzzy</> cost
comparison</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>array_in</> and <function>array_recv</> more
paranoid about validating their OID parameter</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of datetime parsing</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
pages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
enabled</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve MIPS and M68K spinlock code</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't try to open more than <literal>max_files_per_process</>
files during postmaster startup</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update timezone data files</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve handling of DLL load failures on Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve random-number generation on Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <literal>psql -f filename</> return a nonzero exit code
when opening the file fails</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change <application>pg_dump</> to handle inherited check
constraints more reliably</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix password prompting in <application>pg_restore</> on
Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/Perl <literal>%_SHARED</> so it's actually
shared</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</> to allow sleep
intervals over 2000 sec</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to use current Snowball
code</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-3">
   <title>Release 8.0.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.2, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
     it is one possible way of handling two significant security problems
     that have been found in the initial contents of 8.0.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 8.0.3's initdb will
     automatically correct these problems.
    </para>

    <para>
     The larger security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
    </para>

    <para>
     The lesser problem is that the <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> module
     creates several functions that are improperly declared to return
     <type>internal</> when they do not accept <type>internal</> arguments.
     This breaks type safety for all functions using <type>internal</>
     arguments.
    </para>

    <para>
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair these errors,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
     below.  The errors at least allow unprivileged database users to crash
     their server process, and might allow unprivileged users to gain the
     privileges of a database superuser.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the same manual repair
     procedures shown in the <link linkend="release-7-4-8">7.4.8 release
     notes</link>.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
misuse</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to avoid unsafe use of
<type>INTERNAL</> function results</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Guard against incorrect second parameter to
<function>record_out</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
<para>
The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
<type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
<para>
This error only occurred when the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
<filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
<type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent crash on <literal>COALESCE(NULL,NULL)</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix Borland makefile for libpq</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> for <type>timetz</> type
(Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <command>pg_ctl</> check the PID found in
<filename>postmaster.pid</> to see if it is still a live
process</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>pg_dump</>/<command>pg_restore</> problems caused
by addition of dump timestamps</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix interaction between materializing holdable cursors and
firing deferred triggers during transaction commit</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix memory leak in SQL functions returning pass-by-reference
data types</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-2">
   <title>Release 8.0.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-04-07</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.1.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.*.
     This release updates the major version number of the
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries, so it might be
     necessary to re-link some user applications if they cannot
     find the properly-numbered shared library.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Increment the major version number of all interface
 libraries (Bruce)</para>
<para>
 This should have been done in 8.0.0.  It is required so 7.4.X versions
 of PostgreSQL client applications, like <application>psql</>,
 can be used on the same machine as 8.0.X applications.  This might require
 re-linking user applications that use these libraries.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Windows-only <varname>wal_sync_method</> setting of
 <option>fsync_writethrough</> (Magnus, Bruce)</para>
<para>
 This setting causes <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to write through
 any disk-drive write cache when writing to WAL.
 This behavior was formerly called <option>fsync</>, but was
 renamed because it acts quite differently from <option>fsync</> on other
 platforms.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable the <varname>wal_sync_method</> setting of
 <option>open_datasync</> on Windows, and make it the default for that
  platform (Magnus, Bruce)</para>
<para>
 Because the default is no longer <option>fsync_writethrough</>,
 data loss is possible during a power failure if the disk drive has
 write caching enabled. To turn off the write cache on Windows,
 from the <application>Device Manager</>, choose the drive properties,
 then <literal>Policies</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>New cache management algorithm <acronym>2Q</> replaces
 <acronym>ARC</> (Tom)</para>
<para>
 This was done to avoid a pending US patent on <acronym>ARC</>.  The
 <acronym>2Q</> code might be a few percentage points slower than
 <acronym>ARC</> for some work loads.  A better cache management algorithm
 will appear in 8.1.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Planner adjustments to improve behavior on freshly-created
tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow plpgsql to assign to an element of an array that is
initially <literal>NULL</> (Tom)</para>
<para>
 Formerly the array would remain <literal>NULL</>, but now it becomes a
 single-element array.  The main SQL engine was changed to handle
 <command>UPDATE</> of a null array value this way in 8.0, but the similar
 case in plpgsql was overlooked.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Convert <literal>\r\n</> and <literal>\r</> to <literal>\n</>
in plpython function bodies (Michael Fuhr)</para>
<para>
  This prevents syntax errors when plpython code is written on a Windows or
  Mac client.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow SPI cursors to handle utility commands that return rows,
such as <command>EXPLAIN</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>CLUSTER</> failure after <command>ALTER TABLE
 SET WITHOUT OIDS</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce memory usage of <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</>
 (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Document the Windows-only <literal>register</> and
<literal>unregister</> options of <application>pg_ctl</> (Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure operations done during backend shutdown are counted by
statistics collector</para>
<para>
 This is expected to resolve reports of <application>pg_autovacuum</>
 not vacuuming the system catalogs often enough &mdash; it was not being
 told about catalog deletions caused by temporary table removal during
 backend exit.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change the Windows default for configuration parameter
 <varname>log_destination</> to <option>eventlog</> (Magnus)</para>
<para>
 By default, a server running on Windows will now send log output to the
 Windows event logger rather than standard error.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make Kerberos authentication work on Windows (Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow <command>ALTER DATABASE RENAME</> by superusers
 who aren't flagged as having CREATEDB privilege (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Modify WAL log entries for <command>CREATE</> and
<command>DROP DATABASE</> to not specify absolute paths (Tom)</para>
 <para>This allows point-in-time recovery on a different machine with possibly
 different database location.  Note that <command>CREATE TABLESPACE</> still
 poses a hazard in such situations.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix crash from a backend exiting with an open transaction
 that created a table and opened a cursor on it (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>array_map()</> so it can call PL functions
 (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Several <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> and
<filename>contrib/btree_gist</> fixes (Teodor)
 </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix crash of some <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>
 functions on some platforms (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/intagg</> for 64-bit platforms
 (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ecpg bugs in parsing of <command>CREATE</> statement
 (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Work around gcc bug on powerpc and amd64 causing problems in
 ecpg (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Do not use locale-aware versions of <function>upper()</>,
 <function>lower()</>, and <function>initcap()</> when the locale is
 <literal>C</> (Bruce)</para>
<para>
  This allows these functions to work on platforms that generate errors
  for non-7-bit data when the locale is <literal>C</>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>quote_ident()</> to quote names that match keywords (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>to_date()</> to behave reasonably when
 <literal>CC</> and <literal>YY</> fields are both used (Karel)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from failing
 when given a zero-month interval (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix wrong week returned by <function>date_trunc('week')</>
(Bruce)</para>
<para>
 <function>date_trunc('week')</>
 returned the wrong year for the first few days of January in some years.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use the correct default mask length for class <literal>D</>
 addresses in <type>INET</> data types (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0-1">
   <title>Release 8.0.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.0, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.0.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
execute the specified transition functions</para>
<para>
This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
permission on a function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</> enforce domain
constraints in all cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve planning of grouped aggregate queries</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>ROLLBACK TO <replaceable>savepoint</></command>
closes cursors created since the savepoint</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix inadequate backend stack size on Windows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid SHGetSpecialFolderPath() on Windows
(Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix some problems in running pg_autovacuum as a Windows
service (Dave Page)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multiple minor bug fixes in
pg_dump/pg_restore</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ecpg segfault with named structs used in
typedefs (Michael)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-8-0">
   <title>Release 8.0</title>

   <note>
    <title>Release date</title>
    <simpara>2005-01-19</simpara>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Overview</title>

    <para>
     Major changes in this release:
    </para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Microsoft Windows Native Server
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        This is the first <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> release
        to run natively on <trademark class=registered>Microsoft Windows</> as
        a server. It can run as a <productname>Windows</> service. This
        release supports NT-based Windows releases like
        <productname>Windows 2000 SP4</>, <productname>Windows XP</>, and
        <productname>Windows 2003</>. Older releases like
        <productname>Windows 95</>, <productname>Windows 98</>, and
        <productname>Windows ME</> are not supported because these operating
        systems do not have the infrastructure to support
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. A separate installer
        project has been created to ease installation on
        <productname>Windows</> &mdash; see <ulink
        url="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/win32/"></ulink>.
       </para>

       <para>
        Although tested throughout our release cycle, the Windows port
        does not have the benefit of years of use in production
        environments that <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has on
        Unix platforms.  Therefore it should be treated with the same
        level of caution as you would a new product.
       </para>

       <para>
        Previous releases required the Unix emulation toolkit
        <productname>Cygwin</> in order to run the server on Windows
        operating systems.  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has
        supported native clients on Windows for many years.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Savepoints
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Savepoints allow specific parts of a transaction to be aborted
        without affecting the remainder of the transaction. Prior
        releases had no such capability; there was no way to recover
        from a statement failure within a transaction except by
        aborting the whole transaction. This feature is valuable for
        application writers who require error recovery within a
        complex transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Point-In-Time Recovery
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In previous releases there was no way to recover from disk
        drive failure except to restore from a previous backup or use
        a standby replication server.  Point-in-time recovery allows
        continuous backup of the server.  You can recover either to
        the point of failure or to some transaction in the past.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Tablespaces
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Tablespaces allow administrators to select different file systems
        for storage of individual tables, indexes, and databases.
        This improves performance and control over disk space
        usage. Prior releases used <application>initlocation</> and
        manual symlink management for such tasks.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Improved Buffer Management, <command>CHECKPOINT</command>,
       <command>VACUUM</command>
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        This release has a more intelligent buffer replacement strategy,
        which will make better use of available shared buffers and
        improve performance. The performance impact of vacuum and
        checkpoints is also lessened.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Change Column Types
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        A column's data type can now be changed with <command>ALTER
        TABLE</command>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       New Perl Server-Side Language
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        A new version of the <application>plperl</> server-side language now
        supports a persistent shared storage area, triggers, returning records
        and arrays of records, and SPI calls to access the database.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
        Comma-separated-value (CSV) support in <command>COPY</command>
      </term>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>COPY</command> can now read and write
        comma-separated-value files. It has the flexibility to
        interpret nonstandard quoting and separation characters too.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 8.0</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
     release.
    </para>

    <para>
     Observe the following incompatibilities:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In <option>READ COMMITTED</> serialization mode, volatile functions
       now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the
       beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the
       beginning of the interactive command that called the function.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Functions declared <option>STABLE</> or <option>IMMUTABLE</> always
       use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the
       effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in
       their own transaction or other transactions.  Such a function must be
       read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than
       <command>SELECT</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Nondeferred <option>AFTER</> triggers are now fired immediately
       after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon
       finishing the current interactive command. This makes a
       difference when the triggering query occurred within a function:
       the trigger is invoked before the function proceeds to its next
       operation.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameters <varname>virtual_host</> and
       <varname>tcpip_socket</> have been replaced with a more general
       parameter <varname>listen_addresses</>. Also, the server now listens on
       <literal>localhost</> by default, which eliminates the need for the
       <literal>-i</> postmaster switch in many scenarios.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameters <varname>SortMem</> and
       <varname>VacuumMem</> have been renamed to <varname>work_mem</>
       and <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> to better reflect their
       use. The original names are still supported in
       <command>SET</command> and <command>SHOW</command>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameters <varname>log_pid</>,
       <varname>log_timestamp</>, and <varname>log_source_port</> have been
       replaced with a more general parameter <varname>log_line_prefix</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameter <varname>syslog</> has been
       replaced with a more logical <varname>log_destination</> variable to
       control the log output destination.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameter <varname>log_statement</> has been
       changed so it can selectively log just database modification or
       data definition statements.  Server configuration parameter
       <varname>log_duration</> now prints only when <varname>log_statement</>
       prints the query.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Server configuration parameter <varname>max_expr_depth</> parameter has
       been replaced with <varname>max_stack_depth</> which measures the
       physical stack size rather than the expression nesting depth. This
       helps prevent session termination due to stack overflow caused by
       recursive functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <function>length()</> function no longer counts trailing spaces in
       <type>CHAR(n)</> values.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Casting an integer to <type>BIT(N)</> selects the rightmost N bits of the
      integer, not the leftmost N bits as before.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Updating an element or slice of a NULL array value now produces
      a nonnull array result, namely an array containing
      just the assigned-to positions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Syntax checking of array input values has been tightened up
       considerably. Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with
       odd results now causes an error. Empty-string element values
       must now be written as <literal>""</>, rather than writing nothing.
       Also changed behavior with respect to whitespace surrounding
       array elements: trailing whitespace is now ignored, for symmetry
       with leading whitespace (which has always been ignored).
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected and
       reported as an error.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte
       <type>"char"</> data type have been removed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <function>extract()</> function (also called
       <function>date_part</>) now returns the proper year for BC dates.
       It previously returned one less than the correct year. The
       function now also returns the proper values for millennium and
       century.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <type>CIDR</> values now must have their nonmasked bits be zero.
      For example, we no longer allow
      <literal>204.248.199.1/31</literal> as a <type>CIDR</> value. Such
      values should never have been accepted by
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and will now be rejected.
     </para>
    </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <command>EXECUTE</command> now returns a completion tag that
       matches the executed statement.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <application>psql</>'s <command>\copy</> command now reads or
       writes to the query's <literal>stdin/stdout</>, rather than
       <application>psql</>'s <literal>stdin/stdout</>. The previous
       behavior can be accessed via new
       <option>pstdin</>/<option>pstdout</> parameters.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
      The JDBC client interface has been removed from the core
      distribution, and is now hosted at <ulink url=
      "http://jdbc.postgresql.org"></ulink>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
      The Tcl client interface has also been removed. There are several
      Tcl interfaces now hosted at <ulink url=
      "http://gborg.postgresql.org"></ulink>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The server now uses its own time zone database, rather than the
       one supplied by the operating system. This will provide consistent
       behavior across all platforms.  In most cases, there should be
       little noticeable difference in time zone behavior, except that
       the time zone names used by <command>SET</>/<command>SHOW</>
       <varname>TimeZone</> might be different from what your platform provides.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <application>Configure</>'s threading option no longer requires
       users to run tests or edit configuration files; threading options
       are now detected automatically.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Now that tablespaces have been implemented,
       <application>initlocation</> has been removed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The API for user-defined GiST indexes has been changed. The
       Union and PickSplit methods are now passed a pointer to a
       special <structname>GistEntryVector</structname> structure,
       rather than a <type>bytea</type>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Deprecated Features</title>

   <para>
     Some aspects of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s behavior
     have been determined to be suboptimal. For the sake of backward
     compatibility these have not been removed in 8.0, but they are
     considered deprecated and will be removed in the next major
     release.
     </para>

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The 8.1 release will remove the <function>to_char()</> function
       for intervals.
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        The server now warns of empty strings passed to
        <type>oid</type>/<type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> data
        types, but continues to interpret them as zeroes as before.
        In the next major release, empty strings will be considered
        invalid input for these data types.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       By default, tables in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.0
       and earlier are created with <type>OID</>s. In the next release,
       this will <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the case: to create a table
       that contains <type>OID</>s, the <option>WITH OIDS</> clause must
       be specified or the <varname>default_with_oids</varname>
       configuration parameter must be set. Users are encouraged to
       explicitly specify <option>WITH OIDS</> if their tables
       require OIDs for compatibility with future releases of
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
     release 8.0 and the previous major release.
    </para>

    <sect3>
     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support cross-data-type index usage (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Before this change, many queries would not use an index if the data
        types did not match exactly. This improvement makes index usage more
        intuitive and consistent.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New buffer replacement strategy that improves caching (Jan)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prior releases used a least-recently-used (LRU) cache to keep
        recently referenced pages in memory. The LRU algorithm
        did not consider the number of times a specific cache entry was
        accessed, so large table scans could force out useful cache pages.
        The new cache algorithm uses four separate lists to track most
        recently used and most frequently used cache pages and dynamically
        optimize their replacement based on the work load. This should
        lead to much more efficient use of the shared buffer cache.
        Administrators who have tested shared buffer sizes in the past
        should retest with this new cache replacement policy.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add subprocess to write dirty buffers periodically to reduce
        checkpoint writes (Jan)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous releases, the checkpoint process, which runs every few
        minutes, would write all dirty buffers to the operating system's
        buffer cache then flush all dirty operating system buffers to
        disk. This resulted in a periodic spike in disk usage that often
        hurt performance. The new code uses a background writer to trickle
        disk writes at a steady pace so checkpoints have far fewer dirty
        pages to write to disk. Also, the new code does not issue a global
        <function>sync()</> call, but instead <function>fsync()</>s just
        the files written since the last checkpoint. This should improve
        performance and minimize degradation during checkpoints.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add ability to prolong vacuum to reduce performance impact (Jan)
       </para>
       <para>
        On busy systems, <command>VACUUM</command> performs many I/O
        requests which can hurt performance for other users. This
        release allows you to slow down <command>VACUUM</command> to
        reduce its impact on other users, though this increases the
        total duration of <command>VACUUM</command>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve B-tree index performance for duplicate keys (Dmitry Tkach, Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This improves the way indexes are scanned when many duplicate
        values exist in the index.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use dynamically-generated table size estimates while planning (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Formerly the planner estimated table sizes using the values seen
        by the last <command>VACUUM</command> or <command>ANALYZE</command>,
        both as to physical table size (number of pages) and number of rows.
        Now, the current physical table size is obtained from the kernel,
        and the number of rows is estimated by multiplying the table size
        by the row density (rows per page) seen by the last
        <command>VACUUM</command> or <command>ANALYZE</command>.  This should
        produce more reliable estimates in cases where the table size has
        changed significantly since the last housekeeping command.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improved index usage with <literal>OR</> clauses (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows the optimizer to use indexes in statements with many OR
        clauses that would not have been indexed in the past.  It can also use
        multi-column indexes where the first column is specified and the second
        column is part of an <literal>OR</> clause.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve matching of partial index clauses (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The server is now smarter about using partial indexes in queries
        involving complex <option>WHERE</> clauses.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of the GEQO optimizer (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The GEQO optimizer is used to plan queries involving many tables (by
        default, twelve or more). This release speeds up the way queries are
        analyzed to decrease time spent in optimization.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Miscellaneous optimizer improvements
       </para>
       <para>
        There is not room here to list all the minor improvements made, but
        numerous special cases work better than in prior releases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve lookup speed for C functions (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This release uses a hash table to lookup information for dynamically
        loaded C functions. This improves their speed so they perform nearly as
        quickly as functions that are built into the server executable.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add type-specific <command>ANALYZE</command> statistics
        capability (Mark Cave-Ayland)
       </para>
       <para>
        This feature allows more flexibility in generating statistics
        for nonstandard data types.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>ANALYZE</command> now collects statistics for
        expression indexes (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Expression indexes (also called functional indexes) allow users to
        index not just columns but the results of expressions and function
        calls. With this release, the optimizer can gather and use statistics
        about the contents of expression indexes.  This will greatly improve
        the quality of planning for queries in which an expression index is
        relevant.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New two-stage sampling method for <command>ANALYZE</command>
        (Manfred Koizar)
       </para>
       <para>
        This gives better statistics when the density of valid rows is very
        different in different regions of a table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Speed up <command>TRUNCATE</command> (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This buys back some of the performance loss observed in 7.4, while still
        keeping <command>TRUNCATE</command> transaction-safe.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Server Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add WAL file archiving and point-in-time recovery (Simon Riggs)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add tablespaces so admins can control disk layout (Gavin)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a built-in log rotation program (Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now possible to log server messages conveniently without
        relying on either <application>syslog</> or an external log
        rotation program.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new read-only server configuration parameters to show server
        compile-time settings: <varname>block_size</>,
        <varname>integer_datetimes</>, <varname>max_function_args</>,
        <varname>max_identifier_length</>, <varname>max_index_keys</>  (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make quoting of <literal>sameuser</>, <literal>samegroup</>, and
        <literal>all</> remove special meaning of these terms in
        <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use clearer IPv6 name <literal>::1/128</> for
        <literal>localhost</> in default <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use CIDR format in <filename>pg_hba.conf</> examples (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rename server configuration parameters <varname>SortMem</> and
        <varname>VacuumMem</> to <varname>work_mem</> and
        <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> (Old names still supported) (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This change was made to clarify that bulk operations such as index and
        foreign key creation use <varname>maintenance_work_mem</>, while
        <varname>work_mem</> is for workspaces used during query execution.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow logging of session disconnections using server configuration
        <varname>log_disconnections</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new server configuration parameter <varname>log_line_prefix</> to
        allow control of information emitted in each log line (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        Available information includes user name, database name, remote IP
        address, and session start time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove server configuration parameters <varname>log_pid</>,
        <varname>log_timestamp</>, <varname>log_source_port</>; functionality
        superseded by <varname>log_line_prefix</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace the <varname>virtual_host</> and <varname>tcpip_socket</>
        parameters with a unified <varname>listen_addresses</> parameter
        (Andrew, Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        <varname>virtual_host</> could only specify a single IP address to
        listen on.  <varname>listen_addresses</> allows multiple addresses
        to be specified.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Listen on localhost by default, which eliminates the need for the
        <option>-i</> postmaster switch in many scenarios (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        Listening on localhost (<literal>127.0.0.1</>) opens no new
        security holes but allows configurations like Windows and JDBC,
        which do not support local sockets, to work without special
        adjustments.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <varname>syslog</> server configuration parameter, and add more
        logical <varname>log_destination</> variable to control log output
        location (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change server configuration parameter <varname>log_statement</> to take
        values <varname>all</>, <varname>mod</>, <varname>ddl</>, or
        <varname>none</> to select which queries are logged (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows administrators to log only data definition changes or
        only data modification statements.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Some logging-related configuration parameters could formerly be adjusted
        by ordinary users, but only in the <quote>more verbose</> direction.
        They are now treated more strictly: only superusers can set them.
        However, a superuser can use <command>ALTER USER</> to provide per-user
        settings of these values for non-superusers.  Also, it is now possible
        for superusers to set values of superuser-only configuration parameters
        via <literal>PGOPTIONS</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow configuration files to be placed outside the data directory (mlw)
       </para>
       <para>
        By default, configuration files are kept in the cluster's top directory.
        With this addition, configuration files can be placed outside the
        data directory, easing administration.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Plan prepared queries only when first executed so constants can be
        used for statistics (Oliver Jowett)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prepared statements plan queries once and execute them many
        times. While prepared queries avoid the overhead of re-planning
        on each use, the quality of the plan suffers from not knowing the exact
        parameters to be used in the query.  In this release, planning of
        unnamed prepared statements is delayed until the first execution,
        and the actual parameter values of that execution are used as
        optimization hints.  This allows use of out-of-line parameter passing
        without incurring a performance penalty.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> to take parameters
        (Oliver Jowett)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now useful to issue <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> in a
        <function>Parse</> message with parameters. The parameter values
        sent at <function>Bind</> time will be substituted into the
        execution of the cursor's query.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix hash joins and aggregates of <type>inet</type> and
        <type>cidr</type> data types (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Release 7.4 handled hashing of mixed <type>inet</type> and
        <type>cidr</type> values incorrectly.  (This bug did not exist
        in prior releases because they wouldn't try to hash either
        data type.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <varname>log_duration</> print only when <varname>log_statement</>
        prints the query (Ed L.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Query Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add savepoints (nested transactions) (Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Unsupported isolation levels are now accepted and promoted to the
        nearest supported level (Peter)
       </para>
       <para>
        The SQL specification states that if a database doesn't support a
        specific isolation level, it should use the next more restrictive level.
        This change complies with that recommendation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>BEGIN WORK</command> to specify transaction
        isolation levels like <command>START TRANSACTION</command> does
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix table permission checking for cases in which rules generate
        a query type different from the originally submitted query (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Implement dollar quoting to simplify single-quote usage (Andrew, Tom,
        David Fetter)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous releases, because single quotes had to be used to
        quote a function's body, the use of single quotes inside the
        function text required use of two single quotes or other error-prone
        notations. With this release we add the ability to use "dollar
        quoting" to quote a block of text.  The ability to use different
        quoting delimiters at different nesting levels greatly simplifies
        the task of quoting correctly, especially in complex functions.
        Dollar quoting can be used anywhere quoted text is needed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>CASE val WHEN compval1 THEN ...</> evaluate <literal>val</> only once (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        <option>CASE</> no longer evaluates the tested expression multiple
        times. This has benefits when the expression is complex or is
        volatile.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Test <option>HAVING</> before computing target list of an
        aggregate query (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Fixes improper failure of cases such as <literal>SELECT SUM(win)/SUM(lose)
        ... GROUP BY ... HAVING SUM(lose) &gt; 0</>.  This should work but formerly
        could fail with divide-by-zero.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace <varname>max_expr_depth</> parameter with
        <varname>max_stack_depth</> parameter, measured in kilobytes of stack
        size (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
       This gives us a fairly bulletproof defense against crashing due to
       runaway recursive functions. Instead of measuring the depth of expression
       nesting, we now directly measure the size of the execution stack.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow arbitrary row expressions (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This release allows SQL expressions to contain arbitrary composite
        types, that is, row values. It also allows functions to more easily
        take rows as arguments and return row values.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <option>LIKE</>/<option>ILIKE</> to be used as the operator
        in row and subselect comparisons (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid locale-specific case conversion of basic ASCII letters in
        identifiers and keywords (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This solves the <quote>Turkish problem</> with mangling of words
        containing <literal>I</> and  <literal>i</>.  Folding of characters
        outside the 7-bit-ASCII set is still locale-aware.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve syntax error reporting (Fabien, Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Syntax error reports are more useful than before.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <command>EXECUTE</command> to return a completion tag
        matching the executed statement (Kris Jurka)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previous releases return an <command>EXECUTE</command> tag for
        any <command>EXECUTE</command> call. In this release, the tag
        returned will reflect the command executed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid emitting <option>NATURAL CROSS JOIN</> in rule listings (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Such a clause makes no logical sense, but in some cases the rule
        decompiler formerly produced this syntax.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>COMMENT ON</> for casts, conversions, languages,
        operator classes, and large objects (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new server configuration parameter <varname>default_with_oids</> to
        control whether tables are created with <type>OID</>s by default (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows administrators to control whether <command>CREATE
        TABLE</command> commands create tables with or without <type>OID</>
        columns by default.  (Note: the current factory default setting for
        <varname>default_with_oids</> is <literal>TRUE</>, but the default
        will become <literal>FALSE</> in future releases.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>WITH</> / <option>WITHOUT OIDS</> clause to
        <command>CREATE TABLE AS</command> (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</> to drop an <type>OID</>
        column (<command>ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS</> still works)
        (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow composite types as table columns (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER ... ADD COLUMN</> with defaults and
        <option>NOT NULL</> constraints; works per SQL spec (Rod)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now possible for <option>ADD COLUMN</> to create a column
        that is not initially filled with NULLs, but with a specified
        default value.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> to change column's type (Rod)
       </para>
       <para>
        It is now possible to alter a column's data type without dropping
        and re-adding the column.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multiple <command>ALTER</> actions in a single <command>ALTER
        TABLE</command> command (Rod)
       </para>
       <para>
        This is particularly useful for <command>ALTER</> commands that
        rewrite the table (which include <option>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> and
        <option>ADD COLUMN</> with a default). By grouping
        <command>ALTER</> commands together, the table need be rewritten
        only once.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE</command> to add <type>SERIAL</type>
        columns (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This falls out from the new capability of specifying defaults for new
        columns.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow changing the owners of aggregates, conversions, databases,
        functions, operators, operator classes, schemas, types, and tablespaces
        (Christopher, Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously this required modifying the system tables directly.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow temporary object creation to be limited to <option>SECURITY
        DEFINER</> functions (Sean Chittenden)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>ALTER TABLE ... SET WITHOUT CLUSTER</> (Christopher)
       </para>
       <para>
        Prior to this release, there was no way to clear an auto-cluster
        specification except to modify the system tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Constraint/Index/<type>SERIAL</> names are now
        <replaceable>table_column_type</>
        with numbers appended to guarantee uniqueness within the schema
        (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The SQL specification states that such names should be unique
        within a schema.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>pg_get_serial_sequence()</> to return a
        <type>SERIAL</> column's sequence name (Christopher)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows automated scripts to reliably find the <type>SERIAL</>
        sequence name.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Warn when primary/foreign key data type mismatch requires costly lookup
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <command>ALTER INDEX</> command to allow moving of indexes
        between tablespaces (Gavin)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>ALTER TABLE OWNER</> change dependent sequence
        ownership too (Alvaro)
       </para>
      </listitem>


