/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * pg_ctl --- start/stops/restarts the PostgreSQL server
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * src/bin/pg_ctl/pg_ctl.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#ifdef WIN32
/*
 * Need this to get defines for restricted tokens and jobs. And it
 * has to be set before any header from the Win32 API is loaded.
 */
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0501
#endif

#include "postgres_fe.h"

#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#endif

#include "catalog/pg_control.h"
#include "common/controldata_utils.h"
#include "getopt_long.h"
#include "utils/pidfile.h"

#ifdef WIN32					/* on Unix, we don't need libpq */
#include "pqexpbuffer.h"
#endif

/* PID can be negative for standalone backend */
typedef long pgpid_t;


typedef enum
{
	SMART_MODE,
	FAST_MODE,
	IMMEDIATE_MODE
} ShutdownMode;

typedef enum
{
	POSTMASTER_READY,
	POSTMASTER_STILL_STARTING,
	POSTMASTER_FAILED
} WaitPMResult;

typedef enum
{
	NO_COMMAND = 0,
	INIT_COMMAND,
	START_COMMAND,
	STOP_COMMAND,
	RESTART_COMMAND,
	RELOAD_COMMAND,
	STATUS_COMMAND,
	PROMOTE_COMMAND,
	KILL_COMMAND,
	REGISTER_COMMAND,
	UNREGISTER_COMMAND,
	RUN_AS_SERVICE_COMMAND
} CtlCommand;

#define DEFAULT_WAIT	60

#define USEC_PER_SEC	1000000

#define WAITS_PER_SEC	10		/* should divide USEC_PER_SEC evenly */

static bool do_wait = true;
static int	wait_seconds = DEFAULT_WAIT;
static bool wait_seconds_arg = false;
static bool silent_mode = false;
static ShutdownMode shutdown_mode = FAST_MODE;
static int	sig = SIGINT;		/* default */
static CtlCommand ctl_command = NO_COMMAND;
static char *pg_data = NULL;
static char *pg_config = NULL;
static char *pgdata_opt = NULL;
static char *post_opts = NULL;
static const char *progname;
static char *log_file = NULL;
static char *exec_path = NULL;
static char *event_source = NULL;
static char *register_servicename = "PostgreSQL";	/* FIXME: + version ID? */
static char *register_username = NULL;
static char *register_password = NULL;
static char *argv0 = NULL;
static bool allow_core_files = false;
static time_t start_time;

static char postopts_file[MAXPGPATH];
static char version_file[MAXPGPATH];
static char pid_file[MAXPGPATH];
static char backup_file[MAXPGPATH];
static char promote_file[MAXPGPATH];

#ifdef WIN32
static DWORD pgctl_start_type = SERVICE_AUTO_START;
static SERVICE_STATUS status;
static SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE hStatus = (SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE) 0;
static HANDLE shutdownHandles[2];
static pid_t postmasterPID = -1;

#define shutdownEvent	  shutdownHandles[0]
#define postmasterProcess shutdownHandles[1]
#endif


static void write_stderr(const char *fmt,...) pg_attribute_printf(1, 2);
static void do_advice(void);
static void do_help(void);
static void set_mode(char *modeopt);
static void set_sig(char *signame);
static void do_init(void);
static void do_start(void);
static void do_stop(void);
static void do_restart(void);
static void do_reload(void);
static void do_status(void);
static void do_promote(void);
static void do_kill(pgpid_t pid);
static void print_msg(const char *msg);
static void adjust_data_dir(void);

#ifdef WIN32
#if (_MSC_VER >= 1800)
#include <versionhelpers.h>
#else
static bool IsWindowsXPOrGreater(void);
static bool IsWindows7OrGreater(void);
#endif
static bool pgwin32_IsInstalled(SC_HANDLE);
static char *pgwin32_CommandLine(bool);
static void pgwin32_doRegister(void);
static void pgwin32_doUnregister(void);
static void pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(DWORD);
static void WINAPI pgwin32_ServiceHandler(DWORD);
static void WINAPI pgwin32_ServiceMain(DWORD, LPTSTR *);
static void pgwin32_doRunAsService(void);
static int	CreateRestrictedProcess(char *cmd, PROCESS_INFORMATION *processInfo, bool as_service);
#endif

static pgpid_t get_pgpid(bool is_status_request);
static char **readfile(const char *path, int *numlines);
static void free_readfile(char **optlines);
static pgpid_t start_postmaster(void);
static void read_post_opts(void);

static WaitPMResult wait_for_postmaster(pgpid_t pm_pid, bool do_checkpoint);
static bool postmaster_is_alive(pid_t pid);

#if defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT) && defined(RLIMIT_CORE)
static void unlimit_core_size(void);
#endif

static DBState get_control_dbstate(void);


#ifdef WIN32
static void
write_eventlog(int level, const char *line)
{
	static HANDLE evtHandle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;

	if (silent_mode && level == EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE)
		return;

	if (evtHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
	{
		evtHandle = RegisterEventSource(NULL,
										event_source ? event_source : DEFAULT_EVENT_SOURCE);
		if (evtHandle == NULL)
		{
			evtHandle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
			return;
		}
	}

	ReportEvent(evtHandle,
				level,
				0,
				0,				/* All events are Id 0 */
				NULL,
				1,
				0,
				&line,
				NULL);
}
#endif

/*
 * Write errors to stderr (or by equal means when stderr is
 * not available).
 */
static void
write_stderr(const char *fmt,...)
{
	va_list		ap;

	va_start(ap, fmt);
#ifndef WIN32
	/* On Unix, we just fprintf to stderr */
	vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
#else

	/*
	 * On Win32, we print to stderr if running on a console, or write to
	 * eventlog if running as a service
	 */
	if (pgwin32_is_service())	/* Running as a service */
	{
		char		errbuf[2048];	/* Arbitrary size? */

		vsnprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), fmt, ap);

		write_eventlog(EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE, errbuf);
	}
	else
		/* Not running as service, write to stderr */
		vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
#endif
	va_end(ap);
}

/*
 * Given an already-localized string, print it to stdout unless the
 * user has specified that no messages should be printed.
 */
static void
print_msg(const char *msg)
{
	if (!silent_mode)
	{
		fputs(msg, stdout);
		fflush(stdout);
	}
}

static pgpid_t
get_pgpid(bool is_status_request)
{
	FILE	   *pidf;
	long		pid;
	struct stat statbuf;

	if (stat(pg_data, &statbuf) != 0)
	{
		if (errno == ENOENT)
			write_stderr(_("%s: directory \"%s\" does not exist\n"), progname,
						 pg_data);
		else
			write_stderr(_("%s: could not access directory \"%s\": %s\n"), progname,
						 pg_data, strerror(errno));

		/*
		 * The Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1 says this should
		 * return '4, program or service status is unknown'
		 * https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/iniscrptact.html
		 */
		exit(is_status_request ? 4 : 1);
	}

	if (stat(version_file, &statbuf) != 0 && errno == ENOENT)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: directory \"%s\" is not a database cluster directory\n"),
					 progname, pg_data);
		exit(is_status_request ? 4 : 1);
	}

	pidf = fopen(pid_file, "r");
	if (pidf == NULL)
	{
		/* No pid file, not an error on startup */
		if (errno == ENOENT)
			return 0;
		else
		{
			write_stderr(_("%s: could not open PID file \"%s\": %s\n"),
						 progname, pid_file, strerror(errno));
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	if (fscanf(pidf, "%ld", &pid) != 1)
	{
		/* Is the file empty? */
		if (ftell(pidf) == 0 && feof(pidf))
			write_stderr(_("%s: the PID file \"%s\" is empty\n"),
						 progname, pid_file);
		else
			write_stderr(_("%s: invalid data in PID file \"%s\"\n"),
						 progname, pid_file);
		exit(1);
	}
	fclose(pidf);
	return (pgpid_t) pid;
}


/*
 * get the lines from a text file - return NULL if file can't be opened
 *
 * Trailing newlines are deleted from the lines (this is a change from pre-v10)
 *
 * *numlines is set to the number of line pointers returned; there is
 * also an additional NULL pointer after the last real line.
 */
static char **
readfile(const char *path, int *numlines)
{
	int			fd;
	int			nlines;
	char	  **result;
	char	   *buffer;
	char	   *linebegin;
	int			i;
	int			n;
	int			len;
	struct stat statbuf;

