/*
 * transforming Datums to Python objects and vice versa
 *
 * src/pl/plpython/plpy_typeio.c
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "parser/parse_type.h"
#include "utils/array.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"

#include "plpython.h"

#include "plpy_typeio.h"

#include "plpy_elog.h"
#include "plpy_main.h"


/* I/O function caching */
static void PLy_input_datum_func2(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Oid typeOid, HeapTuple typeTup);
static void PLy_output_datum_func2(PLyObToDatum *arg, HeapTuple typeTup);

/* conversion from Datums to Python objects */
static PyObject *PLyBool_FromBool(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyFloat_FromFloat4(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyFloat_FromFloat8(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyFloat_FromNumeric(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyInt_FromInt16(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyInt_FromInt32(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyLong_FromInt64(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyLong_FromOid(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyBytes_FromBytea(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyString_FromDatum(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);
static PyObject *PLyList_FromArray(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d);

/* conversion from Python objects to Datums */
static Datum PLyObject_ToBool(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv);
static Datum PLyObject_ToBytea(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv);
static Datum PLyObject_ToComposite(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv);
static Datum PLyObject_ToDatum(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv);
static Datum PLySequence_ToArray(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv);

/* conversion from Python objects to composite Datums (used by triggers and SRFs) */
static Datum PLyString_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *string);
static Datum PLyMapping_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *mapping);
static Datum PLySequence_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *sequence);
static Datum PLyGenericObject_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *object);

/* make allocations in the TopMemoryContext */
static void perm_fmgr_info(Oid functionId, FmgrInfo *finfo);

void
PLy_typeinfo_init(PLyTypeInfo *arg)
{
	arg->is_rowtype = -1;
	arg->in.r.natts = arg->out.r.natts = 0;
	arg->in.r.atts = NULL;
	arg->out.r.atts = NULL;
	arg->typ_relid = InvalidOid;
	arg->typrel_xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
	ItemPointerSetInvalid(&arg->typrel_tid);
}

void
PLy_typeinfo_dealloc(PLyTypeInfo *arg)
{
	if (arg->is_rowtype == 1)
	{
		int			i;

		for (i = 0; i < arg->in.r.natts; i++)
		{
			if (arg->in.r.atts[i].elm != NULL)
				PLy_free(arg->in.r.atts[i].elm);
		}
		if (arg->in.r.atts)
			PLy_free(arg->in.r.atts);
		for (i = 0; i < arg->out.r.natts; i++)
		{
			if (arg->out.r.atts[i].elm != NULL)
				PLy_free(arg->out.r.atts[i].elm);
		}
		if (arg->out.r.atts)
			PLy_free(arg->out.r.atts);
	}
}

/*
 * Conversion functions.  Remember output from Python is input to
 * PostgreSQL, and vice versa.
 */
void
PLy_input_datum_func(PLyTypeInfo *arg, Oid typeOid, HeapTuple typeTup)
{
	if (arg->is_rowtype > 0)
		elog(ERROR, "PLyTypeInfo struct is initialized for Tuple");
	arg->is_rowtype = 0;
	PLy_input_datum_func2(&(arg->in.d), typeOid, typeTup);
}

void
PLy_output_datum_func(PLyTypeInfo *arg, HeapTuple typeTup)
{
	if (arg->is_rowtype > 0)
		elog(ERROR, "PLyTypeInfo struct is initialized for a Tuple");
	arg->is_rowtype = 0;
	PLy_output_datum_func2(&(arg->out.d), typeTup);
}

void
PLy_input_tuple_funcs(PLyTypeInfo *arg, TupleDesc desc)
{
	int			i;

	if (arg->is_rowtype == 0)
		elog(ERROR, "PLyTypeInfo struct is initialized for a Datum");
	arg->is_rowtype = 1;

	if (arg->in.r.natts != desc->natts)
	{
		if (arg->in.r.atts)
			PLy_free(arg->in.r.atts);
		arg->in.r.natts = desc->natts;
		arg->in.r.atts = PLy_malloc0(desc->natts * sizeof(PLyDatumToOb));
	}