     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>CREATE SCHEMA</command> to create triggers,
        indexes, and sequences (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>ALSO</> keyword to <command>CREATE RULE</command> (Fabien
        Coelho)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows <option>ALSO</> to be added to rule creation to contrast it with
        <option>INSTEAD</> rules.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>NOWAIT</> option to <command>LOCK</command> (Tatsuo)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows the <command>LOCK</command> command to fail if it
        would have to wait for the requested lock.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>COPY</command> to read and write
        comma-separated-value (CSV) files (Andrew, Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Generate error if the <command>COPY</command> delimiter and NULL
        string conflict (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>GRANT</command>/<command>REVOKE</command> behavior
        follows the SQL spec more closely
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid locking conflict between <command>CREATE INDEX</command>
        and <command>CHECKPOINT</command> (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        In 7.3 and 7.4, a long-running B-tree index build could block concurrent
        <command>CHECKPOINT</>s from completing, thereby causing WAL bloat because the
        WAL log could not be recycled.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Database-wide <command>ANALYZE</command> does not hold locks
        across tables (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This reduces the potential for deadlocks against other backends
        that want exclusive locks on tables.  To get the benefit of this
        change, do not execute database-wide <command>ANALYZE</command>
        inside a transaction block (<command>BEGIN</command> block); it
        must be able to commit and start a new transaction for each
        table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>REINDEX</command> does not exclusively lock the index's
        parent table anymore
       </para>
       <para>
        The index itself is still exclusively locked, but readers of the
        table can continue if they are not using the particular index
        being rebuilt.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Erase MD5 user passwords when a user is renamed (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses the user name as salt
        when encrypting passwords via MD5. When a user's name is changed,
        the salt will no longer match the stored MD5 password, so the
        stored password becomes useless.  In this release a notice is
        generated and the password is cleared.  A new password must then
        be assigned if the user is to be able to log in with a password.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <application>pg_ctl</> <option>kill</> option for Windows (Andrew)
       </para>
       <para>
        Windows does not have a <literal>kill</> command to send signals to
        backends so this capability was added to <application>pg_ctl</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Information schema improvements
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>--pwfile</> option to
        <application>initdb</application> so the initial password can be
        set by GUI tools (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Detect locale/encoding mismatch in
        <application>initdb</application> (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>register</> command to <application>pg_ctl</> to
        register Windows operating system service (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        More complete support for composite types (row types)  (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Composite values can be used in many places where only scalar values
        worked before.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reject nonrectangular array values as erroneous (Joe)
       </para>
       <para>
        Formerly, <function>array_in</> would silently build a
        surprising result.
       </para>
      </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected (Tom)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte
         <type>"char"</> data type have been removed.
        </para>
        <para>
         Formerly, the parser would select these operators in many situations
         where an <quote>unable to select an operator</> error would be more
         appropriate, such as <literal>null * null</>.  If you actually want
         to do arithmetic on a <type>"char"</> column, you can cast it to
         integer explicitly.
        </para>
       </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
         Syntax checking of array input values considerably tightened up (Joe)
        </para>
       <para>
         Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with odd results
         now causes an <literal>ERROR</>, for example, non-whitespace
         after the closing right brace.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
         Empty-string array element values must now be written as
         <literal>""</>, rather than writing nothing (Joe)
        </para>
       <para>
         Formerly, both ways of writing an empty-string element value were
         allowed, but now a quoted empty string is required.  The case where
         nothing at all appears will probably be considered to be a NULL
         element value in some future release.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
         Array element trailing whitespace is now ignored (Joe)
        </para>
       <para>
         Formerly leading whitespace was ignored, but trailing whitespace
         between an element value and the delimiter or right brace was
         significant.  Now trailing whitespace is also ignored.
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Emit array values with explicit array bounds when lower bound is not one
        (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Accept <literal>YYYY-monthname-DD</> as a date string (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>netmask</> and <function>hostmask</> functions
        return maximum-length mask length (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change factorial function to return <type>numeric</type> (Gavin)
       </para>
       <para>
        Returning <type>numeric</type> allows the factorial function to
        work for a wider range of input values.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <function>to_char</>/<function>to_date()</> date conversion
        improvements (Kurt Roeckx, Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <function>length()</> disregard trailing spaces in
        <type>CHAR(n)</> (Gavin)
       </para>
       <para>
        This change was made to improve consistency: trailing spaces are
        semantically insignificant in <type>CHAR(n)</> data, so they
        should not be counted by <function>length()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Warn about empty string being passed to
        <type>OID</>/<type>float4</>/<type>float8</> data types (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        8.1 will throw an error instead.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow leading or trailing whitespace in
        <type>int2</>/<type>int4</>/<type>int8</>/<type>float4</>/<type>float8</>
        input routines
        (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Better support for IEEE <literal>Infinity</> and <literal>NaN</>
        values in <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        These should now work on all platforms that support IEEE-compliant
        floating point arithmetic.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>week</> option to <function>date_trunc()</> (Robert Creager)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>to_char</function> for <literal>1 BC</>
        (previously it returned <literal>1 AD</>) (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>date_part(year)</> for BC dates (previously it
        returned one less than the correct year) (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>date_part()</> to return the proper millennium and
        century (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
       <para>
        In previous versions, the century and millennium results had a wrong
        number and started in the wrong year, as compared to standard
        reckoning of such things.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>ceiling()</> as an alias for <function>ceil()</>,
        and <function>power()</> as an alias for <function>pow()</> for
        standards compliance (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <function>ln()</>, <function>log()</>,
        <function>power()</>, and <function>sqrt()</> to emit the correct
        <literal>SQLSTATE</> error codes for certain error conditions, as
        specified by SQL:2003 (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>width_bucket()</> function as defined by SQL:2003 (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>generate_series()</> functions to simplify working
        with numeric sets (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <function>upper/lower/initcap()</> functions to work with
        multibyte encodings (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add boolean and bitwise integer <option>AND</>/<option>OR</>
        aggregates (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New session information functions to return network addresses for client
        and server (Sean Chittenden)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function to determine the area of a closed path (Sean Chittenden)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function to send cancel request to other backends (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <type>interval</> plus <type>datetime</> operators (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        The reverse ordering, <type>datetime</> plus <type>interval</>,
        was already supported, but both are required by the SQL standard.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Casting an integer to <type>BIT(N)</> selects the rightmost N bits
        of the integer
        (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        In prior releases, the leftmost N bits were selected, but this was
        deemed unhelpful, not to mention inconsistent with casting from bit
        to int.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Require <type>CIDR</> values to have all nonmasked bits be zero
        (Kevin Brintnall)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Server-Side Language Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> serialization mode, volatile functions
        now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the
        beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the
        beginning of the interactive command that called the function.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Functions declared <literal>STABLE</> or <literal>IMMUTABLE</> always
        use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the
        effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in
        their own transaction or other transactions.  Such a function must be
        read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than
        <command>SELECT</>.  There is a considerable performance gain from
        declaring a function <literal>STABLE</> or <literal>IMMUTABLE</>
        rather than <literal>VOLATILE</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Nondeferred <option>AFTER</> triggers are now fired immediately
        after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon
        finishing the current interactive command. This makes a difference
        when the triggering query occurred within a function: the trigger
        is invoked before the function proceeds to its next operation. For
        example, if a function inserts a new row into a table, any
        nondeferred foreign key checks occur before proceeding with the
        function.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow function parameters to be declared with names (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows better documentation of functions.  Whether the names
        actually do anything depends on the specific function language
        being used.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow PL/pgSQL parameter names to be referenced in the function (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
       </para>
       <para>
        This basically creates an automatic alias for each named parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Do minimal syntax checking of PL/pgSQL functions at creation time (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows us to catch simple syntax errors sooner.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        More support for composite types (row and record variables) in PL/pgSQL
       </para>
       <para>
        For example, it now works to pass a rowtype variable to another function
        as a single variable.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Default values for PL/pgSQL variables can now reference previously
        declared variables
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve parsing of PL/pgSQL FOR loops (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        Parsing is now driven by presence of <literal>".."</> rather than
        data type of <option>FOR</> variable. This makes no difference for
        correct functions, but should result in more understandable error
        messages when a mistake is made.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major overhaul of PL/Perl server-side language (Command Prompt, Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        In PL/Tcl, SPI commands are now run in subtransactions.  If an error
        occurs, the subtransaction is cleaned up and the error is reported
        as an ordinary Tcl error, which can be trapped with <literal>catch</>.
        Formerly, it was not possible to catch such errors.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Accept <command>ELSEIF</> in PL/pgSQL (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        Previously PL/pgSQL only allowed <command>ELSIF</>, but many people
        are accustomed to spelling this keyword <command>ELSEIF</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <application>psql</> information display about database
        objects (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</> to display group membership in
        <command>\du</> and <command>\dg</> (Markus Bertheau)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <application>psql</> <command>\dn</command> from showing
        temporary schemas (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</> to handle tilde user expansion for file
        names (Zach Irmen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</> to display fancy prompts, including
        color, via <application>readline</> (Reece Hart, Chet Ramey)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>psql</> <command>\copy</> match <command>COPY</command> command syntax
        fully (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Show the location of syntax errors (Fabien Coelho, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>CLUSTER</command> information to <application>psql</>
        <command>\d</> display
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <application>psql</> <command>\copy stdin/stdout</> to read
        from command input/output (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>pstdin</>/<option>pstdout</> to read from
        <application>psql</>'s <literal>stdin</>/<literal>stdout</> (Mark
        Feit)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add global <application>psql</> configuration file, <filename>psqlrc.sample</filename>
        (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        This allows a central file where global <application>psql</> startup commands can
        be stored.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>psql</> <command>\d+</> indicate if the table
        has an <type>OID</> column (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        On Windows, use binary mode in <application>psql</> when reading files so control-Z
        is not seen as end-of-file
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <command>\dn+</> show permissions and description for schemas (Dennis
        Bj&ouml;rklund)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve tab completion support (Stefan Kaltenbrunn, Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow boolean settings to be set using upper or lower case (Michael Paesold)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use dependency information to improve the reliability of
        <application>pg_dump</> (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This should solve the longstanding problems with related objects
        sometimes being dumped in the wrong order.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>pg_dump</> output objects in alphabetical order if possible (Tom)
       </para>
       <para>
        This should make it easier to identify changes between
        dump files.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_restore</> to ignore some SQL errors (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
       <para>
        This makes <application>pg_restore</>'s behavior similar to the
        results of feeding a <application>pg_dump</> output script to
        <application>psql</>. In most cases, ignoring errors and plowing
        ahead is the most useful thing to do. Also added was a pg_restore
        option to give the old behavior of exiting on an error.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <application>pg_restore</> <option>-l</> display now includes
        objects' schema names
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New begin/end markers in <application>pg_dump</> text output (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add start/stop times for
        <application>pg_dump</>/<application>pg_dumpall</> in verbose mode
        (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow most <application>pg_dump</> options in
        <application>pg_dumpall</> (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>pg_dump</> use <command>ALTER OWNER</> rather
        than <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> by default
        (Christopher)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>libpq Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make libpq's <option>SIGPIPE</> handling thread-safe (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>PQmbdsplen()</> which returns the display length
        of a character (Tatsuo)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add thread locking to <application>SSL</> and
        <application>Kerberos</> connections (Manfred Spraul)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <function>PQoidValue()</>, <function>PQcmdTuples()</>, and
        <function>PQoidStatus()</> to work on <command>EXECUTE</command>
        commands (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>PQserverVersion()</> to provide more convenient
        access to the server version number (Greg Sabino Mullane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>PQprepare/PQsendPrepared()</> functions to support
        preparing statements without necessarily specifying the data types
        of their parameters (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Many ECPG improvements, including <command>SET DESCRIPTOR</> (Michael)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the database server to run natively on Windows (Claudio, Magnus, Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Shell script commands converted to C versions for Windows support (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Create an extension makefile framework (Fabien Coelho, Peter)
       </para>
       <para>
        This simplifies the task of building extensions outside the original
        source tree.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support relocatable installations (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Directory paths for installed files (such as the
        <filename>/share</> directory) are now computed relative to the
        actual location of the executables, so that an installation tree
        can be moved to another place without reconfiguring and
        rebuilding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use <option>--with-docdir</> to choose installation location of documentation; also
        allow <option>--infodir</> (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <option>--without-docdir</> to prevent installation of documentation (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Upgrade to <application>DocBook</> V4.2 SGML (Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <literal>PostgreSQL</> <application>CVS</> tag (Marc)
       </para>
       <para>
        This was done to make it easier for organizations to manage their
        own copies of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
        <application>CVS</> repository. File version stamps from the master
        repository will not get munged by checking into or out of a copied
        repository.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clarify locking code (Manfred Koizar)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Buffer manager cleanup (Neil)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Decouple platform tests from CPU spinlock code (Bruce, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add inlined test-and-set code on PA-RISC for <application>gcc</>
        (ViSolve, Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve i386 spinlock code (Manfred Spraul)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Clean up spinlock assembly code to avoid warnings from newer
        <application>gcc</> releases (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove JDBC from source tree; now a separate project
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove the libpgtcl client interface; now a separate project
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        More accurately estimate memory and file descriptor usage (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improvements to the Mac OS X startup scripts (Ray A.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <function>fsync()</> test program (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Major documentation improvements (Neil, Peter)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <application>pg_encoding</application>; not needed
        anymore
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <application>pg_id</application>; not needed anymore
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <application>initlocation</application>; not needed
        anymore
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Auto-detect thread flags (no more manual testing) (Bruce)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use Olson's public domain <application>timezone</> library (Magnus)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        With threading enabled, use thread flags on Unixware for
        backend executables too (Bruce)
       </para>
       <para>
        Unixware cannot mix threaded and nonthreaded object files in the
        same executable, so everything must be compiled as threaded.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <application>psql</> now uses a <application>flex</>-generated
        lexical analyzer to process command strings
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reimplement the linked list data structure used throughout the
        backend (Neil)
       </para>
       <para>
        This improves performance by allowing list append and length
        operations to be more efficient.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow dynamically loaded modules to create their own server configuration
        parameters (Thomas Hallgren)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New Brazilian version of FAQ (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add French FAQ (Guillaume Lelarge)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <application>pgevent</> for Windows logging
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make libpq and ECPG build as proper shared libraries on OS X (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>


    <sect3>
     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Overhaul of <filename>contrib/dblink</> (Joe)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <filename>contrib/dbmirror</> improvements (Steven Singer)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <filename>contrib/xml2</> (John Gray, Torchbox)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Updated <filename>contrib/mysql</filename>
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New version of <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        New <filename>contrib/trgm</>, trigram matching for
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Many <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> improvements (Teodor)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add double metaphone to <filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</> (Andrew)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</> to run as a Windows service (Dave Page)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions to <filename>contrib/dbsize</> (Andreas Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Removed <filename>contrib/pg_logger</>: obsoleted by integrated logging
        subprocess
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Removed <filename>contrib/rserv</>: obsoleted by various separate projects
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-18">
   <title>Release 7.4.18</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains fixes from 7.4.17.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.18</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
       on the same table (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
       of memory (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
  <sect1 id="release-7-4-17">
   <title>Release 7.4.17</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains fixes from 7.4.16,
    including a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.17</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
      and operators (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (bug introduced in 7.4.15)
      (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>
 
  <sect1 id="release-7-4-16">
   <title>Release 7.4.16</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.15, including
    a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.16</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove security vulnerability that allowed connected users
      to read backend memory (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      The vulnerability involves suppressing the normal check that a SQL
      function returns the data type it's declared to, or changing the
      data type of a table column used in a SQL function (CVE-2007-0555).
      This error can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
      principle might be used to read database content that the user
      should not be able to access.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
      over three bytes long (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-15">
   <title>Release 7.4.15</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.14.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.15</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve handling of <function>getaddrinfo()</> on AIX (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This fixes a problem with starting the statistics collector,
       among other things.
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix error when constructing an <literal>ARRAY[]</> made up of multiple
       empty elements (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
       change the output of these functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-14">
   <title>Release 7.4.14</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.13.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.14</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump when an untyped literal is taken as
ANYARRAY</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>string_to_array()</> to handle overlapping
  matches for the separator string</para>
<para>For example, <literal>string_to_array('123xx456xxx789', 'xx')</>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Adjust regression tests for recent changes in US DST laws
</para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-13">
   <title>Release 7.4.13</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.12,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.13</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations and
<varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug that sometimes caused OR'd index scans to
miss rows they should have returned</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
truncated</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
<literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix for Bonjour on Intel Macs (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-12">
   <title>Release 7.4.12</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.11.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.12</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
     notes for 7.4.11.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 7.4.9 and 7.3.11 releases.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog file creation
(Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
<literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
(Neil)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-11">
   <title>Release 7.4.11</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.10.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.11</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
     notes for 7.4.8.
     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-10">
   <title>Release 7.4.10</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.9.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.10</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
     notes for 7.4.8.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
<para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
corruption.</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>AIX and HPUX compile fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
<para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
table has been dropped</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-9">
   <title>Release 7.4.9</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.8.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.9</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
     notes for 7.4.8.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
<literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
<literal>ctid</> links</para>
<para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
circumstances.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
<para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix the sense of the test for read-only transaction
in <command>COPY</></para>
<para>The code formerly prohibited <command>COPY TO</>, where it should
prohibit <command>COPY FROM</>.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning problem with outer-join ON clauses that reference
only the inner-side relation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Further fixes for <literal>x FULL JOIN y ON true</> corner
cases</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>array_in</> and <function>array_recv</> more
paranoid about validating their OID parameter</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of datetime parsing</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
pages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
enabled</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't try to open more than <literal>max_files_per_process</>
files during postmaster startup</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to use current Snowball
code</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-8">
   <title>Release 7.4.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.7, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     it is one possible way of handling two significant security problems
     that have been found in the initial contents of 7.4.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.4.8's initdb will
     automatically correct these problems.
    </para>

    <para>
     The larger security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
    </para>

    <para>
     The lesser problem is that the <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> module
     creates several functions that are misdeclared to return
     <type>internal</> when they do not accept <type>internal</> arguments.
     This breaks type safety for all functions using <type>internal</>
     arguments.
    </para>

    <para>
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair these errors,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedures given
     below.  The errors at least allow unprivileged database users to crash
     their server process, and might allow unprivileged users to gain the
     privileges of a database superuser.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the following procedures instead.
     As the database superuser, do:

<programlisting>
BEGIN;
UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[3] = 'internal'::regtype
WHERE pronamespace = 11 AND pronargs = 5
      AND proargtypes[2] = 'cstring'::regtype;
-- The command should report having updated 90 rows;
-- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
COMMIT;
</programlisting>

     Next, if you have installed <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>, do:

<programlisting>
BEGIN;
UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[0] = 'internal'::regtype
WHERE oid IN (
    'dex_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'snb_en_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'snb_ru_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'spell_init(text)'::regprocedure,
    'syn_init(text)'::regprocedure
);
-- The command should report having updated 5 rows;
-- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
COMMIT;
</programlisting>

     If this command fails with a message like <quote>function
     "dex_init(text)" does not exist</>, then either <filename>tsearch2</>
     is not installed in this database, or you already did the update.
    </para>

    <para>
     The above procedures must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
     the same errors.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
     additional steps.  First, from any database issue:
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
      procedures.  Finally, do:
<programlisting>
-- re-freeze template0:
VACUUM FREEZE;
-- and protect it against future alterations:
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
misuse</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to avoid unsafe use of
<type>INTERNAL</> function results</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
<para>
The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
<type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
<para>
This error only occurred when the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure operations done during backend shutdown are counted by
statistics collector</para>
<para>
 This is expected to resolve reports of <application>pg_autovacuum</>
 not vacuuming the system catalogs often enough &mdash; it was not being
 told about catalog deletions caused by temporary table removal during
 backend exit.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
(Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
(Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
<filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
<type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
month-related formats</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent crash on <literal>COALESCE(NULL,NULL)</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>array_map</> to call PL functions correctly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix permission checking in <command>ALTER DATABASE RENAME</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>RemoveFromWaitQueue</> clean up after itself</para>
<para>
This fixes a lock management error that would only be visible if a transaction
was kicked out of a wait for a lock (typically by query cancel) and then the
holder of the lock released it within a very narrow window.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with untyped parameter appearing in
<command>INSERT ... SELECT</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <command>CLUSTER</> failure after
<command>ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS</></para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-7">
   <title>Release 7.4.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.6, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
execute the specified transition functions</para>
<para>
This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
permission on a function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix plperl for quote marks in tuple fields</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
datestyles</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make age(timestamptz) do calculation in local timezone not
GMT</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-6">
   <title>Release 7.4.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.5.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
<para>
Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to
<quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
it as a potential-data-loss bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
<para>
Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow running <application>pg_ctl</> as root</para>
<para>
This is to guard against any possible security issues.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in <filename>/tmp</> in <command>make_oidjoins_check</command></para>
<para>
This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent forced backend shutdown from re-emitting prior command
result</para>
<para>
In rare cases, a client might think that its last command had succeeded when
it really had been aborted by forced database shutdown.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair bug in <function>pg_stat_get_backend_idset</function></para>
<para>
This could lead to misbehavior in some of the system-statistics views.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix small memory leak in postmaster</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <quote>expected both swapped tables to have TOAST
tables</> bug</para>
<para>
This could arise in cases such as CLUSTER after ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <literal>pg_ctl restart</> from adding <literal>-D</> multiple times</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with NULL values in GiST indexes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>::</> is no longer interpreted as a variable in an
ECPG prepare statement</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-5">
   <title>Release 7.4.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-18</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains one serious bug fix over 7.4.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible crash during concurrent B-tree index insertions</para>
<para>
This patch fixes a rare case in which concurrent insertions into a B-tree index
could result in a server panic.  No permanent damage would result, but it's
still worth a re-release.  The bug does not exist in pre-7.4 releases.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-4">
   <title>Release 7.4.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.3.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
<para>
Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check HAVING restriction before evaluating result list of an
aggregate plan</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid crash when session's current user ID is deleted</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix hashed crosstab for zero-rows case (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force cache update after renaming a column in a foreign key</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Pretty-print UNION queries correctly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make psql handle <literal>\r\n</> newlines properly in COPY IN</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dump</> handled ACLs with grant options incorrectly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix thread support for OS X and Solaris</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Updated JDBC driver (build 215) with various fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPG fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Translation updates (various contributors)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-3">
   <title>Release 7.4.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-06-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.2.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix temporary memory leak when using non-hashed aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPG fixes, including some for Informix compatibility (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for compiling with thread-safety, particularly Solaris (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix error in COPY IN termination when using the old network protocol (ljb)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Several important fixes in pg_autovacuum, including fixes for
large tables, unsigned oids, stability, temp tables, and debug mode
(Matthew T. O'Connor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with reading tar-format dumps on NetBSD and BSD/OS (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Several JDBC fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART where last_value equals the restart value (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair failure to recalculate nested sub-selects (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with non-constant expressions in LIMIT/OFFSET</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Support FULL JOIN with no join clause, such as X FULL JOIN Y ON TRUE (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix another zero-column table bug (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve handling of non-qualified identifiers in GROUP BY clauses in sub-selects (Tom)</para>
<para>
Select-list aliases within the sub-select will now take precedence over
names from outer query levels.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Do not generate <quote>NATURAL CROSS JOIN</> when decompiling rules (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add checks for invalid field length in binary COPY (Tom)</para>
<para>
  This fixes a difficult-to-exploit security hole.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid locking conflict between <command>ANALYZE</command> and <command>LISTEN</command>/<command>NOTIFY</command></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Numerous translation updates (various contributors)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-2">
   <title>Release 7.4.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-03-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.1.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
     it might be advisable as the easiest method of incorporating fixes for
     two errors that have been found in the initial contents of 7.4.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.4.2's initdb will
     automatically correct these problems.
    </para>

    <para>
     The more severe of the two errors is that data type <type>anyarray</>
     has the wrong alignment label; this is a problem because the
     <structname>pg_statistic</> system catalog uses <type>anyarray</>
     columns.  The mislabeling can cause planner misestimations and even
     crashes when planning queries that involve <literal>WHERE</> clauses on
     double-aligned columns (such as <type>float8</> and <type>timestamp</>).
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair this error,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
     below.
    </para>

    <para>
     The lesser error is that the system view <structname>pg_settings</>
     ought to be marked as having public update access, to allow
     <literal>UPDATE pg_settings</> to be used as a substitute for
     <command>SET</>.  This can also be fixed either by initdb or manually,
     but it is not necessary to fix unless you want to use <literal>UPDATE
     pg_settings</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, the following procedure will work
     for fixing <structname>pg_statistic</>.  As the database superuser,
     do:

<programlisting>
-- clear out old data in pg_statistic:
DELETE FROM pg_statistic;
VACUUM pg_statistic;
-- this should update 1 row:
UPDATE pg_type SET typalign = 'd' WHERE oid = 2277;
-- this should update 6 rows:
UPDATE pg_attribute SET attalign = 'd' WHERE atttypid = 2277;
--
-- At this point you MUST start a fresh backend to avoid a crash!
--
-- repopulate pg_statistic:
ANALYZE;
</programlisting>

     This can be done in a live database, but beware that all backends
     running in the altered database must be restarted before it is safe to
     repopulate <structname>pg_statistic</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     To repair the <structname>pg_settings</> error, simply do:
<programlisting>
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON pg_settings TO PUBLIC;
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     The above procedures must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
     the same errors.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
     additional steps.  First, from any database issue:
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
      procedures.  Finally, do:
<programlisting>
-- re-freeze template0:
VACUUM FREEZE;
-- and protect it against future alterations:
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<para>
    Release 7.4.2 incorporates all the fixes included in release 7.3.6,
    plus the following fixes:
</para>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix <structname>pg_statistics</> alignment bug that could crash optimizer</para>
<para>See above for details about this problem.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow non-super users to update <structname>pg_settings</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix several optimizer bugs, most of which led to
<quote>variable not found in subplan target lists</> errors</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid out-of-memory failure during startup of large multiple
index scan</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix multibyte problem that could lead to <quote>out of
memory</> error during <command>COPY IN</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with <command>SELECT INTO</> / <command>CREATE
TABLE AS</> from tables without OIDs</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with <filename>alter_table</> regression test
during parallel testing</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with hitting open file limit, especially on OS X (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Partial fix for Turkish-locale issues</para>
<para>initdb will succeed now in Turkish locale, but there are still some
inconveniences associated with the <literal>i/I</> problem.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump set client encoding on restore</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Other minor pg_dump fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow ecpg to again use C keywords as column names (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added ecpg <literal>WHENEVER NOT_FOUND</> to
<literal>SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE</> (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ecpg crash for queries calling set-returning functions (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various other ecpg fixes (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for Borland compiler</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Thread build improvements (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various other build fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various JDBC fixes</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-4-1">
   <title>Release 7.4.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-12-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.4.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.4.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you want to install the fixes in the information schema
     you need to reload it into the database.
     This is either accomplished by initializing a new cluster
     by running <command>initdb</command>, or by running the following
     sequence of SQL commands in each database (ideally including
     <literal>template1</literal>) as a superuser in
     <application>psql</application>, after installing the new release:
<programlisting>
DROP SCHEMA information_schema CASCADE;
\i /usr/local/pgsql/share/information_schema.sql
</programlisting>
     Substitute your installation path in the second command.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fixed bug in <command>CREATE SCHEMA</command> parsing in ECPG (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix compile error when <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> and <option>--with-perl</option> are used together (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for subqueries that used hash joins (Tom)</para>
<para>
    Certain subqueries that used hash joins would crash because of
    improperly shared structures.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix free space map compaction bug (Tom)</para>
<para>
    This fixes a bug where compaction of the free space map could lead
    to a database server shutdown.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for Borland compiler build of libpq (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>netmask()</function> and <function>hostmask()</function> to return the maximum-length masklen (Tom)</para>
<para>
    Fix these functions to return values consistent with pre-7.4
    releases.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Several <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</filename> fixes</para>
<para>
    Fixes include improper variable initialization, missing vacuum after
    <command>TRUNCATE</command>, and duration computation overflow for long vacuums.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow compile of <filename>contrib/cube</filename> under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix Solaris use of password file when no passwords are defined (Tom)</para>
<para>
    Fix crash on Solaris caused by use of any type of password
    authentication when no passwords were defined.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>JDBC fix for thread problems, other fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for <type>bytea</type> index lookups (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix information schema for bit data types (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force zero_damaged_pages to be on during recovery from WAL</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent some obscure cases of <quote>variable not in subplan target lists</quote></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>PQescapeBytea</function> and <function>byteaout</function> consistent with each other (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Escape <type>bytea</type> output for bytes &gt; 0x7e(Joe)</para>
<para>
  If different client encodings are used for <type>bytea</type> output and input, it
  is possible for <type>bytea</type> values to be corrupted by the differing
  encodings.  This fix escapes all bytes that might be affected.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Added missing <function>SPI_finish()</function> calls to dblink's <function>get_tuple_of_interest()</function> (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New Czech FAQ</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix information schema view <literal>constraint_column_usage</literal> for foreign keys (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPG fixes (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bug with multiple <literal>IN</literal> subqueries and joins in the subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow <literal>COUNT('x')</literal> to work (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Install ECPG include files for Informix compatibility into separate directory (Peter)</para>
<para>
  Some names of ECPG include files for Informix compatibility conflicted with operating system include files.
  By installing them in their own directory, name conflicts have been reduced.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix SSL memory leak (Neil)</para>
<para>
  This release fixes a bug in 7.4 where SSL didn't free all memory it allocated.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <filename>pg_service.conf</filename> from using service name as default dbname (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix local ident authentication on FreeBSD (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-7-4">
  <title>Release 7.4</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-11-17</simpara>
  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      <literal>IN</literal> / <literal>NOT IN</literal> subqueries are
      now much more efficient
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, <literal>IN</literal>/<literal>NOT
       IN</literal> subqueries were joined to the upper query by
       sequentially scanning the subquery looking for a match.  The
       7.4 code uses the same sophisticated techniques used by
       ordinary joins and so is much faster.  An
       <literal>IN</literal> will now usually be as fast as or faster
       than an equivalent <literal>EXISTS</literal> subquery; this
       reverses the conventional wisdom that applied to previous
       releases.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Improved <literal>GROUP BY</literal> processing by using hash buckets
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, rows to be grouped had to be sorted
       first.  The 7.4 code can do <literal>GROUP BY</literal>
       without sorting, by accumulating results into a hash table
       with one entry per group.  It will still use the sort
       technique, however, if the hash table is estimated to be too
       large to fit in <varname>sort_mem</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New multikey hash join capability
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, hash joins could only occur on single
       keys.  This release allows multicolumn hash joins.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Queries using the explicit <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax are
      now better optimized
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prior releases evaluated queries using the explicit
       <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax only in the order implied by
       the syntax. 7.4 allows full optimization of these queries,
       meaning the optimizer considers all possible join orderings
       and chooses the most efficient.  Outer joins, however, must
       still follow the declared ordering.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Faster and more powerful regular expression code
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The entire regular expression module has been replaced with a
       new version by Henry Spencer, originally written for Tcl.  The
       code greatly improves performance and supports several flavors
       of regular expressions.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Function-inlining for simple SQL functions
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Simple SQL functions can now be inlined by including their SQL
       in the main query.  This improves performance by eliminating
       per-call overhead.  That means simple SQL functions now
       behave like macros.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Full support for IPv6 connections and IPv6 address data types
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Previous releases allowed only IPv4 connections, and the IP
       data types only supported IPv4 addresses. This release adds
       full IPv6 support in both of these areas.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Major improvements in SSL performance and reliability
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Several people very familiar with the SSL API have overhauled
       our SSL code to improve SSL key negotiation and error
       recovery.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Make free space map efficiently reuse empty index pages,
      and other free space management improvements
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In previous releases, B-tree index pages that were left empty
       because of deleted rows could only be reused by rows with
       index values similar to the rows originally indexed on that
       page. In 7.4, <command>VACUUM</command> records empty index
       pages and allows them to be reused for any future index rows.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      SQL-standard information schema
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The information schema provides a standardized and stable way
       to access information about the schema objects defined in a
       database.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Cursors conform more closely to the SQL standard
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The commands <command>FETCH</command> and
       <command>MOVE</command> have been overhauled to conform more
       closely to the SQL standard.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Cursors can exist outside transactions
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       These cursors are also called holdable cursors.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New client-to-server protocol
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The new protocol adds error codes, more status information,
       faster startup, better support for binary data transmission,
       parameter values separated from SQL commands, prepared
       statements available at the protocol level, and cleaner
       recovery from <command>COPY</command> failures.  The older
       protocol is still supported by both server and clients.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      <application>libpq</application> and
      <application>ECPG</application> applications are now fully
      thread-safe
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       While previous <application>libpq</application> releases
       already supported threads, this release improves thread safety
       by fixing some non-thread-safe code that was used during
       database connection startup.  The <command>configure</command>
       option <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> must be used to
       enable this feature.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New version of full-text indexing
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       A new full-text indexing suite is available in
       <filename>contrib/tsearch2</filename>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      New autovacuum tool
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The new autovacuum tool in
       <filename>contrib/autovacuum</filename> monitors the database
       statistics tables for
       <command>INSERT</command>/<command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command>
       activity and automatically vacuums tables when needed.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Array handling has been improved and moved into the server core
     </term>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Many array limitations have been removed, and arrays behave
       more like fully-supported data types.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.4</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
    required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
    release.
   </para>

   <para>
    Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The server-side autocommit setting was removed and
      reimplemented in client applications and languages.
      Server-side autocommit was causing too many problems with
      languages and applications that wanted to control their own
      autocommit behavior, so autocommit was removed from the server
      and added to individual client APIs as appropriate.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Error message wording has changed substantially in this
      release.  Significant effort was invested to make the messages
      more consistent and user-oriented.  If your applications try to
      detect different error conditions by parsing the error message,
      you are strongly encouraged to use the new error code facility instead.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Inner joins using the explicit <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax
      might behave differently because they are now better
      optimized.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      A number of server configuration parameters have been renamed
      for clarity, primarily those related to
      logging.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <literal>FETCH 0</literal> or <literal>MOVE 0</literal> now
      does nothing.  In prior releases, <literal>FETCH 0</literal>
      would fetch all remaining rows, and <literal>MOVE 0</literal>
      would move to the end of the cursor.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> now return
      the actual number of rows fetched/moved, or zero if at the
      beginning/end of the cursor.  Prior releases would return the
      row count passed to the command, not the number of rows
      actually fetched or moved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>COPY</command> now can process files that use
      carriage-return or carriage-return/line-feed end-of-line
      sequences. Literal carriage-returns and line-feeds are no
      longer accepted in data values; use <literal>\r</literal> and
      <literal>\n</literal> instead.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Trailing spaces are now trimmed when converting from type
      <type>char(<replaceable>n</>)</type> to
      <type>varchar(<replaceable>n</>)</type> or <type>text</type>.
      This is what most people always expected to happen anyway.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The data type <type>float(<replaceable>p</>)</type> now
      measures <replaceable>p</> in binary digits, not decimal
      digits.  The new behavior follows the SQL standard.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ambiguous date values now must match the ordering specified by
      the <varname>datestyle</varname> setting.  In prior releases, a
      date specification of <literal>10/20/03</> was interpreted as a
      date in October even if <varname>datestyle</> specified that
      the day should be first.  7.4 will throw an error if a date
      specification is invalid for the current setting of
      <varname>datestyle</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The functions <function>oidrand</function>,
      <function>oidsrand</function>, and
      <function>userfntest</function> have been removed.  These
      functions were determined to be no longer useful.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      String literals specifying time-varying date/time values, such
      as <literal>'now'</literal> or <literal>'today'</literal> will
      no longer work as expected in column default expressions; they
      now cause the time of the table creation to be the default, not
      the time of the insertion.  Functions such as
      <function>now()</>, <function>current_timestamp</>, or
      <function>current_date</function> should be used instead.
     </para>

     <para>
      In previous releases, there was special code so that strings
      such as <literal>'now'</literal> were interpreted at
      <command>INSERT</> time and not at table creation time, but
      this work around didn't cover all cases.  Release 7.4 now
      requires that defaults be defined properly using functions such
      as <function>now()</> or <function>current_timestamp</>. These
      will work in all situations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The dollar sign (<literal>$</>) is no longer allowed in
      operator names.  It can instead be a non-first character in
      identifiers.  This was done to improve compatibility with other
      database systems, and to avoid syntax problems when parameter
      placeholders (<literal>$<replaceable>n</></>) are written
      adjacent to operators.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <para>
    Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
    release 7.4 and the previous major release.
   </para>