	*numlines = 0;				/* in case of failure or empty file */

	/*
	 * Slurp the file into memory.
	 *
	 * The file can change concurrently, so we read the whole file into memory
	 * with a single read() call. That's not guaranteed to get an atomic
	 * snapshot, but in practice, for a small file, it's close enough for the
	 * current use.
	 */
	fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | PG_BINARY, 0);
	if (fd < 0)
		return NULL;
	if (fstat(fd, &statbuf) < 0)
	{
		close(fd);
		return NULL;
	}
	if (statbuf.st_size == 0)
	{
		/* empty file */
		close(fd);
		result = (char **) pg_malloc(sizeof(char *));
		*result = NULL;
		return result;
	}
	buffer = pg_malloc(statbuf.st_size + 1);

	len = read(fd, buffer, statbuf.st_size + 1);
	close(fd);
	if (len != statbuf.st_size)
	{
		/* oops, the file size changed between fstat and read */
		free(buffer);
		return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * Count newlines. We expect there to be a newline after each full line,
	 * including one at the end of file. If there isn't a newline at the end,
	 * any characters after the last newline will be ignored.
	 */
	nlines = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		if (buffer[i] == '\n')
			nlines++;
	}

	/* set up the result buffer */
	result = (char **) pg_malloc((nlines + 1) * sizeof(char *));
	*numlines = nlines;

	/* now split the buffer into lines */
	linebegin = buffer;
	n = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		if (buffer[i] == '\n')
		{
			int			slen = &buffer[i] - linebegin;
			char	   *linebuf = pg_malloc(slen + 1);

			memcpy(linebuf, linebegin, slen);
			/* we already dropped the \n, but get rid of any \r too */
			if (slen > 0 && linebuf[slen - 1] == '\r')
				slen--;
			linebuf[slen] = '\0';
			result[n++] = linebuf;
			linebegin = &buffer[i + 1];
		}
	}
	result[n] = NULL;

	free(buffer);

	return result;
}


/*
 * Free memory allocated for optlines through readfile()
 */
static void
free_readfile(char **optlines)
{
	char	   *curr_line = NULL;
	int			i = 0;

	if (!optlines)
		return;

	while ((curr_line = optlines[i++]))
		free(curr_line);

	free(optlines);

	return;
}

/*
 * start/test/stop routines
 */

/*
 * Start the postmaster and return its PID.
 *
 * Currently, on Windows what we return is the PID of the shell process
 * that launched the postmaster (and, we trust, is waiting for it to exit).
 * So the PID is usable for "is the postmaster still running" checks,
 * but cannot be compared directly to postmaster.pid.
 *
 * On Windows, we also save aside a handle to the shell process in
 * "postmasterProcess", which the caller should close when done with it.
 */
static pgpid_t
start_postmaster(void)
{
	char		cmd[MAXPGPATH];

#ifndef WIN32
	pgpid_t		pm_pid;

	/* Flush stdio channels just before fork, to avoid double-output problems */
	fflush(stdout);
	fflush(stderr);

	pm_pid = fork();
	if (pm_pid < 0)
	{
		/* fork failed */
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not start server: %s\n"),
					 progname, strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (pm_pid > 0)
	{
		/* fork succeeded, in parent */
		return pm_pid;
	}

	/* fork succeeded, in child */

	/*
	 * Since there might be quotes to handle here, it is easier simply to pass
	 * everything to a shell to process them.  Use exec so that the postmaster
	 * has the same PID as the current child process.
	 */
	if (log_file != NULL)
		snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "exec \"%s\" %s%s < \"%s\" >> \"%s\" 2>&1",
				 exec_path, pgdata_opt, post_opts,
				 DEVNULL, log_file);
	else
		snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "exec \"%s\" %s%s < \"%s\" 2>&1",
				 exec_path, pgdata_opt, post_opts, DEVNULL);

	(void) execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", "-c", cmd, (char *) NULL);

	/* exec failed */
	write_stderr(_("%s: could not start server: %s\n"),
				 progname, strerror(errno));
	exit(1);

	return 0;					/* keep dumb compilers quiet */

#else							/* WIN32 */

	/*
	 * As with the Unix case, it's easiest to use the shell (CMD.EXE) to
	 * handle redirection etc.  Unfortunately CMD.EXE lacks any equivalent of
	 * "exec", so we don't get to find out the postmaster's PID immediately.
	 */
	PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;

	if (log_file != NULL)
		snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "CMD /C \"\"%s\" %s%s < \"%s\" >> \"%s\" 2>&1\"",
				 exec_path, pgdata_opt, post_opts, DEVNULL, log_file);
	else
		snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "CMD /C \"\"%s\" %s%s < \"%s\" 2>&1\"",
				 exec_path, pgdata_opt, post_opts, DEVNULL);

	if (!CreateRestrictedProcess(cmd, &pi, false))
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not start server: error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		exit(1);
	}
	/* Don't close command process handle here; caller must do so */
	postmasterProcess = pi.hProcess;
	CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
	return pi.dwProcessId;		/* Shell's PID, not postmaster's! */
#endif							/* WIN32 */
}



/*
 * Wait for the postmaster to become ready.
 *
 * On Unix, pm_pid is the PID of the just-launched postmaster.  On Windows,
 * it may be the PID of an ancestor shell process, so we can't check the
 * contents of postmaster.pid quite as carefully.
 *
 * On Windows, the static variable postmasterProcess is an implicit argument
 * to this routine; it contains a handle to the postmaster process or an
 * ancestor shell process thereof.
 *
 * Note that the checkpoint parameter enables a Windows service control
 * manager checkpoint, it's got nothing to do with database checkpoints!!
 */
static WaitPMResult
wait_for_postmaster(pgpid_t pm_pid, bool do_checkpoint)
{
	int			i;

	for (i = 0; i < wait_seconds * WAITS_PER_SEC; i++)
	{
		char	  **optlines;
		int			numlines;

		/*
		 * Try to read the postmaster.pid file.  If it's not valid, or if the
		 * status line isn't there yet, just keep waiting.
		 */
		if ((optlines = readfile(pid_file, &numlines)) != NULL &&
			numlines >= LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS)
		{
			/* File is complete enough for us, parse it */
			pgpid_t		pmpid;
			time_t		pmstart;

			/*
			 * Make sanity checks.  If it's for the wrong PID, or the recorded
			 * start time is before pg_ctl started, then either we are looking
			 * at the wrong data directory, or this is a pre-existing pidfile
			 * that hasn't (yet?) been overwritten by our child postmaster.
			 * Allow 2 seconds slop for possible cross-process clock skew.
			 */
			pmpid = atol(optlines[LOCK_FILE_LINE_PID - 1]);
			pmstart = atol(optlines[LOCK_FILE_LINE_START_TIME - 1]);
			if (pmstart >= start_time - 2 &&
#ifndef WIN32
				pmpid == pm_pid
#else
			/* Windows can only reject standalone-backend PIDs */
				pmpid > 0
#endif
				)
			{
				/*
				 * OK, seems to be a valid pidfile from our child.  Check the
				 * status line (this assumes a v10 or later server).
				 */
				char	   *pmstatus = optlines[LOCK_FILE_LINE_PM_STATUS - 1];

				if (strcmp(pmstatus, PM_STATUS_READY) == 0 ||
					strcmp(pmstatus, PM_STATUS_STANDBY) == 0)
				{
					/* postmaster is done starting up */
					free_readfile(optlines);
					return POSTMASTER_READY;
				}
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Free the results of readfile.
		 *
		 * This is safe to call even if optlines is NULL.
		 */
		free_readfile(optlines);

		/*
		 * Check whether the child postmaster process is still alive.  This
		 * lets us exit early if the postmaster fails during startup.
		 *
		 * On Windows, we may be checking the postmaster's parent shell, but
		 * that's fine for this purpose.
		 */
#ifndef WIN32
		{
			int			exitstatus;

			if (waitpid((pid_t) pm_pid, &exitstatus, WNOHANG) == (pid_t) pm_pid)
				return POSTMASTER_FAILED;
		}
#else
		if (WaitForSingleObject(postmasterProcess, 0) == WAIT_OBJECT_0)
			return POSTMASTER_FAILED;
#endif

