<!-- doc/src/sgml/logical-replication.sgml -->

<chapter id="logical-replication">
 <title>Logical Replication</title>

 <para>
  Logical replication is a method of replicating data objects and their
  changes, based upon their replication identity (usually a primary key).  We
  use the term logical in contrast to physical replication, which uses exact
  block addresses and byte-by-byte replication.  PostgreSQL supports both
  mechanisms concurrently, see <xref linkend="high-availability"/>.  Logical
  replication allows fine-grained control over both data replication and
  security.
 </para>

 <para>
  Logical replication uses a <firstterm>publish</firstterm>
  and <firstterm>subscribe</firstterm> model with one or
  more <firstterm>subscribers</firstterm> subscribing to one or more
  <firstterm>publications</firstterm> on a <firstterm>publisher</firstterm>
  node.  Subscribers pull data from the publications they subscribe to and may
  subsequently re-publish data to allow cascading replication or more complex
  configurations.
 </para>

 <para>
  Logical replication of a table typically starts with taking a snapshot
  of the data on the publisher database and copying that to the subscriber.
  Once that is done, the changes on the publisher are sent to the subscriber
  as they occur in real-time.  The subscriber applies the data in the same
  order as the publisher so that transactional consistency is guaranteed for
  publications within a single subscription.  This method of data replication
  is sometimes referred to as transactional replication.
 </para>

 <para>
  The typical use-cases for logical replication are:

  <itemizedlist>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     Sending incremental changes in a single database or a subset of a
     database to subscribers as they occur.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Firing triggers for individual changes as they arrive on the
     subscriber.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Consolidating multiple databases into a single one (for example for
     analytical purposes).
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Replicating between different major versions of PostgreSQL.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Replicating between PostgreSQL instances on different platforms (for
     example Linux to Windows)
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Giving access to replicated data to different groups of users.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Sharing a subset of the database between multiple databases.
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
 </para>

 <para>
  The subscriber database behaves in the same way as any other PostgreSQL
  instance and can be used as a publisher for other databases by defining its
  own publications.  When the subscriber is treated as read-only by
  application, there will be no conflicts from a single subscription.  On the
  other hand, if there are other writes done either by an application or by other
  subscribers to the same set of tables, conflicts can arise.
 </para>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-publication">
  <title>Publication</title>

  <para>
   A <firstterm>publication</firstterm> can be defined on any physical
   replication primary.  The node where a publication is defined is referred to
   as <firstterm>publisher</firstterm>.  A publication is a set of changes
   generated from a table or a group of tables, and might also be described as
   a change set or replication set.  Each publication exists in only one database.
  </para>

  <para>
   Publications are different from schemas and do not affect how the table is
   accessed.  Each table can be added to multiple publications if needed.
   Publications may currently only contain tables.  Objects must be added
   explicitly, except when a publication is created for <literal>ALL
   TABLES</literal>.
  </para>

  <para>
   Publications can choose to limit the changes they produce to
   any combination of <command>INSERT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command>,
   <command>DELETE</command>, and <command>TRUNCATE</command>, similar to how triggers are fired by
   particular event types.  By default, all operation types are replicated.
  </para>

  <para>
   A published table must have a <quote>replica identity</quote> configured in
   order to be able to replicate <command>UPDATE</command>
   and <command>DELETE</command> operations, so that appropriate rows to
   update or delete can be identified on the subscriber side.  By default,
   this is the primary key, if there is one.  Another unique index (with
   certain additional requirements) can also be set to be the replica
   identity.  If the table does not have any suitable key, then it can be set
   to replica identity <quote>full</quote>, which means the entire row becomes
   the key.  This, however, is very inefficient and should only be used as a
   fallback if no other solution is possible.  If a replica identity other
   than <quote>full</quote> is set on the publisher side, a replica identity
   comprising the same or fewer columns must also be set on the subscriber
   side.  See <xref linkend="sql-altertable-replica-identity"/> for details on
   how to set the replica identity.  If a table without a replica identity is
   added to a publication that replicates <command>UPDATE</command>
   or <command>DELETE</command> operations then
   subsequent <command>UPDATE</command> or <command>DELETE</command>
   operations will cause an error on the publisher.  <command>INSERT</command>
   operations can proceed regardless of any replica identity.
  </para>