  <sect3>
   <title>Server Operation Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow IPv6 server connections (Nigel Kukard, Johan Jordaan,
      Bruce, Tom, Kurt Roeckx, Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix SSL to handle errors cleanly (Nathan Mueller)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, certain SSL API error reports were not
      handled correctly.  This release fixes those problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      SSL protocol security and performance improvements (Sean Chittenden)
     </para>
     <para>
      SSL key renegotiation was happening too frequently, causing poor
      SSL performance.  Also, initial key handling was improved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Print lock information when a deadlock is detected (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows easier debugging of deadlock situations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update <filename>/tmp</filename> socket modification times
      regularly to avoid their removal (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This should help prevent <filename>/tmp</filename> directory
      cleaner administration scripts from removing server socket
      files.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Enable PAM for Mac OS X (Aaron Hillegass)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make B-tree indexes fully WAL-safe (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, under certain rare cases, a server crash
      could cause B-tree indexes to become corrupt. This release
      removes those last few rare cases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow B-tree index compaction and empty page reuse (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix inconsistent index lookups during split of first root page (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, when a single-page index split into two
      pages, there was a brief period when another database session
      could miss seeing an index entry.  This release fixes that rare
      failure case.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve free space map allocation logic (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Preserve free space information between server restarts (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, the free space map was not saved when the
      postmaster was stopped, so newly started servers had no free
      space information. This release saves the free space map, and
      reloads it when the server is restarted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Add start time to <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New code to detect corrupt disk pages; erase with <varname>zero_damaged_pages</varname> (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New client/server protocol: faster, no username length limit, allow clean exit from <command>COPY</command> (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add transaction status, table ID, column ID to client/server protocol (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add binary I/O to client/server protocol (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Remove autocommit server setting; move to client applications (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New error message wording, error codes, and three levels of error detail (Tom, Joe, Peter)</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Performance Improvements</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Add hashing for <literal>GROUP BY</literal> aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Make nested-loop joins be smarter about multicolumn indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow multikey hash joins (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve constant folding (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add ability to inline simple SQL functions (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Reduce memory usage for queries using complex functions (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, functions returning allocated memory would
      not free it until the query completed. This release allows the
      freeing of function-allocated memory when the function call
      completes, reducing the total memory used by functions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Improve GEQO optimizer performance (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This release fixes several inefficiencies in the way the GEQO optimizer
      manages potential query paths.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <literal>IN</>/<literal>NOT IN</> to be handled via hash
      tables (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <literal>NOT IN (<replaceable>subquery</>)</literal>
      performance (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow most <literal>IN</literal> subqueries to be processed as
      joins (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Pattern matching operations can use indexes regardless of
      locale (Peter)
     </para>
     <para>
      There is no way for non-ASCII locales to use the standard
      indexes for <literal>LIKE</literal> comparisons. This release
      adds a way to create a special index for
      <literal>LIKE</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow the postmaster to preload libraries using <varname>preload_libraries</varname> (Joe)</para>
     <para>
      For shared libraries that require a long time to load, this
      option is available so the library can be preloaded in the
      postmaster and inherited by all database sessions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve optimizer cost computations, particularly for subqueries (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid sort when subquery <literal>ORDER BY</literal> matches upper query (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Deduce that <literal>WHERE a.x = b.y AND b.y = 42</literal> also
      means <literal>a.x = 42</literal> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow hash/merge joins on complex joins (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow hash joins for more data types (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow join optimization of explicit inner joins, disable with
      <varname>join_collapse_limit</varname> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add parameter <varname>from_collapse_limit</varname> to control
      conversion of subqueries to joins (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use faster and more powerful regular expression code from Tcl
      (Henry Spencer, Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use bit-mapped relation sets in the optimizer (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Improve connection startup time (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      The new client/server protocol requires fewer network packets to
      start a database session.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve trigger/constraint performance (Stephan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve speed of <literal>col IN (const, const, const, ...)</literal> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix hash indexes which were broken in rare cases (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve hash index concurrency and speed (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      Prior releases suffered from poor hash index performance,
      particularly for high concurrency situations. This release fixes
      that, and the development group is interested in reports
      comparing B-tree and hash index performance.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Align shared buffers on 32-byte boundary for copy speed improvement (Manfred Spraul)</para>
     <para>
      Certain CPU's perform faster data copies when addresses are
      32-byte aligned.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Data type <type>numeric</type> reimplemented for better performance (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      <type>numeric</type> used to be stored in base 100. The new code
      uses base 10000, for significantly better performance.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Server Configuration Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Rename server parameter <varname>server_min_messages</> to <varname>log_min_messages</> (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      This was done so most parameters that control the server logs
      begin with <literal>log_</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>show_*_stats</> to <varname>log_*_stats</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>show_source_port</> to <varname>log_source_port</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>hostname_lookup</> to <varname>log_hostname</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <varname>checkpoint_warning</> to warn of excessive checkpointing (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, it was difficult to determine if checkpoint
      was happening too frequently. This feature adds a warning to the
      server logs when excessive checkpointing happens.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>New read-only server parameters for localization (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change debug server log messages to output as <literal>DEBUG</>
      rather than <literal>LOG</> (Bruce)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent server log variables from being turned off by non-superusers (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      This is a security feature so non-superusers cannot disable
      logging that was enabled by the administrator.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <varname>log_min_messages</>/<varname>client_min_messages</> now
      controls <varname>debug_*</> output (Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      This centralizes client debug information so all debug output
      can be sent to either the client or server logs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add Mac OS X Rendezvous server support (Chris Campbell)</para>
     <para>
      This allows Mac OS X hosts to query the network for available
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add ability to print only slow statements using
      <varname>log_min_duration_statement</varname>
      (Christopher)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is an often requested debugging feature that allows
      administrators to see only slow queries in their server logs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> to accept netmasks in CIDR format (Andrew Dunstan)</para>
     <para>
      This allows administrators to merge the host IP address and
      netmask fields into a single CIDR field in <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>New read-only parameter <varname>is_superuser</varname> (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>New parameter <varname>log_error_verbosity</varname> to control error detail (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This works with the new error reporting feature to supply
      additional error information like hints, file names and line
      numbers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para><literal>postgres --describe-config</literal> now dumps server config variables (Aizaz Ahmed, Peter)</para>
     <para>
      This option is useful for administration tools that need to know
      the configuration variable names and their minimums, maximums,
      defaults, and descriptions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new columns in <literal>pg_settings</literal>:
      <literal>context</>, <literal>type</>, <literal>source</>,
      <literal>min_val</>, <literal>max_val</> (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make default <varname>shared_buffers</> 1000 and
      <varname>max_connections</> 100, if possible (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      Prior versions defaulted to 64 shared buffers so <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
      would start on even very old systems. This release tests the
      amount of shared memory allowed by the platform and selects more
      reasonable default values if possible.  Of course, users are
      still encouraged to evaluate their resource load and size
      <varname>shared_buffers</varname> accordingly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      New <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> record type
      <literal>hostnossl</> to prevent SSL connections (Jon
      Jensen)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, there was no way to prevent SSL connections
      if both the client and server supported SSL. This option allows
      that capability.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove parameter <varname>geqo_random_seed</varname>
      (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add server parameter <varname>regex_flavor</varname> to control regular expression processing (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <command>pg_ctl</command> better handle nonstandard ports (Greg)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Query Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>New SQL-standard information schema (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add read-only transactions (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Print key name and value in foreign-key violation messages (Dmitry Tkach)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow users to see their own queries in <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Kevin Brown)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, only the superuser could see query strings
      using <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal>. Now ordinary users
      can see their own query strings.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix aggregates in subqueries to match SQL standard (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      The SQL standard says that an aggregate function appearing
      within a nested subquery belongs to the outer query if its
      argument contains only outer-query variables.  Prior
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> releases did not handle
      this fine point correctly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add option to prevent auto-addition of tables referenced in query (Nigel J. Andrews)</para>
     <para>
      By default, tables mentioned in the query are automatically
      added to the <literal>FROM</> clause if they are not already
      there.  This is compatible with historic
      <productname>POSTGRES</productname> behavior but is contrary to
      the SQL standard.  This option allows selecting
      standard-compatible behavior.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <literal>UPDATE ... SET col = DEFAULT</literal> (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This allows <command>UPDATE</command> to set a column to its
      declared default value.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow expressions to be used in <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> could
      only use constants, not expressions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Implement <literal>CREATE TABLE AS EXECUTE</literal> (Neil, Peter)</para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Make <command>CREATE SEQUENCE</command> grammar more conforming to SQL:2003 (Neil)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add statement-level triggers (Neil)</para>
     <para>
      While this allows a trigger to fire at the end of a statement,
      it does not allow the trigger to access all rows modified by the
      statement.  This capability is planned for a future release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add check constraints for domains (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This greatly increases the usefulness of domains by allowing
      them to use check constraints.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <command>ALTER DOMAIN</command> (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This allows manipulation of existing domains.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix several zero-column table bugs (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> supports zero-column tables. This fixes various bugs
      that occur when using such tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Have <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD PRIMARY KEY</literal> add not-null constraint (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD
      PRIMARY</literal> would add a unique index, but not a not-null
      constraint.  That is fixed in this release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... WITHOUT OIDS</literal> (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      This allows control over whether new and updated rows will have
      an OID column.  This is most useful for saving storage space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add <literal>ALTER SEQUENCE</literal> to modify minimum, maximum,
      increment, cache, cycle values (Rod)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... CLUSTER ON</literal> (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
     <para>
      This command is used by <command>pg_dump</command> to record the
      cluster column for each table previously clustered. This
      information is used by database-wide cluster to cluster all
      previously clustered tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve automatic type casting for domains (Rod, Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow dollar signs in identifiers, except as first character (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Disallow dollar signs in operator names, so <literal>x=$1</> works (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow copying table schema using <literal>LIKE
      <replaceable>subtable</replaceable></literal>, also SQL:2003
      feature <literal>INCLUDING DEFAULTS</literal> (Rod)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add <literal>WITH GRANT OPTION</literal> clause to
      <command>GRANT</command> (Peter)
     </para>
     <para>
      This enabled <command>GRANT</command> to give other users the
      ability to grant privileges on a object.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Utility Command Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Add <literal>ON COMMIT</literal> clause to <command>CREATE TABLE</command> for temporary tables (Gavin)</para>
     <para>
      This adds the ability for a table to be dropped or all rows
      deleted on transaction commit.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow cursors outside transactions using <literal>WITH HOLD</literal> (Neil)</para>
     <para>
      In previous releases, cursors were removed at the end of the
      transaction that created them. Cursors can now be created with
      the <literal>WITH HOLD</literal> option, which allows them to
      continue to be accessed after the creating transaction has
      committed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para><literal>FETCH 0</literal> and <literal>MOVE 0 </literal> now do nothing (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      In previous releases, <literal>FETCH 0</literal> fetched all
      remaining rows, and <literal>MOVE 0</literal> moved to the end
      of the cursor.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cause <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> to
      return the number of rows fetched/moved, or zero if at the
      beginning/end of cursor, per SQL standard (Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, the row count returned by
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> did not
      accurately reflect the number of rows processed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Properly handle <literal>SCROLL</literal> with cursors, or
     report an error (Neil)</para>
     <para>
      Allowing random access (both forward and backward scrolling) to
      some kinds of queries cannot be done without some additional
      work. If <literal>SCROLL</literal> is specified when the cursor
      is created, this additional work will be performed. Furthermore,
      if the cursor has been created with <literal>NO SCROLL</literal>,
      no random access is allowed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Implement SQL-compatible options <literal>FIRST</>,
      <literal>LAST</>, <literal>ABSOLUTE <replaceable>n</></>,
      <literal>RELATIVE <replaceable>n</></> for
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>EXPLAIN</command> on <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>CLUSTER</command> to use index marked as pre-clustered by default (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>CLUSTER</command> to cluster all tables (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
     <para>
      This allows all previously clustered tables in a database to be
      reclustered with a single command.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Prevent <command>CLUSTER</command> on partial indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow DOS and Mac line-endings in <command>COPY</> files (Bruce)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow literal carriage return as a data value,
      backslash-carriage-return and <literal>\r</> are still allowed
      (Bruce)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para><command>COPY</> changes (binary, <literal>\.</>) (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Recover from <command>COPY</command> failure cleanly (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent possible memory leaks in <command>COPY</command> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make <command>TRUNCATE</command> transaction-safe (Rod)</para>
     <para>
      <command>TRUNCATE</command> can now be used inside a
      transaction. If the transaction aborts, the changes made by the
      <command>TRUNCATE</command> are automatically rolled back.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow prepare/bind of utility commands like
      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>EXPLAIN</command> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <command>EXPLAIN EXECUTE</command> (Neil)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Improve <command>VACUUM</command> performance on indexes by reducing WAL traffic (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Functional indexes have been generalized into indexes on expressions (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      In prior releases, functional indexes only supported a simple
      function applied to one or more column names.  This release
      allows any type of scalar expression.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Have <command>SHOW TRANSACTION ISOLATION</command> match input
      to <command>SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION</command>
      (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
       Have <command>COMMENT ON DATABASE</command> on nonlocal
       database generate a warning, rather than an error (Rod)
      </para>

     <para>
      Database comments are stored in database-local tables so
      comments on a database have to be stored in each database.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve reliability of <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow <command>REINDEX</command> to reliably reindex nonshared system catalog indexes (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This allows system tables to be reindexed without the
      requirement of a standalone session, which was necessary in
      previous releases. The only tables that now require a standalone
      session for reindexing are the global system tables
      <literal>pg_database</>, <literal>pg_shadow</>, and
      <literal>pg_group</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      New server parameter <varname>extra_float_digits</varname> to
      control precision display of floating-point numbers (Pedro
      Ferreira, Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This controls output precision which was causing regression
      testing problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow <literal>+1300</literal> as a numeric time-zone specifier, for FJST (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove rarely used functions <function>oidrand</>,
      <function>oidsrand</>, and <function>userfntest</> functions
      (Neil)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <function>md5()</> function to main server, already in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename> (Joe)</para>
     <para>
      An MD5 function was frequently requested. For more complex
      encryption capabilities, use
      <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Increase date range of <type>timestamp</type> (John Cochran)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change <literal>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamp)</literal> so
      <type>timestamp without time zone</type> is assumed to be in
      local time, not GMT (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Trap division by zero in case the operating system doesn't prevent it (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Change the <type>numeric</type> data type internally to base 10000 (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New <function>hostmask()</function> function (Greg Wickham)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fixes for <function>to_char()</function> and <function>to_timestamp()</function> (Karel)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow functions that can take any argument data type and return
      any data type, using <type>anyelement</type> and
      <type>anyarray</type> (Joe)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows the creation of functions that can work with any
      data type.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Arrays can now be specified as <literal>ARRAY[1,2,3]</literal>,
      <literal>ARRAY[['a','b'],['c','d']]</literal>, or
      <literal>ARRAY[ARRAY[ARRAY[2]]]</literal> (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow proper comparisons for arrays, including <literal>ORDER
      BY</literal> and <literal>DISTINCT</literal> support
      (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow indexes on array columns (Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow array concatenation with <literal>||</literal> (Joe)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <literal>WHERE</literal> qualification
      <literal><replaceable>expr</> <replaceable>op</> ANY/SOME/ALL
      (<replaceable>array_expr</>)</literal> (Joe)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows arrays to behave like a list of values, for purposes
      like <literal>SELECT * FROM tab WHERE col IN
      (array_val)</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      New array functions <function>array_append</>,
      <function>array_cat</>, <function>array_lower</>,
      <function>array_prepend</>, <function>array_to_string</>,
      <function>array_upper</>, <function>string_to_array</> (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow user defined aggregates to use polymorphic functions (Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow assignments to empty arrays (Joe)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow 60 in seconds fields of <type>time</type>,
      <type>timestamp</type>, and <type>interval</type> input values
      (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      Sixty-second values are needed for leap seconds.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow <type>cidr</type> data type to be cast to <type>text</type> (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem><para>Disallow invalid time zone names in SET TIMEZONE</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Trim trailing spaces when <type>char</type> is cast to
      <type>varchar</> or <type>text</> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <type>float(<replaceable>p</>)</> measure the precision
      <replaceable>p</> in binary digits, not decimal digits
      (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add IPv6 support to the <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type> data types (Michael Graff)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add <function>family()</function> function to report whether address is IPv4 or IPv6 (Michael Graff)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Have <literal>SHOW datestyle</literal> generate output similar
      to that used by <literal>SET datestyle</literal> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <literal>EXTRACT(TIMEZONE)</literal> and <literal>SET/SHOW
      TIME ZONE</literal> follow the SQL convention for the sign of
      time zone offsets, i.e., positive is east from UTC (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix <literal>date_trunc('quarter', ...)</literal> (Böjthe Zoltán)</para>
     <para>
      Prior releases returned an incorrect value for this function call.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make <function>initcap()</function> more compatible with Oracle (Mike Nolan)</para>
     <para>
      <function>initcap()</function> now uppercases a letter appearing
      after any non-alphanumeric character, rather than only after
      whitespace.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow only <varname>datestyle</varname> field order for date values not in ISO-8601 format (Greg)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new <varname>datestyle</varname> values <literal>MDY</>,
      <literal>DMY</>, and <literal>YMD</> to set input field order;
      honor <literal>US</> and <literal>European</> for backward
      compatibility (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      String literals like <literal>'now'</literal> or
      <literal>'today'</literal> will no longer work as a column
      default. Use functions such as <function>now()</function>,
      <function>current_timestamp</function> instead.  (change
      required for prepared statements) (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Treat NaN as larger than any other value in <function>min()</>/<function>max()</> (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      NaN was already sorted after ordinary numeric values for most
      purposes, but <function>min()</> and <function>max()</> didn't
      get this right.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent interval from suppressing <literal>:00</literal>
     seconds display</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      New functions <function>pg_get_triggerdef(prettyprint)</function>
      and <function>pg_conversion_is_visible()</function> (Christopher)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow time to be specified as <literal>040506</> or <literal>0405</> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Input date order must now be <literal>YYYY-MM-DD</literal> (with 4-digit year) or
      match <varname>datestyle</varname>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>pg_get_constraintdef</function> support
      unique, primary-key, and check constraints (Christopher)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Server-Side Language Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent PL/pgSQL crash when <literal>RETURN NEXT</literal> is
      used on a zero-row record variable (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make PL/Python's <function>spi_execute</function> interface
      handle null values properly (Andrew Bosma)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow PL/pgSQL to declare variables of composite types without <literal>%ROWTYPE</literal> (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Fix PL/Python's <function>_quote()</function> function to handle big integers</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make PL/Python an untrusted language, now called <literal>plpythonu</literal> (Kevin Jacobs, Tom)</para>
     <para>
      The Python language no longer supports a restricted execution
      environment, so the trusted version of PL/Python was removed. If
      this situation changes, a version of PL/Python that can be used
      by non-superusers will be readded.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow polymorphic PL/pgSQL functions (Joe, Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow polymorphic SQL functions (Joe)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improved compiled function caching mechanism in PL/pgSQL with
      full support for polymorphism (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new parameter <literal>$0</> in PL/pgSQL representing the
      function's actual return type (Joe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow PL/Tcl and PL/Python to use the same trigger on multiple tables (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fixed PL/Tcl's <function>spi_prepare</function> to accept fully
      qualified type names in the parameter type list
      (Jan)
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>psql Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Add <literal>\pset pager always</literal> to always use pager (Greg)</para>
     <para>
      This forces the pager to be used even if the number of rows is
      less than the screen height.  This is valuable for rows that
      wrap across several screen rows.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve tab completion (Rod, Ross Reedstrom, Ian Barwick)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Reorder <literal>\?</> help into groupings (Harald Armin Massa, Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add backslash commands for listing schemas, casts, and conversions (Christopher)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>\encoding</> now changes based on the server parameter
      <varname>client_encoding</varname> (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      In previous versions, <command>\encoding</command> was not aware
      of encoding changes made using <literal>SET
      client_encoding</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Save editor buffer into readline history (Ross)</para>
     <para>
      When <command>\e</> is used to edit a query, the result is saved
      in the readline history for retrieval using the up arrow.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Improve <command>\d</command> display (Christopher)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Enhance HTML mode to be more standards-conforming (Greg)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>New <command>\set AUTOCOMMIT off</command> capability (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This takes the place of the removed server parameter <varname>autocommit</varname>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>New <command>\set VERBOSITY</command> to control error detail (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This controls the new error reporting details.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>New prompt escape sequence <literal>%x</literal> to show transaction status (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Long options for <application>psql</application> are now available on all platforms</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>pg_dump Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Multiple pg_dump fixes, including tar format and large objects</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow pg_dump to dump specific schemas (Neil)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Make pg_dump preserve column storage characteristics (Christopher)</para>
     <para>
      This preserves <literal>ALTER TABLE ... SET STORAGE</literal> information.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Make pg_dump preserve <command>CLUSTER</command> characteristics (Christopher)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Have pg_dumpall use <command>GRANT</>/<command>REVOKE</> to dump database-level privileges (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow pg_dumpall to support the options <option>-a</>,
      <option>-s</>, <option>-x</> of pg_dump (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Prevent pg_dump from lowercasing identifiers specified on the command line (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      pg_dump options <option>--use-set-session-authorization</option>
      and <option>--no-reconnect</option> now do nothing, all dumps
      use <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>
     </para>
     <para>
      pg_dump no longer reconnects to switch users, but instead always
      uses <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>. This will
      reduce password prompting during restores.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Long options for <application>pg_dump</application> are now available on all platforms</para>
     <para>
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now includes its own
      long-option processing routines.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>libpq Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add function <function>PQfreemem</function> for freeing memory on
      Windows, suggested for <command>NOTIFY</command> (Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      Windows requires that memory allocated in a library be freed by
      a function in the same library, hence
      <function>free()</function> doesn't work for freeing memory
      allocated by libpq. <function>PQfreemem</function> is the proper
      way to free libpq memory, especially on Windows, and is
      recommended for other platforms as well.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Document service capability, and add sample file (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      This allows clients to look up connection information in a
      central file on the client machine.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>PQsetdbLogin</function> have the same defaults as
      <function>PQconnectdb</function> (Tom)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow libpq to cleanly fail when result sets are too large (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve performance of function <function>PQunescapeBytea</function> (Ben Lamb)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow thread-safe libpq with <filename>configure</filename>
      option <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> (Lee Kindness,
      Philip Yarra)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow function <function>pqInternalNotice</function> to accept a
      format string and arguments instead of just a preformatted
      message (Tom, Sean Chittenden)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Control SSL negotiation with <literal>sslmode</literal> values
      <literal>disable</literal>, <literal>allow</literal>,
      <literal>prefer</literal>, and <literal>require</literal> (Jon
      Jensen)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow new error codes and levels of text (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Allow access to the underlying table and column of a query result (Tom)</para>
     <para>
      This is helpful for query-builder applications that want to know
      the underlying table and column names associated with a specific
      result set.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem><para>Allow access to the current transaction status (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add ability to pass binary data directly to the server (Tom)</para></listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add function <function>PQexecPrepared</function> and
      <function>PQsendQueryPrepared</function> functions which perform
      bind/execute of previously prepared statements (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>JDBC Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Allow <function>setNull</function> on updateable result sets</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow <function>executeBatch</function> on a prepared statement (Barry)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Support SSL connections (Barry)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Handle schema names in result sets (Paul Sorenson)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add refcursor support (Nic Ferrier)</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Miscellaneous Interface Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>Prevent possible memory leak or core dump during libpgtcl shutdown (Tom)</para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>Add Informix compatibility to ECPG (Michael)</para>
     <para>
      This allows ECPG to process embedded C programs that were
      written using certain Informix extensions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Add type <type>decimal</type> to ECPG that is fixed length, for Informix (Michael)</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow thread-safe embedded SQL programs with
      <filename>configure</filename> option
      <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> (Lee Kindness, Bruce)
     </para>
     <para>
      This allows multiple threads to access the database at the same
      time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>Moved Python client PyGreSQL to <ulink url="http://www.pygresql.org"></ulink> (Marc)</para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Source Code Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Prevent need for separate platform geometry regression result files (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improved PPC locking primitive (Reinhard Max)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New function <function>palloc0</function> to allocate and clear memory (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fix locking code for s390x CPU (64-bit) (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow OpenBSD to use local ident credentials (William Ahern)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Make query plan trees read-only to executor (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add Darwin startup scripts (David Wheeler)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow libpq to compile with Borland C++ compiler (Lester Godwin, Karl Waclawek)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Use our own version of <function>getopt_long()</function> if needed (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Convert administration scripts to C (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para> Bison &gt;= 1.85 is now required to build the <productname>PostgreSQL</> grammar, if building from CVS</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Merge documentation into one book (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add Windows compatibility functions (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Allow client interfaces to compile under MinGW (Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New <function>ereport()</function> function for error reporting (Tom)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Support Intel compiler on Linux (Peter)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve Linux startup scripts (Slawomir Sudnik, Darko Prenosil)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add support for AMD Opteron and Itanium (Jeffrey W. Baker, Bruce)</para></listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>Remove <option>--enable-recode</option> option from <command>configure</command></para>
     <para>
      This was no longer needed now that we have <command>CREATE CONVERSION</command>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>Generate a compile error if spinlock code is not found (Bruce)</para>
     <para>
      Platforms without spinlock code will now fail to compile, rather
      than silently using semaphores. This failure can be disabled
      with a new <command>configure</command> option.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>

  <sect3>
   <title>Contrib Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem><para>Change dbmirror license to BSD</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve earthdistance (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Portability improvements to pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Prevent crash in xml (John Gray, Michael Richards)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update oracle</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update mysql</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update cube (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update earthdistance to use cube (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update btree_gist (Oleg)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New tsearch2 full-text search module (Oleg, Teodor)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add hash-based crosstab function to tablefuncs (Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add serial column to order <function>connectby()</> siblings in tablefuncs (Nabil Sayegh,Joe)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Add named persistent connections to dblink (Shridhar Daithanka)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>New pg_autovacuum allows automatic <command>VACUUM</command> (Matthew T. O'Connor)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Make pgbench honor environment variables <envar>PGHOST</>, <envar>PGPORT</>, <envar>PGUSER</> (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve intarray (Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve pgstattuple (Rod)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fix bug in <function>metaphone()</function> in fuzzystrmatch</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Improve adddepend (Rod)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Update spi/timetravel (Böjthe Zoltán)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Fix dbase <option>-s</> option and improve non-ASCII handling (Thomas Behr, Márcio Smiderle)</para></listitem>
    <listitem><para>Remove array module because features now included by default (Joe)</para></listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </sect3>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-20">
   <title>Release 7.3.20</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains fixes from 7.3.19.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.20</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
       on the same table (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
       of memory (Tom)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-19">
   <title>Release 7.3.19</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains fixes from 7.3.18,
    including a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.19</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
      and operators (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-18">
   <title>Release 7.3.18</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.17, including
    a security fix.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.18</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove security vulnerability that allowed connected users
      to read backend memory (Tom)
     </para>
     <para>
      The vulnerability involves changing the
      data type of a table column used in a SQL function (CVE-2007-0555).
      This error can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
      principle might be used to read database content that the user
      should not be able to access.
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
     <para>
      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
      over three bytes long (Tom)
     </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-17">
   <title>Release 7.3.17</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.16.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.17</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
       change the output of these functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
      </para>

      <para>
       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-16">
   <title>Release 7.3.16</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.15.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.16</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Back-port 7.4 spinlock code to improve performance and support
64-bit architectures better</para> </listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix SSL-related memory leak in libpq</para> </listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Adjust regression tests for recent changes in US DST laws
</para> </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-15">
   <title>Release 7.3.15</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.14,
    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.15</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>

    <para>
     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
<para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
<para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
<literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
<varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
<varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
clients are insecure.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
aware of encoding considerations</para>
<para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314.
Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
<function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
routines instead.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
<para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
<function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
<function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
extents.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
(Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
Fuhr)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-14">
   <title>Release 7.3.14</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.13.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.14</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
     notes for 7.3.13.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
<para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
rows (Tom)</para>
<para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
created in 7.3.11 release.
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
exists</> errors during pg_clog file creation
(Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
references to custom operators (Tom)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-13">
   <title>Release 7.3.13</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.12.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.13</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
     notes for 7.3.10.
     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
<para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
<para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
<application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
<application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
<command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
<para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-12">
   <title>Release 7.3.12</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.11.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.12</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
     notes for 7.3.10.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>

<listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
<para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
corruption.</para>
</listitem>

<listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
<para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
table has been dropped</para></listitem>

</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-11">
   <title>Release 7.3.11</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.10.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.11</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
     notes for 7.3.10.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
<literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
<literal>ctid</> links</para>
<para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
circumstances.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
<para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
pages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
enabled</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-10">
   <title>Release 7.3.10</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.9, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.10</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
     it is one possible way of handling a significant security problem
     that has been found in the initial contents of 7.3.X system
     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.3.10's initdb will
     automatically correct this problem.
    </para>

    <para>
     The security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair this error,
     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
     below.  The error at least allows unprivileged database users to crash
     their server process, and might allow unprivileged users to gain the
     privileges of a database superuser.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the following procedure instead.
     As the database superuser, do:

<programlisting>
BEGIN;
UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[3] = 'internal'::regtype
WHERE pronamespace = 11 AND pronargs = 5
      AND proargtypes[2] = 'cstring'::regtype;
-- The command should report having updated 90 rows;
-- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
COMMIT;
</programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     The above procedure must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
     the same error.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
     additional steps.  First, from any database issue:
<programlisting>
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
      procedure.  Finally, do:
<programlisting>
-- re-freeze template0:
VACUUM FREEZE;
-- and protect it against future alterations:
UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
</programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
misuse</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
<para>
The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
<type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
<para>
This error only occurred when the
<literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
(Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
month-related formats</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
(Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
<filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
<type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-9">
   <title>Release 7.3.9</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.8, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.9</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
execute the specified transition functions</para>
<para>
This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
permission on a function.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix plperl for quote marks in tuple fields</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
datestyles</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-8">
   <title>Release 7.3.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.7.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
<para>
Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to
<quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
it as a potential-data-loss bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
<para>
Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow running pg_ctl as root</para>
<para>
This is to guard against any possible security issues.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in /tmp in make_oidjoins_check</para>
<para>
This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-7">
   <title>Release 7.3.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains one critical fix over 7.3.6, and some minor items.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
<para>
Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove asymmetrical word processing in tsearch (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Properly schema-qualify function names when pg_dump'ing a CAST</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-6">
   <title>Release 7.3.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-03-02</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.5.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.3.*.
    </para>