	/* Can this be an unnamed tuple? If not, then an Assert would be enough */
	if (desc->tdtypmod != -1)
		elog(ERROR, "received unnamed record type as input");

	Assert(OidIsValid(desc->tdtypeid));

	/*
	 * RECORDOID means we got called to create input functions for a tuple
	 * fetched by plpy.execute or for an anonymous record type
	 */
	if (desc->tdtypeid != RECORDOID)
	{
		HeapTuple	relTup;

		/* Get the pg_class tuple corresponding to the type of the input */
		arg->typ_relid = typeidTypeRelid(desc->tdtypeid);
		relTup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(arg->typ_relid));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(relTup))
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", arg->typ_relid);

		/* Remember XMIN and TID for later validation if cache is still OK */
		arg->typrel_xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(relTup->t_data);
		arg->typrel_tid = relTup->t_self;

		ReleaseSysCache(relTup);
	}

	for (i = 0; i < desc->natts; i++)
	{
		HeapTuple	typeTup;

		if (desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
			continue;

		if (arg->in.r.atts[i].typoid == desc->attrs[i]->atttypid)
			continue;			/* already set up this entry */

		typeTup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID,
								  ObjectIdGetDatum(desc->attrs[i]->atttypid));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTup))
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u",
				 desc->attrs[i]->atttypid);

		PLy_input_datum_func2(&(arg->in.r.atts[i]),
							  desc->attrs[i]->atttypid,
							  typeTup);

		ReleaseSysCache(typeTup);
	}
}

void
PLy_output_tuple_funcs(PLyTypeInfo *arg, TupleDesc desc)
{
	int			i;

	if (arg->is_rowtype == 0)
		elog(ERROR, "PLyTypeInfo struct is initialized for a Datum");
	arg->is_rowtype = 1;

	if (arg->out.r.natts != desc->natts)
	{
		if (arg->out.r.atts)
			PLy_free(arg->out.r.atts);
		arg->out.r.natts = desc->natts;
		arg->out.r.atts = PLy_malloc0(desc->natts * sizeof(PLyDatumToOb));
	}

	Assert(OidIsValid(desc->tdtypeid));

	/*
	 * RECORDOID means we got called to create output functions for an
	 * anonymous record type
	 */
	if (desc->tdtypeid != RECORDOID)
	{
		HeapTuple	relTup;

		/* Get the pg_class tuple corresponding to the type of the output */
		arg->typ_relid = typeidTypeRelid(desc->tdtypeid);
		relTup = SearchSysCache1(RELOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(arg->typ_relid));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(relTup))
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for relation %u", arg->typ_relid);

		/* Remember XMIN and TID for later validation if cache is still OK */
		arg->typrel_xmin = HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(relTup->t_data);
		arg->typrel_tid = relTup->t_self;

		ReleaseSysCache(relTup);
	}

	for (i = 0; i < desc->natts; i++)
	{
		HeapTuple	typeTup;

		if (desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
			continue;

		if (arg->out.r.atts[i].typoid == desc->attrs[i]->atttypid)
			continue;			/* already set up this entry */

		typeTup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID,
								  ObjectIdGetDatum(desc->attrs[i]->atttypid));
		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTup))
			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u",
				 desc->attrs[i]->atttypid);

		PLy_output_datum_func2(&(arg->out.r.atts[i]), typeTup);

		ReleaseSysCache(typeTup);
	}
}

void
PLy_output_record_funcs(PLyTypeInfo *arg, TupleDesc desc)
{
	/*
	 * If the output record functions are already set, we just have to check
	 * if the record descriptor has not changed
	 */
	if ((arg->is_rowtype == 1) &&
		(arg->out.d.typmod != -1) &&
		(arg->out.d.typmod == desc->tdtypmod))
		return;