		/* Startup still in process; wait, printing a dot once per second */
		if (i % WAITS_PER_SEC == 0)
		{
#ifdef WIN32
			if (do_checkpoint)
			{
				/*
				 * Increment the wait hint by 6 secs (connection timeout +
				 * sleep).  We must do this to indicate to the SCM that our
				 * startup time is changing, otherwise it'll usually send a
				 * stop signal after 20 seconds, despite incrementing the
				 * checkpoint counter.
				 */
				status.dwWaitHint += 6000;
				status.dwCheckPoint++;
				SetServiceStatus(hStatus, (LPSERVICE_STATUS) &status);
			}
			else
#endif
				print_msg(".");
		}

		pg_usleep(USEC_PER_SEC / WAITS_PER_SEC);
	}

	/* out of patience; report that postmaster is still starting up */
	return POSTMASTER_STILL_STARTING;
}


#if defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT) && defined(RLIMIT_CORE)
static void
unlimit_core_size(void)
{
	struct rlimit lim;

	getrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &lim);
	if (lim.rlim_max == 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: cannot set core file size limit; disallowed by hard limit\n"),
					 progname);
		return;
	}
	else if (lim.rlim_max == RLIM_INFINITY || lim.rlim_cur < lim.rlim_max)
	{
		lim.rlim_cur = lim.rlim_max;
		setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &lim);
	}
}
#endif

static void
read_post_opts(void)
{
	if (post_opts == NULL)
	{
		post_opts = "";			/* default */
		if (ctl_command == RESTART_COMMAND)
		{
			char	  **optlines;
			int			numlines;

			optlines = readfile(postopts_file, &numlines);
			if (optlines == NULL)
			{
				write_stderr(_("%s: could not read file \"%s\"\n"), progname, postopts_file);
				exit(1);
			}
			else if (numlines != 1)
			{
				write_stderr(_("%s: option file \"%s\" must have exactly one line\n"),
							 progname, postopts_file);
				exit(1);
			}
			else
			{
				char	   *optline;
				char	   *arg1;

				optline = optlines[0];

				/*
				 * Are we at the first option, as defined by space and
				 * double-quote?
				 */
				if ((arg1 = strstr(optline, " \"")) != NULL)
				{
					*arg1 = '\0';	/* terminate so we get only program name */
					post_opts = pg_strdup(arg1 + 1);	/* point past whitespace */
				}
				if (exec_path == NULL)
					exec_path = pg_strdup(optline);
			}

			/* Free the results of readfile. */
			free_readfile(optlines);
		}
	}
}

static char *
find_other_exec_or_die(const char *argv0, const char *target, const char *versionstr)
{
	int			ret;
	char	   *found_path;

	found_path = pg_malloc(MAXPGPATH);

	if ((ret = find_other_exec(argv0, target, versionstr, found_path)) < 0)
	{
		char		full_path[MAXPGPATH];

		if (find_my_exec(argv0, full_path) < 0)
			strlcpy(full_path, progname, sizeof(full_path));

		if (ret == -1)
			write_stderr(_("The program \"%s\" is needed by %s "
						   "but was not found in the\n"
						   "same directory as \"%s\".\n"
						   "Check your installation.\n"),
						 target, progname, full_path);
		else
			write_stderr(_("The program \"%s\" was found by \"%s\"\n"
						   "but was not the same version as %s.\n"
						   "Check your installation.\n"),
						 target, full_path, progname);
		exit(1);
	}

	return found_path;
}

static void
do_init(void)
{
	char		cmd[MAXPGPATH];

	if (exec_path == NULL)
		exec_path = find_other_exec_or_die(argv0, "initdb", "initdb (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION "\n");

	if (pgdata_opt == NULL)
		pgdata_opt = "";

	if (post_opts == NULL)
		post_opts = "";

	if (!silent_mode)
		snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "\"%s\" %s%s",
				 exec_path, pgdata_opt, post_opts);
	else
		snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "\"%s\" %s%s > \"%s\"",
				 exec_path, pgdata_opt, post_opts, DEVNULL);

	if (system(cmd) != 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: database system initialization failed\n"), progname);
		exit(1);
	}
}

static void
do_start(void)
{
	pgpid_t		old_pid = 0;
	pgpid_t		pm_pid;

	if (ctl_command != RESTART_COMMAND)
	{
		old_pid = get_pgpid(false);
		if (old_pid != 0)
			write_stderr(_("%s: another server might be running; "
						   "trying to start server anyway\n"),
						 progname);
	}

	read_post_opts();

	/* No -D or -D already added during server start */
	if (ctl_command == RESTART_COMMAND || pgdata_opt == NULL)
		pgdata_opt = "";

	if (exec_path == NULL)
		exec_path = find_other_exec_or_die(argv0, "postgres", PG_BACKEND_VERSIONSTR);

#if defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT) && defined(RLIMIT_CORE)
	if (allow_core_files)
		unlimit_core_size();
#endif

	/*
	 * If possible, tell the postmaster our parent shell's PID (see the
	 * comments in CreateLockFile() for motivation).  Windows hasn't got
	 * getppid() unfortunately.
	 */
#ifndef WIN32
	{
		static char env_var[32];

		snprintf(env_var, sizeof(env_var), "PG_GRANDPARENT_PID=%d",
				 (int) getppid());
		putenv(env_var);
	}
#endif

	pm_pid = start_postmaster();

	if (do_wait)
	{
		print_msg(_("waiting for server to start..."));

		switch (wait_for_postmaster(pm_pid, false))
		{
			case POSTMASTER_READY:
				print_msg(_(" done\n"));
				print_msg(_("server started\n"));
				break;
			case POSTMASTER_STILL_STARTING:
				print_msg(_(" stopped waiting\n"));
				write_stderr(_("%s: server did not start in time\n"),
							 progname);
				exit(1);
				break;
			case POSTMASTER_FAILED:
				print_msg(_(" stopped waiting\n"));
				write_stderr(_("%s: could not start server\n"
							   "Examine the log output.\n"),
							 progname);
				exit(1);
				break;
		}
	}
	else
		print_msg(_("server starting\n"));

#ifdef WIN32
	/* Now we don't need the handle to the shell process anymore */
	CloseHandle(postmasterProcess);
	postmasterProcess = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
#endif
}


static void
do_stop(void)
{
	int			cnt;
	pgpid_t		pid;
	struct stat statbuf;

	pid = get_pgpid(false);

	if (pid == 0)				/* no pid file */
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: PID file \"%s\" does not exist\n"), progname, pid_file);
		write_stderr(_("Is server running?\n"));
		exit(1);
	}
	else if (pid < 0)			/* standalone backend, not postmaster */
	{
		pid = -pid;
		write_stderr(_("%s: cannot stop server; "
					   "single-user server is running (PID: %ld)\n"),
					 progname, pid);
		exit(1);
	}

	if (kill((pid_t) pid, sig) != 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not send stop signal (PID: %ld): %s\n"), progname, pid,
					 strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (!do_wait)
	{
		print_msg(_("server shutting down\n"));
		return;
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * If backup_label exists, an online backup is running. Warn the user
		 * that smart shutdown will wait for it to finish. However, if the
		 * server is in archive recovery, we're recovering from an online
		 * backup instead of performing one.
		 */
		if (shutdown_mode == SMART_MODE &&
			stat(backup_file, &statbuf) == 0 &&
			get_control_dbstate() != DB_IN_ARCHIVE_RECOVERY)
		{
			print_msg(_("WARNING: online backup mode is active\n"
						"Shutdown will not complete until pg_stop_backup() is called.\n\n"));
		}

		print_msg(_("waiting for server to shut down..."));

		for (cnt = 0; cnt < wait_seconds * WAITS_PER_SEC; cnt++)
		{
			if ((pid = get_pgpid(false)) != 0)
			{
				if (cnt % WAITS_PER_SEC == 0)
					print_msg(".");
				pg_usleep(USEC_PER_SEC / WAITS_PER_SEC);
			}
			else
				break;
		}

		if (pid != 0)			/* pid file still exists */
		{
			print_msg(_(" failed\n"));

			write_stderr(_("%s: server does not shut down\n"), progname);
			if (shutdown_mode == SMART_MODE)
				write_stderr(_("HINT: The \"-m fast\" option immediately disconnects sessions rather than\n"
							   "waiting for session-initiated disconnection.\n"));
			exit(1);
		}
		print_msg(_(" done\n"));

		print_msg(_("server stopped\n"));
	}
}


/*
 *	restart/reload routines
 */

static void
do_restart(void)
{
	int			cnt;
	pgpid_t		pid;
	struct stat statbuf;

	pid = get_pgpid(false);

	if (pid == 0)				/* no pid file */
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: PID file \"%s\" does not exist\n"),
					 progname, pid_file);
		write_stderr(_("Is server running?\n"));
		write_stderr(_("starting server anyway\n"));
		do_start();
		return;
	}
	else if (pid < 0)			/* standalone backend, not postmaster */
	{
		pid = -pid;
		if (postmaster_is_alive((pid_t) pid))
		{
			write_stderr(_("%s: cannot restart server; "
						   "single-user server is running (PID: %ld)\n"),
						 progname, pid);
			write_stderr(_("Please terminate the single-user server and try again.\n"));
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	if (postmaster_is_alive((pid_t) pid))
	{
		if (kill((pid_t) pid, sig) != 0)
		{
			write_stderr(_("%s: could not send stop signal (PID: %ld): %s\n"), progname, pid,
						 strerror(errno));
			exit(1);
		}