   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Revert erroneous changes in rule permissions checking</para>
<para>A patch applied in 7.3.3 to fix a corner case in rule permissions checks
turns out to have disabled rule-related permissions checks in many
not-so-corner cases.  This would for example allow users to insert into views
they weren't supposed to have permission to insert into.  We have therefore
reverted the 7.3.3 patch.  The original bug will be fixed in 8.0.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair incorrect order of operations in
GetNewTransactionId()</para>
<para>
This bug could result in failure under out-of-disk-space conditions, including
inability to restart even after disk space is freed.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure configure selects -fno-strict-aliasing even when
an external value for CFLAGS is supplied</para>
<para>
On some platforms, building with -fstrict-aliasing causes bugs.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_restore handle 64-bit off_t correctly</para>
<para>
This bug prevented proper restoration from archive files exceeding 4 GB.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make contrib/dblink not assume that local and remote type OIDs
match (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Quote connectby()'s start_with argument properly (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't crash when a rowtype argument to a plpgsql function is
NULL</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid generating invalid character encoding sequences in
corner cases when planning LIKE operations</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure text_position() cannot scan past end of source string
in multibyte cases (Korea PostgreSQL Users' Group)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix index optimization and selectivity estimates for LIKE
operations on bytea columns (Joe)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-5">
   <title>Release 7.3.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-12-03</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.3.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.3.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Force zero_damaged_pages to be on during recovery from WAL</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent some obscure cases of <quote>variable not in subplan target lists</quote></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force stats processes to detach from shared memory, ensuring cleaner shutdown</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make PQescapeBytea and byteaout consistent with each other (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added missing SPI_finish() calls to dblink's get_tuple_of_interest() (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for possible foreign key violation when rule rewrites INSERT (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Support qualified type names in PL/Tcl's spi_prepare command (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump handle a procedural language handler located in pg_catalog</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump handle cases where a custom opclass is in another schema</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make pg_dump dump binary-compatible casts correctly (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix insertion of expressions containing subqueries into rule bodies</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect argument processing in clusterdb script (Anand Ranganathan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with dropped columns in plpython triggers</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair problems with to_char() reading past end of its input string (Karel)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix GB18030 mapping errors (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix several problems with SSL error handling and asynchronous SSL I/O</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove ability to bind a list of values to a single parameter in JDBC
(prevents possible SQL-injection attacks)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix some errors in HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP code paths</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner case for btree search in parallel with first root page split</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-3-4">
   <title>Release 7.3.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-07-24</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.3.3.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.3.4</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
     running 7.3.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair breakage in timestamp-to-date conversion for dates before 2000</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent rare possibility of server startup failure (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bugs in interval-to-time conversion (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add constraint names in a few places in pg_dump (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve performance of functions with many parameters (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to_ascii() buffer overruns (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent restore of database comments from throwing an error (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Work around buggy strxfrm() present in some Solaris releases (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Properly escape jdbc setObject() strings to improve security (Barry)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-3-3">
  <title>Release 7.3.3</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-05-22</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.2.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3.3</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.3.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair sometimes-incorrect computation of StartUpID after a crash</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid slowness with lots of deferred triggers in one transaction (Stephan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't lock referenced row when <command>UPDATE</command> doesn't change foreign key's value (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use <command>-fPIC</command> not <command>-fpic</command> on Sparc (Tom Callaway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair lack of schema-awareness in contrib/reindexdb</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix contrib/intarray error for zero-element result array (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure createuser script will exit on control-C (Oliver)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix errors when the type of a dropped column has itself been dropped</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>CHECKPOINT</command> does not cause database panic on failure in noncritical steps</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Accept 60 in seconds fields of timestamp, time, interval input values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Issue notice, not error, if <type>TIMESTAMP</type>,
<type> TIME</type>, or <type>INTERVAL</type> precision too large</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>abstime-to-time</function> cast function (fix is
       not applied unless you <application>initdb</application>)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_proc</application> entry for
      <type>timestampt_izone</type> (fix is not applied unless you
        <application>initdb</application>)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamp without time zone)</function> treat input as local time</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>'now'::timestamptz</command> gave wrong answer if timezone changed earlier in transaction</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP</envar> code for time with timezone overwrote its input</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Accept <command>GLOBAL TEMP/TEMPORARY</command> as a
       synonym for <command>TEMPORARY</command></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid improper schema-privilege-check failure in foreign-key triggers</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bugs in foreign-key triggers for <command>SET DEFAULT</command> action</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect time-qual check in row fetch for
       <command>UPDATE</command> and <command>DELETE</command> triggers</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Foreign-key clauses were parsed but ignored in
       <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</command></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix createlang script breakage for case where handler function already exists</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix misbehavior on zero-column tables in <application>pg_dump</application>, COPY, ANALYZE, other places</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix misbehavior of <function>func_error()</function> on type names containing '%'</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix misbehavior of <function>replace()</function> on strings containing '%'</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Regular-expression patterns containing certain multibyte characters failed</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Account correctly for <command>NULL</command>s in more cases in join size estimation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid conflict with system definition of <function>isblank()</function> function or macro</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix failure to convert large code point values in EUC_TW conversions (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix error recovery for <function>SSL_read</function>/<function>SSL_write</function> calls</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Don't do early constant-folding of type coercion expressions</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Validate page header fields immediately after reading in any page</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair incorrect check for ungrouped variables in unnamed joins</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix buffer overrun in <function>to_ascii</function> (Guido Notari)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/ltree fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in deadlock detection on machines where char is unsigned</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid running out of buffers in many-way indexscan (bug introduced in 7.3)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planner's selectivity estimation functions to handle domains properly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>dbmirror</application> memory-allocation bug (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent infinite loop in <function>ln(numeric)</function> due to roundoff error</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><command>GROUP BY</command> got confused if there were multiple equal GROUP BY items</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bad plan when inherited <command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command> references another inherited table</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent clustering on incomplete (partial or non-NULL-storing) indexes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Service shutdown request at proper time if it arrives while still starting up</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix left-links in temporary indexes (could make backwards scans miss entries)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix incorrect handling of client_encoding setting in postgresql.conf (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix failure to respond to <command>pg_ctl stop -m fast</command> after Async_NotifyHandler runs</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix SPI for case where rule contains multiple statements of the same type</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with checking for wrong type of access privilege in rule query</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with <command>EXCEPT</command> in <command>CREATE RULE</command></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent problem with dropping temp tables having serial columns</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix replace_vars_with_subplan_refs failure in complex views</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix regexp slowness in single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow qualified type names in <command>CREATE CAST</command>
       and <command> DROP CAST</command></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Accept <function>SETOF type[]</function>, which formerly had to
       be written <function>SETOF _type</function></para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</application> core dump in some cases with procedural languages</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force ISO datestyle in <application>pg_dump</application> output, for portability (Oliver)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dump</application> failed to handle error return
       from <function>lo_read</function> (Oleg Drokin)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dumpall</application> failed with groups having no members (Nick Eskelinen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><application>pg_dumpall</application> failed to recognize --globals-only switch</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pg_restore failed to restore blobs if -X disable-triggers is specified</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair intrafunction memory leak in plpgsql</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pltcl's <command>elog</command> command dumped core if given wrong parameters (Ian Harding)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>plpython used wrong value of <envar>atttypmod</envar> (Brad McLean)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix improper quoting of boolean values in Python interface (D'Arcy)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added <function>addDataType()</function> method to PGConnection interface for JDBC</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixed various problems with updateable ResultSets for JDBC (Shawn Green)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixed various problems with DatabaseMetaData for JDBC (Kris Jurka, Peter Royal)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixed problem with parsing table ACLs in JDBC</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Better error message for character set conversion problems in JDBC</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-3-2">
  <title>Release 7.3.2</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-02-04</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.1.
  </para>


  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3.2</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.3.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Restore creation of OID column in CREATE TABLE AS / SELECT INTO</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> core dump when dumping views having comments</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Dump DEFERRABLE/INITIALLY DEFERRED constraints properly</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix UPDATE when child table's column numbering differs from parent</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase default value of max_fsm_relations</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem when fetching backwards in a cursor for a single-row query</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make backward fetch work properly with cursor on SELECT DISTINCT query</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problems with loading <application>pg_dump</> files containing contrib/lo usage</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with all-numeric user names</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix possible memory leak and core dump during disconnect in libpgtcl</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make plpython's spi_execute command handle nulls properly (Andrew Bosma)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Adjust plpython error reporting so that its regression test passes again</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Work with bison 1.875</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle mixed-case names properly in plpgsql's %type (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in pltcl when executing a query rewritten by a rule</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair array subscript overruns (per report from Yichen Xie)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce MAX_TIME_PRECISION from 13 to 10 in floating-point case</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correctly case-fold variable names in per-database and per-user settings</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix coredump in plpgsql's RETURN NEXT when SELECT into record returns no rows</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix outdated use of pg_type.typprtlen in python client interface</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correctly handle fractional seconds in timestamps in JDBC driver</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve performance of getImportedKeys() in JDBC</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make shared-library symlinks work standardly on HPUX (Giles)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair inconsistent rounding behavior for timestamp, time, interval</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SSL negotiation fixes (Nathan Mueller)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make libpq's ~/.pgpass feature work when connecting with PQconnectDB</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update my2pg, ora2pg</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Translation updates</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add casts between types lo and oid in contrib/lo</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>fastpath code now checks for privilege to call function</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-3-1">
  <title>Release 7.3.1</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-12-18</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.
  </para>


  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.3. However, it should be noted that the main
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> interface library, libpq,
    has a new major version number for this release, which might require
    recompilation of client code in certain cases.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix a core dump of COPY TO when client/server encodings don't match (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_dump</> to work with pre-7.2 servers (Philip)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/adddepend fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with deletion of per-user/per-database config settings (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/vacuumlo fix (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow 'password' encryption even when pg_shadow contains MD5 passwords (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/dbmirror fix (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimizer fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/tsearch fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Magnus)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow locale names to be mixed case (Nicolai Tufar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increment libpq library's major version number (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pg_hba.conf error reporting fixes (Bruce, Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SCO Openserver 5.0.4 as a supported platform (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent EXPLAIN from crashing server (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SSL fixes (Nathan Mueller)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent composite column creation via ALTER TABLE (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-3">
  <title>Release 7.3</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-11-27</simpara>
  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Schemas</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Schemas allow users to create objects in separate namespaces,
       so two people or applications can have tables with the same
       name. There is also a public schema for shared tables.
       Table/index creation can be restricted by removing privileges
       on the public schema.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Drop Column</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now supports the
       <literal>ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN</literal> functionality.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Table Functions</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Functions returning multiple rows and/or multiple columns are
       now much easier to use than before.  You can call such a
       <quote>table function</quote> in the <literal>SELECT</literal>
       <literal>FROM</literal> clause, treating its output like a
       table. Also, <application>PL/pgSQL</application> functions can
       now return sets.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Prepared Queries</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now supports prepared
       queries, for improved performance.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Dependency Tracking</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now records object
       dependencies, which allows improvements in many areas.
       <command>DROP</command> statements now take either
       <literal>CASCADE</> or <literal>RESTRICT</> to control whether
       dependent objects are also dropped.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Privileges</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Functions and procedural languages now have privileges, and
       functions can be defined to run with the privileges of their
       creator.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Internationalization</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Both multibyte and locale support are now always enabled.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Logging</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       A variety of logging options have been enhanced.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Interfaces</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       A large number of interfaces have been moved to <ulink
       url="http://gborg.postgresql.org">http://gborg.postgresql.org</>
       where they can be developed and released independently.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Functions/Identifiers</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       By default, functions can now take up to 32 parameters, and
       identifiers can be up to 63 bytes long.  Also, <literal>OPAQUE</>
       is now deprecated: there are specific <quote>pseudo-datatypes</>
       to represent each of the former meanings of <literal>OPAQUE</>
       in function argument and result types.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.3</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</> is required for those
    wishing to migrate data from any previous release. If your
    application examines the system catalogs, additional changes will
    be required due to the introduction of schemas in 7.3; for more
    information, see: <ulink
    url="http://developer.postgresql.org/~momjian/upgrade_tips_7.3"></>.
   </para>

   <para>
    Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Pre-6.3 clients are no longer supported.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> now has a column for the user
      name and additional features.  Existing files need to be
      adjusted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Several <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> logging parameters
      have been renamed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <literal>LIMIT #,#</literal> has been disabled; use
      <literal>LIMIT # OFFSET #</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>INSERT</command> statements with column lists must
      specify a value for each specified column. For example,
      <literal>INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1')</literal>
      is now invalid.  It's still allowed to supply fewer columns than
      expected if the <command>INSERT</command> does not have a column list.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <type>serial</type> columns are no longer automatically
      <literal>UNIQUE</>; thus, an index will not automatically be
      created.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      A <command>SET</command> command inside an aborted transaction
      is now rolled back.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <command>COPY</command> no longer considers missing trailing
      columns to be null.  All columns need to be specified.
      (However, one can achieve a similar effect by specifying a
      column list in the <command>COPY</command> command.)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The data type <type>timestamp</type> is now equivalent to
      <type>timestamp without time zone</type>, instead of
      <type>timestamp with time zone</type>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Pre-7.3 databases loaded into 7.3 will not have the new object
      dependencies for <type>serial</type> columns, unique
      constraints, and foreign keys. See the directory
      <filename>contrib/adddepend/</filename> for a detailed
      description and a script that will add such dependencies.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      An empty string (<literal>''</literal>) is no longer allowed as
      the input into an integer field.  Formerly, it was silently
      interpreted as 0.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Operation</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add pg_locks view to show locks (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Security fixes for password negotiation memory allocation (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove support for version 0 FE/BE protocol (<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.2 and earlier) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reserve the last few backend slots for superusers, add parameter superuser_reserved_connections to control this (Nigel J. Andrews)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Performance</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Improve startup by calling localtime() only once (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cache system catalog information in flat files for faster startup (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve caching of index information (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom, Fernando Nasser)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Catalog caches now store failed lookups (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Hash function improvements (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve performance of query tokenization and network handling (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Speed improvement for large object restore (Mario Weilguni)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Mark expired index entries on first lookup, saving later heap fetches (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid excessive NULL bitmap padding (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add BSD-licensed qsort() for Solaris, for performance (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce per-row overhead by four bytes (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix GEQO optimizer bug (Neil Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make WITHOUT OID actually save four bytes per row (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add default_statistics_target variable to specify ANALYZE buckets (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use local buffer cache for temporary tables so no WAL overhead (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve free space map performance on large tables (Stephen Marshall, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved WAL write concurrency (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Privileges</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add privileges on functions and procedural languages (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add OWNER to CREATE DATABASE so superusers can create databases on behalf of unprivileged users (Gavin Sherry, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add new object privilege bits EXECUTE and USAGE (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT and RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow functions to be executed with the privilege of the function owner (Peter)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Configuration</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Server log messages now tagged with LOG, not DEBUG (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add user column to pg_hba.conf (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have log_connections output two lines in log file (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove debug_level from postgresql.conf, now server_min_messages (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ALTER DATABASE/USER ... SET command for per-user/database initialization (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameters server_min_messages and client_min_messages to control which messages are sent to the server logs or client applications (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow pg_hba.conf to specify lists of users/databases separated by commas, group names prepended with +, and file names prepended with @ (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove secondary password file capability and pg_password utility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add variable db_user_namespace for database-local user names (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SSL improvements (Bear Giles)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make encryption of stored passwords the default (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow pg_statistics to be reset by calling pg_stat_reset() (Christopher)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add log_duration parameter (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename debug_print_query to log_statement (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename show_query_stats to show_statement_stats (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add param log_min_error_statement to print commands to logs on error (Gavin)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Make cursors insensitive, meaning their contents do not change (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>UNION fixes for merging &gt;= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add DEFAULT key word to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1');  (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for join aliases (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for FULL OUTER JOINs (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve reporting of invalid identifier and location (Tom, Gavin)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow 'ctid' to be used in a view and currtid(viewname) (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for CREATE TABLE AS with UNION (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SQL99 syntax improvements (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add statement_timeout variable to cancel queries (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow prepared queries with PREPARE/EXECUTE (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow FOR UPDATE to appear after LIMIT/OFFSET (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add variable autocommit (Tom, David Van Wie)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Manipulation</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Make equals signs optional in CREATE DATABASE (Gavin Sherry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make ALTER TABLE OWNER change index ownership too (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ALTER TABLE tabname ALTER COLUMN colname SET STORAGE controls TOAST storage, compression (John Gray)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add schema support, CREATE/DROP SCHEMA (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Create schema for temporary tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add variable search_path for schema search (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE SET/DROP NOT NULL (Christopher)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New CREATE FUNCTION volatility levels (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make rule names unique only per table (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add 'ON tablename' clause to DROP RULE and COMMENT ON RULE (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TRIGGER RENAME (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New current_schema() and current_schemas() inquiry functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow functions to return multiple rows (table functions) (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make WITH optional in CREATE DATABASE, for consistency (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add object dependency tracking (Rod, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add RESTRICT/CASCADE to DROP commands (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE DROP for non-CHECK CONSTRAINT (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Autodestroy sequence on DROP of table with SERIAL (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent column dropping if column is used by foreign key (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Automatically drop constraints/functions when object is dropped (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP OPERATOR CLASS (Bill Studenmund, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (Christopher, Tom, Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent inherited columns from being removed or renamed (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix foreign key constraints to not error on intermediate database states (Stephan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Propagate column or table renaming to foreign key constraints</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW (Gavin, Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE OR REPLACE RULE (Gavin, Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have rules execute alphabetically, returning more predictable values (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Triggers are now fired in alphabetical order (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/adddepend to handle pre-7.3 object dependencies (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow better casting when inserting/updating values (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Have COPY TO output embedded carriage returns and newlines as \r and \n (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow DELIMITER in COPY FROM to be 8-bit clean (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make <application>pg_dump</> use ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY, for performance (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable brackets in multistatement rules (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable VACUUM from being called inside a function (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow dropdb and other scripts to use identifiers with spaces (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Restrict database comment changes to the current database</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow comments on operators, independent of the underlying function (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rollback SET commands in aborted transactions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>EXPLAIN now outputs as a query (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Display condition expressions and sort keys in EXPLAIN (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add 'SET LOCAL var = value' to set configuration variables for a single transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow ANALYZE to run in a transaction (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve COPY syntax using new WITH clauses, keep backward compatibility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> to consistently output tags in non-ASCII dumps (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make foreign key constraints clearer in dump file (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow COPY TO/FROM to specify column names (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Dump UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints as ALTER TABLE (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have SHOW output a query result (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Generate failure on short COPY lines rather than pad NULLs (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix CLUSTER to preserve all table attributes (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_settings table to view/modify GUC settings (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add smart quoting, portability improvements to <application>pg_dump</> output (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Dump serial columns out as SERIAL (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable large file support, &gt;2G for <application>pg_dump</> (Peter, Philip Warner, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow TRUNCATE on tables that are involved in referential constraints (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have TRUNCATE also auto-truncate the toast table of the relation (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add clusterdb utility that will auto-cluster an entire database based on previous CLUSTER operations (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Overhaul pg_dumpall (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow REINDEX of TOAST tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Implemented START TRANSACTION, per SQL99 (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix rare index corruption when a page split affects bulk delete (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN for inheritance (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types and Functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix factorial(0) to return 1 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Date/time/timezone improvements (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for array slice extraction (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix extract/date_part to report proper microseconds for timestamp (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow text_substr() and bytea_substr() to read TOAST values more efficiently (John Gray)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add domain support (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make WITHOUT TIME ZONE the default for TIMESTAMP and TIME data types (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow alternate storage scheme of 64-bit integers for date/time types using --enable-integer-datetimes in configure (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make timezone(timestamptz) return timestamp rather than a string (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow fractional seconds in date/time types for dates prior to 1BC (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Limit timestamp data types to 6 decimal places of precision (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change timezone conversion functions from timetz() to timezone() (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add configuration variables datestyle and timezone (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add OVERLAY(), which allows substitution of a substring in a string (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SIMILAR TO (Thomas, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add regular expression SUBSTRING(string FROM pat FOR escape) (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP functions (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add named composite types using CREATE TYPE typename AS (column) (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow composite type definition in the table alias clause (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add new API to simplify creation of C language table functions (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove ODBC-compatible empty parentheses from calls to SQL99 functions for which these parentheses do not match the standard (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow macaddr data type to accept 12 hex digits with no separators (Mike Wyer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP CAST (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add IS DISTINCT FROM operator (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SQL99 TREAT() function, synonym for CAST() (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_backend_pid() to output backend pid (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add IS OF / IS NOT OF type predicate (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow bit string constants without fully-specified length (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow conversion between 8-byte integers and bit strings (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Implement hex literal conversion to bit string literal (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow table functions to appear in the FROM clause (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase maximum number of function parameters to 32 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>No longer automatically create index for SERIAL column (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add current_database() (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix cash_words() to not overflow buffer (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add functions replace(), split_part(), to_hex() (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix LIKE for bytea as a right-hand argument (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent crashes caused by SELECT cash_out(2) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to_char(1,'FM999.99') to return a period (Karel)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix trigger/type/language functions returning OPAQUE to return proper type (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Internationalization</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add additional encodings: Korean (JOHAB), Thai (WIN874), Vietnamese (TCVN), Arabic (WIN1256), Simplified Chinese (GBK), Korean (UHC) (Eiji Tokuya)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable locale support by default (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add locale variables (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Escape byes &gt;= 0x7f for multibyte in PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add locale awareness to regular expression character classes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable multibyte support by default (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add GB18030 multibyte support (Bill Huang)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP CONVERSION, allowing loadable encodings (Tatsuo, Kaori)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_conversion table (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add SQL99 CONVERT() function (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pg_dumpall, pg_controldata, and pg_resetxlog now national-language aware (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New and updated translations</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server-side Languages</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow recursive SQL function (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Change PL/Tcl build to use configured compiler and Makefile.shlib (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Overhaul the PL/pgSQL FOUND variable to be more Oracle-compatible (Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow PL/pgSQL to handle quoted identifiers (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow set-returning PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make PL/pgSQL schema-aware (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove some memory leaks (Nigel J. Andrews, Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>psql</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Don't lowercase psql \connect database name for 7.2.0 compatibility (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add psql \timing to time user queries (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have psql \d show index information (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New psql \dD shows domains (Jonathan Eisler)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql to show rules on views (Paul ?)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for psql variable substitution (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql \d to show temporary table structure (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql \d to show foreign keys (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix \? to honor \pset pager (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Have psql reports its version number on startup (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow \copy to specify column names (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>libpq</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add ~/.pgpass to store host/user password combinations (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add PQunescapeBytea() function to libpq (Patrick Welche)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for sending large queries over non-blocking connections (Bernhard Herzog)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for libpq using timers on Win9X (David Ford)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow libpq notify to handle servers with different-length identifiers (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add libpq PQescapeString() and PQescapeBytea() to Windows (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SSL with non-blocking connections (Jack Bates)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add libpq connection timeout parameter (Denis A Ustimenko)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>JDBC</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow JDBC to compile with JDK 1.4 (Dave)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add JDBC 3 support (Barry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allows JDBC to set loglevel by adding ?loglevel=X to the connection URL (Barry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Driver.info() message that prints out the version number (Barry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add updateable result sets (Raghu Nidagal, Dave)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add support for callable statements (Paul Bethe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add query cancel capability</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add refresh row (Dave)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix MD5 encryption handling for multibyte servers (Jun Kawai)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add support for prepared statements (Barry)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Miscellaneous Interfaces</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fixed ECPG bug concerning octal numbers in single quotes (Michael)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve Python interface (Elliot Lee, Andrew Johnson, Greg Copeland)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add libpgtcl connection close event (Gerhard Hintermayer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpq++ to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/odbc to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/perl5 to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove src/bin/pgaccess from main tree, now at http://www.pgaccess.org (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_on_connection_loss command to libpgtcl (Gerhard Hintermayer, Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix for parallel make (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>AIX fixes for linking Tcl (Andreas Zeugswetter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow PL/Perl to build under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve MIPS compiles (Peter, Oliver Elphick)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Require Autoconf version 2.53 (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Require readline and zlib by default in configure (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow Solaris to use Intimate Shared Memory (ISM), for performance (Scott Brunza, P.J. Josh Rovero)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Always enable syslog in compile, remove --enable-syslog option (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Always enable multibyte in compile, remove --enable-multibyte option (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Always enable locale in compile, remove --enable-locale option (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for Win9x DLL creation (Magnus Naeslund)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for link() usage by WAL code on Windows, BeOS (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add sys/types.h to c.h, remove from main files (Peter, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix AIX hang on SMP machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>AIX SMP hang fix (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pre-1970 date handling on newer glibc libraries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PowerPC SMP locking (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent gcc -ffast-math from being used (Peter, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bison &gt;= 1.50 now required for developer builds</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Kerberos 5 support now builds with Heimdal (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add appendix in the User's Guide which lists SQL features (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve loadable module linking to use RTLD_NOW (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New error levels WARNING, INFO, LOG, DEBUG[1-5] (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New src/port directory holds replaced libc functions (Peter, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_namespace system catalog for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_class.relnamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_type.typnamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_proc.pronamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Restructure aggregates to have pg_proc entries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>System relations now have their own namespace, pg_* test not required (Fernando Nasser)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename TOAST index names to be *_index rather than *_idx (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add namespaces for operators, opclasses (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add additional checks to server control file (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New Polish FAQ (Marcin Mazurek)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Posix semaphore support (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Document need for reindex (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename some internal identifiers to simplify Windows compile (Jan, Katherine Ward)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add documentation on computing disk space (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove KSQO from GUC (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix memory leak in rtree (Kenneth Been)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Modify a few error messages for consistency (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove unused system table columns (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make system columns NOT NULL where appropriate (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Clean up use of sprintf in favor of snprintf() (Neil, Jukka Holappa)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove OPAQUE and create specific subtypes (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cleanups in array internal handling (Joe, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow pg_atoi('') (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove parameter wal_files because WAL files are now recycled (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add version numbers to heap pages (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow inet arrays in /contrib/array (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>GiST fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Upgrade /contrib/mysql</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/dbsize which shows table sizes without vacuum (Peter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/intagg, integer aggregator routines (mlw)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/oid2name (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/tsearch (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cleanups of /contrib/rserver (Alexey V. Borzov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update /contrib/oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update /contrib/dblink (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve options supported by /contrib/vacuumlo (Mario Weilguni)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improvements to /contrib/intarray (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev, Andrey Oktyabrski)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/reindexdb utility (Shaun Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add indexing to /contrib/isbn_issn (Dan Weston)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/dbmirror (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/pgbench (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/tablefunc table function examples (Joe)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add /contrib/ltree data type for tree structures (Teodor Sigaev, Oleg Bartunov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Move /contrib/pg_controldata, pg_resetxlog into main tree (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes to /contrib/cube (Bruno Wolff)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve /contrib/fulltextindex (Christopher)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-2-8">
   <title>Release 7.2.8</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.7, including one
    security-related issue.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.8</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
than for other purposes</para>
<para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
VACUUM</para>
<para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
<type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
(Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump index names and trigger names containing
<literal>%</> correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
month-related formats</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
(Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-2-7">
   <title>Release 7.2.7</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.6, including several
    security-related issues.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.7</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
<para>
On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
<command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
Jurka)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
<para>
The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
datestyles</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-2-6">
   <title>Release 7.2.6</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.5.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.6</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
<para>
Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to
<quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
it as a potential-data-loss bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
<para>
Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow running pg_ctl as root</para>
<para>
This is to guard against any possible security issues.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in /tmp in make_oidjoins_check</para>
<para>
This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update to newer versions of Bison</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-2-5">
   <title>Release 7.2.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.4.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.2.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
<para>
Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix corner case for btree search in parallel with first root page split</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix buffer overrun in <function>to_ascii</function> (Guido Notari)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix core dump in deadlock detection on machines where char is unsigned</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix failure to respond to <command>pg_ctl stop -m fast</command> after Async_NotifyHandler runs</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair memory leaks in pg_dump</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid conflict with system definition of <function>isblank()</function> function or macro</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-7-2-4">
  <title>Release 7.2.4</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2003-01-30</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.3,
   including fixes to prevent possible data loss.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.4</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix some additional cases of VACUUM "No one parent tuple was found" error</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent VACUUM from being called inside a function  (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Ensure pg_clog updates are sync'd to disk before marking checkpoint complete</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Avoid integer overflow during large hash joins</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make GROUP commands work when pg_group.grolist is large enough to be toasted</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix errors in datetime tables; some timezone names weren't being recognized</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix integer overflows in circle_poly(), path_encode(), path_add()  (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Repair long-standing logic errors in lseg_eq(), lseg_ne(), lseg_center()</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-2-3">
  <title>Release 7.2.3</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-10-01</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.2,
   including fixes to prevent possible data loss.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.3</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Prevent possible compressed transaction log loss (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent non-superuser from increasing most recent vacuum info (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle pre-1970 date values in newer versions of glibc (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix possible hang during server shutdown</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent spinlock hangs on SMP PPC machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> to properly dump FULL JOIN USING (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-2-2">
  <title>Release 7.2.2</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-08-23</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.1.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.2</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.*.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Allow EXECUTE of "CREATE TABLE AS ... SELECT" in PL/pgSQL (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for compressed transaction log id wraparound (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea so that they handle bytes &gt; 0x7f (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for psql and <application>pg_dump</> crashing when invoked with non-existent long options (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix crash when invoking geometric operators (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for rtree_gist index build (Teodor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for dumping user-defined aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/intarray fixes (Oleg)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for complex UNION/EXCEPT/INTERSECT queries using parens (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to pg_convert (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for crash with long DATA strings (Thomas, Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for repeat(), lpad(), rpad() and long strings (Neil)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-2-1">
  <title>Release 7.2.1</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-03-21</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
    running version 7.2.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Ensure that sequence counters do not go backwards after a crash (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix pgaccess kanji-conversion key binding (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cash I/O improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New Russian FAQ</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Compile fix for missing AuthBlockSig (Heiko)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Additional time zones and time zone fixes (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow psql \connect to handle mixed case database and user names (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Return proper OID on command completion even with ON INSERT rules (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow COPY FROM to use 8-bit DELIMITERS (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bug in extract/date_part for milliseconds/microseconds (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve handling of multiple UNIONs with different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/btree_gist improvements (Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/tsearch dictionary improvements, see README.tsearch for an additional installation step (Thomas T. Thai, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for array subscripts handling (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow EXECUTE of "CREATE TABLE AS ... SELECT" in PL/pgSQL (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="release-7-2">
  <title>Release 7.2</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2002-02-04</simpara>
  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    This release improves <productname>PostgreSQL</> for use in
    high-volume applications.
   </para>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>VACUUM</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Vacuuming no longer locks tables, thus allowing normal user
       access during the vacuum.  A new <command>VACUUM FULL</>
       command does old-style vacuum by locking the table and
       shrinking the on-disk copy of the table.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Transactions</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       There is no longer a problem with installations that exceed
       four billion transactions.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>OIDs</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       OIDs are now optional.  Users can now create tables without
       OIDs for cases where OID usage is excessive.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Optimizer</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The system now computes histogram column statistics during
       <command>ANALYZE</>, allowing much better optimizer choices.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Security</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       A new MD5 encryption option allows more secure storage and
       transfer of passwords.  A new Unix-domain socket
       authentication option is available on Linux and BSD systems.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Statistics</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Administrators can use the new table access statistics module
       to get fine-grained information about table and index usage.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Internationalization</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Program and library messages can now be displayed in several
       languages.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to version 7.2</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <command>pg_dump</command> is required for
    those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
   </para>

   <para>
    Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The semantics of the <command>VACUUM</command> command have
      changed in this release.  You might wish to update your
      maintenance procedures accordingly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In this release, comparisons using <literal>= NULL</literal>
      will always return false (or NULL, more precisely).  Previous
      releases automatically transformed this syntax to <literal>IS
      NULL</literal>.  The old behavior can be re-enabled using a
      <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> parameter.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The <filename>pg_hba.conf</> and <filename>pg_ident.conf</>
      configuration is now only reloaded after receiving a
      <systemitem>SIGHUP</> signal, not with each connection.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The function <filename>octet_length()</> now returns the uncompressed data length.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The date/time value <literal>'current'</literal> is no longer
      available.  You will need to rewrite your applications.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The <literal>timestamp()</literal>, <literal>time()</literal>,
      and <literal>interval()</literal> functions are no longer
      available.  Instead of <literal>timestamp()</literal>, use
      <literal>timestamp 'string'</literal> or <literal>CAST</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