	/* bless the record to make it known to the typcache lookup code */
	BlessTupleDesc(desc);
	/* save the freshly generated typmod */
	arg->out.d.typmod = desc->tdtypmod;
	/* proceed with normal I/O function caching */
	PLy_output_tuple_funcs(arg, desc);

	/*
	 * it should change is_rowtype to 1, so we won't go through this again
	 * unless the output record description changes
	 */
	Assert(arg->is_rowtype == 1);
}

/*
 * Transform a tuple into a Python dict object.
 */
PyObject *
PLyDict_FromTuple(PLyTypeInfo *info, HeapTuple tuple, TupleDesc desc)
{
	PyObject   *volatile dict;
	PLyExecutionContext *exec_ctx = PLy_current_execution_context();
	MemoryContext oldcontext = CurrentMemoryContext;
	int			i;

	if (info->is_rowtype != 1)
		elog(ERROR, "PLyTypeInfo structure describes a datum");

	dict = PyDict_New();
	if (dict == NULL)
		PLy_elog(ERROR, "could not create new dictionary");

	PG_TRY();
	{
		/*
		 * Do the work in the scratch context to avoid leaking memory from the
		 * datatype output function calls.
		 */
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(exec_ctx->scratch_ctx);
		for (i = 0; i < info->in.r.natts; i++)
		{
			char	   *key;
			Datum		vattr;
			bool		is_null;
			PyObject   *value;

			if (desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
				continue;

			key = NameStr(desc->attrs[i]->attname);
			vattr = heap_getattr(tuple, (i + 1), desc, &is_null);

			if (is_null || info->in.r.atts[i].func == NULL)
				PyDict_SetItemString(dict, key, Py_None);
			else
			{
				value = (info->in.r.atts[i].func) (&info->in.r.atts[i], vattr);
				PyDict_SetItemString(dict, key, value);
				Py_DECREF(value);
			}
		}
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		MemoryContextReset(exec_ctx->scratch_ctx);
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
		Py_DECREF(dict);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	return dict;
}

/*
 *	Convert a Python object to a composite Datum, using all supported
 *	conversion methods: composite as a string, as a sequence, as a mapping or
 *	as an object that has __getattr__ support.
 */
Datum
PLyObject_ToCompositeDatum(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *plrv)
{
	Datum		datum;

	if (PyString_Check(plrv) || PyUnicode_Check(plrv))
		datum = PLyString_ToComposite(info, desc, plrv);
	else if (PySequence_Check(plrv))
		/* composite type as sequence (tuple, list etc) */
		datum = PLySequence_ToComposite(info, desc, plrv);
	else if (PyMapping_Check(plrv))
		/* composite type as mapping (currently only dict) */
		datum = PLyMapping_ToComposite(info, desc, plrv);
	else
		/* returned as smth, must provide method __getattr__(name) */
		datum = PLyGenericObject_ToComposite(info, desc, plrv);

	return datum;
}

static void
PLy_output_datum_func2(PLyObToDatum *arg, HeapTuple typeTup)
{
	Form_pg_type typeStruct = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typeTup);
	Oid			element_type;

	perm_fmgr_info(typeStruct->typinput, &arg->typfunc);
	arg->typoid = HeapTupleGetOid(typeTup);
	arg->typmod = -1;
	arg->typioparam = getTypeIOParam(typeTup);
	arg->typbyval = typeStruct->typbyval;

	element_type = get_element_type(arg->typoid);

	/*
	 * Select a conversion function to convert Python objects to PostgreSQL
	 * datums.	Most data types can go through the generic function.
	 */
	switch (getBaseType(element_type ? element_type : arg->typoid))
	{
		case BOOLOID:
			arg->func = PLyObject_ToBool;
			break;
		case BYTEAOID:
			arg->func = PLyObject_ToBytea;
			break;
		default:
			arg->func = PLyObject_ToDatum;
			break;
	}