		/*
		 * If backup_label exists, an online backup is running. Warn the user
		 * that smart shutdown will wait for it to finish. However, if the
		 * server is in archive recovery, we're recovering from an online
		 * backup instead of performing one.
		 */
		if (shutdown_mode == SMART_MODE &&
			stat(backup_file, &statbuf) == 0 &&
			get_control_dbstate() != DB_IN_ARCHIVE_RECOVERY)
		{
			print_msg(_("WARNING: online backup mode is active\n"
						"Shutdown will not complete until pg_stop_backup() is called.\n\n"));
		}

		print_msg(_("waiting for server to shut down..."));

		/* always wait for restart */

		for (cnt = 0; cnt < wait_seconds * WAITS_PER_SEC; cnt++)
		{
			if ((pid = get_pgpid(false)) != 0)
			{
				if (cnt % WAITS_PER_SEC == 0)
					print_msg(".");
				pg_usleep(USEC_PER_SEC / WAITS_PER_SEC);
			}
			else
				break;
		}

		if (pid != 0)			/* pid file still exists */
		{
			print_msg(_(" failed\n"));

			write_stderr(_("%s: server does not shut down\n"), progname);
			if (shutdown_mode == SMART_MODE)
				write_stderr(_("HINT: The \"-m fast\" option immediately disconnects sessions rather than\n"
							   "waiting for session-initiated disconnection.\n"));
			exit(1);
		}

		print_msg(_(" done\n"));
		print_msg(_("server stopped\n"));
	}
	else
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: old server process (PID: %ld) seems to be gone\n"),
					 progname, pid);
		write_stderr(_("starting server anyway\n"));
	}

	do_start();
}

static void
do_reload(void)
{
	pgpid_t		pid;

	pid = get_pgpid(false);
	if (pid == 0)				/* no pid file */
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: PID file \"%s\" does not exist\n"), progname, pid_file);
		write_stderr(_("Is server running?\n"));
		exit(1);
	}
	else if (pid < 0)			/* standalone backend, not postmaster */
	{
		pid = -pid;
		write_stderr(_("%s: cannot reload server; "
					   "single-user server is running (PID: %ld)\n"),
					 progname, pid);
		write_stderr(_("Please terminate the single-user server and try again.\n"));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (kill((pid_t) pid, sig) != 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not send reload signal (PID: %ld): %s\n"),
					 progname, pid, strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}

	print_msg(_("server signaled\n"));
}


/*
 * promote
 */

static void
do_promote(void)
{
	FILE	   *prmfile;
	pgpid_t		pid;

	pid = get_pgpid(false);

	if (pid == 0)				/* no pid file */
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: PID file \"%s\" does not exist\n"), progname, pid_file);
		write_stderr(_("Is server running?\n"));
		exit(1);
	}
	else if (pid < 0)			/* standalone backend, not postmaster */
	{
		pid = -pid;
		write_stderr(_("%s: cannot promote server; "
					   "single-user server is running (PID: %ld)\n"),
					 progname, pid);
		exit(1);
	}

	if (get_control_dbstate() != DB_IN_ARCHIVE_RECOVERY)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: cannot promote server; "
					   "server is not in standby mode\n"),
					 progname);
		exit(1);
	}

	/*
	 * For 9.3 onwards, "fast" promotion is performed. Promotion with a full
	 * checkpoint is still possible by writing a file called
	 * "fallback_promote" instead of "promote"
	 */
	snprintf(promote_file, MAXPGPATH, "%s/promote", pg_data);

	if ((prmfile = fopen(promote_file, "w")) == NULL)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not create promote signal file \"%s\": %s\n"),
					 progname, promote_file, strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}
	if (fclose(prmfile))
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not write promote signal file \"%s\": %s\n"),
					 progname, promote_file, strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}

	sig = SIGUSR1;
	if (kill((pid_t) pid, sig) != 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not send promote signal (PID: %ld): %s\n"),
					 progname, pid, strerror(errno));
		if (unlink(promote_file) != 0)
			write_stderr(_("%s: could not remove promote signal file \"%s\": %s\n"),
						 progname, promote_file, strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}

	if (do_wait)
	{
		DBState		state = DB_STARTUP;
		int			cnt;

		print_msg(_("waiting for server to promote..."));
		for (cnt = 0; cnt < wait_seconds * WAITS_PER_SEC; cnt++)
		{
			state = get_control_dbstate();
			if (state == DB_IN_PRODUCTION)
				break;

			if (cnt % WAITS_PER_SEC == 0)
				print_msg(".");
			pg_usleep(USEC_PER_SEC / WAITS_PER_SEC);
		}
		if (state == DB_IN_PRODUCTION)
		{
			print_msg(_(" done\n"));
			print_msg(_("server promoted\n"));
		}
		else
		{
			print_msg(_(" stopped waiting\n"));
			write_stderr(_("%s: server did not promote in time\n"),
						 progname);
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	else
		print_msg(_("server promoting\n"));
}


/*
 *	utility routines
 */

static bool
postmaster_is_alive(pid_t pid)
{
	/*
	 * Test to see if the process is still there.  Note that we do not
	 * consider an EPERM failure to mean that the process is still there;
	 * EPERM must mean that the given PID belongs to some other userid, and
	 * considering the permissions on $PGDATA, that means it's not the
	 * postmaster we are after.
	 *
	 * Don't believe that our own PID or parent shell's PID is the postmaster,
	 * either.  (Windows hasn't got getppid(), though.)
	 */
	if (pid == getpid())
		return false;
#ifndef WIN32
	if (pid == getppid())
		return false;
#endif
	if (kill(pid, 0) == 0)
		return true;
	return false;
}

static void
do_status(void)
{
	pgpid_t		pid;

	pid = get_pgpid(true);
	/* Is there a pid file? */
	if (pid != 0)
	{
		/* standalone backend? */
		if (pid < 0)
		{
			pid = -pid;
			if (postmaster_is_alive((pid_t) pid))
			{
				printf(_("%s: single-user server is running (PID: %ld)\n"),
					   progname, pid);
				return;
			}
		}
		else
			/* must be a postmaster */
		{
			if (postmaster_is_alive((pid_t) pid))
			{
				char	  **optlines;
				char	  **curr_line;
				int			numlines;

				printf(_("%s: server is running (PID: %ld)\n"),
					   progname, pid);

				optlines = readfile(postopts_file, &numlines);
				if (optlines != NULL)
				{
					for (curr_line = optlines; *curr_line != NULL; curr_line++)
						puts(*curr_line);

					/* Free the results of readfile */
					free_readfile(optlines);
				}
				return;
			}
		}
	}
	printf(_("%s: no server running\n"), progname);

	/*
	 * The Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1 says this should return
	 * '3, program is not running'
	 * https://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/iniscrptact.html
	 */
	exit(3);
}



static void
do_kill(pgpid_t pid)
{
	if (kill((pid_t) pid, sig) != 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not send signal %d (PID: %ld): %s\n"),
					 progname, sig, pid, strerror(errno));
		exit(1);
	}
}

#ifdef WIN32

#if (_MSC_VER < 1800)
static bool
IsWindowsXPOrGreater(void)
{
	OSVERSIONINFO osv;

	osv.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(osv);

	/* Windows XP = Version 5.1 */
	return (!GetVersionEx(&osv) ||	/* could not get version */
			osv.dwMajorVersion > 5 || (osv.dwMajorVersion == 5 && osv.dwMinorVersion >= 1));
}

static bool
IsWindows7OrGreater(void)
{
	OSVERSIONINFO osv;

	osv.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(osv);

