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<refentry id="SQL-UPDATE">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle id="SQL-UPDATE-TITLE">UPDATE</refentrytitle>
  <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>

 <refnamediv>
  <refname>UPDATE</refname>
  <refpurpose>update rows of a table</refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>

 <indexterm zone="sql-update">
  <primary>UPDATE</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <refsynopsisdiv>
<synopsis>
UPDATE [ ONLY ] <replaceable class="PARAMETER">table</replaceable> SET <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable> = { <replaceable class="PARAMETER">expression</replaceable> | DEFAULT } [, ...]
    [ FROM <replaceable class="PARAMETER">fromlist</replaceable> ]
    [ WHERE <replaceable class="PARAMETER">condition</replaceable> ]
</synopsis>
 </refsynopsisdiv>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Description</title>

  <para>
   <command>UPDATE</command> changes the values of the specified
   columns in all rows that satisfy the condition. Only the columns to
   be modified need be mentioned in the <literal>SET</literal> clause;
   columns not explicitly modified retain their previous values.
  </para>

  <para>
   By default, <command>UPDATE</command> will update rows in the
   specified table and all its subtables. If you wish to only update
   the specific table mentioned, you must use the <literal>ONLY</>
   clause.
  </para>

  <para>
   There are two ways to modify a table using information contained in
   other tables in the database: using sub-selects, or specifying
   additional tables in the <literal>FROM</literal> clause. Which
   technique is more appropriate depends on the specific
   circumstances.
  </para>

  <para>
   You must have the <literal>UPDATE</literal> privilege on the table
   to update it, as well as the <literal>SELECT</literal>
   privilege to any table whose values are read in the
   <replaceable class="parameter">expression</replaceable>s or
   <replaceable class="parameter">condition</replaceable>.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Parameters</title>

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">table</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name (optionally schema-qualified) of the table to update.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The name of a column in <replaceable
      class="PARAMETER">table</replaceable>.
      The column name can be qualified with a subfield name or array
      subscript, if needed.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">expression</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      An expression to assign to the column.  The expression may use the
      old values of this and other columns in the table.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><literal>DEFAULT</literal></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Set the column to its default value (which will be NULL if no
      specific default expression has been assigned to it).
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">fromlist</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      A list of table expressions, allowing columns from other tables
      to appear in the <literal>WHERE</> condition and the update
      expressions. This is similar to the list of tables that can be
      specified in the <xref linkend="sql-from"
      endterm="sql-from-title"> of a <command>SELECT</command>
      statement; for example, an alias for the table name can be
      specified.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><replaceable class="PARAMETER">condition</replaceable></term>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      An expression that returns a value of type <type>boolean</type>.
      Only rows for which this expression returns <literal>true</>
      will be updated.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>
  </variablelist>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Outputs</title>

  <para>
   On successful completion, an <command>UPDATE</> command returns a command
   tag of the form
<screen>
UPDATE <replaceable class="parameter">count</replaceable>
</screen>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">count</replaceable> is the number
   of rows updated.  If <replaceable class="parameter">count</replaceable> is
   0, no rows matched the <replaceable
   class="parameter">condition</replaceable> (this is not considered
   an error).
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Examples</title>

  <para>
   Change the word <literal>Drama</> to <literal>Dramatic</> in the
   column <structfield>kind</> of the table <structname>films</structname>:

<programlisting>
UPDATE films SET kind = 'Dramatic' WHERE kind = 'Drama';
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Adjust temperature entries and reset precipitation to its default
   value in one row of the table <structname>weather</structname>:

<programlisting>
UPDATE weather SET temp_lo = temp_lo+1, temp_hi = temp_lo+15, prcp = DEFAULT
  WHERE city = 'San Francisco' AND date = '2003-07-03';
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   Increment the sales count of the salesperson who manages the
   account for Acme Corporation, using the <literal>FROM</literal>
   clause syntax:
<programlisting>
UPDATE employees SET sales_count = sales_count + 1 FROM accounts
  WHERE accounts.name = 'Acme Corporation'
  AND employees.id = accounts.sales_person;
</programlisting>

   Perform the same operation, using a sub-select in the
   <literal>WHERE</literal> clause:
<programlisting>
UPDATE employees SET sales_count = sales_count + 1 WHERE id =
  (SELECT sales_person FROM accounts WHERE name = 'Acme Corporation');
</programlisting>

   Attempt to insert a new stock item along with the quantity of stock. If
   the item exists, update the stock count of the existing item. To do this,
   use savepoints.
<programlisting>
BEGIN;
SAVEPOINT sp1;
INSERT INTO wines VALUES('Chateau Lafite 2003', '24');
-- Check for unique violation on name
ROLLBACK TO sp1;
UPDATE wines SET stock = stock + 24 WHERE winename='Chateau Lafite 2003';
COMMIT;
</programlisting>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1>
  <title>Compatibility</title>

  <para>
   This command conforms to the <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard.  The
   <literal>FROM</literal> clause is a
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extension.
  </para>
 </refsect1>
</refentry>

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