   <para>
    The <literal>SELECT ... LIMIT #,#</literal> syntax will be removed
    in the next release. You should change your queries to use
    separate LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, e.g. <literal>LIMIT 10 OFFSET
    20</literal>.
   </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Operation</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Create temporary files in a separate directory (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Delete orphaned temporary files on postmaster startup (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Added unique indexes to some system tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>System table operator reorganization (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Renamed pg_log to pg_clog (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable SIGTERM, SIGQUIT to kill backends (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed compile-time limit on number of backends (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Better cleanup for semaphore resource failure (Tatsuo, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow safe transaction ID wraparound (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed OIDs from some system tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Removed "triggered data change violation" error check (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>SPI portal creation of prepared/saved plans (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow SPI column functions to work for system columns (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Long value compression improvement (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Statistics collector for table, index access (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Truncate extra-long sequence names to a reasonable value (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Measure transaction times in milliseconds (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix TID sequential scans (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Superuser ID now fixed at 1 (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_ctl "reload" option (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Performance</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New histogram column statistics for optimizer (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reuse write-ahead log files rather than discarding them (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Cache improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>IS NULL, IS NOT NULL optimizer improvement (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve lock manager to reduce lock contention (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Keep relcache entries for index access support functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow better selectivity with NaN and infinities in NUMERIC (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>R-tree performance improvements (Kenneth Been)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>B-tree splits more efficient (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Privileges</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Change UPDATE, DELETE privileges to be distinct (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New REFERENCES, TRIGGER privileges (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow GRANT/REVOKE to/from more than one user at a time (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New has_table_privilege() function (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow non-superuser to vacuum database (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION command (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix bug in privilege modifications on newly created tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow access to pg_statistic for non-superuser, add user-accessible views (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Client Authentication</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fork postmaster before doing authentication to prevent hangs (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ident authentication over Unix domain sockets on Linux, *BSD (Helge Bahmann, Oliver Elphick, Teodor Sigaev, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add a password authentication method that uses MD5 encryption (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow encryption of stored passwords using MD5 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>PAM authentication (Dominic J. Eidson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Load pg_hba.conf and pg_ident.conf only on startup and SIGHUP (Bruce)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Configuration</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Interpretation of some time zone abbreviations as Australian rather than North American now settable at run time (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to set default transaction isolation level (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to enable conversion of "expr = NULL" into "expr IS NULL", off by default (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to control memory usage by VACUUM (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to set client authentication timeout (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New parameter to set maximum number of open files (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Statements added by INSERT rules now execute after the INSERT (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent unadorned relation names in target list (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>NULLs now sort after all normal values in ORDER BY (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New IS UNKNOWN, IS NOT UNKNOWN Boolean tests (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE lock mode (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New EXPLAIN ANALYZE command that shows run times and row counts (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix problem with LIMIT and subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for LIMIT, DISTINCT ON pushed into subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix nested EXCEPT/INTERSECT (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Schema Manipulation</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Fix SERIAL in temporary tables (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow temporary sequences (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Sequences now use int8 internally (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New SERIAL8 creates int8 columns with sequences, default still SERIAL4 (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make OIDs optional using WITHOUT OIDS (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add %TYPE syntax to CREATE TYPE (Ian Lance Taylor)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE / DROP CONSTRAINT for CHECK constraints (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION to alter existing function (preserving the function OID) (Gavin Sherry)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE / ADD [ UNIQUE | PRIMARY ] (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow column renaming in views</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make ALTER TABLE / RENAME COLUMN update column names of indexes (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for ALTER TABLE / ADD CONSTRAINT ... CHECK with inherited tables (Stephan Szabo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ALTER TABLE RENAME update foreign-key trigger arguments correctly (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DROP AGGREGATE and COMMENT ON AGGREGATE now accept an aggtype (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add automatic return type data casting for SQL functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow GiST indexes to handle NULLs and multikey indexes (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Enable partial indexes (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Commands</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Add RESET ALL, SHOW ALL (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CREATE/ALTER USER/GROUP now allow options in any order (Vince)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add LOCK A, B, C functionality (Neil Padgett)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New ENCRYPTED/UNENCRYPTED option to CREATE/ALTER USER (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New light-weight VACUUM does not lock table; old semantics are available as VACUUM FULL (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable COPY TO/FROM on views (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>COPY DELIMITERS string must be exactly one character (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>VACUUM warning about index tuples fewer than heap now only appears when appropriate (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix privilege checks for CREATE INDEX (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disallow inappropriate use of CREATE/DROP INDEX/TRIGGER/VIEW (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types and Functions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>SUM(), AVG(), COUNT() now uses int8 internally for speed (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add convert(), convert2() (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New function bit_length() (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make the "n" in CHAR(n)/VARCHAR(n) represents letters, not bytes (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CHAR(), VARCHAR() now reject strings that are too long (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>BIT VARYING now rejects bit strings that are too long (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>BIT now rejects bit strings that do not match declared size (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>INET, CIDR text conversion functions (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>INET, CIDR operators &lt;&lt; and &lt;&lt;= indexable (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea \### now requires valid three digit octal number</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea comparison improvements, now supports =, &lt;&gt;, &gt;, &gt;=, &lt;, and &lt;=</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea now supports B-tree indexes</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea now supports LIKE, LIKE...ESCAPE, NOT LIKE, NOT LIKE...ESCAPE</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Bytea now supports concatenation</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New bytea functions: position, substring, trim, btrim, and length</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New encode() function mode, "escaped", converts minimally escaped bytea to/from text</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_database_encoding_max_length() (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add pg_client_encoding() function (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>now() returns time with millisecond precision (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE data type (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ISO date/time specification with "T", yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New xid/int comparison functions (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add precision to TIME, TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL data types (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Modify type coercion logic to attempt binary-compatible functions first (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New encode() function installed by default (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved to_*() conversion functions (Karel Zak)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimize LIKE/ILIKE when using single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New functions in contrib/pgcrypto: crypt(), hmac(), encrypt(), gen_salt() (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correct description of translate() function (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add INTERVAL argument for SET TIME ZONE (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH (etc.) syntax (Thomas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Optimize length functions when using single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix path_inter, path_distance, path_length, dist_ppath to handle closed paths (Curtis Barrett, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>octet_length(text) now returns non-compressed length (Tatsuo, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle "July" full name in date/time literals (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Some datatype() function calls now evaluated differently</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add support for Julian and ISO time specifications (Thomas)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Internationalization</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>National language support in psql, <application>pg_dump</>, libpq, and server (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Message translations in Chinese (simplified, traditional), Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Russian, Swedish (Peter E, Serguei A. Mokhov, Karel Zak, Weiping He, Zhenbang Wei, Kovacs Zoltan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make trim, ltrim, rtrim, btrim, lpad, rpad, translate multibyte aware (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add LATIN5,6,7,8,9,10 support (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ISO 8859-5,6,7,8 support (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Correct LATIN5 to mean ISO-8859-9, not ISO-8859-5 (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make mic2ascii() non-ASCII aware (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reject invalid multibyte character sequences (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><application>PL/pgSQL</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Now uses portals for SELECT loops, allowing huge result sets (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>CURSOR and REFCURSOR support (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Can now return open cursors (Jan)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add ELSEIF (Klaus Reger)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve PL/pgSQL error reporting, including location of error (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow IS or FOR key words in cursor declaration, for compatibility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SELECT ... FOR UPDATE (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for PERFORM returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make PL/pgSQL use the server's type coercion code (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Memory leak fix (Jan, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Make trailing semicolon optional (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>PL/Perl</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New untrusted PL/Perl (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>PL/Perl is now built on some platforms even if libperl is not shared (Peter E)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
    </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>PL/Tcl</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Now reports errorInfo (Vsevolod Lobko)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add spi_lastoid function (bob@redivi.com)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>PL/Python</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>...is new (Andrew Bosma)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><application>psql</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>\d displays indexes in unique, primary groupings (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow trailing semicolons in backslash commands (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Read password from /dev/tty if possible</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Force new password prompt when changing user and database (Tatsuo, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Format the correct number of columns for Unicode (Patrice)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><application>libpq</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New function PQescapeString() to escape quotes in command strings (Florian Weimer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New function PQescapeBytea() escapes binary strings for use as SQL string literals</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>JDBC</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Return OID of INSERT (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle more data types (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle single quotes and newlines in strings (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Handle NULL variables (Ken K)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for time zone handling (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved Druid support</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow eight-bit characters with non-multibyte server (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Support BIT, BINARY types (Ned Wolpert)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reduce memory usage (Michael Stephens, Dave Cramer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Update DatabaseMetaData (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add DatabaseMetaData.getCatalogs() (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Encoding fixes (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Get/setCatalog methods (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DatabaseMetaData.getColumns() now returns column defaults (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>DatabaseMetaData.getColumns() performance improvement (Jeroen van Vianen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Some JDBC1 and JDBC2 merging (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Transaction performance improvements (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Array fixes (Greg Zoller)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Serialize addition </para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix batch processing (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ExecSQL method reorganization (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>GetColumn() fixes (Jeroen van Vianen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix isWriteable() function (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improved passage of JDBC2 conformance tests (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add bytea type capability (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add isNullable() (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>JDBC date/time test suite fixes (Liam Stewart)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SELECT 'id' AS xxx FROM table (Dave Cramer)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix DatabaseMetaData to show precision properly (Mark Lillywhite)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New getImported/getExported keys (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>MD5 password encryption support (Jeremy Wohl)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix to actually use type cache (Ned Wolpert)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>ODBC</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Remove query size limit (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove text field size limit (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for SQLPrimaryKeys in multibyte mode (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow ODBC procedure calls (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve boolean handing (Aidan Mountford)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Most configuration options now settable via DSN (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multibyte, performance fixes (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow driver to be used with iODBC or unixODBC (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>MD5 password encryption support (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add more compatibility functions to odbc.sql (Peter E)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><application>ECPG</></title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>EXECUTE ... INTO implemented (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Multiple row descriptor support (e.g. CARDINALITY) (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for GRANT parameters (Lee Kindness)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix INITIALLY DEFERRED bug</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Various bug fixes (Michael, Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Auto allocation for indicator variable arrays (int *ind_p=NULL)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Auto allocation for string arrays (char **foo_pp=NULL)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>ECPGfree_auto_mem fixed</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>All function names with external linkage are now prefixed by ECPG</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes for arrays of structures (Michael)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Misc. Interfaces</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Python fix fetchone() (Gerhard Haring)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Use UTF, Unicode in Tcl where appropriate (Vsevolod Lobko, Reinhard Max)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add Tcl COPY TO/FROM (ljb)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Prevent output of default index op class in <application>pg_dump</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix libpgeasy memory leak (Bruce)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Build and Install</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Configure, dynamic loader, and shared library fixes (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes in QNX 4 port (Bernd Tegge)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fixes in Cygwin and Windows ports (Jason Tishler, Gerhard Haring, Dmitry Yurtaev, Darko Prenosil, Mikhail Terekhov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for Windows socket communication failures (Magnus, Mikhail Terekhov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Hurd compile fix (Oliver Elphick)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>BeOS fixes (Cyril Velter)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove configure --enable-unicode-conversion, now enabled by multibyte (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>AIX fixes (Tatsuo, Andreas)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix parallel make (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Install SQL language manual pages into OS-specific directories (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Rename config.h to pg_config.h (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Reorganize installation layout of header files (Peter E)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Remove SEP_CHAR (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New GUC hooks (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Merge GUC and command line handling (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove EXTEND INDEX (Martijn van Oosterhout, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pgjindent utility to indent java code (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Remove define of true/false when compiling under C++ (Leandro Fanzone, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>pgindent fixes (Bruce, Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Replace strcasecmp() with strcmp() where appropriate (Peter E)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Dynahash portability improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add 'volatile' usage in spinlock structures</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Improve signal handling logic (Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>New contrib/rtree_gist (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New contrib/tsearch full-text indexing (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add contrib/dblink for remote database access (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/ora2pg Oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/xml XML conversion utility (John Gray)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>contrib/fulltextindex fixes (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New contrib/fuzzystrmatch with levenshtein and metaphone, soundex merged (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add contrib/intarray boolean queries, binary search, fixes (Oleg Bartunov)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>New pg_upgrade utility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add new pg_resetxlog options (Bruce, Tom)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-1-3">
   <title>Release 7.1.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2001-08-15</simpara>
   </note>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.1.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Remove unused WAL segments of large transactions (Tom)
Multiaction rule fix (Tom)
PL/pgSQL memory allocation fix (Jan)
VACUUM buffer fix (Tom)
Regression test fixes (Tom)
pg_dump fixes for GRANT/REVOKE/comments on views, user-defined types (Tom)
Fix subselects with DISTINCT ON or LIMIT (Tom)
BeOS fix
Disable COPY TO/FROM a view (Tom)
Cygwin build (Jason Tishler)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-1-2">
   <title>Release 7.1.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2001-05-11</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has one fix from 7.1.1.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.1.X.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Fix PL/pgSQL SELECTs when returning no rows
Fix for psql backslash core dump
Referential integrity privilege fix
Optimizer fixes
pg_dump cleanups
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-1-1">
   <title>Release 7.1.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2001-05-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.1.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.1.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Fix for numeric MODULO operator (Tom)
pg_dump fixes (Philip)
pg_dump can dump 7.0 databases (Philip)
readline 4.2 fixes (Peter E)
JOIN fixes (Tom)
AIX, MSWIN, VAX, N32K fixes (Tom)
Multibytes fixes (Tom)
Unicode fixes (Tatsuo)
Optimizer improvements (Tom)
Fix for whole rows in functions (Tom)
Fix for pg_ctl and option strings with spaces (Peter E)
ODBC fixes (Hiroshi)
EXTRACT can now take string argument (Thomas)
Python fixes (Darcy)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-1">
   <title>Release 7.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2001-04-13</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
        This release focuses on removing limitations that have existed in the
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> code for many years.
   </para>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Write-ahead Log (WAL)
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
To maintain database consistency in case of an operating system crash,
previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> have forced
all data modifications to disk before each transaction commit.  With
WAL, only one log file must be flushed to disk, greatly improving
performance.  If you have been using -F in previous releases to
disable disk flushes, you might want to consider discontinuing its use.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       TOAST
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       TOAST - Previous releases had a compiled-in row length limit,
typically 8k - 32k. This limit made storage of long text fields
difficult.  With TOAST, long rows of any length can be stored with good
performance.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Outer Joins
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
We now support outer joins.  The UNION/NOT IN
workaround for outer joins is no longer required.  We use the SQL92
outer join syntax.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Function Manager
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
The previous C function manager did not
handle null values properly, nor did it support 64-bit <acronym>CPU</acronym>'s (Alpha).  The new
function manager does.  You can continue using your old custom
functions, but you might want to rewrite them in the future to use the new
function manager call interface.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
       Complex Queries
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
A large number of complex queries that were
unsupported in previous releases now work.  Many combinations of views,
aggregates, UNION, LIMIT, cursors, subqueries, and inherited tables
now work properly. Inherited tables are now accessed by default.
Subqueries in FROM are now supported.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.1</title>

    <para>
        A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate
        data from any previous release.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
Many multibyte/Unicode/locale fixes (Tatsuo and others)
More reliable ALTER TABLE RENAME (Tom)
Kerberos V fixes (David Wragg)
Fix for INSERT INTO...SELECT where targetlist has subqueries (Tom)
Prompt username/password on standard error (Bruce)
Large objects inv_read/inv_write fixes (Tom)
Fixes for to_char(), to_date(), to_ascii(), and to_timestamp() (Karel,
    Daniel Baldoni)
Prevent query expressions from leaking memory (Tom)
Allow UPDATE of arrays elements (Tom)
Wake up lock waiters during cancel (Hiroshi)
Fix rare cursor crash when using hash join (Tom)
Fix for DROP TABLE/INDEX in rolled-back transaction (Hiroshi)
Fix psql crash from \l+ if MULTIBYTE enabled (Peter E)
Fix truncation of rule names during CREATE VIEW (Ross Reedstrom)
Fix PL/perl (Alex Kapranoff)
Disallow LOCK on views (Mark Hollomon)
Disallow INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on views (Mark Hollomon)
Disallow DROP RULE, CREATE INDEX, TRUNCATE on views (Mark Hollomon)
Allow PL/pgSQL accept non-ASCII identifiers (Tatsuo)
Allow views to proper handle GROUP BY, aggregates, DISTINCT (Tom)
Fix rare failure with TRUNCATE command (Tom)
Allow UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT to be used with ALL, subqueries, views,
    DISTINCT, ORDER BY, SELECT...INTO (Tom)
Fix parser failures during aborted transactions (Tom)
Allow temporary relations to properly clean up indexes (Bruce)
Fix VACUUM problem with moving rows in same page (Tom)
Modify pg_dump to better handle user-defined items in template1 (Philip)
Allow LIMIT in VIEW (Tom)
Require cursor FETCH to honor LIMIT (Tom)
Allow PRIMARY/FOREIGN Key definitions on inherited columns (Stephan)
Allow ORDER BY, LIMIT in subqueries (Tom)
Allow UNION in CREATE RULE (Tom)
Make ALTER/DROP TABLE rollback-able (Vadim, Tom)
Store initdb collation in pg_control so collation cannot be changed (Tom)
Fix INSERT...SELECT with rules (Tom)
Fix FOR UPDATE inside views and subselects (Tom)
Fix OVERLAPS operators conform to SQL92 spec regarding NULLs (Tom)
Fix lpad() and rpad() to handle length less than input string (Tom)
Fix use of NOTIFY in some rules (Tom)
Overhaul btree code (Tom)
Fix NOT NULL use in Pl/pgSQL variables (Tom)
Overhaul GIST code (Oleg)
Fix CLUSTER to preserve constraints and column default (Tom)
Improved deadlock detection handling (Tom)
Allow multiple SERIAL columns in a table (Tom)
Prevent occasional index corruption (Vadim)

Enhancements
------------
Add OUTER JOINs (Tom)
Function manager overhaul (Tom)
Allow ALTER TABLE RENAME on indexes (Tom)
Improve CLUSTER (Tom)
Improve ps status display for more platforms (Peter E, Marc)
Improve CREATE FUNCTION failure message (Ross)
JDBC improvements (Peter, Travis Bauer, Christopher Cain, William Webber,
    Gunnar)
Grand Unified Configuration scheme/GUC.  Many options can now be set in
    data/postgresql.conf, postmaster/postgres flags, or SET commands (Peter E)
Improved handling of file descriptor cache (Tom)
New warning code about auto-created table alias entries (Bruce)
Overhaul initdb process (Tom, Peter E)
Overhaul of inherited tables; inherited tables now accessed by default;
   new ONLY key word prevents it (Chris Bitmead, Tom)
ODBC cleanups/improvements (Nick Gorham, Stephan Szabo, Zoltan Kovacs,
    Michael Fork)
Allow renaming of temp tables (Tom)
Overhaul memory manager contexts (Tom)
pg_dumpall uses CREATE USER or CREATE GROUP rather using COPY (Peter E)
Overhaul pg_dump (Philip Warner)
Allow pg_hba.conf secondary password file to specify only username (Peter E)
Allow TEMPORARY or TEMP key word when creating temporary tables (Bruce)
New memory leak checker (Karel)
New SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS (Thomas)
Allow nested block comments (Thomas)
Add WITHOUT TIME ZONE type qualifier (Thomas)
New ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT (Stephan)
Use NUMERIC accumulators for INTEGER aggregates (Tom)
Overhaul aggregate code (Tom)
New VARIANCE and STDDEV() aggregates
Improve dependency ordering of pg_dump (Philip)
New pg_restore command (Philip)
New pg_dump tar output option (Philip)
New pg_dump of large objects  (Philip)
New ESCAPE option to LIKE (Thomas)
New case-insensitive LIKE - ILIKE (Thomas)
Allow functional indexes to use binary-compatible type (Tom)
Allow SQL functions to be used in more contexts (Tom)
New pg_config utility (Peter E)
New PL/pgSQL EXECUTE command which allows dynamic SQL and utility statements
    (Jan)
New PL/pgSQL GET DIAGNOSTICS statement for SPI value access (Jan)
New quote_identifiers() and quote_literal() functions (Jan)
New ALTER TABLE table OWNER TO user command (Mark Hollomon)
Allow subselects in FROM, i.e. FROM (SELECT ...) [AS] alias (Tom)
Update PyGreSQL to version 3.1 (D'Arcy)
Store tables as files named by OID (Vadim)
New SQL function setval(seq,val,bool) for use in pg_dump (Philip)
Require DROP VIEW to remove views, no DROP TABLE (Mark)
Allow DROP VIEW view1, view2 (Mark)
Allow multiple objects in DROP INDEX, DROP RULE, and DROP TYPE (Tom)
Allow automatic conversion to/from Unicode (Tatsuo, Eiji)
New /contrib/pgcrypto hashing functions (Marko Kreen)
New pg_dumpall --globals-only option (Peter E)
New CHECKPOINT command for WAL which creates new WAL log file (Vadim)
New AT TIME ZONE syntax (Thomas)
Allow location of Unix domain socket to be configurable (David J. MacKenzie)
Allow postmaster to listen on a specific IP address (David J. MacKenzie)
Allow socket path name to be specified in hostname by using leading slash
    (David J. MacKenzie)
Allow CREATE DATABASE to specify template database (Tom)
New utility to convert MySQL schema dumps to SQL92 and PostgreSQL (Thomas)
New /contrib/rserv replication toolkit (Vadim)
New file format for COPY BINARY (Tom)
New /contrib/oid2name to map numeric files to table names (B Palmer)
New "idle in transaction" ps status message (Marc)
Update to pgaccess 0.98.7 (Constantin Teodorescu)
pg_ctl now defaults to -w (wait) on shutdown, new -l (log) option
Add rudimentary dependency checking to pg_dump (Philip)

Types
-----
Fix INET/CIDR type ordering and add new functions (Tom)
Make OID behave as an unsigned type (Tom)
Allow BIGINT as synonym for INT8 (Peter E)
New int2 and int8 comparison operators (Tom)
New BIT and BIT VARYING types (Adriaan Joubert, Tom, Peter E)
CHAR() no longer faster than VARCHAR() because of TOAST (Tom)
New GIST seg/cube examples (Gene Selkov)
Improved round(numeric) handling (Tom)
Fix CIDR output formatting (Tom)
New CIDR abbrev() function (Tom)

Performance
-----------
Write-Ahead Log (WAL) to provide crash recovery with less performance
    overhead (Vadim)
ANALYZE stage of VACUUM no longer exclusively locks table (Bruce)
Reduced file seeks (Denis Perchine)
Improve BTREE code for duplicate keys (Tom)
Store all large objects in a single table (Denis Perchine, Tom)
Improve memory allocation performance (Karel, Tom)

Source Code
-----------
New function manager call conventions (Tom)
SGI portability fixes (David Kaelbling)
New configure --enable-syslog option (Peter E)
New BSDI README (Bruce)
configure script moved to top level, not /src (Peter E)
Makefile/configuration/compilation overhaul (Peter E)
New configure --with-python option (Peter E)
Solaris cleanups (Peter E)
Overhaul /contrib Makefiles (Karel)
New OpenSSL configuration option (Magnus, Peter E)
AIX fixes (Andreas)
QNX fixes (Maurizio)
New heap_open(), heap_openr() API (Tom)
Remove colon and semi-colon operators (Thomas)
New pg_class.relkind value for views (Mark Hollomon)
Rename ichar() to chr() (Karel)
New documentation for btrim(), ascii(), chr(), repeat() (Karel)
Fixes for NT/Cygwin (Pete Forman)
AIX port fixes (Andreas)
New BeOS port (David Reid, Cyril Velter)
Add proofreader's changes to docs (Addison-Wesley, Bruce)
New Alpha spinlock code (Adriaan Joubert, Compaq)
UnixWare port overhaul (Peter E)
New Darwin/MacOS X port (Peter Bierman, Bruce Hartzler)
New FreeBSD Alpha port (Alfred)
Overhaul shared memory segments (Tom)
Add IBM S/390 support (Neale Ferguson)
Moved macmanuf to /contrib (Larry Rosenman)
Syslog improvements (Larry Rosenman)
New template0 database that contains no user additions (Tom)
New /contrib/cube and /contrib/seg GIST sample code (Gene Selkov)
Allow NetBSD's libedit instead of readline (Peter)
Improved assembly language source code format (Bruce)
New contrib/pg_logger
New --template option to createdb
New contrib/pg_control utility (Oliver)
New FreeBSD tools ipc_check, start-scripts/freebsd
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-0-3">
   <title>Release 7.0.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2000-11-11</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This has a variety of fixes from 7.0.2.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.0.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.0.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Jdbc fixes (Peter)
Large object fix (Tom)
Fix lean in COPY WITH OIDS leak (Tom)
Fix backwards-index-scan (Tom)
Fix SELECT ... FOR UPDATE so it checks for duplicate keys (Hiroshi)
Add --enable-syslog to configure (Marc)
Fix abort transaction at backend exit in rare cases (Tom)
Fix for psql \l+ when multibyte enabled (Tatsuo)
Allow PL/pgSQL to accept non ascii identifiers (Tatsuo)
Make vacuum always flush buffers (Tom)
Fix to allow cancel while waiting for a lock (Hiroshi)
Fix for memory allocation problem in user authentication code (Tom)
Remove bogus use of int4out() (Tom)
Fixes for multiple subqueries in COALESCE or BETWEEN (Tom)
Fix for failure of triggers on heap open in certain cases (Jeroen van
    Vianen)
Fix for erroneous selectivity of not-equals (Tom)
Fix for erroneous use of strcmp() (Tom)
Fix for bug where storage manager accesses items beyond end of file
    (Tom)
Fix to include kernel errno message in all smgr elog messages (Tom)
Fix for '.' not in PATH at build time (SL Baur)
Fix for out-of-file-descriptors error (Tom)
Fix to make pg_dump dump 'iscachable' flag for functions (Tom)
Fix for subselect in targetlist of Append node (Tom)
Fix for mergejoin plans (Tom)
Fix TRUNCATE failure on relations with indexes (Tom)
Avoid database-wide restart on write error (Hiroshi)
Fix nodeMaterial to honor chgParam by recomputing its output (Tom)
Fix VACUUM problem with moving chain of update row versions when source
    and destination of a row version lie on the same page (Tom)
Fix user.c CommandCounterIncrement (Tom)
Fix for AM/PM boundary problem in to_char() (Karel Zak)
Fix TIME aggregate handling (Tom)
Fix to_char() to avoid coredump on NULL input (Tom)
Buffer fix (Tom)
Fix for inserting/copying longer multibyte strings into char() data
    types (Tatsuo)
Fix for crash of backend, on abort (Tom)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-0-2">
   <title>Release 7.0.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2000-06-05</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This is a repackaging of 7.0.1 with added documentation.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.0.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Added documentation to tarball.
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-7-0-1">
   <title>Release 7.0.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2000-06-01</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This is a cleanup release for 7.0.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.0.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     7.0.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Fix many CLUSTER failures (Tom)
Allow ALTER TABLE RENAME works on indexes (Tom)
Fix plpgsql to handle datetime-&gt;timestamp and timespan-&gt;interval (Bruce)
New configure --with-setproctitle switch to use setproctitle() (Marc, Bruce)
Fix the off by one errors in ResultSet from 6.5.3, and more.
jdbc ResultSet fixes (Joseph Shraibman)
optimizer tunings (Tom)
Fix create user for pgaccess
Fix for UNLISTEN failure
IRIX fixes (David Kaelbling)
QNX fixes (Andreas Kardos)
Reduce COPY IN lock level (Tom)
Change libpqeasy to use PQconnectdb() style parameters (Bruce)
Fix pg_dump to handle OID indexes (Tom)
Fix small memory leak (Tom)
Solaris fix for createdb/dropdb (Tatsuo)
Fix for non-blocking connections (Alfred Perlstein)
Fix improper recovery after RENAME TABLE failures (Tom)
Copy pg_ident.conf.sample into /lib directory in install (Bruce)
Add SJIS UDC (NEC selection IBM kanji) support (Eiji Tokuya)
Fix too long syslog message (Tatsuo)
Fix problem with quoted indexes that are too long (Tom)
JDBC ResultSet.getTimestamp() fix (Gregory Krasnow & Floyd Marinescu)
ecpg changes (Michael)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-7-0">
   <title>Release 7.0</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>2000-05-08</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release contains improvements in many areas, demonstrating
    the continued growth of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
    There are more improvements and fixes in 7.0 than in any previous
    release. The developers have confidence that this is the best
    release yet; we do our best to put out only solid releases, and
    this one is no exception.
   </para>

   <para>
    Major changes in this release:
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Foreign Keys
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Foreign keys are now implemented, with the exception of PARTIAL MATCH
       foreign keys. Many users have been asking for this feature, and we are
       pleased to offer it.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Optimizer Overhaul
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Continuing on work started a year ago, the optimizer has been
       improved, allowing better query plan selection and faster performance
       with less memory usage.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Updated <application>psql</application>
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       <application>psql</application>, our interactive terminal monitor, has been
       updated with a variety of new features. See the <application>psql</application> manual page for details.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>
      Join Syntax
     </term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       SQL92 join syntax is now supported, though only as
       <literal>INNER JOIN</> for this release. <literal>JOIN</>,
       <literal>NATURAL JOIN</>, <literal>JOIN</>/<literal>USING</>,
       and <literal>JOIN</>/<literal>ON</> are available, as are
       column correlation names.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 7.0</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
     For those upgrading from 6.5.*, you can instead use
     <application>pg_upgrade</application> to upgrade to this
     release; however, a full dump/reload installation is always the
     most robust method for upgrades.
    </para>

    <para>
     Interface and compatibility issues to consider for the new
     release include:
    </para>

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The date/time types <type>datetime</type> and
       <type>timespan</type> have been superseded by the
       SQL92-defined types <type>timestamp</type> and
       <type>interval</type>. Although there has been some effort to
       ease the transition by allowing
       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to recognize
       the deprecated type names and translate them to the new type
       names, this mechanism cannot be completely transparent to
       your existing application.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The optimizer has been substantially improved in the area of
       query cost estimation. In some cases, this will result in
       decreased query times as the optimizer makes a better choice
       for the preferred plan. However, in a small number of cases,
       usually involving pathological distributions of data, your
       query times might go up. If you are dealing with large amounts
       of data, you might want to check your queries to verify
       performance.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <acronym>JDBC</acronym> and <acronym>ODBC</acronym>
       interfaces have been upgraded and extended.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The string function <function>CHAR_LENGTH</function> is now a
       native function. Previous versions translated this into a call
       to <function>LENGTH</function>, which could result in
       ambiguity with other types implementing
       <function>LENGTH</function> such as the geometric types.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
Prevent function calls exceeding maximum number of arguments (Tom)
Improve CASE construct (Tom)
Fix SELECT coalesce(f1,0) FROM int4_tbl GROUP BY f1 (Tom)
Fix SELECT sentence.words[0] FROM sentence GROUP BY sentence.words[0] (Tom)
Fix GROUP BY scan bug (Tom)
Improvements in SQL grammar processing (Tom)
Fix for views involved in INSERT ... SELECT ... (Tom)
Fix for SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a/2 (Tom)
Fix for subselects in INSERT ... SELECT (Tom)
Prevent INSERT ... SELECT ... ORDER BY (Tom)
Fixes for relations greater than 2GB, including vacuum
Improve propagating system table changes to other backends (Tom)
Improve propagating user table changes to other backends (Tom)
Fix handling of temp tables in complex situations (Bruce, Tom)
Allow table locking at table open, improving concurrent reliability (Tom)
Properly quote sequence names in pg_dump (Ross J. Reedstrom)
Prevent DROP DATABASE while others accessing
Prevent any rows from being returned by GROUP BY if no rows processed (Tom)
Fix SELECT COUNT(1) FROM table WHERE ...' if no rows matching WHERE (Tom)
Fix pg_upgrade so it works for MVCC (Tom)
Fix for SELECT ... WHERE x IN (SELECT ... HAVING SUM(x) &gt; 1) (Tom)
Fix for "f1 datetime DEFAULT 'now'"  (Tom)
Fix problems with CURRENT_DATE used in DEFAULT (Tom)
Allow comment-only lines, and ;;; lines too. (Tom)
Improve recovery after failed disk writes, disk full (Hiroshi)
Fix cases where table is mentioned in FROM but not joined (Tom)
Allow HAVING clause without aggregate functions (Tom)
Fix for "--" comment and no trailing newline, as seen in perl interface
Improve pg_dump failure error reports (Bruce)
Allow sorts and hashes to exceed 2GB file sizes (Tom)
Fix for pg_dump dumping of inherited rules (Tom)
Fix for NULL handling comparisons (Tom)
Fix inconsistent state caused by failed CREATE/DROP commands (Hiroshi)
Fix for dbname with dash
Prevent DROP INDEX from interfering with other backends (Tom)
Fix file descriptor leak in verify_password()
Fix for "Unable to identify an operator =$" problem
Fix ODBC so no segfault if CommLog and Debug enabled (Dirk Niggemann)
Fix for recursive exit call (Massimo)
Fix for extra-long timezones (Jeroen van Vianen)
Make pg_dump preserve primary key information (Peter E)
Prevent databases with single quotes (Peter E)
Prevent DROP DATABASE inside  transaction (Peter E)
ecpg memory leak fixes (Stephen Birch)
Fix for SELECT null::text, SELECT int4fac(null) and SELECT 2 + (null) (Tom)
Y2K timestamp fix (Massimo)
Fix for VACUUM 'HEAP_MOVED_IN was not expected' errors (Tom)
Fix for views with tables/columns containing spaces  (Tom)
Prevent privileges on indexes (Peter E)
Fix for spinlock stuck problem when error is generated (Hiroshi)
Fix ipcclean on Linux
Fix handling of NULL constraint conditions (Tom)
Fix memory leak in odbc driver (Nick Gorham)
Fix for privilege check on UNION tables (Tom)
Fix to allow SELECT 'a' LIKE 'a' (Tom)
Fix for SELECT 1 + NULL (Tom)
Fixes to CHAR
Fix log() on numeric type (Tom)
Deprecate ':' and ';' operators
Allow vacuum of temporary tables
Disallow inherited columns with the same name as new columns
Recover or force failure when disk space is exhausted (Hiroshi)
Fix INSERT INTO ... SELECT with AS columns matching result columns
Fix INSERT ... SELECT ... GROUP BY groups by target columns not source columns (Tom)
Fix CREATE TABLE test (a char(5) DEFAULT text '', b int4) with INSERT (Tom)
Fix UNION with LIMIT
Fix CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 2
Fix CREATE TABLE test(col char(2) DEFAULT user)
Fix mismatched types in CREATE TABLE ... DEFAULT
Fix SELECT * FROM pg_class where oid in (0,-1)
Fix SELECT COUNT('asdf') FROM pg_class WHERE oid=12
Prevent user who can create databases can modifying pg_database table (Peter E)
Fix btree to give a useful elog when key &gt; 1/2 (page - overhead) (Tom)
Fix INSERT of 0.0 into DECIMAL(4,4) field (Tom)