	/* Windows 7 = Version 6.0 */
	return (!GetVersionEx(&osv) ||	/* could not get version */
			osv.dwMajorVersion > 6 || (osv.dwMajorVersion == 6 && osv.dwMinorVersion >= 0));
}
#endif

static bool
pgwin32_IsInstalled(SC_HANDLE hSCM)
{
	SC_HANDLE	hService = OpenService(hSCM, register_servicename, SERVICE_QUERY_CONFIG);
	bool		bResult = (hService != NULL);

	if (bResult)
		CloseServiceHandle(hService);
	return bResult;
}

static char *
pgwin32_CommandLine(bool registration)
{
	PQExpBuffer cmdLine = createPQExpBuffer();
	char		cmdPath[MAXPGPATH];
	int			ret;

	if (registration)
	{
		ret = find_my_exec(argv0, cmdPath);
		if (ret != 0)
		{
			write_stderr(_("%s: could not find own program executable\n"), progname);
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		ret = find_other_exec(argv0, "postgres", PG_BACKEND_VERSIONSTR,
							  cmdPath);
		if (ret != 0)
		{
			write_stderr(_("%s: could not find postgres program executable\n"), progname);
			exit(1);
		}
	}

	/* if path does not end in .exe, append it */
	if (strlen(cmdPath) < 4 ||
		pg_strcasecmp(cmdPath + strlen(cmdPath) - 4, ".exe") != 0)
		snprintf(cmdPath + strlen(cmdPath), sizeof(cmdPath) - strlen(cmdPath),
				 ".exe");

	/* use backslashes in path to avoid problems with some third-party tools */
	make_native_path(cmdPath);

	/* be sure to double-quote the executable's name in the command */
	appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, "\"%s\"", cmdPath);

	/* append assorted switches to the command line, as needed */

	if (registration)
		appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " runservice -N \"%s\"",
						  register_servicename);

	if (pg_config)
	{
		/* We need the -D path to be absolute */
		char	   *dataDir;

		if ((dataDir = make_absolute_path(pg_config)) == NULL)
		{
			/* make_absolute_path already reported the error */
			exit(1);
		}
		make_native_path(dataDir);
		appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " -D \"%s\"", dataDir);
		free(dataDir);
	}

	if (registration && event_source != NULL)
		appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " -e \"%s\"", event_source);

	if (registration && do_wait)
		appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " -w");

	/* Don't propagate a value from an environment variable. */
	if (registration && wait_seconds_arg && wait_seconds != DEFAULT_WAIT)
		appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " -t %d", wait_seconds);

	if (registration && silent_mode)
		appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " -s");

	if (post_opts)
	{
		if (registration)
			appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " -o \"%s\"", post_opts);
		else
			appendPQExpBuffer(cmdLine, " %s", post_opts);
	}

	return cmdLine->data;
}

static void
pgwin32_doRegister(void)
{
	SC_HANDLE	hService;
	SC_HANDLE	hSCM = OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_ALL_ACCESS);

	if (hSCM == NULL)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not open service manager\n"), progname);
		exit(1);
	}
	if (pgwin32_IsInstalled(hSCM))
	{
		CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
		write_stderr(_("%s: service \"%s\" already registered\n"), progname, register_servicename);
		exit(1);
	}

	if ((hService = CreateService(hSCM, register_servicename, register_servicename,
								  SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS, SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS,
								  pgctl_start_type, SERVICE_ERROR_NORMAL,
								  pgwin32_CommandLine(true),
								  NULL, NULL, "RPCSS\0", register_username, register_password)) == NULL)
	{
		CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not register service \"%s\": error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, register_servicename,
					 (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		exit(1);
	}
	CloseServiceHandle(hService);
	CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
}

static void
pgwin32_doUnregister(void)
{
	SC_HANDLE	hService;
	SC_HANDLE	hSCM = OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_ALL_ACCESS);

	if (hSCM == NULL)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not open service manager\n"), progname);
		exit(1);
	}
	if (!pgwin32_IsInstalled(hSCM))
	{
		CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
		write_stderr(_("%s: service \"%s\" not registered\n"), progname, register_servicename);
		exit(1);
	}

	if ((hService = OpenService(hSCM, register_servicename, DELETE)) == NULL)
	{
		CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not open service \"%s\": error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, register_servicename,
					 (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		exit(1);
	}
	if (!DeleteService(hService))
	{
		CloseServiceHandle(hService);
		CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not unregister service \"%s\": error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, register_servicename,
					 (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		exit(1);
	}
	CloseServiceHandle(hService);
	CloseServiceHandle(hSCM);
}

static void
pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(DWORD currentState)
{
	status.dwCurrentState = currentState;
	SetServiceStatus(hStatus, (LPSERVICE_STATUS) &status);
}

static void WINAPI
pgwin32_ServiceHandler(DWORD request)
{
	switch (request)
	{
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP:
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_SHUTDOWN:

			/*
			 * We only need a short wait hint here as it just needs to wait
			 * for the next checkpoint. They occur every 5 seconds during
			 * shutdown
			 */
			status.dwWaitHint = 10000;
			pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_STOP_PENDING);
			SetEvent(shutdownEvent);
			return;

		case SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE:
			/* Win32 config reloading */
			status.dwWaitHint = 5000;
			kill(postmasterPID, SIGHUP);
			return;

			/* FIXME: These could be used to replace other signals etc */
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE:
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_INTERROGATE:
		default:
			break;
	}
}

static void WINAPI
pgwin32_ServiceMain(DWORD argc, LPTSTR *argv)
{
	PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
	DWORD		ret;

	/* Initialize variables */
	status.dwWin32ExitCode = S_OK;
	status.dwCheckPoint = 0;
	status.dwWaitHint = 60000;
	status.dwServiceType = SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS;
	status.dwControlsAccepted = SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP | SERVICE_ACCEPT_SHUTDOWN | SERVICE_ACCEPT_PAUSE_CONTINUE;
	status.dwServiceSpecificExitCode = 0;
	status.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_START_PENDING;

	memset(&pi, 0, sizeof(pi));

	read_post_opts();

	/* Register the control request handler */
	if ((hStatus = RegisterServiceCtrlHandler(register_servicename, pgwin32_ServiceHandler)) == (SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE) 0)
		return;

	if ((shutdownEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, true, false, NULL)) == NULL)
		return;

	/* Start the postmaster */
	pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_START_PENDING);
	if (!CreateRestrictedProcess(pgwin32_CommandLine(false), &pi, true))
	{
		pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_STOPPED);
		return;
	}
	postmasterPID = pi.dwProcessId;
	postmasterProcess = pi.hProcess;
	CloseHandle(pi.hThread);

	if (do_wait)
	{
		write_eventlog(EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE, _("Waiting for server startup...\n"));
		if (wait_for_postmaster(postmasterPID, true) != POSTMASTER_READY)
		{
			write_eventlog(EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE, _("Timed out waiting for server startup\n"));
			pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_STOPPED);
			return;
		}
		write_eventlog(EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE, _("Server started and accepting connections\n"));
	}

	pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_RUNNING);

	/* Wait for quit... */
	ret = WaitForMultipleObjects(2, shutdownHandles, FALSE, INFINITE);

	pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_STOP_PENDING);
	switch (ret)
	{
		case WAIT_OBJECT_0:		/* shutdown event */
			{
				/*
				 * status.dwCheckPoint can be incremented by
				 * wait_for_postmaster(), so it might not start from 0.
				 */
				int			maxShutdownCheckPoint = status.dwCheckPoint + 12;

				kill(postmasterPID, SIGINT);

				/*
				 * Increment the checkpoint and try again. Abort after 12
				 * checkpoints as the postmaster has probably hung.
				 */
				while (WaitForSingleObject(postmasterProcess, 5000) == WAIT_TIMEOUT && status.dwCheckPoint < maxShutdownCheckPoint)
				{
					status.dwCheckPoint++;
					SetServiceStatus(hStatus, (LPSERVICE_STATUS) &status);
				}
				break;
			}

		case (WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1):	/* postmaster went down */
			break;

		default:
			/* shouldn't get here? */
			break;
	}

	CloseHandle(shutdownEvent);
	CloseHandle(postmasterProcess);

	pgwin32_SetServiceStatus(SERVICE_STOPPED);
}

static void
pgwin32_doRunAsService(void)
{
	SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY st[] = {{register_servicename, pgwin32_ServiceMain},
	{NULL, NULL}};

	if (StartServiceCtrlDispatcher(st) == 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not start service \"%s\": error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, register_servicename,
					 (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		exit(1);
	}
}