  <para>
   Every publication can have multiple subscribers.
  </para>

  <para>
   A publication is created using the <link linkend="sql-createpublication"><command>CREATE PUBLICATION</command></link>
   command and may later be altered or dropped using corresponding commands.
  </para>

  <para>
   The individual tables can be added and removed dynamically using
   <link linkend="sql-alterpublication"><command>ALTER PUBLICATION</command></link>.  Both the <literal>ADD
   TABLE</literal> and <literal>DROP TABLE</literal> operations are
   transactional; so the table will start or stop replicating at the correct
   snapshot once the transaction has committed.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-subscription">
  <title>Subscription</title>

  <para>
   A <firstterm>subscription</firstterm> is the downstream side of logical
   replication.  The node where a subscription is defined is referred to as
   the <firstterm>subscriber</firstterm>.  A subscription defines the connection
   to another database and set of publications (one or more) to which it wants
   to subscribe.
  </para>

  <para>
   The subscriber database behaves in the same way as any other PostgreSQL
   instance and can be used as a publisher for other databases by defining its
   own publications.
  </para>

  <para>
   A subscriber node may have multiple subscriptions if desired.  It is
   possible to define multiple subscriptions between a single
   publisher-subscriber pair, in which case care must be taken to ensure
   that the subscribed publication objects don't overlap.
  </para>

  <para>
   Each subscription will receive changes via one replication slot (see
   <xref linkend="streaming-replication-slots"/>).  Additional replication
   slots may be required for the initial data synchronization of
   pre-existing table data and those will be dropped at the end of data
   synchronization.
  </para>

  <para>
   A logical replication subscription can be a standby for synchronous
   replication (see <xref linkend="synchronous-replication"/>).  The standby
   name is by default the subscription name.  An alternative name can be
   specified as <literal>application_name</literal> in the connection
   information of the subscription.
  </para>

  <para>
   Subscriptions are dumped by <command>pg_dump</command> if the current user
   is a superuser.  Otherwise a warning is written and subscriptions are
   skipped, because non-superusers cannot read all subscription information
   from the <structname>pg_subscription</structname> catalog.
  </para>

  <para>
   The subscription is added using <link linkend="sql-createsubscription"><command>CREATE SUBSCRIPTION</command></link> and
   can be stopped/resumed at any time using the
   <link linkend="sql-altersubscription"><command>ALTER SUBSCRIPTION</command></link> command and removed using
   <link linkend="sql-dropsubscription"><command>DROP SUBSCRIPTION</command></link>.
  </para>

  <para>
   When a subscription is dropped and recreated, the synchronization
   information is lost.  This means that the data has to be resynchronized
   afterwards.
  </para>

  <para>
   The schema definitions are not replicated, and the published tables must
   exist on the subscriber.  Only regular tables may be
   the target of replication.  For example, you can't replicate to a view.
  </para>

  <para>
   The tables are matched between the publisher and the subscriber using the
   fully qualified table name.  Replication to differently-named tables on the
   subscriber is not supported.
  </para>

  <para>
   Columns of a table are also matched by name.  The order of columns in the
   subscriber table does not need to match that of the publisher.  The data
   types of the columns do not need to match, as long as the text
   representation of the data can be converted to the target type.  For
   example, you can replicate from a column of type <type>integer</type> to a
   column of type <type>bigint</type>.  The target table can also have
   additional columns not provided by the published table.  Any such columns
   will be filled with the default value as specified in the definition of the
   target table.
  </para>

  <sect2 id="logical-replication-subscription-slot">
   <title>Replication Slot Management</title>

   <para>
    As mentioned earlier, each (active) subscription receives changes from a
    replication slot on the remote (publishing) side.
   </para>
   <para>
    Additional table synchronization slots are normally transient, created
    internally to perform initial table synchronization and dropped
    automatically when they are no longer needed. These table synchronization
    slots have generated names: <quote><literal>pg_%u_sync_%u_%llu</literal></quote>
    (parameters: Subscription <parameter>oid</parameter>,
    Table <parameter>relid</parameter>, system identifier <parameter>sysid</parameter>)
   </para>
   <para>
    Normally, the remote replication slot is created automatically when the
    subscription is created using <command>CREATE SUBSCRIPTION</command> and it
    is dropped automatically when the subscription is dropped using
    <command>DROP SUBSCRIPTION</command>.  In some situations, however, it can
    be useful or necessary to manipulate the subscription and the underlying
    replication slot separately.  Here are some scenarios:

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       When creating a subscription, the replication slot already exists.  In
       that case, the subscription can be created using
       the <literal>create_slot = false</literal> option to associate with the
       existing slot.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       When creating a subscription, the remote host is not reachable or in an
       unclear state.  In that case, the subscription can be created using
       the <literal>connect = false</literal> option.  The remote host will then not
       be contacted at all.  This is what <application>pg_dump</application>
       uses.  The remote replication slot will then have to be created
       manually before the subscription can be activated.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       When dropping a subscription, the replication slot should be kept.
       This could be useful when the subscriber database is being moved to a
       different host and will be activated from there.  In that case,
       disassociate the slot from the subscription using <command>ALTER
       SUBSCRIPTION</command> before attempting to drop the subscription.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       When dropping a subscription, the remote host is not reachable.  In
       that case, disassociate the slot from the subscription
       using <command>ALTER SUBSCRIPTION</command> before attempting to drop
       the subscription.  If the remote database instance no longer exists, no
       further action is then necessary.  If, however, the remote database
       instance is just unreachable, the replication slot (and any still 
       remaining table synchronization slots) should then be
       dropped manually; otherwise it/they would continue to reserve WAL and might
       eventually cause the disk to fill up.  Such cases should be carefully
       investigated.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-conflicts">
  <title>Conflicts</title>

  <para>
   Logical replication behaves similarly to normal DML operations in that
   the data will be updated even if it was changed locally on the subscriber
   node.  If incoming data violates any constraints the replication will
   stop.  This is referred to as a <firstterm>conflict</firstterm>.  When
   replicating <command>UPDATE</command> or <command>DELETE</command>
   operations, missing data will not produce a conflict and such operations
   will simply be skipped.
  </para>

  <para>
   A conflict will produce an error and will stop the replication; it must be
   resolved manually by the user.  Details about the conflict can be found in
   the subscriber's server log.
  </para>

  <para>
   The resolution can be done either by changing data on the subscriber so
   that it does not conflict with the incoming change or by skipping the
   transaction that conflicts with the existing data.  The transaction can be
   skipped by calling the <link linkend="pg-replication-origin-advance">
   <function>pg_replication_origin_advance()</function></link> function with
   a <parameter>node_name</parameter> corresponding to the subscription name,
   and a position.  The current position of origins can be seen in the
   <link linkend="view-pg-replication-origin-status">
   <structname>pg_replication_origin_status</structname></link> system view.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-restrictions">
  <title>Restrictions</title>

  <para>
   Logical replication currently has the following restrictions or missing
   functionality.  These might be addressed in future releases.
  </para>

  <itemizedlist>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     The database schema and DDL commands are not replicated.  The initial
     schema can be copied by hand using <literal>pg_dump
     --schema-only</literal>.  Subsequent schema changes would need to be kept
     in sync manually.  (Note, however, that there is no need for the schemas
     to be absolutely the same on both sides.)  Logical replication is robust
     when schema definitions change in a live database: When the schema is
     changed on the publisher and replicated data starts arriving at the
     subscriber but does not fit into the table schema, replication will error
     until the schema is updated.  In many cases, intermittent errors can be
     avoided by applying additive schema changes to the subscriber first.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Sequence data is not replicated.  The data in serial or identity columns
     backed by sequences will of course be replicated as part of the table,
     but the sequence itself would still show the start value on the
     subscriber.  If the subscriber is used as a read-only database, then this
     should typically not be a problem.  If, however, some kind of switchover
     or failover to the subscriber database is intended, then the sequences
     would need to be updated to the latest values, either by copying the
     current data from the publisher (perhaps
     using <command>pg_dump</command>) or by determining a sufficiently high
     value from the tables themselves.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Replication of <command>TRUNCATE</command> commands is supported, but
     some care must be taken when truncating groups of tables connected by
     foreign keys.  When replicating a truncate action, the subscriber will
     truncate the same group of tables that was truncated on the publisher,
     either explicitly specified or implicitly collected via
     <literal>CASCADE</literal>, minus tables that are not part of the
     subscription.  This will work correctly if all affected tables are part
     of the same subscription.  But if some tables to be truncated on the
     subscriber have foreign-key links to tables that are not part of the same
     (or any) subscription, then the application of the truncate action on the
     subscriber will fail.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Large objects (see <xref linkend="largeobjects"/>) are not replicated.
     There is no workaround for that, other than storing data in normal
     tables.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     Replication is only supported by tables, including partitioned tables.
     Attempts to replicate other types of relations, such as views, materialized
     views, or foreign tables, will result in an error.
    </para>
   </listitem>