Enhancements
------------
New CLI interface include file sqlcli.h, based on SQL3/SQL98
Remove all limits on query length, row length limit still exists (Tom)
Update jdbc protocol to 2.0 (Jens Glaser <email>jens@jens.de</email>)
Add TRUNCATE command to quickly truncate relation (Mike Mascari)
Fix to give super user and createdb user proper update catalog rights (Peter E)
Allow ecpg bool variables to have NULL values (Christof)
Issue ecpg error if NULL value for variable with no NULL indicator (Christof)
Allow ^C to cancel COPY command (Massimo)
Add SET FSYNC and SHOW PG_OPTIONS commands(Massimo)
Function name overloading for dynamically-loaded C functions (Frankpitt)
Add CmdTuples() to libpq++(Vince)
New CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER and SET CONSTRAINTS commands(Jan)
Allow CREATE FUNCTION/WITH clause to be used for all language types
configure --enable-debug adds -g (Peter E)
configure --disable-debug removes -g (Peter E)
Allow more complex default expressions (Tom)
First real FOREIGN KEY constraint trigger functionality (Jan)
Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH FULL ... ON DELETE CASCADE (Jan)
Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH &lt;unspecified&gt; referential actions (Don Baccus)
Allow WHERE restriction on ctid (physical heap location) (Hiroshi)
Move pginterface from contrib to interface directory, rename to pgeasy (Bruce)
Change pgeasy connectdb() parameter ordering (Bruce)
Require SELECT DISTINCT target list to have all ORDER BY columns (Tom)
Add Oracle's COMMENT ON command (Mike Mascari <email>mascarim@yahoo.com</email>)
libpq's PQsetNoticeProcessor function now returns previous hook(Peter E)
Prevent PQsetNoticeProcessor from being set to NULL (Peter E)
Make USING in COPY optional (Bruce)
Allow subselects in the target list (Tom)
Allow subselects on the left side of comparison operators (Tom)
New parallel regression test (Jan)
Change backend-side COPY to write files with permissions 644 not 666 (Tom)
Force permissions on PGDATA directory to be secure, even if it exists (Tom)
Added psql LASTOID variable to return last inserted oid (Peter E)
Allow concurrent vacuum and remove pg_vlock vacuum lock file (Tom)
Add privilege check for vacuum (Peter E)
New libpq functions to allow asynchronous connections: PQconnectStart(),
   PQconnectPoll(), PQresetStart(), PQresetPoll(), PQsetenvStart(),
   PQsetenvPoll(), PQsetenvAbort (Ewan Mellor)
New libpq PQsetenv() function (Ewan Mellor)
create/alter user extension (Peter E)
New postmaster.pid and postmaster.opts under $PGDATA (Tatsuo)
New scripts for create/drop user/db (Peter E)
Major psql overhaul (Peter E)
Add const to libpq interface (Peter E)
New libpq function PQoidValue (Peter E)
Show specific non-aggregate causing problem with GROUP BY (Tom)
Make changes to pg_shadow recreate pg_pwd file (Peter E)
Add aggregate(DISTINCT ...) (Tom)
Allow flag to control COPY input/output of NULLs (Peter E)
Make postgres user have a password by default (Peter E)
Add CREATE/ALTER/DROP GROUP (Peter E)
All administration scripts now support --long options (Peter E, Karel)
Vacuumdb script now supports --all option (Peter E)
ecpg new portable FETCH syntax
Add ecpg EXEC SQL IFDEF, EXEC SQL IFNDEF, EXEC SQL ELSE, EXEC SQL ELIF
        and EXEC SQL ENDIF directives
Add pg_ctl script to control backend start-up (Tatsuo)
Add postmaster.opts.default file to store start-up flags (Tatsuo)
Allow --with-mb=SQL_ASCII
Increase maximum number of index keys to 16 (Bruce)
Increase maximum number of function arguments to 16 (Bruce)
Allow configuration of maximum number of index keys and arguments (Bruce)
Allow unprivileged users to change their passwords (Peter E)
Password authentication enabled; required for new users (Peter E)
Disallow dropping a user who owns a database (Peter E)
Change initdb option --with-mb to --enable-multibyte
Add option for initdb to prompts for superuser password (Peter E)
Allow complex type casts like col::numeric(9,2) and col::int2::float8 (Tom)
Updated user interfaces on initdb, initlocation, pg_dump, ipcclean (Peter E)
New pg_char_to_encoding() and pg_encoding_to_char() functions (Tatsuo)
libpq non-blocking mode (Alfred Perlstein)
Improve conversion of types in casts that don't specify a length
New plperl internal programming language (Mark Hollomon)
Allow COPY IN to read file that do not end with a newline (Tom)
Indicate when long identifiers are truncated (Tom)
Allow aggregates to use type equivalency (Peter E)
Add Oracle's to_char(), to_date(), to_datetime(), to_timestamp(), to_number()
        conversion functions (Karel Zak &lt;zakkr@zf.jcu.cz&gt;)
Add SELECT DISTINCT ON (expr [, expr ...]) targetlist ... (Tom)
Check to be sure ORDER BY is compatible with the DISTINCT operation (Tom)
Add NUMERIC and int8 types to ODBC
Improve EXPLAIN results for Append, Group, Agg, Unique (Tom)
Add ALTER TABLE ... ADD FOREIGN KEY (Stephan Szabo)
Allow SELECT .. FOR UPDATE in PL/pgSQL (Hiroshi)
Enable backward sequential scan even after reaching EOF (Hiroshi)
Add btree indexing of boolean values, &gt;= and &lt;= (Don Baccus)
Print current line number when COPY FROM fails (Massimo)
Recognize POSIX time zone e.g. "PST+8" and "GMT-8" (Thomas)
Add DEC as synonym for DECIMAL (Thomas)
Add SESSION_USER as SQL92 key word, same as CURRENT_USER (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 column aliases (aka correlation names) (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 join syntax (Thomas)
Make INTERVAL reserved word allowed as a column identifier (Thomas)
Implement REINDEX command (Hiroshi)
Accept ALL in aggregate function SUM(ALL col) (Tom)
Prevent GROUP BY from using column aliases (Tom)
New psql \encoding option (Tatsuo)
Allow PQrequestCancel() to terminate when in waiting-for-lock state (Hiroshi)
Allow negation of a negative number in all cases
Add ecpg descriptors (Christof, Michael)
Allow CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT f1::char(8) FROM tbl
Allow casts with length, like foo::char(8)
New libpq functions PQsetClientEncoding(), PQclientEncoding() (Tatsuo)
Add support for SJIS user defined characters (Tatsuo)
Larger views/rules supported
Make libpq's PQconndefaults() thread-safe (Tom)
Disable // as comment to be ANSI conforming, should use -- (Tom)
Allow column aliases on views CREATE VIEW name (collist)
Fixes for views with subqueries (Tom)
Allow UPDATE table SET fld = (SELECT ...) (Tom)
SET command options no longer require quotes
Update pgaccess to 0.98.6
New SET SEED command
New pg_options.sample file
New SET FSYNC command (Massimo)
Allow pg_descriptions when creating tables
Allow pg_descriptions when creating types, columns, and functions
Allow psql \copy to allow delimiters (Peter E)
Allow psql to print nulls as distinct from "" [null] (Peter E)

Types
-----
Many array fixes (Tom)
Allow bare column names to be subscripted as arrays (Tom)
Improve type casting of int and float constants (Tom)
Cleanups for int8 inputs, range checking, and type conversion (Tom)
Fix for SELECT timespan('21:11:26'::time) (Tom)
netmask('x.x.x.x/0') is 255.255.255.255 instead of 0.0.0.0 (Oleg Sharoiko)
Add btree index on NUMERIC (Jan)
Perl fix for large objects containing NUL characters (Douglas Thomson)
ODBC fix for large objects (free)
Fix indexing of cidr data type
Fix for Ethernet MAC addresses (macaddr type) comparisons
Fix for date/time types when overflows happened in computations (Tom)
Allow array on int8 (Peter E)
Fix for rounding/overflow of NUMERIC type, like NUMERIC(4,4) (Tom)
Allow NUMERIC arrays
Fix bugs in NUMERIC ceil() and floor() functions (Tom)
Make char_length()/octet_length including trailing blanks (Tom)
Made abstime/reltime use int4 instead of time_t (Peter E)
New lztext data type for compressed text fields
Revise code to handle coercion of int and float constants (Tom)
Start at new code to implement a BIT and BIT VARYING type (Adriaan Joubert)
NUMERIC now accepts scientific notation (Tom)
NUMERIC to int4 rounds (Tom)
Convert float4/8 to NUMERIC properly (Tom)
Allow type conversion with NUMERIC (Thomas)
Make ISO date style (2000-02-16 09:33) the default (Thomas)
Add NATIONAL CHAR [ VARYING ] (Thomas)
Allow NUMERIC round and trunc to accept negative scales (Tom)
New TIME WITH TIME ZONE type (Thomas)
Add MAX()/MIN() on time type (Thomas)
Add abs(), mod(), fac() for int8 (Thomas)
Rename functions to round(), sqrt(), cbrt(), pow() for float8 (Thomas)
Add transcendental math functions (e.g. sin(), acos()) for float8 (Thomas)
Add exp() and ln() for NUMERIC type
Rename NUMERIC power() to pow() (Thomas)
Improved TRANSLATE() function (Edwin Ramirez, Tom)
Allow X=-Y operators  (Tom)
Allow SELECT float8(COUNT(*))/(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t) FROM t GROUP BY f1; (Tom)
Allow LOCALE to use indexes in regular expression searches (Tom)
Allow creation of functional indexes to use default types

Performance
-----------
Prevent exponential space consumption with many AND's and OR's (Tom)
Collect attribute selectivity values for system columns (Tom)
Reduce memory usage of aggregates (Tom)
Fix for LIKE optimization to use indexes with multibyte encodings (Tom)
Fix r-tree index optimizer selectivity (Thomas)
Improve optimizer selectivity computations and functions (Tom)
Optimize btree searching for cases where many equal keys exist (Tom)
Enable fast LIKE index processing only if index present (Tom)
Re-use free space on index pages with duplicates (Tom)
Improve hash join processing (Tom)
Prevent descending sort if result is already sorted(Hiroshi)
Allow commuting of index scan query qualifications (Tom)
Prefer index scans in cases where ORDER BY/GROUP BY is required (Tom)
Allocate large memory requests in fix-sized chunks for performance (Tom)
Fix vacuum's performance by reducing memory allocation requests (Tom)
Implement constant-expression simplification (Bernard Frankpitt, Tom)
Use secondary columns to be used to determine start of index scan (Hiroshi)
Prevent quadruple use of disk space when doing internal sorting (Tom)
Faster sorting by calling fewer functions (Tom)
Create system indexes to match all system caches (Bruce, Hiroshi)
Make system caches use system indexes (Bruce)
Make all system indexes unique (Bruce)
Improve pg_statistics management for VACUUM speed improvement (Tom)
Flush backend cache less frequently (Tom, Hiroshi)
COPY now reuses previous memory allocation, improving performance (Tom)
Improve optimization cost estimation (Tom)
Improve optimizer estimate of range queries x &gt; lowbound AND x &lt; highbound (Tom)
Use DNF instead of CNF where appropriate (Tom, Taral)
Further cleanup for OR-of-AND WHERE-clauses (Tom)
Make use of index in OR clauses (x = 1 AND y = 2) OR (x = 2 AND y = 4) (Tom)
Smarter optimizer computations for random index page access (Tom)
New SET variable to control optimizer costs (Tom)
Optimizer queries based on LIMIT, OFFSET, and EXISTS qualifications (Tom)
Reduce optimizer internal housekeeping of join paths for speedup (Tom)
Major subquery speedup (Tom)
Fewer fsync writes when fsync is not disabled (Tom)
Improved LIKE optimizer estimates (Tom)
Prevent fsync in SELECT-only queries (Vadim)
Make index creation use psort code, because it is now faster (Tom)
Allow creation of sort temp tables &gt; 1 Gig

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Fix for linux PPC compile
New generic expression-tree-walker subroutine (Tom)
Change form() to varargform() to prevent portability problems
Improved range checking for large integers on Alphas
Clean up #include in /include directory (Bruce)
Add scripts for checking includes (Bruce)
Remove un-needed #include's from *.c files (Bruce)
Change #include's to use &lt;&gt; and "" as appropriate (Bruce)
Enable Windows compilation of libpq
Alpha spinlock fix from Uncle George <email>gatgul@voicenet.com</email>
Overhaul of optimizer data structures (Tom)
Fix to cygipc library (Yutaka Tanida)
Allow pgsql to work on newer Cygwin snapshots (Dan)
New catalog version number (Tom)
Add Linux ARM
Rename heap_replace to heap_update
Update for QNX (Dr. Andreas Kardos)
New platform-specific regression handling (Tom)
Rename oid8 -&gt; oidvector and int28 -&gt; int2vector (Bruce)
Included all yacc and lex files into the distribution (Peter E.)
Remove lextest, no longer needed (Peter E)
Fix for libpq and psql on Windows (Magnus)
Internally change datetime and timespan into timestamp and interval (Thomas)
Fix for plpgsql on BSD/OS
Add SQL_ASCII test case to the regression test (Tatsuo)
configure --with-mb now deprecated (Tatsuo)
NT fixes
NetBSD fixes (Johnny C. Lam <email>lamj@stat.cmu.edu</email>)
Fixes for Alpha compiles
New multibyte encodings
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-6-5-3">
   <title>Release 6.5.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1999-10-13</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.2.  We have added a new
    <application>PgAccess</> that was missing in 6.5.2, and installed an NT-specific fix.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 6.5.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     6.5.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>
   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Updated version of pgaccess 0.98
NT-specific patch
Fix dumping rules on inherited tables
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


  <sect1 id="release-6-5-2">
   <title>Release 6.5.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1999-09-15</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.1.  We have fixed a variety of
    problems reported by 6.5.1 users.
   </para>


   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 6.5.2</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     6.5.*.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
subselect+CASE fixes(Tom)
Add SHLIB_LINK setting for solaris_i386 and solaris_sparc ports(Daren Sefcik)
Fixes for CASE in WHERE join clauses(Tom)
Fix BTScan abort(Tom)
Repair the check for redundant UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY indexes(Thomas)
Improve it so that it checks for multicolumn constraints(Thomas)
Fix for Windows making problem with MB enabled(Hiroki Kataoka)
Allow BSD yacc and bison to compile pl code(Bruce)
Fix SET NAMES working
int8 fixes(Thomas)
Fix vacuum's memory consumption(Hiroshi,Tatsuo)
Reduce the total memory consumption of vacuum(Tom)
Fix for timestamp(datetime)
Rule deparsing bugfixes(Tom)
Fix quoting problems in mkMakefile.tcldefs.sh.in and mkMakefile.tkdefs.sh.in(Tom)
This is to re-use space on index pages freed by vacuum(Vadim)
document -x for pg_dump(Bruce)
Fix for unary operators in rule deparser(Tom)
Comment out FileUnlink of excess segments during mdtruncate()(Tom)
IRIX linking fix from Yu Cao &gt;yucao@falcon.kla-tencor.com&lt;
Repair logic error in LIKE: should not return LIKE_ABORT
   when reach end of pattern before end of text(Tom)
Repair incorrect cleanup of heap memory allocation during transaction abort(Tom)
Updated version of pgaccess 0.98
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-6-5-1">
   <title>Release 6.5.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1999-07-15</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.  We have fixed a variety of
    problems reported by 6.5 users.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 6.5.1</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
     6.5.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Add NT README file
Portability fixes for linux_ppc, IRIX, linux_alpha, OpenBSD, alpha
Remove QUERY_LIMIT, use SELECT...LIMIT
Fix for EXPLAIN on inheritance(Tom)
Patch to allow vacuum on multisegment tables(Hiroshi)
R-Tree optimizer selectivity fix(Tom)
ACL file descriptor leak fix(Atsushi Ogawa)
New expression subtree code(Tom)
Avoid disk writes for read-only transactions(Vadim)
Fix for removal of temp tables if last transaction was aborted(Bruce)
Fix to prevent too large row from being created(Bruce)
plpgsql fixes
Allow port numbers 32k - 64k(Bruce)
Add ^ precedence(Bruce)
Rename sort files called pg_temp to pg_sorttemp(Bruce)
Fix for microseconds in time values(Tom)
Tutorial source cleanup
New linux_m68k port
Fix for sorting of NULL's in some cases(Tom)
Shared library dependencies fixed (Tom)
Fixed glitches affecting GROUP BY in subselects(Tom)
Fix some compiler warnings (Tomoaki Nishiyama)
Add Win1250 (Czech) support (Pavel Behal)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-6-5">
   <title>Release 6.5</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1999-06-09</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    This release marks a major step in the development team's mastery of the source
    code we inherited from Berkeley.  You will see we are now easily adding
    major features, thanks to the increasing size and experience of our
    world-wide development team.
   </para>

   <para>
    Here is a brief summary of the more notable changes:

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Multiversion concurrency control(MVCC)
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This removes our old table-level locking, and replaces it with
        a locking system that is superior to most commercial database
        systems.  In a traditional system, each row that is modified
        is locked until committed, preventing reads by other users.
        MVCC uses the natural multiversion nature of
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to allow readers to
        continue reading consistent data during writer activity.
        Writers continue to use the compact pg_log transaction system.
        This is all performed without having to allocate a lock for
        every row like traditional database systems.  So, basically,
        we no longer are restricted by simple table-level locking; we
        have something better than row-level locking.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Hot backups from <application>pg_dump</application>
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <application>pg_dump</application> takes advantage of the new
        MVCC features to give a consistent database dump/backup while
        the database stays online and available for queries.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Numeric data type
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        We now have a true numeric data type, with
        user-specified precision.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Temporary tables
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Temporary tables are guaranteed to have unique names
        within a database session, and are destroyed on session exit.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       New SQL features
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        We now have CASE, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT statement
        support.  We have new LIMIT/OFFSET, SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL,
        SELECT ... FOR UPDATE, and an improved LOCK TABLE command.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Speedups
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        We continue to speed up <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>,
        thanks to the variety of talents within our team.  We have
        sped up memory allocation, optimization, table joins, and row
        transfer routines.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Ports
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        We continue to expand our port list, this time including
        <systemitem class="osname">Windows NT</>/<systemitem>ix86</> and <systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</>/<systemitem>arm32</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Interfaces
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Most interfaces have new versions, and existing functionality
        has been improved.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Documentation
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        New and updated material is present throughout the
        documentation. New <acronym>FAQ</acronym>s have been
        contributed for <systemitem class="osname">SGI</> and <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> platforms.
        The <citetitle>Tutorial</citetitle> has introductory information
        on <acronym>SQL</acronym> from Stefan Simkovics.
        For the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>, there are
        reference pages covering the postmaster and more utility
        programs, and a new appendix
        contains details on date/time behavior.
        The <citetitle>Administrator's Guide</citetitle> has a new
        chapter on troubleshooting from Tom Lane.
        And the <citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle> has a
        description of query processing, also from Stefan, and details
        on obtaining the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source
        tree via anonymous <productname>CVS</productname> and
        <productname>CVSup</productname>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 6.5</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
     <application>pg_upgrade</application> can <emphasis>not</emphasis>
     be used to upgrade to this release because the on-disk structure
     of the tables has changed compared to previous releases.
    </para>

    <para>
     The new Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) features can
     give somewhat different behaviors in multiuser
     environments. <emphasis>Read and understand the following section
      to ensure that your existing applications will give you the
      behavior you need.</emphasis>
    </para>

    <sect3>
     <title>Multiversion Concurrency Control</title>

     <para>
      Because readers in 6.5 don't lock data, regardless of transaction
      isolation level, data read by one transaction can be overwritten by
      another. In other words, if a row is returned by
      <command>SELECT</command> it doesn't mean that this row really exists
      at the time it is returned (i.e. sometime after the statement or
      transaction began) nor that the row is protected from being deleted or
      updated by concurrent transactions before the current transaction does
      a commit or rollback.
     </para>

     <para>
      To ensure the actual existence of a row and protect it against
      concurrent updates one must use <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</command> or
      an appropriate <command>LOCK TABLE</command> statement. This should be
      taken into account when porting applications from previous releases of
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and other environments.
     </para>

     <para>
      Keep the above in mind if you are using
      <filename>contrib/refint.*</filename> triggers for
      referential integrity. Additional techniques are required now. One way is
      to use <command>LOCK parent_table IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE</command>
      command if a transaction is going to update/delete a primary key and
      use <command>LOCK parent_table IN SHARE MODE</command> command if a
      transaction is going to update/insert a foreign key.

      <note>
       <para>
        Note that if you run a transaction in SERIALIZABLE mode then you must
        execute the <command>LOCK</command> commands above before execution of any
        <acronym>DML</acronym> statement
        (<command>SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/FETCH/COPY_TO</command>) in the
        transaction.
       </para>
      </note>
     </para>

     <para>
      These inconveniences will disappear in the future
      when the ability to read dirty
      (uncommitted) data (regardless of isolation level) and true referential
      integrity will be implemented.
     </para>
    </sect3>
    </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix text&lt;-&gt;float8 and text&lt;-&gt;float4 conversion functions(Thomas)
Fix for creating tables with mixed-case constraints(Billy)
Change exp()/pow() behavior to generate error on underflow/overflow(Jan)
Fix bug in pg_dump -z
Memory overrun cleanups(Tatsuo)
Fix for lo_import crash(Tatsuo)
Adjust handling of data type names to suppress double quotes(Thomas)
Use type coercion for matching columns and DEFAULT(Thomas)
Fix deadlock so it only checks once after one second of sleep(Bruce)
Fixes for aggregates and PL/pgsql(Hiroshi)
Fix for subquery crash(Vadim)
Fix for libpq function PQfnumber and case-insensitive names(Bahman Rafatjoo)
Fix for large object write-in-middle, no extra block, memory consumption(Tatsuo)
Fix for pg_dump -d or -D and  quote special characters in INSERT
Repair serious problems with dynahash(Tom)
Fix INET/CIDR portability problems
Fix problem with selectivity error in ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN(Bruce)
Fix executor so mergejoin of different column types works(Tom)
Fix for Alpha OR selectivity bug
Fix OR index selectivity problem(Bruce)
Fix so \d shows proper length for char()/varchar()(Ryan)
Fix tutorial code(Clark)
Improve destroyuser checking(Oliver)
Fix for Kerberos(Rodney McDuff)
Fix for dropping database while dirty buffers(Bruce)
Fix so sequence nextval() can be case-sensitive(Bruce)
Fix !!= operator
Drop buffers before destroying database files(Bruce)
Fix case where executor evaluates functions twice(Tatsuo)
Allow sequence nextval actions to be case-sensitive(Bruce)
Fix optimizer indexing not working for negative numbers(Bruce)
Fix for memory leak in executor with fjIsNull
Fix for aggregate memory leaks(Erik Riedel)
Allow user name containing a dash to grant privileges
Cleanup of NULL in inet types
Clean up system table bugs(Tom)
Fix problems of PAGER and \? command(Masaaki Sakaida)
Reduce default multisegment file size limit to 1GB(Peter)
Fix for dumping of CREATE OPERATOR(Tom)
Fix for backward scanning of cursors(Hiroshi Inoue)
Fix for COPY FROM STDIN when using \i(Tom)
Fix for subselect is compared inside an expression(Jan)
Fix handling of error reporting while returning rows(Tom)
Fix problems with reference to array types(Tom,Jan)
Prevent UPDATE SET oid(Jan)
Fix pg_dump so -t option can handle case-sensitive tablenames
Fixes for GROUP BY in special cases(Tom, Jan)
Fix for memory leak in failed queries(Tom)
DEFAULT now supports mixed-case identifiers(Tom)
Fix for multisegment uses of DROP/RENAME table, indexes(Ole Gjerde)
Disable use of pg_dump with both -o and -d options(Bruce)
Allow pg_dump to properly dump group privileges(Bruce)
Fix GROUP BY in INSERT INTO table SELECT * FROM table2(Jan)
Fix for computations in views(Jan)
Fix for aggregates on array indexes(Tom)
Fix for DEFAULT handles single quotes in value requiring too many quotes
Fix security problem with non-super users importing/exporting large objects(Tom)
Rollback of transaction that creates table cleaned up properly(Tom)
Fix to allow long table and column names to generate proper serial names(Tom)

Enhancements
------------
Add "vacuumdb" utility
Speed up libpq by allocating memory better(Tom)
EXPLAIN all indexes used(Tom)
Implement CASE, COALESCE, NULLIF  expression(Thomas)
New pg_dump table output format(Constantin)
Add string min()/max() functions(Thomas)
Extend new type coercion techniques to aggregates(Thomas)
New moddatetime contrib(Terry)
Update to pgaccess 0.96(Constantin)
Add routines for single-byte "char" type(Thomas)
Improved substr() function(Thomas)
Improved multibyte handling(Tatsuo)
Multiversion concurrency control/MVCC(Vadim)
New Serialized mode(Vadim)
Fix for tables over 2gigs(Peter)
New SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL(Vadim)
New LOCK TABLE IN ... MODE(Vadim)
Update ODBC driver(Byron)
New NUMERIC data type(Jan)
New SELECT FOR UPDATE(Vadim)
Handle "NaN" and "Infinity" for input values(Jan)
Improved date/year handling(Thomas)
Improved handling of backend connections(Magnus)
New options ELOG_TIMESTAMPS and USE_SYSLOG options for log files(Massimo)
New TCL_ARRAYS option(Massimo)
New INTERSECT and EXCEPT(Stefan)
New pg_index.indisprimary for primary key tracking(D'Arcy)
New pg_dump option to allow dropping of tables before creation(Brook)
Speedup of row output routines(Tom)
New READ COMMITTED isolation level(Vadim)
New TEMP tables/indexes(Bruce)
Prevent sorting if result is already sorted(Jan)
New memory allocation optimization(Jan)
Allow psql to do \p\g(Bruce)
Allow multiple rule actions(Jan)
Added LIMIT/OFFSET functionality(Jan)
Improve optimizer when joining a large number of tables(Bruce)
New intro to SQL from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis (Stefan, Thomas)
New intro to backend processing from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis (Stefan)
Improved int8 support(Ryan Bradetich, Thomas, Tom)
New routines to convert between int8 and text/varchar types(Thomas)
New bushy plans, where meta-tables are joined(Bruce)
Enable right-hand queries by default(Bruce)
Allow reliable maximum number of backends to be set at configure time
      (--with-maxbackends and postmaster switch (-N backends))(Tom)
GEQO default now 10 tables because of optimizer speedups(Tom)
Allow NULL=Var for MS-SQL portability(Michael, Bruce)
Modify contrib check_primary_key() so either "automatic" or "dependent"(Anand)
Allow psql \d on a view show query(Ryan)
Speedup for LIKE(Bruce)
Ecpg fixes/features, see src/interfaces/ecpg/ChangeLog file(Michael)
JDBC fixes/features, see src/interfaces/jdbc/CHANGELOG(Peter)
Make % operator have precedence like /(Bruce)
Add new postgres -O option to allow system table structure changes(Bruce)
Update contrib/pginterface/findoidjoins script(Tom)
Major speedup in vacuum of deleted rows with indexes(Vadim)
Allow non-SQL functions to run different versions based on arguments(Tom)
Add -E option that shows actual queries sent by \dt and friends(Masaaki Sakaida)
Add version number in start-up banners for psql(Masaaki Sakaida)
New contrib/vacuumlo removes large objects not referenced(Peter)
New initialization for table sizes so non-vacuumed tables perform better(Tom)
Improve error messages when a connection is rejected(Tom)
Support for arrays of char() and varchar() fields(Massimo)
Overhaul of hash code to increase reliability and performance(Tom)
Update to PyGreSQL 2.4(D'Arcy)
Changed debug options so -d4 and -d5 produce different node displays(Jan)
New pg_options: pretty_plan, pretty_parse, pretty_rewritten(Jan)
Better optimization statistics for system table access(Tom)
Better handling of non-default block sizes(Massimo)
Improve GEQO optimizer memory consumption(Tom)
UNION now supports ORDER BY of columns not in target list(Jan)
Major libpq++ improvements(Vince Vielhaber)
pg_dump now uses -z(ACL's) as default(Bruce)
backend cache, memory speedups(Tom)
have pg_dump do everything in one snapshot transaction(Vadim)
fix for large object memory leakage, fix for pg_dumping(Tom)
INET type now respects netmask for comparisons
Make VACUUM ANALYZE only use a readlock(Vadim)
Allow VIEWs on UNIONS(Jan)
pg_dump now can generate consistent snapshots on active databases(Vadim)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Improve port matching(Tom)
Portability fixes for SunOS
Add Windows NT backend port and enable dynamic loading(Magnus and Daniel Horak)
New port to Cobalt Qube(Mips) running Linux(Tatsuo)
Port to NetBSD/m68k(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Port to NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Port to NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki)
Fix for tcl/tk configuration(Vince)
Removed CURRENT key word for rule queries(Jan)
NT dynamic loading now works(Daniel Horak)
Add ARM32 support(Andrew McMurry)
Better support for HP-UX 11 and UnixWare
Improve file handling to be more uniform, prevent file descriptor leak(Tom)
New install commands for plpgsql(Jan)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>


<sect1 id="release-6-4-2">
<title>Release 6.4.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1998-12-20</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
The 6.4.1 release was improperly packaged.  This also has one additional
bug fix.
</para>


<sect2>
<title>Migration to version 6.4.2</title>

<para>
A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
6.4.*.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
Fix for datetime constant problem on some platforms(Thomas)
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>



<sect1 id="release-6-4-1">
<title>Release 6.4.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1998-12-18</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
This is basically a cleanup release for 6.4.  We have fixed a variety of
problems reported by 6.4 users.
</para>


<sect2>
<title>Migration to version 6.4.1</title>

<para>
A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
6.4.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
Add pg_dump -N flag to force double quotes around identifiers.  This is
        the default(Thomas)
Fix for NOT in where clause causing crash(Bruce)
EXPLAIN VERBOSE coredump fix(Vadim)
Fix shared-library problems on Linux
Fix test for table existence to allow mixed-case and whitespace in
        the table name(Thomas)
Fix a couple of pg_dump bugs
Configure matches template/.similar entries better(Tom)
Change builtin function names from SPI_* to spi_*
OR WHERE clause fix(Vadim)
Fixes for mixed-case table names(Billy)
contrib/linux/postgres.init.csh/sh fix(Thomas)
libpq memory overrun fix
SunOS fixes(Tom)
Change exp() behavior to generate error on underflow(Thomas)
pg_dump fixes for memory leak, inheritance constraints, layout change
update pgaccess to 0.93
Fix prototype for 64-bit platforms
Multibyte fixes(Tatsuo)
New ecpg man page
Fix memory overruns(Tatsuo)
Fix for lo_import() crash(Bruce)
Better search for install program(Tom)
Timezone fixes(Tom)
HP-UX fixes(Tom)
Use implicit type coercion for matching DEFAULT values(Thomas)
Add routines to help with single-byte (internal) character type(Thomas)
Compilation of libpq for Windows fixes(Magnus)
Upgrade to PyGreSQL 2.2(D'Arcy)
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>



<sect1 id="release-6-4">
<title>Release 6.4</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1998-10-30</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
There are <emphasis>many</emphasis> new features and improvements in this release.
Thanks to our developers and maintainers, nearly every aspect of the system
has received some attention since the previous release.
Here is a brief, incomplete summary:

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Views and rules are now functional thanks to extensive new code in the
rewrite rules system from Jan Wieck. He also wrote a chapter on it
for the <citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Jan also contributed a second procedural language, <application>PL/pgSQL</application>, to go with the
original <application>PL/pgTCL</application> procedural language he contributed last release.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
We have optional multiple-byte character set support from Tatsuo Ishii
to complement our existing locale support.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Client/server communications has been cleaned up, with better support for
asynchronous messages and interrupts thanks to Tom Lane.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
The parser will now perform automatic type coercion to match arguments
to available operators and functions, and to match columns and expressions
with target columns. This uses a generic mechanism which supports
the type extensibility features of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
There is a new chapter in the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>
which covers this topic.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Three new data types have been added.
Two types, <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type>, support various forms
of IP network, subnet, and machine addressing. There is now an 8-byte integer
type available on some platforms. See the chapter on data types
in the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle> for details.
A fourth type, <type>serial</type>, is now supported by the parser as an
amalgam of the <type>int4</type> type, a sequence, and a unique index.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Several more <acronym>SQL92</acronym>-compatible syntax features have been
added, including <command>INSERT DEFAULT VALUES</command>
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
The automatic configuration and installation system has received some
attention, and should be more robust for more platforms than it has ever
been.
</para>
</listitem>

</itemizedlist>
</para>

<sect2>
<title>Migration to version 6.4</title>

<para>
A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
or <application>pg_dumpall</application>
is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
</para>
</sect2>

   <sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix for a tiny memory leak in PQsetdb/PQfinish(Bryan)
Remove char2-16 data types, use char/varchar(Darren)
Pqfn not handles a NOTICE message(Anders)
Reduced busywaiting overhead for spinlocks with many backends (dg)
Stuck spinlock detection (dg)
Fix up "ISO-style" timespan decoding and encoding(Thomas)
Fix problem with table drop after rollback of transaction(Vadim)
Change error message and remove non-functional update message(Vadim)
Fix for COPY array checking
Fix for SELECT 1 UNION SELECT NULL
Fix for buffer leaks in large object calls(Pascal)
Change owner from oid to int4 type(Bruce)
Fix a bug in the oracle compatibility functions btrim() ltrim() and rtrim()
Fix for shared invalidation cache overflow(Massimo)
Prevent file descriptor leaks in failed COPY's(Bruce)
Fix memory leak in libpgtcl's pg_select(Constantin)
Fix problems with username/passwords over 8 characters(Tom)
Fix problems with handling of asynchronous NOTIFY in backend(Tom)
Fix of many bad system table entries(Tom)

Enhancements
------------
Upgrade ecpg and ecpglib,see src/interfaces/ecpc/ChangeLog(Michael)
Show the index used in an EXPLAIN(Zeugswetter)
EXPLAIN  invokes  rule system and shows plan(s) for rewritten queries(Jan)
Multibyte awareness of many data types and functions, via configure(Tatsuo)
New configure --with-mb option(Tatsuo)
New initdb --pgencoding option(Tatsuo)
New createdb -E multibyte option(Tatsuo)
Select version(); now returns PostgreSQL version(Jeroen)
libpq now allows asynchronous clients(Tom)
Allow cancel from client of backend query(Tom)
psql now cancels query with Control-C(Tom)
libpq users need not issue dummy queries to get NOTIFY messages(Tom)
NOTIFY now sends sender's PID, so you can tell whether it was your own(Tom)
PGresult struct now includes associated error message, if any(Tom)
Define "tz_hour" and "tz_minute" arguments to date_part()(Thomas)
Add routines to convert between varchar and bpchar(Thomas)
Add routines to allow sizing of varchar and bpchar into target columns(Thomas)
Add bit flags to support timezonehour and minute in data retrieval(Thomas)
Allow more variations on valid floating point numbers (e.g. ".1", "1e6")(Thomas)
Fixes for unary minus parsing with leading spaces(Thomas)
Implement TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
Check for and properly ignore FOREIGN KEY column constraints(Thomas)
Define USER as synonym for CURRENT_USER per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
Enable HAVING clause but no fixes elsewhere yet.
Make "char" type a synonym for "char(1)" (actually implemented as bpchar)(Thomas)
Save string type if specified for DEFAULT clause handling(Thomas)
Coerce operations involving different data types(Thomas)
Allow some index use for columns of different types(Thomas)
Add capabilities for automatic type conversion(Thomas)
Cleanups for large objects, so file is truncated on open(Peter)
Readline cleanups(Tom)
Allow psql  \f \ to make spaces as delimiter(Bruce)
Pass pg_attribute.atttypmod to the frontend for column field lengths(Tom,Bruce)
Msql compatibility library in /contrib(Aldrin)
Remove the requirement that ORDER/GROUP BY clause identifiers be
included in the target list(David)
Convert columns to match columns in UNION clauses(Thomas)
Remove fork()/exec() and only do fork()(Bruce)
Jdbc cleanups(Peter)
Show backend status on ps command line(only works on some platforms)(Bruce)
Pg_hba.conf now has a sameuser option in the database field
Make lo_unlink take oid param, not int4
New DISABLE_COMPLEX_MACRO for compilers that cannot handle our macros(Bruce)
Libpgtcl now handles NOTIFY as a Tcl event, need not send dummy queries(Tom)
libpgtcl cleanups(Tom)
Add -error option to libpgtcl's pg_result command(Tom)
New locale patch, see docs/README/locale(Oleg)
Fix for pg_dump so CONSTRAINT and CHECK syntax is correct(ccb)
New contrib/lo code for large object orphan removal(Peter)
New psql command "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'encoding'" for multibytes
feature, see /doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
contrib/noupdate code to revoke update permission on a column
libpq can now be compiled on Windows(Magnus)
Add PQsetdbLogin() in libpq
New 8-byte integer type, checked by configure for OS support(Thomas)
Better support for quoted table/column names(Thomas)
Surround table and column names with double-quotes in pg_dump(Thomas)
PQreset() now works with passwords(Tom)
Handle case of GROUP BY target list column number out of range(David)
Allow UNION in subselects
Add auto-size to screen to \d? commands(Bruce)
Use UNION to show all \d? results in one query(Bruce)
Add \d? field search feature(Bruce)
Pg_dump issues fewer \connect requests(Tom)
Make pg_dump -z flag work better, document it in manual page(Tom)
Add HAVING clause with full support for subselects and unions(Stephan)
Full text indexing routines in contrib/fulltextindex(Maarten)
Transaction ids now stored in shared memory(Vadim)
New PGCLIENTENCODING when issuing COPY command(Tatsuo)
Support for SQL92 syntax "SET NAMES"(Tatsuo)
Support for LATIN2-5(Tatsuo)
Add UNICODE regression test case(Tatsuo)
Lock manager cleanup, new locking modes for LLL(Vadim)
Allow index use with OR clauses(Bruce)
Allows "SELECT NULL ORDER BY 1;"
Explain VERBOSE prints the plan, and now pretty-prints the plan to
the postmaster log file(Bruce)
Add indexes display to \d command(Bruce)
Allow GROUP BY on functions(David)
New pg_class.relkind for large objects(Bruce)
New way to send libpq NOTICE messages to a different location(Tom)
New \w write command to psql(Bruce)
New /contrib/findoidjoins scans oid columns to find join relationships(Bruce)
Allow binary-compatible indexes to be considered when checking for valid
Indexes for restriction clauses containing a constant(Thomas)
New ISBN/ISSN code in /contrib/isbn_issn
Allow NOT LIKE, IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, and NOT BETWEEN constraint(Thomas)
New rewrite system fixes many problems with rules and views(Jan)
        * Rules on relations work
        * Event qualifications on insert/update/delete work
        * New OLD variable to reference CURRENT, CURRENT will be remove in future
        * Update rules can reference NEW and OLD in rule qualifications/actions
        * Insert/update/delete rules on views work
        * Multiple rule actions are now supported, surrounded by parentheses
        * Regular users can create views/rules on tables they have RULE permits
        * Rules and views inherit the privileges of the creator
        * No rules at the column level
        * No UPDATE NEW/OLD rules
        * New pg_tables, pg_indexes, pg_rules and pg_views system views
        * Only a single action on SELECT rules
        * Total rewrite overhaul, perhaps for 6.5
        * handle subselects
        * handle aggregates on views
        * handle insert into select from view works
System indexes are now multikey(Bruce)
Oidint2, oidint4, and oidname types are removed(Bruce)
Use system cache for more system table lookups(Bruce)
New backend programming language PL/pgSQL in backend/pl(Jan)
New SERIAL data type, auto-creates sequence/index(Thomas)
Enable assert checking without a recompile(Massimo)
User lock enhancements(Massimo)
New setval() command to set sequence value(Massimo)
Auto-remove unix socket file on start-up if no postmaster running(Massimo)
Conditional trace package(Massimo)
New UNLISTEN command(Massimo)
psql and libpq now compile under Windows using win32.mak(Magnus)
Lo_read no longer stores trailing NULL(Bruce)
Identifiers are now truncated to 31 characters internally(Bruce)
Createuser options now available on the command line
Code for 64-bit integer supported added, configure tested, int8 type(Thomas)
Prevent file descriptor leaf from failed COPY(Bruce)
New pg_upgrade command(Bruce)
Updated /contrib directories(Massimo)
New CREATE TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
New INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
New DECLARE and FETCH feature(Thomas)
libpq's internal structures now not exported(Tom)
Allow up to 8 key indexes(Bruce)
Remove ARCHIVE key word, that is no longer used(Thomas)
pg_dump -n flag to suppress quotes around indentifiers
disable system columns for views(Jan)
new INET and CIDR types for network addresses(TomH, Paul)
no more double quotes in psql output
pg_dump now dumps views(Terry)
new SET QUERY_LIMIT(Tatsuo,Jan)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
/contrib cleanup(Jun)
Inline some small functions called for every row(Bruce)
Alpha/linux fixes
HP-UX cleanups(Tom)
Multibyte regression tests(Soonmyung.)
Remove --disabled options from configure
Define PGDOC to use POSTGRESDIR by default
Make regression optional
Remove extra braces code to pgindent(Bruce)
Add bsdi shared library support(Bruce)
New --without-CXX support configure option(Brook)
New FAQ_CVS
Update backend flowchart in tools/backend(Bruce)
Change atttypmod from int16 to int32(Bruce, Tom)
Getrusage() fix for platforms that do not have it(Tom)
Add PQconnectdb, PGUSER, PGPASSWORD to libpq man page
NS32K platform fixes(Phil Nelson, John Buller)
SCO 7/UnixWare 2.x fixes(Billy,others)
Sparc/Solaris 2.5 fixes(Ryan)
Pgbuiltin.3 is obsolete, move to doc files(Thomas)
Even more documentation(Thomas)
Nextstep support(Jacek)
Aix support(David)
pginterface manual page(Bruce)
shared libraries all have version numbers
merged all OS-specific shared library defines into one file
smarter TCL/TK configuration checking(Billy)
smarter perl configuration(Brook)
configure uses supplied install-sh if no install script found(Tom)
new Makefile.shlib for shared library configuration(Tom)
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-6-3-2">
<title>Release 6.3.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1998-04-07</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
This is a bug-fix release for 6.3.x.
Refer to the release notes for version 6.3 for a more complete summary of new features.
</para>
<para>
Summary:

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Repairs automatic configuration support for some platforms, including Linux,
from breakage inadvertently introduced in version 6.3.1.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Correctly handles function calls on the left side of BETWEEN and LIKE clauses.
</para>
</listitem>

</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
A dump/restore is NOT required for those running 6.3 or 6.3.1.  A
<literal>make distclean</>, <literal>make</>, and <literal>make install</> is all that is required.
This last step should be performed while the postmaster is not running.
You should re-link any custom applications that use <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries.
</para>
<para>
For upgrades from pre-6.3 installations,
refer to the installation and migration instructions for version 6.3.
</para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Configure detection improvements for tcl/tk(Brook Milligan, Alvin)
Manual page improvements(Bruce)
BETWEEN and LIKE fix(Thomas)
fix for psql \connect used by pg_dump(Oliver Elphick)
New odbc driver
pgaccess, version 0.86
qsort removed, now uses libc version, cleanups(Jeroen)
fix for buffer over-runs detected(Maurice Gittens)
fix for buffer overrun in libpgtcl(Randy Kunkee)
fix for UNION with DISTINCT or ORDER BY(Bruce)
gettimeofday configure check(Doug Winterburn)
Fix "indexes not used" bug(Vadim)
docs additions(Thomas)
Fix for backend memory leak(Bruce)
libreadline cleanup(Erwan MAS)
Remove DISTDIR(Bruce)
Makefile dependency cleanup(Jeroen van Vianen)
ASSERT fixes(Bruce)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-6-3-1">
   <title>Release 6.3.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1998-03-23</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    Summary:

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Additional support for multibyte character sets.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Repair byte ordering for mixed-endian clients and servers.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Minor updates to allowed SQL syntax.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Improvements to the configuration autodetection for installation.
</para>
</listitem>

</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
A dump/restore is NOT required for those running 6.3.  A
<literal>make distclean</>, <literal>make</>, and <literal>make install</> is all that is required.
This last step should be performed while the postmaster is not running.
You should re-link any custom applications that use <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries.
</para>
<para>
For upgrades from pre-6.3 installations,
refer to the installation and migration instructions for version 6.3.
</para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
ecpg cleanup/fixes, now version 1.1(Michael Meskes)
pg_user cleanup(Bruce)
large object fix for pg_dump and tclsh (alvin)
LIKE fix for multiple adjacent underscores
fix for redefining builtin functions(Thomas)
ultrix4 cleanup
upgrade to pg_access 0.83
updated CLUSTER manual page
multibyte character set support, see doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
configure --with-pgport fix
pg_ident fix
big-endian fix for backend communications(Kataoka)
SUBSTR() and substring() fix(Jan)
several jdbc fixes(Peter)
libpgtcl improvements, see libptcl/README(Randy Kunkee)
Fix for "Datasize = 0" error(Vadim)
Prevent \do from wrapping(Bruce)
Remove duplicate Russian character set entries
Sunos4 cleanup
Allow optional TABLE key word in LOCK and SELECT INTO(Thomas)
CREATE SEQUENCE options to allow a negative integer(Thomas)
Add "PASSWORD" as an allowed column identifier(Thomas)
Add checks for UNION target fields(Bruce)
Fix Alpha port(Dwayne Bailey)
Fix for text arrays containing quotes(Doug Gibson)
Solaris compile fix(Albert Chin-A-Young)
Better identify tcl and tk libs and includes(Bruce)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="release-6-3">
   <title>Release 6.3</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1998-03-01</simpara>
   </note>

   <para>
    There are <emphasis>many</emphasis> new features and improvements in this release.
    Here is a brief, incomplete summary:

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Many new SQL features, including
       full <acronym>SQL92</acronym> subselect capability
       (everything is here but target-list subselects).
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Support for client-side environment variables to specify time zone and date style.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Socket interface for client/server connection. This is the default now
       so you might need to start <application>postmaster</application> with the
       <option>-i</option> flag.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Better password authorization mechanisms. Default table privileges have changed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Old-style <firstterm>time travel</firstterm>
       has been removed. Performance has been improved.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     Bruce Momjian wrote the following notes to introduce the new release.
    </para>
   </note>

   <para>
    There are some general 6.3 issues that I want to mention.  These are
    only the big items that cannot be described in one sentence.  A review
    of the detailed changes list is still needed.
   </para>
   <para>
    First, we now have subselects.  Now that we have them, I would like to
    mention that without subselects, SQL is a very limited language.
    Subselects are a major feature, and you should review your code for
    places where subselects provide a better solution for your queries.  I
    think you will find that there are more uses for subselects than you might
    think.  Vadim has put us on the big SQL map with subselects, and fully
    functional ones too.  The only thing you cannot do with subselects is to
    use them in the target list.
   </para>
   <para>
    Second, 6.3 uses Unix domain sockets rather than TCP/IP by default.  To
    enable connections from other machines, you have to use the new
    postmaster -i option, and of course edit <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>.  Also, for this
    reason, the format of <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> has changed.
   </para>
   <para>
    Third, <type>char()</type> fields will now allow faster access than <type>varchar()</type> or
    <type>text</type>. Specifically, the <type>text</> and <type>varchar()</type> have a penalty for access to
    any columns after the first column of this type.  <type>char()</type> used to also
    have this access penalty, but it no longer does.  This might suggest that
    you redesign some of your tables, especially if you have short character
    columns that you have defined as <type>varchar()</type> or <type>text</type>.  This and other
    changes make 6.3 even faster than earlier releases.
   </para>
   <para>
    We now have passwords definable independent of any Unix file.  There are
    new SQL USER commands.
    See the <citetitle>Administrator's Guide</citetitle> for more
    information.  There is a new table, pg_shadow, which is used to store
    user information and user passwords, and it by default only SELECT-able
    by the <systemitem>postgres</systemitem> super-user.  pg_user is now a view of pg_shadow, and is
    SELECT-able by PUBLIC.  You should keep using pg_user in your
    application without changes.
   </para>
   <para>
    User-created tables now no longer have SELECT privilege to PUBLIC by
    default.  This was done because the ANSI standard requires it.  You can
    of course GRANT any privileges you want after the table is created.
    System tables continue to be SELECT-able by PUBLIC.
   </para>
   <para>
    We also have real deadlock detection code.  No more sixty-second
    timeouts.  And the new locking code implements a <acronym>FIFO</acronym> better, so there
    should be less resource starvation during heavy use.
   </para>
   <para>
    Many complaints have been made about inadequate documentation in previous
    releases.  Thomas has put much effort into many new manuals for this
    release.  Check out the doc/ directory.
   </para>
   <para>
    For performance reasons, time travel is gone, but can be implemented
    using triggers (see <filename>pgsql/contrib/spi/README</filename>).  Please check out the new
    \d command for types, operators, etc.  Also, views have their own
    privileges now, not based on the underlying tables, so privileges on
    them have to be set separately.  Check <filename>/pgsql/interfaces</filename> for some new
    ways to talk to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
   </para>
   <para>
    This is the first release that really required an explanation for
    existing users.  In many ways, this was necessary because the new
    release removes many limitations, and the work-arounds people were using
    are no longer needed.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Migration to version 6.3</title>

    <para>
     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
     or <application>pg_dumpall</application>
     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix binary cursors broken by MOVE implementation(Vadim)
Fix for tcl library crash(Jan)
Fix for array handling, from Gerhard Hintermayer
Fix acl error, and remove duplicate pqtrace(Bruce)
Fix psql \e for empty file(Bruce)
Fix for textcat on varchar() fields(Bruce)
Fix for DBT Sendproc (Zeugswetter Andres)
Fix vacuum analyze syntax problem(Bruce)
Fix for international identifiers(Tatsuo)
Fix aggregates on inherited tables(Bruce)
Fix substr() for out-of-bounds data
Fix for select 1=1 or 2=2, select 1=1 and 2=2, and select sum(2+2)(Bruce)
Fix notty output to show status result.  -q option still turns it off(Bruce)
Fix for count(*), aggs with views and multiple tables and sum(3)(Bruce)
Fix cluster(Bruce)
Fix for PQtrace start/stop several times(Bruce)
Fix a variety of locking problems like newer lock waiters getting
        lock before older waiters, and having readlock people not share
        locks if a writer is waiting for a lock, and waiting writers not
        getting priority over waiting readers(Bruce)
Fix crashes in psql when executing queries from external files(James)
Fix problem with multiple order by columns, with the first one having
        NULL values(Jeroen)
Use correct hash table support functions for float8 and int4(Thomas)
Re-enable JOIN= option in CREATE OPERATOR statement (Thomas)
Change precedence for boolean operators to match expected behavior(Thomas)
Generate elog(ERROR) on over-large integer(Bruce)
Allow multiple-argument functions in constraint clauses(Thomas)
Check boolean input literals for 'true','false','yes','no','1','0'
        and throw elog(ERROR) if unrecognized(Thomas)
Major large objects fix
Fix for GROUP BY showing duplicates(Vadim)
Fix for index scans in MergeJoin(Vadim)

Enhancements
------------
Subselects with EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANY key words (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas)
New User Manual(Thomas, others)
Speedup by inlining some frequently-called functions
Real deadlock detection, no more timeouts(Bruce)
Add SQL92 "constants" CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
        CURRENT_USER(Thomas)
Modify constraint syntax to be SQL92-compliant(Thomas)
Implement SQL92 PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE clauses using indexes(Thomas)
Recognize SQL92 syntax for FOREIGN KEY. Throw elog notice(Thomas)
Allow NOT NULL UNIQUE constraint clause (each allowed separately before)(Thomas)
Allow PostgreSQL-style casting ("::") of non-constants(Thomas)
Add support for SQL3 TRUE and FALSE boolean constants(Thomas)
Support SQL92 syntax for IS TRUE/IS FALSE/IS NOT TRUE/IS NOT FALSE(Thomas)
Allow shorter strings for boolean literals (e.g. "t", "tr", "tru")(Thomas)
Allow SQL92 delimited identifiers(Thomas)
Implement SQL92 binary and hexadecimal string decoding (b'10' and x'1F')(Thomas)
Support SQL92 syntax for type coercion of literal strings
        (e.g. "DATETIME 'now'")(Thomas)
Add conversions for int2, int4, and OID types to and from text(Thomas)
Use shared lock when building indexes(Vadim)
Free memory allocated for an user query inside transaction block after
        this query is done, was turned off in &lt;= 6.2.1(Vadim)
New SQL statement CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE(Jan)
New <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> Procedural Language (PL) backend interface(Jan)
Rename pg_dump -H option to -h(Bruce)
Add Java support for passwords, European dates(Peter)
Use indexes for LIKE and ~, !~ operations(Bruce)
Add hash functions for datetime and timespan(Thomas)
Time Travel removed(Vadim, Bruce)
Add paging for \d and \z, and fix \i(Bruce)
Add Unix domain socket support to backend and to frontend library(Goran)
Implement CREATE DATABASE/WITH LOCATION and initlocation utility(Thomas)
Allow more SQL92 and/or <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> reserved words as column identifiers(Thomas)
Augment support for SQL92 SET TIME ZONE...(Thomas)
SET/SHOW/RESET TIME ZONE uses TZ backend environment variable(Thomas)
Implement SET keyword = DEFAULT and SET TIME ZONE DEFAULT(Thomas)
Enable SET TIME ZONE using TZ environment variable(Thomas)
Add PGDATESTYLE environment variable to frontend and backend initialization(Thomas)
Add PGTZ, PGCOSTHEAP, PGCOSTINDEX, PGRPLANS, PGGEQO
        frontend library initialization environment variables(Thomas)
Regression tests time zone automatically set with "setenv PGTZ PST8PDT"(Thomas)
Add pg_description table for info on tables, columns, operators, types, and
        aggregates(Bruce)
Increase 16 char limit on system table/index names to 32 characters(Bruce)
Rename system indexes(Bruce)
Add 'GERMAN' option to SET DATESTYLE(Thomas)
Define an "ISO-style" timespan output format with "hh:mm:ss" fields(Thomas)
Allow fractional values for delta times (e.g. '2.5 days')(Thomas)
Validate numeric input more carefully for delta times(Thomas)
Implement day of year as possible input to date_part()(Thomas)
Define timespan_finite() and text_timespan() functions(Thomas)
Remove archive stuff(Bruce)
Allow for a pg_password authentication database that is separate from
        the system password file(Todd)
Dump ACLs, GRANT, REVOKE privileges(Matt)
Define text, varchar, and bpchar string length functions(Thomas)
Fix Query handling for inheritance, and cost computations(Bruce)
Implement CREATE TABLE/AS SELECT (alternative to SELECT/INTO)(Thomas)
Allow NOT, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL in constraints(Thomas)
Implement UNIONs for SELECT(Bruce)
Add UNION, GROUP, DISTINCT to INSERT(Bruce)
varchar() stores only necessary bytes on disk(Bruce)
Fix for BLOBs(Peter)
Mega-Patch for JDBC...see README_6.3 for list of changes(Peter)
Remove unused "option" from PQconnectdb()
New LOCK command and lock manual page describing deadlocks(Bruce)
Add new psql \da, \dd, \df, \do, \dS, and \dT commands(Bruce)
Enhance psql \z to show sequences(Bruce)
Show NOT NULL and DEFAULT in psql \d table(Bruce)
New psql .psqlrc file start-up(Andrew)
Modify sample start-up script in contrib/linux to show syslog(Thomas)
New types for IP and MAC addresses in contrib/ip_and_mac(TomH)
Unix system time conversions with date/time types in contrib/unixdate(Thomas)
Update of contrib stuff(Massimo)
Add Unix socket support to DBD::Pg(Goran)
New python interface (PyGreSQL 2.0)(D'Arcy)
New frontend/backend protocol has a version number, network byte order(Phil)
Security features in pg_hba.conf enhanced and documented, many cleanups(Phil)
CHAR() now faster access than VARCHAR() or TEXT
ecpg embedded SQL preprocessor
Reduce system column overhead(Vadmin)
Remove pg_time table(Vadim)
Add pg_type attribute to identify types that need length (bpchar, varchar)
Add report of offending line when COPY command fails
Allow VIEW privileges to be set separately from the underlying tables.
        For security, use GRANT/REVOKE on views as appropriate(Jan)
Tables now have no default GRANT SELECT TO PUBLIC.  You must
        explicitly grant such privileges.
Clean up tutorial examples(Darren)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
Add new html development tools, and flow chart in /tools/backend
Fix for SCO compiles
Stratus computer port Robert Gillies
Added support for shlib for BSD44_derived & i386_solaris
Make configure more automated(Brook)
Add script to check regression test results
Break parser functions into smaller files, group together(Bruce)
Rename heap_create to heap_create_and_catalog, rename heap_creatr
        to heap_create()(Bruce)
Sparc/Linux patch for locking(TomS)
Remove PORTNAME and reorganize port-specific stuff(Marc)
Add optimizer README file(Bruce)
Remove some recursion in optimizer and clean up some code there(Bruce)
Fix for NetBSD locking(Henry)
Fix for libptcl make(Tatsuo)
AIX patch(Darren)
Change IS TRUE, IS FALSE, ... to expressions using "=" rather than
        function calls to istrue() or isfalse() to allow optimization(Thomas)
Various fixes NetBSD/Sparc related(TomH)
Alpha linux locking(Travis,Ryan)
Change elog(WARN) to elog(ERROR)(Bruce)
FAQ for FreeBSD(Marc)
Bring in the PostODBC source tree as part of our standard distribution(Marc)
A minor patch for HP/UX 10 vs 9(Stan)
New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce)
UnixWare patches(Billy)
New i386 'lock' for spinlock asm(Billy)
Support for multiplexed backends is removed
Start an OpenBSD port
Start an AUX port
Start a Cygnus port
Add string functions to regression suite(Thomas)
Expand a few function names formerly truncated to 16 characters(Thomas)
Remove un-needed malloc() calls and replace with palloc()(Bruce)
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-6-2-1">
<title>Release 6.2.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1997-10-17</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
6.2.1 is a bug-fix and usability release on 6.2.
</para>
<para>
Summary:

<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Allow strings to span lines, per <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.
</para>
</listitem>

<listitem>
<para>
Include example trigger function for inserting user names on table updates.
</para>
</listitem>

</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
This is a minor bug-fix release on 6.2.
For upgrades from pre-6.2 systems, a full dump/reload is required.
Refer to the 6.2 release notes for instructions.
</para>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 6.2 to version 6.2.1</title>

<para>
This is a minor bug-fix release. A dump/reload is not required from version 6.2,
but is required from any release prior to 6.2.
</para>
<para>
In upgrading from version 6.2, if you choose to dump/reload you will find that
avg(money) is now calculated correctly. All other bug fixes take effect
upon updating the executables.
</para>
<para>
Another way to avoid dump/reload is to use the following SQL command
from <command>psql</command> to update the existing system table:

<programlisting>
  update pg_aggregate set aggfinalfn = 'cash_div_flt8'
   where aggname = 'avg' and aggbasetype = 790;
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
This will need to be done to every existing database, including template1.
</para>
</sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Allow TIME and TYPE column names(Thomas)
Allow larger range of true/false as boolean values(Thomas)
Support output of "now" and "current"(Thomas)
Handle DEFAULT with INSERT of NULL properly(Vadim)
Fix for relation reference counts problem in buffer manager(Vadim)
Allow strings to span lines, like ANSI(Thomas)
Fix for backward cursor with ORDER BY(Vadim)
Fix avg(cash) computation(Thomas)
Fix for specifying a column twice in ORDER/GROUP BY(Vadim)
Documented new libpq function to return affected rows, PQcmdTuples(Bruce)
Trigger function for inserting user names for INSERT/UPDATE(Brook Milligan)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

<sect1 id="release-6-2">
<title>Release 6.2</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1997-10-02</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
A dump/restore is required for those wishing to migrate data from
previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
</para>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 6.1 to version 6.2</title>

<para>
This migration requires a complete dump of the 6.1 database and a
restore of the database in 6.2.
</para>
<para>
Note that the <command>pg_dump</command> and <command>pg_dumpall</command> utility from 6.2 should be used
to dump the 6.1 database.
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 1.<replaceable>x</> to version 6.2</title>

<para>
Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
</para>
</sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
Fix problems with pg_dump for inheritance, sequences, archive tables(Bruce)
Fix compile errors on overflow due to shifts, unsigned, and bad prototypes
         from Solaris(Diab Jerius)
Fix bugs in geometric line arithmetic (bad intersection calculations)(Thomas)
Check for geometric intersections at endpoints to avoid rounding ugliness(Thomas)
Catch non-functional delete attempts(Vadim)
Change time function names to be more consistent(Michael Reifenberg)
Check for zero divides(Michael Reifenberg)
Fix very old bug which made rows changed/inserted by a command
        visible to the command itself (so we had multiple update of
        updated rows, etc.)(Vadim)
Fix for SELECT null, 'fail' FROM pg_am (Patrick)
SELECT NULL as EMPTY_FIELD now allowed(Patrick)
Remove un-needed signal stuff from contrib/pginterface
Fix OR (where x != 1 or x isnull didn't return rows with x NULL) (Vadim)
Fix time_cmp function (Vadim)
Fix handling of functions with non-attribute first argument in
        WHERE clauses (Vadim)
Fix GROUP BY when order of entries is different from order
        in target list (Vadim)
Fix pg_dump for aggregates without sfunc1 (Vadim)

Enhancements
------------
Default genetic optimizer GEQO parameter is now 8(Bruce)
Allow use parameters in target list having aggregates in functions(Vadim)
Added JDBC driver as an interface(Adrian & Peter)
pg_password utility
Return number of rows inserted/affected by INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE etc.(Vadim)
Triggers implemented with CREATE TRIGGER (SQL3)(Vadim)
SPI (Server Programming Interface) allows execution of queries inside
        C-functions (Vadim)
NOT NULL implemented (SQL92)(Robson Paniago de Miranda)
Include reserved words for string handling, outer joins, and unions(Thomas)
Implement extended comments ("/* ... */") using exclusive states(Thomas)
Add "//" single-line comments(Bruce)
Remove some restrictions on characters in operator names(Thomas)
DEFAULT and CONSTRAINT for tables implemented (SQL92)(Vadim & Thomas)
Add text concatenation operator and function (SQL92)(Thomas)
Support WITH TIME ZONE syntax (SQL92)(Thomas)
Support INTERVAL unit TO unit syntax (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define types DOUBLE PRECISION, INTERVAL, CHARACTER,
        and CHARACTER VARYING (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define type FLOAT(p) and rudimentary DECIMAL(p,s), NUMERIC(p,s) (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define EXTRACT(), POSITION(), SUBSTRING(), and TRIM() (SQL92)(Thomas)
Define CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (SQL92)(Thomas)
Add syntax and warnings for UNION, HAVING, INNER and OUTER JOIN (SQL92)(Thomas)
Add more reserved words, mostly for SQL92 compliance(Thomas)
Allow hh:mm:ss time entry for timespan/reltime types(Thomas)
Add center() routines for lseg, path, polygon(Thomas)
Add distance() routines for circle-polygon, polygon-polygon(Thomas)
Check explicitly for points and polygons contained within polygons
        using an axis-crossing algorithm(Thomas)
Add routine to convert circle-box(Thomas)
Merge conflicting operators for different geometric data types(Thomas)
Replace distance operator "&lt;===&gt;" with "&lt;-&gt;"(Thomas)
Replace "above" operator "!^" with "&gt;^" and "below" operator "!|" with "&lt;^"(Thomas)
Add routines for text trimming on both ends, substring, and string position(Thomas)
Added conversion routines circle(box) and poly(circle)(Thomas)
Allow internal sorts to be stored in memory rather than in files(Bruce & Vadim)
Allow functions and operators on internally-identical types to succeed(Bruce)
Speed up backend start-up after profiling analysis(Bruce)
Inline frequently called functions for performance(Bruce)
Reduce open() calls(Bruce)
psql:  Add PAGER for \h and \?,\C fix
Fix for psql pager when no tty(Bruce)
New entab utility(Bruce)
General trigger functions for referential integrity (Vadim)
General trigger functions for time travel (Vadim)
General trigger functions for AUTOINCREMENT/IDENTITY feature (Vadim)
MOVE implementation (Vadim)