/*
 * Mingw headers are incomplete, and so are the libraries. So we have to load
 * a whole lot of API functions dynamically. Since we have to do this anyway,
 * also load the couple of functions that *do* exist in minwg headers but not
 * on NT4. That way, we don't break on NT4.
 */
typedef BOOL (WINAPI * __CreateRestrictedToken) (HANDLE, DWORD, DWORD, PSID_AND_ATTRIBUTES, DWORD, PLUID_AND_ATTRIBUTES, DWORD, PSID_AND_ATTRIBUTES, PHANDLE);
typedef BOOL (WINAPI * __IsProcessInJob) (HANDLE, HANDLE, PBOOL);
typedef HANDLE (WINAPI * __CreateJobObject) (LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, LPCTSTR);
typedef BOOL (WINAPI * __SetInformationJobObject) (HANDLE, JOBOBJECTINFOCLASS, LPVOID, DWORD);
typedef BOOL (WINAPI * __AssignProcessToJobObject) (HANDLE, HANDLE);
typedef BOOL (WINAPI * __QueryInformationJobObject) (HANDLE, JOBOBJECTINFOCLASS, LPVOID, DWORD, LPDWORD);

/* Windows API define missing from some versions of MingW headers */
#ifndef  DISABLE_MAX_PRIVILEGE
#define DISABLE_MAX_PRIVILEGE	0x1
#endif

/*
 * Create a restricted token, a job object sandbox, and execute the specified
 * process with it.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, non-zero on failure, same as CreateProcess().
 *
 * On NT4, or any other system not containing the required functions, will
 * launch the process under the current token without doing any modifications.
 *
 * NOTE! Job object will only work when running as a service, because it's
 * automatically destroyed when pg_ctl exits.
 */
static int
CreateRestrictedProcess(char *cmd, PROCESS_INFORMATION *processInfo, bool as_service)
{
	int			r;
	BOOL		b;
	STARTUPINFO si;
	HANDLE		origToken;
	HANDLE		restrictedToken;
	SID_IDENTIFIER_AUTHORITY NtAuthority = {SECURITY_NT_AUTHORITY};
	SID_AND_ATTRIBUTES dropSids[2];

	/* Functions loaded dynamically */
	__CreateRestrictedToken _CreateRestrictedToken = NULL;
	__IsProcessInJob _IsProcessInJob = NULL;
	__CreateJobObject _CreateJobObject = NULL;
	__SetInformationJobObject _SetInformationJobObject = NULL;
	__AssignProcessToJobObject _AssignProcessToJobObject = NULL;
	__QueryInformationJobObject _QueryInformationJobObject = NULL;
	HANDLE		Kernel32Handle;
	HANDLE		Advapi32Handle;

	ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
	si.cb = sizeof(si);

	Advapi32Handle = LoadLibrary("ADVAPI32.DLL");
	if (Advapi32Handle != NULL)
	{
		_CreateRestrictedToken = (__CreateRestrictedToken) GetProcAddress(Advapi32Handle, "CreateRestrictedToken");
	}

	if (_CreateRestrictedToken == NULL)
	{
		/*
		 * NT4 doesn't have CreateRestrictedToken, so just call ordinary
		 * CreateProcess
		 */
		write_stderr(_("%s: WARNING: cannot create restricted tokens on this platform\n"), progname);
		if (Advapi32Handle != NULL)
			FreeLibrary(Advapi32Handle);
		return CreateProcess(NULL, cmd, NULL, NULL, FALSE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, processInfo);
	}

	/* Open the current token to use as a base for the restricted one */
	if (!OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS, &origToken))
	{
		/*
		 * Most Windows targets make DWORD a 32-bit unsigned long, but in case
		 * it doesn't cast DWORD before printing.
		 */
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not open process token: error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		return 0;
	}

	/* Allocate list of SIDs to remove */
	ZeroMemory(&dropSids, sizeof(dropSids));
	if (!AllocateAndInitializeSid(&NtAuthority, 2,
								  SECURITY_BUILTIN_DOMAIN_RID, DOMAIN_ALIAS_RID_ADMINS, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
								  0, &dropSids[0].Sid) ||
		!AllocateAndInitializeSid(&NtAuthority, 2,
								  SECURITY_BUILTIN_DOMAIN_RID, DOMAIN_ALIAS_RID_POWER_USERS, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
								  0, &dropSids[1].Sid))
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not allocate SIDs: error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		return 0;
	}

	b = _CreateRestrictedToken(origToken,
							   DISABLE_MAX_PRIVILEGE,
							   sizeof(dropSids) / sizeof(dropSids[0]),
							   dropSids,
							   0, NULL,
							   0, NULL,
							   &restrictedToken);

	FreeSid(dropSids[1].Sid);
	FreeSid(dropSids[0].Sid);
	CloseHandle(origToken);
	FreeLibrary(Advapi32Handle);

	if (!b)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not create restricted token: error code %lu\n"),
					 progname, (unsigned long) GetLastError());
		return 0;
	}

	AddUserToTokenDacl(restrictedToken);
	r = CreateProcessAsUser(restrictedToken, NULL, cmd, NULL, NULL, TRUE, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL, NULL, &si, processInfo);

	Kernel32Handle = LoadLibrary("KERNEL32.DLL");
	if (Kernel32Handle != NULL)
	{
		_IsProcessInJob = (__IsProcessInJob) GetProcAddress(Kernel32Handle, "IsProcessInJob");
		_CreateJobObject = (__CreateJobObject) GetProcAddress(Kernel32Handle, "CreateJobObjectA");
		_SetInformationJobObject = (__SetInformationJobObject) GetProcAddress(Kernel32Handle, "SetInformationJobObject");
		_AssignProcessToJobObject = (__AssignProcessToJobObject) GetProcAddress(Kernel32Handle, "AssignProcessToJobObject");
		_QueryInformationJobObject = (__QueryInformationJobObject) GetProcAddress(Kernel32Handle, "QueryInformationJobObject");
	}

	/* Verify that we found all functions */
	if (_IsProcessInJob == NULL || _CreateJobObject == NULL || _SetInformationJobObject == NULL || _AssignProcessToJobObject == NULL || _QueryInformationJobObject == NULL)
	{
		/*
		 * IsProcessInJob() is not available on < WinXP, so there is no need
		 * to log the error every time in that case
		 */
		if (IsWindowsXPOrGreater())

			/*
			 * Log error if we can't get version, or if we're on WinXP/2003 or
			 * newer
			 */
			write_stderr(_("%s: WARNING: could not locate all job object functions in system API\n"), progname);
	}
	else
	{
		BOOL		inJob;

		if (_IsProcessInJob(processInfo->hProcess, NULL, &inJob))
		{
			if (!inJob)
			{
				/*
				 * Job objects are working, and the new process isn't in one,
				 * so we can create one safely. If any problems show up when
				 * setting it, we're going to ignore them.
				 */
				HANDLE		job;
				char		jobname[128];

				sprintf(jobname, "PostgreSQL_%lu",
						(unsigned long) processInfo->dwProcessId);

				job = _CreateJobObject(NULL, jobname);
				if (job)
				{
					JOBOBJECT_BASIC_LIMIT_INFORMATION basicLimit;
					JOBOBJECT_BASIC_UI_RESTRICTIONS uiRestrictions;
					JOBOBJECT_SECURITY_LIMIT_INFORMATION securityLimit;

					ZeroMemory(&basicLimit, sizeof(basicLimit));
					ZeroMemory(&uiRestrictions, sizeof(uiRestrictions));
					ZeroMemory(&securityLimit, sizeof(securityLimit));

					basicLimit.LimitFlags = JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_DIE_ON_UNHANDLED_EXCEPTION | JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_PRIORITY_CLASS;
					basicLimit.PriorityClass = NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS;
					_SetInformationJobObject(job, JobObjectBasicLimitInformation, &basicLimit, sizeof(basicLimit));

					uiRestrictions.UIRestrictionsClass = JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_DESKTOP | JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_DISPLAYSETTINGS |
						JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_EXITWINDOWS | JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_READCLIPBOARD |
						JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_SYSTEMPARAMETERS | JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_WRITECLIPBOARD;

					if (as_service)
					{
						if (!IsWindows7OrGreater())
						{
							/*
							 * On Windows 7 (and presumably later),
							 * JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_HANDLES prevents us from
							 * starting as a service. So we only enable it on
							 * Vista and earlier (version <= 6.0)
							 */
							uiRestrictions.UIRestrictionsClass |= JOB_OBJECT_UILIMIT_HANDLES;
						}
					}
					_SetInformationJobObject(job, JobObjectBasicUIRestrictions, &uiRestrictions, sizeof(uiRestrictions));

					securityLimit.SecurityLimitFlags = JOB_OBJECT_SECURITY_NO_ADMIN | JOB_OBJECT_SECURITY_ONLY_TOKEN;
					securityLimit.JobToken = restrictedToken;
					_SetInformationJobObject(job, JobObjectSecurityLimitInformation, &securityLimit, sizeof(securityLimit));