	/* Composite types need their own input routine, though */
	if (typeStruct->typtype == TYPTYPE_COMPOSITE)
	{
		arg->func = PLyObject_ToComposite;
	}

	if (element_type)
	{
		char		dummy_delim;
		Oid			funcid;

		if (type_is_rowtype(element_type))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("PL/Python functions cannot return type %s",
							format_type_be(arg->typoid)),
					 errdetail("PL/Python does not support conversion to arrays of row types.")));

		arg->elm = PLy_malloc0(sizeof(*arg->elm));
		arg->elm->func = arg->func;
		arg->func = PLySequence_ToArray;

		arg->elm->typoid = element_type;
		arg->elm->typmod = -1;
		get_type_io_data(element_type, IOFunc_input,
						 &arg->elm->typlen, &arg->elm->typbyval, &arg->elm->typalign, &dummy_delim,
						 &arg->elm->typioparam, &funcid);
		perm_fmgr_info(funcid, &arg->elm->typfunc);
	}
}

static void
PLy_input_datum_func2(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Oid typeOid, HeapTuple typeTup)
{
	Form_pg_type typeStruct = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typeTup);
	Oid			element_type = get_element_type(typeOid);

	/* Get the type's conversion information */
	perm_fmgr_info(typeStruct->typoutput, &arg->typfunc);
	arg->typoid = HeapTupleGetOid(typeTup);
	arg->typmod = -1;
	arg->typioparam = getTypeIOParam(typeTup);
	arg->typbyval = typeStruct->typbyval;
	arg->typlen = typeStruct->typlen;
	arg->typalign = typeStruct->typalign;

	/* Determine which kind of Python object we will convert to */
	switch (getBaseType(element_type ? element_type : typeOid))
	{
		case BOOLOID:
			arg->func = PLyBool_FromBool;
			break;
		case FLOAT4OID:
			arg->func = PLyFloat_FromFloat4;
			break;
		case FLOAT8OID:
			arg->func = PLyFloat_FromFloat8;
			break;
		case NUMERICOID:
			arg->func = PLyFloat_FromNumeric;
			break;
		case INT2OID:
			arg->func = PLyInt_FromInt16;
			break;
		case INT4OID:
			arg->func = PLyInt_FromInt32;
			break;
		case INT8OID:
			arg->func = PLyLong_FromInt64;
			break;
		case OIDOID:
			arg->func = PLyLong_FromOid;
			break;
		case BYTEAOID:
			arg->func = PLyBytes_FromBytea;
			break;
		default:
			arg->func = PLyString_FromDatum;
			break;
	}

	if (element_type)
	{
		char		dummy_delim;
		Oid			funcid;

		arg->elm = PLy_malloc0(sizeof(*arg->elm));
		arg->elm->func = arg->func;
		arg->func = PLyList_FromArray;
		arg->elm->typoid = element_type;
		arg->elm->typmod = -1;
		get_type_io_data(element_type, IOFunc_output,
						 &arg->elm->typlen, &arg->elm->typbyval, &arg->elm->typalign, &dummy_delim,
						 &arg->elm->typioparam, &funcid);
		perm_fmgr_info(funcid, &arg->elm->typfunc);
	}
}

static PyObject *
PLyBool_FromBool(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	if (DatumGetBool(d))
		Py_RETURN_TRUE;
	Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}

static PyObject *
PLyFloat_FromFloat4(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	return PyFloat_FromDouble(DatumGetFloat4(d));
}

static PyObject *
PLyFloat_FromFloat8(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	return PyFloat_FromDouble(DatumGetFloat8(d));
}

static PyObject *
PLyFloat_FromNumeric(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	/*
	 * Numeric is cast to a PyFloat: This results in a loss of precision Would
	 * it be better to cast to PyString?
	 */
	Datum		f = DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_float8, d);
	double		x = DatumGetFloat8(f);

	return PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
}

static PyObject *
PLyInt_FromInt16(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	return PyInt_FromLong(DatumGetInt16(d));
}