Source Tree Changes
-------------------
HP-UX 10 patches (Vladimir Turin)
Added SCO support, (Daniel Harris)
MkLinux patches (Tatsuo Ishii)
Change geometric box terminology from "length" to "width"(Thomas)
Deprecate temporary unstored slope fields in geometric code(Thomas)
Remove restart instructions from INSTALL(Bruce)
Look in /usr/ucb first for install(Bruce)
Fix c++ copy example code(Thomas)
Add -o to psql manual page(Bruce)
Prevent relname unallocated string length from being copied into database(Bruce)
Cleanup for NAMEDATALEN use(Bruce)
Fix pg_proc names over 15 chars in output(Bruce)
Add strNcpy() function(Bruce)
remove some (void) casts that are unnecessary(Bruce)
new interfaces directory(Marc)
Replace fopen() calls with calls to fd.c functions(Bruce)
Make functions static where possible(Bruce)
enclose unused functions in #ifdef NOT_USED(Bruce)
Remove call to difftime() in timestamp support to fix SunOS(Bruce & Thomas)
Changes for Digital Unix
Portability fix for pg_dumpall(Bruce)
Rename pg_attribute.attnvals to attdispersion(Bruce)
"intro/unix" manual page now "pgintro"(Bruce)
"built-in" manual page now "pgbuiltin"(Bruce)
"drop" manual page now "drop_table"(Bruce)
Add "create_trigger", "drop_trigger" manual pages(Thomas)
Add constraints regression test(Vadim & Thomas)
Add comments syntax regression test(Thomas)
Add PGINDENT and support program(Bruce)
Massive commit to run PGINDENT on all *.c and *.h files(Bruce)
Files moved to /src/tools directory(Bruce)
SPI and Trigger programming guides (Vadim & D'Arcy)
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-6-1-1">
<title>Release 6.1.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1997-07-22</simpara>
   </note>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 6.1 to version 6.1.1</title>

<para>
This is a minor bug-fix release. A dump/reload is not required from version 6.1,
but is required from any release prior to 6.1.
Refer to the release notes for 6.1 for more details.
</para>
</sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
fix for SET with options (Thomas)
allow pg_dump/pg_dumpall to preserve ownership of all tables/objects(Bruce)
new psql \connect option allows changing usernames without changing databases
fix for initdb --debug option(Yoshihiko Ichikawa))
lextest cleanup(Bruce)
hash fixes(Vadim)
fix date/time month boundary arithmetic(Thomas)
fix timezone daylight handling for some ports(Thomas, Bruce, Tatsuo)
timestamp overhauled to use standard functions(Thomas)
other code cleanup in date/time routines(Thomas)
psql's \d now case-insensitive(Bruce)
psql's backslash commands can now have trailing semicolon(Bruce)
fix memory leak in psql when using \g(Bruce)
major fix for endian handling of communication to server(Thomas, Tatsuo)
Fix for Solaris assembler and include files(Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
allow underscores in usernames(Bruce)
pg_dumpall now returns proper status, portability fix(Bruce)
     </programlisting>
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>

<sect1 id="release-6-1">
<title>Release 6.1</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1997-06-08</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
  The regression tests have been adapted and extensively modified for the
  6.1 release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
</para>

<para>
  Three new data types (<type>datetime</type>, <type>timespan</type>, and <type>circle</type>) have been added to
  the native set of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> types. Points, boxes, paths, and polygons
  have had their output formats made consistent across the data types.
  The polygon output in misc.out has only been spot-checked for correctness
  relative to the original regression output.
</para>

<para>
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.1 introduces a new, alternate
optimizer which uses <firstterm>genetic</firstterm>
  algorithms. These algorithms introduce a random behavior in the ordering
  of query results when the query contains multiple qualifiers or multiple
  tables (giving the optimizer a choice on order of evaluation). Several
  regression tests have been modified to explicitly order the results, and
  hence are insensitive to optimizer choices. A few regression tests are
  for data types which are inherently unordered (e.g. points and time
  intervals) and tests involving those types are explicitly bracketed with
  <command>set geqo to 'off'</command> and <command>reset geqo</command>.
</para>

<para>
  The interpretation of array specifiers (the curly braces around atomic
  values) appears to have changed sometime after the original regression
  tests were generated. The current <filename>./expected/*.out</filename> files reflect this
  new interpretation, which might not be correct!
</para>

<para>
  The float8 regression test fails on at least some platforms. This is due
  to differences in implementations of <function>pow()</function> and <function>exp()</function> and the signaling
  mechanisms used for overflow and underflow conditions.
</para>

<para>
  The <quote>random</> results in the random test should cause the
  <quote>random</quote> test to be <quote>failed</quote>, since the
  regression tests are evaluated using a simple diff. However,
  <quote>random</> does not seem to produce random results on my test
  machine (Linux/<application>gcc</>/i686).
</para>

<sect2>
<title>Migration to version 6.1</title>

<para>
This migration requires a complete dump of the 6.0 database and a
restore of the database in 6.1.
</para>
<para>
Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
</para>
</sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
packet length checking in library routines
lock manager priority patch
check for under/over flow of float8(Bruce)
multitable join fix(Vadim)
SIGPIPE crash fix(Darren)
large object fixes(Sven)
allow btree indexes to handle NULLs(Vadim)
timezone fixes(D'Arcy)
select SUM(x) can return NULL on no rows(Thomas)
internal optimizer, executor bug fixes(Vadim)
fix problem where inner loop in &lt; or &lt;= has no rows(Vadim)
prevent re-commuting join index clauses(Vadim)
fix join clauses for multiple tables(Vadim)
fix hash, hashjoin for arrays(Vadim)
fix btree for abstime type(Vadim)
large object fixes(Raymond)
fix buffer leak in hash indexes (Vadim)
fix rtree for use in inner scan (Vadim)
fix gist for use in inner scan, cleanups (Vadim, Andrea)
avoid unnecessary local buffers allocation (Vadim, Massimo)
fix local buffers leak in transaction aborts (Vadim)
fix file manager memmory leaks, cleanups (Vadim, Massimo)
fix storage manager memmory leaks (Vadim)
fix btree duplicates handling (Vadim)
fix deleted rows reincarnation caused by vacuum (Vadim)
fix SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE made zero-length fields(Bruce)
many psql, pg_dump, and libpq memory leaks fixed using Purify (Igor)

Enhancements
------------
attribute optimization statistics(Bruce)
much faster new btree bulk load code(Paul)
BTREE UNIQUE added to bulk load code(Vadim)
new lock debug code(Massimo)
massive changes to libpg++(Leo)
new GEQO optimizer speeds table multitable optimization(Martin)
new WARN message for non-unique insert into unique key(Marc)
update x=-3, no spaces, now valid(Bruce)
remove case-sensitive identifier handling(Bruce,Thomas,Dan)
debug backend now pretty-prints tree(Darren)
new Oracle character functions(Edmund)
new plaintext password functions(Dan)
no such class or insufficient privilege changed to distinct messages(Dan)
new ANSI timestamp function(Dan)
new ANSI Time and Date types (Thomas)
move large chunks of data in backend(Martin)
multicolumn btree indexes(Vadim)
new SET var TO value command(Martin)
update transaction status on reads(Dan)
new locale settings for character types(Oleg)
new SEQUENCE serial number generator(Vadim)
GROUP BY function now possible(Vadim)
re-organize regression test(Thomas,Marc)
new optimizer operation weights(Vadim)
new psql \z grant/permit option(Marc)
new MONEY data type(D'Arcy,Thomas)
tcp socket communication speed improved(Vadim)
new VACUUM option for attribute statistics, and for certain columns (Vadim)
many geometric type improvements(Thomas,Keith)
additional regression tests(Thomas)
new datestyle variable(Thomas,Vadim,Martin)
more comparison operators for sorting types(Thomas)
new conversion functions(Thomas)
new more compact btree format(Vadim)
allow pg_dumpall to preserve database ownership(Bruce)
new SET GEQO=# and R_PLANS variable(Vadim)
old (!GEQO) optimizer can use right-sided plans (Vadim)
typechecking improvement in SQL parser(Bruce)
new SET, SHOW, RESET commands(Thomas,Vadim)
new \connect database USER option
new destroydb -i option (Igor)
new \dt and \di psql commands (Darren)
SELECT "\n" now escapes newline (A. Duursma)
new geometry conversion functions from old format (Thomas)

Source tree changes
-------------------
new configuration script(Marc)
readline configuration option added(Marc)
OS-specific configuration options removed(Marc)
new OS-specific template files(Marc)
no more need to edit Makefile.global(Marc)
re-arrange include files(Marc)
nextstep patches (Gregor Hoffleit)
removed Windows-specific code(Bruce)
removed postmaster -e option, now only postgres -e option (Bruce)
merge duplicate library code in front/backends(Martin)
now works with eBones, international Kerberos(Jun)
more shared library support
c++ include file cleanup(Bruce)
warn about buggy flex(Bruce)
DG/UX, Ultrix, IRIX, AIX portability fixes
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-6-0">
<title>Release 6.0</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1997-01-29</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
A dump/restore is required for those wishing to migrate data from
previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
</para>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 1.09 to version 6.0</title>

<para>
This migration requires a complete dump of the 1.09 database and a
restore of the database in 6.0.
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from pre-1.09 to version 6.0</title>

<para>
Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
</para>
</sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Changes</title>

    <para>
     <programlisting>
Bug Fixes
---------
ALTER TABLE bug - running postgres process needs to re-read table definition
Allow vacuum to be run on one table or entire database(Bruce)
Array fixes
Fix array over-runs of memory writes(Kurt)
Fix elusive btree range/non-range bug(Dan)
Fix for hash indexes on some types like time and date
Fix for pg_log size explosion
Fix permissions on lo_export()(Bruce)
Fix uninitialized reads of memory(Kurt)
Fixed ALTER TABLE ... char(3) bug(Bruce)
Fixed a few small memory leaks
Fixed EXPLAIN handling of options and changed full_path option name
Fixed output of group acl privileges
Memory leaks (hunt and destroy with tools like Purify(Kurt)
Minor improvements to rules system
NOTIFY fixes
New asserts for run-checking
Overhauled parser/analyze code to properly report errors and increase speed
Pg_dump -d now handles NULL's properly(Bruce)
Prevent SELECT NULL from crashing server (Bruce)
Properly report errors when INSERT ... SELECT columns did not match
Properly report errors when insert column names were not correct
psql \g filename now works(Bruce)
psql fixed problem with multiple statements on one line with multiple outputs
Removed duplicate system OIDs
SELECT * INTO TABLE . GROUP/ORDER BY gives unlink error if table exists(Bruce)
Several fixes for queries that crashed the backend
Starting quote in insert string errors(Bruce)
Submitting an empty query now returns empty status, not just " " query(Bruce)

Enhancements
------------
Add EXPLAIN manual page(Bruce)
Add UNIQUE index capability(Dan)
Add hostname/user level access control rather than just hostname and user
Add synonym of != for &lt;&gt;(Bruce)
Allow "select oid,* from table"
Allow BY,ORDER BY to specify columns by number, or by non-alias table.column(Bruce)
Allow COPY from the frontend(Bryan)
Allow GROUP BY to use alias column name(Bruce)
Allow actual compression, not just reuse on the same page(Vadim)
Allow installation-configuration option to auto-add all local users(Bryan)
Allow libpq to distinguish between text value '' and null(Bruce)
Allow non-postgres users with createdb privs to destroydb's
Allow restriction on who can create C functions(Bryan)
Allow restriction on who can do backend COPY(Bryan)
Can shrink tables, pg_time and pg_log(Vadim & Erich)
Change debug level 2 to print queries only, changed debug heading layout(Bruce)
Change default decimal constant representation from float4 to float8(Bruce)
European date format now set when postmaster is started
Execute lowercase function names if not found with exact case
Fixes for aggregate/GROUP processing, allow 'select sum(func(x),sum(x+y) from z'
Gist now included in the distribution(Marc)
Idend authentication of local users(Bryan)
Implement BETWEEN qualifier(Bruce)
Implement IN qualifier(Bruce)
libpq has PQgetisnull()(Bruce)
libpq++ improvements
New options to initdb(Bryan)
Pg_dump allow dump of OIDs(Bruce)
Pg_dump create indexes after tables are loaded for speed(Bruce)
Pg_dumpall dumps all databases, and the user table
Pginterface additions for NULL values(Bruce)
Prevent postmaster from being run as root
psql \h and \? is now readable(Bruce)
psql allow backslashed, semicolons anywhere on the line(Bruce)
psql changed command prompt for lines in query or in quotes(Bruce)
psql char(3) now displays as (bp)char in \d output(Bruce)
psql return code now more accurate(Bryan?)
psql updated help syntax(Bruce)
Re-visit and fix vacuum(Vadim)
Reduce size of regression diffs, remove timezone name difference(Bruce)
Remove compile-time parameters to enable binary distributions(Bryan)
Reverse meaning of HBA masks(Bryan)
Secure Authentication of local users(Bryan)
Speed up vacuum(Vadim)
Vacuum now had VERBOSE option(Bruce)

Source tree changes
-------------------
All functions now have prototypes that are compared against the calls
Allow asserts to be disabled easily from Makefile.global(Bruce)
Change oid constants used in code to #define names
Decoupled sparc and solaris defines(Kurt)
Gcc -Wall compiles cleanly with warnings only from unfixable constructs
Major include file reorganization/reduction(Marc)
Make now stops on compile failure(Bryan)
Makefile restructuring(Bryan, Marc)
Merge bsdi_2_1 to bsdi(Bruce)
Monitor program removed
Name change from Postgres95 to PostgreSQL
New config.h file(Marc, Bryan)
PG_VERSION now set to 6.0 and used by postmaster
Portability additions, including Ultrix, DG/UX, AIX, and Solaris
Reduced the number of #define's, centralized #define's
Remove duplicate OIDS in system tables(Dan)
Remove duplicate system catalog info or report mismatches(Dan)
Removed many os-specific #define's
Restructured object file generation/location(Bryan, Marc)
Restructured port-specific file locations(Bryan, Marc)
Unused/uninitialized variables corrected
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-1-09">
<title>Release 1.09</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1996-11-04</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
Sorry, we didn't keep track of changes from 1.02 to 1.09.  Some of
the changes listed in 6.0 were actually included in the 1.02.1 to 1.09
releases.
</para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-1-02">
<title>Release 1.02</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1996-08-01</simpara>
   </note>

<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 1.02 to version 1.02.1</title>

<para>
Here is a new migration file for 1.02.1.  It includes the 'copy' change
and a script to convert old <acronym>ASCII</acronym> files.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate
databases from <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01 and 1.02 to <productname>Postgres95</> 1.02.1.
</para>
<para>
If you are starting afresh with <productname>Postgres95</> 1.02.1 and do not need
to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further.
</para>
</note>

<para>
In order to upgrade older <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.01 or 1.02 databases to
version 1.02.1, the following steps are required:
</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Start up a new 1.02.1 postmaster
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.02.1 to 1.01 or 1.02
   databases.  This is done by running the new 1.02.1 server against
   your own 1.01 or 1.02 database and applying the queries attached at
   the end of the file.   This can be done easily through <command>psql</>.  If your
   1.01 or 1.02 database is named <literal>testdb</literal> and you have cut the commands
   from the end of this file and saved them in <filename>addfunc.sql</filename>:
<programlisting>
        % psql testdb -f addfunc.sql
</programlisting>

Those upgrading 1.02 databases will get a warning when executing the
last two statements in the file because they are already present in 1.02.  This is
not a cause for concern.
</para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Dump/Reload Procedure</title>

<para>
If you are trying to reload a pg_dump or text-mode, <literal>copy tablename to
stdout</literal> generated with a previous version, you will need to run the
attached <command>sed</command> script on the ASCII file before loading it into the
database.  The old format used '.' as end-of-data, while '\.' is now the
end-of-data marker.  Also, empty strings are now loaded in as '' rather
than NULL. See the copy manual page for full details.

<programlisting>
        sed 's/^\.$/\\./g' &lt;in_file &gt;out_file
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
If you are loading an older binary copy or non-<systemitem>stdout</> copy, there is no
end-of-data character, and hence no conversion necessary.

<programlisting>
-- following lines added by agc to reflect the case-insensitive
-- regexp searching for varchar (in 1.02), and bpchar (in 1.02.1)
create operator ~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
Source code maintenance and development
 * worldwide team of volunteers
 * the source tree now in CVS at ftp.ki.net

Enhancements
 * psql (and underlying libpq library) now has many more options for
   formatting output, including HTML
 * pg_dump now output the schema and/or the data, with many fixes to
   enhance completeness.
 * psql used in place of monitor in administration shell scripts.
   monitor to be deprecated in next release.
 * date/time functions enhanced
 * NULL insert/update/comparison fixed/enhanced
 * TCL/TK lib and shell fixed to work with both tck7.4/tk4.0 and tcl7.5/tk4.1

Bug Fixes (almost too numerous to mention)
 * indexes
 * storage management
 * check for NULL pointer before dereferencing
 * Makefile fixes

New Ports
 * added SolarisX86 port
 * added BSD/OS 2.1 port
 * added DG/UX port
</programlisting>
</para>
<!--
Contributors (apologies to any missed)
 * Kurt J. Lidl &lt;lidl@va.pubnix.com&gt;
        (missed in first run, but no less important)
 * Erich Stamberger &lt;eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at&gt;
 * Jason Wright &lt;jason@shiloh.vnet.net&gt;
 * Cees de Groot &lt;C.deGroot@inter.NL.net&gt;
 * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de
 * michael.siebenborn@ae3.Hypo.DE (Michael Siebenborn (6929))
 * Brian E. Gallew &lt;geek+@cmu.edu&gt;
 * Vadim B. Mikheev &lt;vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su&gt;
 * Adam Sussman &lt;myddryn@vidya.com&gt;
 * Chris Dunlop &lt;chris@onthe.net.au&gt;
 * Marc G. Fournier &lt;scrappy@ki.net&gt;
 * Dan McGuirk &lt;mcguirk@indirect.com&gt;
 * Dr_George_D_Detlefsen &lt;drgeorge@ilt.com&gt;
 * Erich Stamberger &lt;eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at&gt;
 * Massimo Dal Zotto &lt;dz@cs.unitn.it&gt;
 * Randy Kunkee &lt;kunkee@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM&gt;
 * Rick Weldon &lt;rick@wisetech.com&gt;
 * Thomas van Reimersdahl &lt;reimersd@dali.techinfo.rwth-aachen.de&gt;
 * david bennett &lt;dave@bensoft.com&gt;
 * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de
 * Julian Assange &lt;proff@suburbia.net&gt;
 * Bruce Momjian &lt;pgman@candle.pha.pa.us&gt;
 * Paul "Shag" Walmsley &lt;ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu&gt;
 * "Alistair G. Crooks" &lt;azcb0@sde.uts.amdahl.com&gt;
-->
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-1-01">
<title>Release 1.01</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1996-02-23</simpara>
   </note>


<sect2>
<title>Migration from version 1.0 to version 1.01</title>

<para>
The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate
databases from <productname>Postgres95</> 1.0 to <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01.
</para>
<para>
If you are starting afresh with <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01 and do not need
to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further.
</para>
<para>
In order to <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.01 with databases created with
<productname>Postgres95</> version 1.0, the following steps are required:
</para>
<procedure>
<step>
<para>
Set the definition of <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> in <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename> to 16
   and <symbol>OIDNAMELEN</symbol> to 20.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Decide whether you want to use Host based authentication.
</para>
<substeps>
<step>
<para>
If you do, you must create a file name <literal>pg_hba</literal> in your top-level data
   directory (typically the value of your <envar>$PGDATA</envar>).  <filename>src/libpq/pg_hba</filename>
   shows an example syntax.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
If you do not want host-based authentication, you can comment out
   the line:
<programlisting>
        HBA = 1
</programlisting>
   in <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename>
</para>
<para>
   Note that host-based authentication is turned on by default, and if
   you do not take steps A or B above, the out-of-the-box 1.01 will
   not allow you to connect to 1.0 databases.
</para>
</step>
</substeps>
</step>

<step>
<para>
Compile and install 1.01, but DO NOT do the <command>initdb</command> step.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Before doing anything else, terminate your 1.0 postmaster, and
   backup your existing <envar>$PGDATA</envar> directory.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Set your <envar>PGDATA</envar> environment variable to your 1.0 databases, but set up
   path up so that 1.01 binaries are being used.
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Modify the file <filename><envar>$PGDATA</envar>/PG_VERSION</filename> from 5.0 to 5.1
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Start up a new 1.01 postmaster
</para>
</step>
<step>
<para>
Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.01 to 1.0
   databases.  This is done by running the new 1.01 server against
   your own 1.0 database and applying the queries attached and saving
   in the file 1.0_to_1.01.sql.   This can be done easily through <command>psql</command>.
   If your 1.0 database is name <literal>testdb</literal>:

<programlisting>
        % psql testdb -f 1.0_to_1.01.sql
</programlisting>

and then execute the following commands (cut and paste from here):

<programlisting>
-- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01

create function int4eqoid (int4, oid) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function oideqint4 (oid, int4) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char2icregexeq (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char2icregexne (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char4icregexeq (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char4icregexne (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char8icregexeq (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char8icregexne (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char16icregexeq (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function char16icregexne (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function texticregexeq (text, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';
create function texticregexne (text, text) returns bool as 'foo'
language 'internal';

-- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01

create operator = (leftarg = int4, rightarg = oid, procedure = int4eqoid);
create operator = (leftarg = oid, rightarg = int4, procedure = oideqint4);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexne);
create operator ~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
create operator !~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
</programlisting>
</para>
</step>
</procedure>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
Incompatibilities:
 * 1.01 is backwards compatible with 1.0 database provided the user
   follow the steps outlined in the MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 file.
   If those steps are not taken, 1.01 is not compatible with 1.0 database.

Enhancements:
 * added PQdisplayTuples() to libpq and changed monitor and psql to use it
 * added NeXT port (requires SysVIPC implementation)
 * added CAST .. AS ... syntax
 * added ASC and DESC key words
 * added 'internal' as a possible language for CREATE FUNCTION
   internal functions are C functions which have been statically linked
   into the postgres backend.
 * a new type "name" has been added for system identifiers (table names,
   attribute names, etc.)  This replaces the old char16 type.   The
   of name is set by the NAMEDATALEN #define in src/Makefile.global
 * a readable reference manual that describes the query language.
 * added host-based access control.  A configuration file ($PGDATA/pg_hba)
   is used to hold the configuration data.  If host-based access control
   is not desired, comment out HBA=1 in src/Makefile.global.
 * changed regex handling to be uniform use of Henry Spencer's regex code
   regardless of platform.  The regex code is included in the distribution
 * added functions and operators for case-insensitive regular expressions.
   The operators are ~* and !~*.
 * pg_dump uses COPY instead of SELECT loop for better performance

Bug fixes:
 * fixed an optimizer bug that was causing core dumps when
   functions calls were used in comparisons in the WHERE clause
 * changed all uses of getuid to geteuid so that effective uids are used
 * psql now returns non-zero status on errors when using -c
 * applied public patches 1-14
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-1-0">
<title>Release 1.0</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1995-09-05</simpara>
   </note>

<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
Copyright change:
 * The copyright of <productname>Postgres</productname> 1.0 has been loosened to be freely modifiable
   and modifiable for any purpose.  Please read the COPYRIGHT file.
   Thanks to Professor Michael Stonebraker for making this possible.

Incompatibilities:
 *  date formats have to be MM-DD-YYYY (or DD-MM-YYYY if you're using
   EUROPEAN STYLE).  This follows SQL-92 specs.
 *  "delimiters" is now a key word

Enhancements:
 *  sql LIKE syntax has been added
 *  copy command now takes an optional USING DELIMITER specification.
   delimiters can be any single-character string.
 *  IRIX 5.3 port has been added.
   Thanks to Paul Walmsley and others.
 *  updated pg_dump to work with new libpq
 *  \d has been added psql
   Thanks to Keith Parks
 *  regexp performance for architectures that use POSIX regex has been
   improved due to caching of precompiled patterns.
   Thanks to Alistair Crooks
 *  a new version of libpq++
   Thanks to William Wanders

Bug fixes:
 *  arbitrary userids can be specified in the createuser script
 *  \c to connect to other databases in psql now works.
 *  bad pg_proc entry for float4inc() is fixed
 *  users with usecreatedb field set can now create databases without
   having to be usesuper
 *  remove access control entries when the entry no longer has any
   privileges
 *  fixed non-portable datetimes implementation
 *  added kerberos flags to the src/backend/Makefile
 *  libpq now works with kerberos
 *  typographic errors in the user manual have been corrected.
 *  btrees with multiple index never worked, now we tell you they don't
   work when you try to use them
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-0-03">
<title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.03</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1995-07-21</simpara>
   </note>

<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>
<para>
<programlisting>
Incompatible changes:
 * BETA-0.3 IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH DATABASES CREATED WITH PREVIOUS VERSIONS
   (due to system catalog changes and indexing structure changes).
 * double-quote (") is deprecated as a quoting character for string literals;
   you need to convert them to single quotes ('). <!-- " -->
 * name of aggregates (eg. int4sum) are renamed in accordance with the
   SQL standard (eg. sum).
 * CHANGE ACL syntax is replaced by GRANT/REVOKE syntax.
 * float literals (eg. 3.14) are now of type float4 (instead of float8 in
   previous releases); you might have to do typecasting if you depend on it
   being of type float8.  If you neglect to do the typecasting and you assign
   a float literal to a field of type float8, you might get incorrect values
   stored!
 * LIBPQ has been totally revamped so that frontend applications
   can connect to multiple backends
 * the usesysid field in pg_user has been changed from int2 to int4 to
   allow wider range of Unix user ids.
 * the netbsd/freebsd/bsd o/s ports have been consolidated into a
   single BSD44_derived port.  (thanks to Alistair Crooks)

SQL standard-compliance (the following details changes that makes postgres95
more compliant to the SQL-92 standard):
 * the following SQL types are now built-in: smallint, int(eger), float, real,
   char(N), varchar(N), date and time.

   The following are aliases to existing postgres types:
                smallint -&gt; int2
                integer, int -&gt; int4
                float, real  -&gt; float4
   char(N) and varchar(N) are implemented as truncated text types. In
   addition, char(N) does blank-padding.
 * single-quote (') is used for quoting string literals; '' (in addition to
   \') is supported as means of inserting a single quote in a string
 * SQL standard aggregate names (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT) are used
   (Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your
   own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.)
 * CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added.
   - Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" key word.
        For example:
                GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group;
        The key word 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users.

        Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group
        at a time.

        "WITH GRANT OPTION" is not supported.  Only class owners can change
        access control
   - The default access control is to grant users readonly access.
     You must explicitly grant insert/update access to users.  To change
     this, modify the line in
                src/backend/utils/acl.h
     that defines ACL_WORLD_DEFAULT

Bug fixes:
 * the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now,
   aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the
   aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty  table will now properly return 0.
   MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a row of value NULL.
 * allow the use of \; inside the monitor
 * the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work
 * NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work
 * hash indexes work, and access methods in general should perform better.
   creation of large btree indexes should be much faster.  (thanks to Paul
   Aoki)

Other changes and enhancements:
 * addition of an EXPLAIN statement used for explaining the query execution
   plan (eg. "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP" prints out the execution plan for
   the query).
 * WARN and NOTICE messages no longer have timestamps on them. To turn on
   timestamps of error messages, uncomment the line in
   src/backend/utils/elog.h:
        /* define ELOG_TIMESTAMPS */
 * On an access control violation, the message
        "Either no such class or insufficient privilege"
   will be given.  This is the same message that is returned when
   a class is not found.  This dissuades non-privileged users from
   guessing the existence of privileged classes.
 * some additional system catalog changes have been made that are not
   visible to the user.

libpgtcl changes:
 * The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command.
   pg_result -oid returns oid of the last row inserted.   If the
   last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "".
 * the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands:
   pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc.

Portability enhancements and New Ports:
 * flex/lex problems have been cleared up.  Now, you should be able to use
   flex instead of lex on any platforms.  We no longer make assumptions of
   what lexer you use based on the platform you use.
 * The Linux-ELF port is now supported.  Various configuration have been
   tested:  The following configuration is known to work:
        kernel 1.2.10, gcc 2.6.3, libc 4.7.2, flex 2.5.2, bison 1.24
   with everything in ELF format,

New utilities:
 * ipcclean added to the distribution
   ipcclean usually does not need to be run, but if your backend crashes
   and leaves shared memory segments hanging around, ipcclean will
   clean them up for you.

New documentation:
 * the user manual has been revised and libpq documentation added.
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-0-02">
<title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.02</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1995-05-25</simpara>
   </note>

<sect2>
<title>Changes</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
Incompatible changes:
 * The SQL statement for creating a database is 'CREATE DATABASE' instead
   of 'CREATEDB'. Similarly, dropping a database is 'DROP DATABASE' instead
   of 'DESTROYDB'. However, the names of the executables 'createdb' and
   'destroydb' remain the same.

New tools:
 * pgperl - a Perl (4.036) interface to Postgres95
 * pg_dump - a utility for dumping out a postgres database into a
        script file containing query commands. The script files are in a ASCII
        format and can be used to reconstruct the database, even on other
        machines and other architectures. (Also good for converting
        a Postgres 4.2 database to Postgres95 database.)

The following ports have been incorporated into postgres95-beta-0.02:
 * the NetBSD port by Alistair Crooks
 * the AIX port by Mike Tung
 * the Windows NT port by Jon Forrest (more stuff but not done yet)
 * the Linux ELF port by Brian Gallew

The following bugs have been fixed in postgres95-beta-0.02:
 * new lines not escaped in COPY OUT and problem with COPY OUT when first
   attribute is a '.'
 * cannot type return to use the default user id in createuser
 * SELECT DISTINCT on big tables crashes
 * Linux installation problems
 * monitor doesn't allow use of 'localhost' as PGHOST
 * psql core dumps when doing \c or \l
 * the "pgtclsh" target missing from src/bin/pgtclsh/Makefile
 * libpgtcl has a hard-wired default port number
 * SELECT DISTINCT INTO TABLE hangs
 * CREATE TYPE doesn't accept 'variable' as the internallength
 * wrong result using more than 1 aggregate in a SELECT
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="release-0-01">
<title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.01</title>

   <note>
   <title>Release date</title>
   <simpara>1995-05-01</simpara>
   </note>

<para>
Initial release.
</para>
</sect1>

<![IGNORE[
  <sect1 id="timing-results">
   <title>Timing Results</title>

   <para>
    These timing results are from running the regression test with the commands

    <programlisting>
% cd src/test/regress
% make all
% time make runtest
    </programlisting>
   </para>
   <para>
    Timing under Linux 2.0.27 seems to have a roughly 5% variation from run
    to run, presumably due to the scheduling vagaries of multitasking systems.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Version 6.5</title>

    <para>
     As has been the case for previous releases, timing between
     releases is not directly comparable since new regression tests
     have been added. In general, 6.5 is faster than previous
     releases.
    </para>

    <para>
     Timing with <function>fsync()</function> disabled:

     <programlisting>
  Time   System
  02:00  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 -O2 -m486
  04:38  Sparc Ultra 1 143MHz, 64MB, Solaris 2.6
     </programlisting>
    </para>

    <para>
     Timing with <function>fsync()</function> enabled:

     <programlisting>
  Time   System
  04:21  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 -O2 -m486
     </programlisting>

     For the <systemitem class="osname">Linux</systemitem> system above, using <acronym>UW-SCSI</acronym> disks rather than (older) <acronym>IDE</acronym>
     disks leads to a 50% improvement in speed on the regression test.
    </para>
   </sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Version 6.4beta</title>

<para>
The times for this release are not directly comparable to those for previous releases
since some additional regression tests have been included.
In general, however, 6.4 should be slightly faster than the previous release (thanks, Bruce!).
</para>
<para>
<programlisting>
  Time   System
  02:26  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Version 6.3</title>

<para>
The times for this release are not directly comparable to those for previous releases
since some additional regression tests have been included and some obsolete tests involving
time travel have been removed.
In general, however, 6.3 is substantially faster than previous releases (thanks, Bruce!).
</para>
<para>
<programlisting>
  Time   System
  02:30  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
  04:12  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2>
<title>Version 6.1</title>

<para>
<programlisting>
  Time   System
  06:12  Pentium Pro 180, 32MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2 -O2 -m486
  12:06  P-100, 48MB, Linux 2.0.29, gcc
  39:58  Sparc IPC 32MB, Solaris 2.5, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O -g
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
]]>
</appendix>