					_AssignProcessToJobObject(job, processInfo->hProcess);
				}
			}
		}
	}


	CloseHandle(restrictedToken);

	ResumeThread(processInfo->hThread);

	FreeLibrary(Kernel32Handle);

	/*
	 * We intentionally don't close the job object handle, because we want the
	 * object to live on until pg_ctl shuts down.
	 */
	return r;
}
#endif							/* WIN32 */

static void
do_advice(void)
{
	write_stderr(_("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"), progname);
}



static void
do_help(void)
{
	printf(_("%s is a utility to initialize, start, stop, or control a PostgreSQL server.\n\n"), progname);
	printf(_("Usage:\n"));
	printf(_("  %s init[db] [-D DATADIR] [-s] [-o OPTIONS]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s start    [-D DATADIR] [-l FILENAME] [-W] [-t SECS] [-s]\n"
			 "                  [-o OPTIONS] [-p PATH] [-c]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s stop     [-D DATADIR] [-m SHUTDOWN-MODE] [-W] [-t SECS] [-s]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s restart  [-D DATADIR] [-m SHUTDOWN-MODE] [-W] [-t SECS] [-s]\n"
			 "                  [-o OPTIONS] [-c]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s reload   [-D DATADIR] [-s]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s status   [-D DATADIR]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s promote  [-D DATADIR] [-W] [-t SECS] [-s]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s kill     SIGNALNAME PID\n"), progname);
#ifdef WIN32
	printf(_("  %s register [-D DATADIR] [-N SERVICENAME] [-U USERNAME] [-P PASSWORD]\n"
			 "                  [-S START-TYPE] [-e SOURCE] [-W] [-t SECS] [-s] [-o OPTIONS]\n"), progname);
	printf(_("  %s unregister [-N SERVICENAME]\n"), progname);
#endif

	printf(_("\nCommon options:\n"));
	printf(_("  -D, --pgdata=DATADIR   location of the database storage area\n"));
#ifdef WIN32
	printf(_("  -e SOURCE              event source for logging when running as a service\n"));
#endif
	printf(_("  -s, --silent           only print errors, no informational messages\n"));
	printf(_("  -t, --timeout=SECS     seconds to wait when using -w option\n"));
	printf(_("  -V, --version          output version information, then exit\n"));
	printf(_("  -w, --wait             wait until operation completes (default)\n"));
	printf(_("  -W, --no-wait          do not wait until operation completes\n"));
	printf(_("  -?, --help             show this help, then exit\n"));
	printf(_("If the -D option is omitted, the environment variable PGDATA is used.\n"));

	printf(_("\nOptions for start or restart:\n"));
#if defined(HAVE_GETRLIMIT) && defined(RLIMIT_CORE)
	printf(_("  -c, --core-files       allow postgres to produce core files\n"));
#else
	printf(_("  -c, --core-files       not applicable on this platform\n"));
#endif
	printf(_("  -l, --log=FILENAME     write (or append) server log to FILENAME\n"));
	printf(_("  -o, --options=OPTIONS  command line options to pass to postgres\n"
			 "                         (PostgreSQL server executable) or initdb\n"));
	printf(_("  -p PATH-TO-POSTGRES    normally not necessary\n"));
	printf(_("\nOptions for stop or restart:\n"));
	printf(_("  -m, --mode=MODE        MODE can be \"smart\", \"fast\", or \"immediate\"\n"));

	printf(_("\nShutdown modes are:\n"));
	printf(_("  smart       quit after all clients have disconnected\n"));
	printf(_("  fast        quit directly, with proper shutdown (default)\n"));
	printf(_("  immediate   quit without complete shutdown; will lead to recovery on restart\n"));

	printf(_("\nAllowed signal names for kill:\n"));
	printf("  ABRT HUP INT KILL QUIT TERM USR1 USR2\n");

#ifdef WIN32
	printf(_("\nOptions for register and unregister:\n"));
	printf(_("  -N SERVICENAME  service name with which to register PostgreSQL server\n"));
	printf(_("  -P PASSWORD     password of account to register PostgreSQL server\n"));
	printf(_("  -U USERNAME     user name of account to register PostgreSQL server\n"));
	printf(_("  -S START-TYPE   service start type to register PostgreSQL server\n"));

	printf(_("\nStart types are:\n"));
	printf(_("  auto       start service automatically during system startup (default)\n"));
	printf(_("  demand     start service on demand\n"));
#endif

	printf(_("\nReport bugs to <pgsql-bugs@postgresql.org>.\n"));
}



static void
set_mode(char *modeopt)
{
	if (strcmp(modeopt, "s") == 0 || strcmp(modeopt, "smart") == 0)
	{
		shutdown_mode = SMART_MODE;
		sig = SIGTERM;
	}
	else if (strcmp(modeopt, "f") == 0 || strcmp(modeopt, "fast") == 0)
	{
		shutdown_mode = FAST_MODE;
		sig = SIGINT;
	}
	else if (strcmp(modeopt, "i") == 0 || strcmp(modeopt, "immediate") == 0)
	{
		shutdown_mode = IMMEDIATE_MODE;
		sig = SIGQUIT;
	}
	else
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: unrecognized shutdown mode \"%s\"\n"), progname, modeopt);
		do_advice();
		exit(1);
	}
}



static void
set_sig(char *signame)
{
	if (strcmp(signame, "HUP") == 0)
		sig = SIGHUP;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "INT") == 0)
		sig = SIGINT;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "QUIT") == 0)
		sig = SIGQUIT;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "ABRT") == 0)
		sig = SIGABRT;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "KILL") == 0)
		sig = SIGKILL;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "TERM") == 0)
		sig = SIGTERM;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "USR1") == 0)
		sig = SIGUSR1;
	else if (strcmp(signame, "USR2") == 0)
		sig = SIGUSR2;
	else
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: unrecognized signal name \"%s\"\n"), progname, signame);
		do_advice();
		exit(1);
	}
}


#ifdef WIN32
static void
set_starttype(char *starttypeopt)
{
	if (strcmp(starttypeopt, "a") == 0 || strcmp(starttypeopt, "auto") == 0)
		pgctl_start_type = SERVICE_AUTO_START;
	else if (strcmp(starttypeopt, "d") == 0 || strcmp(starttypeopt, "demand") == 0)
		pgctl_start_type = SERVICE_DEMAND_START;
	else
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: unrecognized start type \"%s\"\n"), progname, starttypeopt);
		do_advice();
		exit(1);
	}
}
#endif

/*
 * adjust_data_dir
 *
 * If a configuration-only directory was specified, find the real data dir.
 */
static void
adjust_data_dir(void)
{
	char		cmd[MAXPGPATH],
				filename[MAXPGPATH],
			   *my_exec_path;
	FILE	   *fd;

	/* do nothing if we're working without knowledge of data dir */
	if (pg_config == NULL)
		return;

	/* If there is no postgresql.conf, it can't be a config-only dir */
	snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%s/postgresql.conf", pg_config);
	if ((fd = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL)
		return;
	fclose(fd);

	/* If PG_VERSION exists, it can't be a config-only dir */
	snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%s/PG_VERSION", pg_config);
	if ((fd = fopen(filename, "r")) != NULL)
	{
		fclose(fd);
		return;
	}

	/* Must be a configuration directory, so find the data directory */

	/* we use a private my_exec_path to avoid interfering with later uses */
	if (exec_path == NULL)
		my_exec_path = find_other_exec_or_die(argv0, "postgres", PG_BACKEND_VERSIONSTR);
	else
		my_exec_path = pg_strdup(exec_path);

	/* it's important for -C to be the first option, see main.c */
	snprintf(cmd, MAXPGPATH, "\"%s\" -C data_directory %s%s",
			 my_exec_path,
			 pgdata_opt ? pgdata_opt : "",
			 post_opts ? post_opts : "");

	fd = popen(cmd, "r");
	if (fd == NULL || fgets(filename, sizeof(filename), fd) == NULL)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: could not determine the data directory using command \"%s\"\n"), progname, cmd);
		exit(1);
	}
	pclose(fd);
	free(my_exec_path);