   <listitem>
    <para>
     When replicating between partitioned tables, the actual replication
     originates, by default, from the leaf partitions on the publisher, so
     partitions on the publisher must also exist on the subscriber as valid
     target tables. (They could either be leaf partitions themselves, or they
     could be further subpartitioned, or they could even be independent
     tables.)  Publications can also specify that changes are to be replicated
     using the identity and schema of the partitioned root table instead of
     that of the individual leaf partitions in which the changes actually
     originate (see <link linkend="sql-createpublication"><command>CREATE PUBLICATION</command></link>).
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-architecture">
  <title>Architecture</title>

  <para>
   Logical replication starts by copying a snapshot of the data on the
   publisher database.  Once that is done, changes on the publisher are sent
   to the subscriber as they occur in real time.  The subscriber applies data
   in the order in which commits were made on the publisher so that
   transactional consistency is guaranteed for the publications within any
   single subscription.
  </para>

  <para>
   Logical replication is built with an architecture similar to physical
   streaming replication (see <xref linkend="streaming-replication"/>).  It is
   implemented by <quote>walsender</quote> and <quote>apply</quote>
   processes.  The walsender process starts logical decoding (described
   in <xref linkend="logicaldecoding"/>) of the WAL and loads the standard
   logical decoding plugin (pgoutput).  The plugin transforms the changes read
   from WAL to the logical replication protocol
   (see <xref linkend="protocol-logical-replication"/>) and filters the data
   according to the publication specification.  The data is then continuously
   transferred using the streaming replication protocol to the apply worker,
   which maps the data to local tables and applies the individual changes as
   they are received, in correct transactional order.
  </para>

  <para>
   The apply process on the subscriber database always runs with
   <varname>session_replication_role</varname> set
   to <literal>replica</literal>, which produces the usual effects on triggers
   and constraints.
  </para>

  <para>
   The logical replication apply process currently only fires row triggers,
   not statement triggers.  The initial table synchronization, however, is
   implemented like a <command>COPY</command> command and thus fires both row
   and statement triggers for <command>INSERT</command>.
  </para>

  <sect2 id="logical-replication-snapshot">
    <title>Initial Snapshot</title>
    <para>
     The initial data in existing subscribed tables are snapshotted and
     copied in a parallel instance of a special kind of apply process.
     This process will create its own replication slot and copy the existing
     data.  As soon as the copy is finished the table contents will become
     visible to other backends.  Once existing data is copied, the worker
     enters synchronization mode, which ensures that the table is brought
     up to a synchronized state with the main apply process by streaming
     any changes that happened during the initial data copy using standard
     logical replication.  During this synchronization phase, the changes
     are applied and committed in the same order as they happened on the
     publisher.  Once the synchronization is done, the control of the
     replication of the table is given back to the main apply process where
     the replication continues as normal.
    </para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-monitoring">
  <title>Monitoring</title>

  <para>
   Because logical replication is based on a similar architecture as
   <link linkend="streaming-replication">physical streaming replication</link>,
   the monitoring on a publication node is similar to monitoring of a
   physical replication primary
   (see <xref linkend="streaming-replication-monitoring"/>).
  </para>

  <para>
   The monitoring information about subscription is visible in
   <link linkend="monitoring-pg-stat-subscription">
   <structname>pg_stat_subscription</structname></link>.
   This view contains one row for every subscription worker.  A subscription
   can have zero or more active subscription workers depending on its state.
  </para>