	/* Remove trailing newline */
	if (strchr(filename, '\n') != NULL)
		*strchr(filename, '\n') = '\0';

	free(pg_data);
	pg_data = pg_strdup(filename);
	canonicalize_path(pg_data);
}


static DBState
get_control_dbstate(void)
{
	DBState		ret;
	bool		crc_ok;
	ControlFileData *control_file_data = get_controlfile(pg_data, progname, &crc_ok);

	if (!crc_ok)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: control file appears to be corrupt\n"), progname);
		exit(1);
	}

	ret = control_file_data->state;
	pfree(control_file_data);
	return ret;
}


int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	static struct option long_options[] = {
		{"help", no_argument, NULL, '?'},
		{"version", no_argument, NULL, 'V'},
		{"log", required_argument, NULL, 'l'},
		{"mode", required_argument, NULL, 'm'},
		{"pgdata", required_argument, NULL, 'D'},
		{"options", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
		{"silent", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
		{"timeout", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
		{"core-files", no_argument, NULL, 'c'},
		{"wait", no_argument, NULL, 'w'},
		{"no-wait", no_argument, NULL, 'W'},
		{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
	};

	char	   *env_wait;
	int			option_index;
	int			c;
	pgpid_t		killproc = 0;

#ifdef WIN32
	setvbuf(stderr, NULL, _IONBF, 0);
#endif

	progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
	set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("pg_ctl"));
	start_time = time(NULL);

	/*
	 * save argv[0] so do_start() can look for the postmaster if necessary. we
	 * don't look for postmaster here because in many cases we won't need it.
	 */
	argv0 = argv[0];

	umask(S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO);

	/* support --help and --version even if invoked as root */
	if (argc > 1)
	{
		if (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-?") == 0)
		{
			do_help();
			exit(0);
		}
		else if (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-V") == 0)
		{
			puts("pg_ctl (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION);
			exit(0);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Disallow running as root, to forestall any possible security holes.
	 */
#ifndef WIN32
	if (geteuid() == 0)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: cannot be run as root\n"
					   "Please log in (using, e.g., \"su\") as the "
					   "(unprivileged) user that will\n"
					   "own the server process.\n"),
					 progname);
		exit(1);
	}
#endif

	env_wait = getenv("PGCTLTIMEOUT");
	if (env_wait != NULL)
		wait_seconds = atoi(env_wait);

	/*
	 * 'Action' can be before or after args so loop over both. Some
	 * getopt_long() implementations will reorder argv[] to place all flags
	 * first (GNU?), but we don't rely on it. Our /port version doesn't do
	 * that.
	 */
	optind = 1;

	/* process command-line options */
	while (optind < argc)
	{
		while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "cD:e:l:m:N:o:p:P:sS:t:U:wW",
								long_options, &option_index)) != -1)
		{
			switch (c)
			{
				case 'D':
					{
						char	   *pgdata_D;
						char	   *env_var;

						pgdata_D = pg_strdup(optarg);
						canonicalize_path(pgdata_D);
						env_var = psprintf("PGDATA=%s", pgdata_D);
						putenv(env_var);

						/*
						 * We could pass PGDATA just in an environment
						 * variable but we do -D too for clearer postmaster
						 * 'ps' display
						 */
						pgdata_opt = psprintf("-D \"%s\" ", pgdata_D);
						break;
					}
				case 'e':
					event_source = pg_strdup(optarg);
					break;
				case 'l':
					log_file = pg_strdup(optarg);
					break;
				case 'm':
					set_mode(optarg);
					break;
				case 'N':
					register_servicename = pg_strdup(optarg);
					break;
				case 'o':
					/* append option? */
					if (!post_opts)
						post_opts = pg_strdup(optarg);
					else
					{
						char	   *old_post_opts = post_opts;

						post_opts = psprintf("%s %s", old_post_opts, optarg);
						free(old_post_opts);
					}
					break;
				case 'p':
					exec_path = pg_strdup(optarg);
					break;
				case 'P':
					register_password = pg_strdup(optarg);
					break;
				case 's':
					silent_mode = true;
					break;
				case 'S':
#ifdef WIN32
					set_starttype(optarg);
#else
					write_stderr(_("%s: -S option not supported on this platform\n"),
								 progname);
					exit(1);
#endif
					break;
				case 't':
					wait_seconds = atoi(optarg);
					wait_seconds_arg = true;
					break;
				case 'U':
					if (strchr(optarg, '\\'))
						register_username = pg_strdup(optarg);
					else
						/* Prepend .\ for local accounts */
						register_username = psprintf(".\\%s", optarg);
					break;
				case 'w':
					do_wait = true;
					break;
				case 'W':
					do_wait = false;
					break;
				case 'c':
					allow_core_files = true;
					break;
				default:
					/* getopt_long already issued a suitable error message */
					do_advice();
					exit(1);
			}
		}

		/* Process an action */
		if (optind < argc)
		{
			if (ctl_command != NO_COMMAND)
			{
				write_stderr(_("%s: too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")\n"), progname, argv[optind]);
				do_advice();
				exit(1);
			}

			if (strcmp(argv[optind], "init") == 0
				|| strcmp(argv[optind], "initdb") == 0)
				ctl_command = INIT_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "start") == 0)
				ctl_command = START_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "stop") == 0)
				ctl_command = STOP_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "restart") == 0)
				ctl_command = RESTART_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "reload") == 0)
				ctl_command = RELOAD_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "status") == 0)
				ctl_command = STATUS_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "promote") == 0)
				ctl_command = PROMOTE_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "kill") == 0)
			{
				if (argc - optind < 3)
				{
					write_stderr(_("%s: missing arguments for kill mode\n"), progname);
					do_advice();
					exit(1);
				}
				ctl_command = KILL_COMMAND;
				set_sig(argv[++optind]);
				killproc = atol(argv[++optind]);
			}
#ifdef WIN32
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "register") == 0)
				ctl_command = REGISTER_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "unregister") == 0)
				ctl_command = UNREGISTER_COMMAND;
			else if (strcmp(argv[optind], "runservice") == 0)
				ctl_command = RUN_AS_SERVICE_COMMAND;
#endif
			else
			{
				write_stderr(_("%s: unrecognized operation mode \"%s\"\n"), progname, argv[optind]);
				do_advice();
				exit(1);
			}
			optind++;
		}
	}

	if (ctl_command == NO_COMMAND)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: no operation specified\n"), progname);
		do_advice();
		exit(1);
	}

	/* Note we put any -D switch into the env var above */
	pg_config = getenv("PGDATA");
	if (pg_config)
	{
		pg_config = pg_strdup(pg_config);
		canonicalize_path(pg_config);
		pg_data = pg_strdup(pg_config);
	}

	/* -D might point at config-only directory; if so find the real PGDATA */
	adjust_data_dir();

	/* Complain if -D needed and not provided */
	if (pg_config == NULL &&
		ctl_command != KILL_COMMAND && ctl_command != UNREGISTER_COMMAND)
	{
		write_stderr(_("%s: no database directory specified and environment variable PGDATA unset\n"),
					 progname);
		do_advice();
		exit(1);
	}

	if (ctl_command == RELOAD_COMMAND)
	{
		sig = SIGHUP;
		do_wait = false;
	}

	if (pg_data)
	{
		snprintf(postopts_file, MAXPGPATH, "%s/postmaster.opts", pg_data);
		snprintf(version_file, MAXPGPATH, "%s/PG_VERSION", pg_data);
		snprintf(pid_file, MAXPGPATH, "%s/postmaster.pid", pg_data);
		snprintf(backup_file, MAXPGPATH, "%s/backup_label", pg_data);
	}

	switch (ctl_command)
	{
		case INIT_COMMAND:
			do_init();
			break;
		case STATUS_COMMAND:
			do_status();
			break;
		case START_COMMAND:
			do_start();
			break;
		case STOP_COMMAND:
			do_stop();
			break;
		case RESTART_COMMAND:
			do_restart();
			break;
		case RELOAD_COMMAND:
			do_reload();
			break;
		case PROMOTE_COMMAND:
			do_promote();
			break;
		case KILL_COMMAND:
			do_kill(killproc);
			break;
#ifdef WIN32
		case REGISTER_COMMAND:
			pgwin32_doRegister();
			break;
		case UNREGISTER_COMMAND:
			pgwin32_doUnregister();
			break;
		case RUN_AS_SERVICE_COMMAND:
			pgwin32_doRunAsService();
			break;
#endif
		default:
			break;
	}

	exit(0);
}