  <para>
   Normally, there is a single apply process running for an enabled
   subscription.  A disabled subscription or a crashed subscription will have
   zero rows in this view.  If the initial data synchronization of any
   table is in progress, there will be additional workers for the tables
   being synchronized.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-security">
  <title>Security</title>

  <para>
   A user able to modify the schema of subscriber-side tables can execute
   arbitrary code as a superuser.  Limit ownership
   and <literal>TRIGGER</literal> privilege on such tables to roles that
   superusers trust.  Moreover, if untrusted users can create tables, use only
   publications that list tables explicitly.  That is to say, create a
   subscription <literal>FOR ALL TABLES</literal> only when superusers trust
   every user permitted to create a non-temp table on the publisher or the
   subscriber.
  </para>

  <para>
   The role used for the replication connection must have
   the <literal>REPLICATION</literal> attribute (or be a superuser).  If the
   role lacks <literal>SUPERUSER</literal> and <literal>BYPASSRLS</literal>,
   publisher row security policies can execute.  If the role does not trust
   all table owners, include <literal>options=-crow_security=off</literal> in
   the connection string; if a table owner then adds a row security policy,
   that setting will cause replication to halt rather than execute the policy.
   Access for the role must be configured in <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>
   and it must have the <literal>LOGIN</literal> attribute.
  </para>

  <para>
   In order to be able to copy the initial table data, the role used for the
   replication connection must have the <literal>SELECT</literal> privilege on
   a published table (or be a superuser).
  </para>

  <para>
   To create a publication, the user must have the <literal>CREATE</literal>
   privilege in the database.
  </para>

  <para>
   To add tables to a publication, the user must have ownership rights on the
   table.  To create a publication that publishes all tables automatically,
   the user must be a superuser.
  </para>

  <para>
   To create a subscription, the user must be a superuser.
  </para>

  <para>
   The subscription apply process will run in the local database with the
   privileges of a superuser.
  </para>

  <para>
   Privileges are only checked once at the start of a replication connection.
   They are not re-checked as each change record is read from the publisher,
   nor are they re-checked for each change when applied.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-config">
  <title>Configuration Settings</title>

  <para>
   Logical replication requires several configuration options to be set.
  </para>

  <para>
   On the publisher side, <varname>wal_level</varname> must be set to
   <literal>logical</literal>, and <varname>max_replication_slots</varname>
   must be set to at least the number of subscriptions expected to connect,
   plus some reserve for table synchronization.  And
   <varname>max_wal_senders</varname> should be set to at least the same as
   <varname>max_replication_slots</varname> plus the number of physical
   replicas that are connected at the same time.
  </para>

  <para>
   The subscriber also requires the <varname>max_replication_slots</varname>
   to be set.  In this case it should be set to at least the number of
   subscriptions that will be added to the subscriber, plus some reserve for
   table synchronization.  <varname>max_logical_replication_workers</varname>
   must be set to at least the number of subscriptions, again plus some reserve
   for the table synchronization.  Additionally the <varname>max_worker_processes</varname>
   may need to be adjusted to accommodate for replication workers, at least
   (<varname>max_logical_replication_workers</varname>
   + <literal>1</literal>).  Note that some extensions and parallel queries
   also take worker slots from <varname>max_worker_processes</varname>.
  </para>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="logical-replication-quick-setup">
  <title>Quick Setup</title>

  <para>
   First set the configuration options in <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>:
<programlisting>
wal_level = logical
</programlisting>
   The other required settings have default values that are sufficient for a
   basic setup.
  </para>

  <para>
   <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> needs to be adjusted to allow replication
   (the values here depend on your actual network configuration and user you
   want to use for connecting):
<programlisting>
host     all     repuser     0.0.0.0/0     md5
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Then on the publisher database:
<programlisting>
CREATE PUBLICATION mypub FOR TABLE users, departments;
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   And on the subscriber database:
<programlisting>
CREATE SUBSCRIPTION mysub CONNECTION 'dbname=foo host=bar user=repuser' PUBLICATION mypub;
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   The above will start the replication process, which synchronizes the
   initial table contents of the tables <literal>users</literal> and
   <literal>departments</literal> and then starts replicating
   incremental changes to those tables.
  </para>
 </sect1>
</chapter>