static PyObject *
PLyInt_FromInt32(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	return PyInt_FromLong(DatumGetInt32(d));
}

static PyObject *
PLyLong_FromInt64(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	/* on 32 bit platforms "long" may be too small */
	if (sizeof(int64) > sizeof(long))
		return PyLong_FromLongLong(DatumGetInt64(d));
	else
		return PyLong_FromLong(DatumGetInt64(d));
}

static PyObject *
PLyLong_FromOid(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(DatumGetObjectId(d));
}

static PyObject *
PLyBytes_FromBytea(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	text	   *txt = DatumGetByteaP(d);
	char	   *str = VARDATA(txt);
	size_t		size = VARSIZE(txt) - VARHDRSZ;

	return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(str, size);
}

static PyObject *
PLyString_FromDatum(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	char	   *x = OutputFunctionCall(&arg->typfunc, d);
	PyObject   *r = PyString_FromString(x);

	pfree(x);
	return r;
}

static PyObject *
PLyList_FromArray(PLyDatumToOb *arg, Datum d)
{
	ArrayType  *array = DatumGetArrayTypeP(d);
	PLyDatumToOb *elm = arg->elm;
	PyObject   *list;
	int			length;
	int			lbound;
	int			i;

	if (ARR_NDIM(array) == 0)
		return PyList_New(0);

	if (ARR_NDIM(array) != 1)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
			  errmsg("cannot convert multidimensional array to Python list"),
			  errdetail("PL/Python only supports one-dimensional arrays.")));

	length = ARR_DIMS(array)[0];
	lbound = ARR_LBOUND(array)[0];
	list = PyList_New(length);
	if (list == NULL)
		PLy_elog(ERROR, "could not create new Python list");

	for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
	{
		Datum		elem;
		bool		isnull;
		int			offset;

		offset = lbound + i;
		elem = array_ref(array, 1, &offset, arg->typlen,
						 elm->typlen, elm->typbyval, elm->typalign,
						 &isnull);
		if (isnull)
		{
			Py_INCREF(Py_None);
			PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, Py_None);
		}
		else
			PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, elm->func(elm, elem));
	}

	return list;
}

/*
 * Convert a Python object to a PostgreSQL bool datum.	This can't go
 * through the generic conversion function, because Python attaches a
 * Boolean value to everything, more things than the PostgreSQL bool
 * type can parse.
 */
static Datum
PLyObject_ToBool(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv)
{
	Datum		rv;

	Assert(plrv != Py_None);
	rv = BoolGetDatum(PyObject_IsTrue(plrv));

	if (get_typtype(arg->typoid) == TYPTYPE_DOMAIN)
		domain_check(rv, false, arg->typoid, &arg->typfunc.fn_extra, arg->typfunc.fn_mcxt);

	return rv;
}

/*
 * Convert a Python object to a PostgreSQL bytea datum.  This doesn't
 * go through the generic conversion function to circumvent problems
 * with embedded nulls.  And it's faster this way.
 */
static Datum
PLyObject_ToBytea(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv)
{
	PyObject   *volatile plrv_so = NULL;
	Datum		rv;

	Assert(plrv != Py_None);

	plrv_so = PyObject_Bytes(plrv);
	if (!plrv_so)
		PLy_elog(ERROR, "could not create bytes representation of Python object");

	PG_TRY();
	{
		char	   *plrv_sc = PyBytes_AsString(plrv_so);
		size_t		len = PyBytes_Size(plrv_so);
		size_t		size = len + VARHDRSZ;
		bytea	   *result = palloc(size);

		SET_VARSIZE(result, size);
		memcpy(VARDATA(result), plrv_sc, len);
		rv = PointerGetDatum(result);
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		Py_XDECREF(plrv_so);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	Py_XDECREF(plrv_so);

	if (get_typtype(arg->typoid) == TYPTYPE_DOMAIN)
		domain_check(rv, false, arg->typoid, &arg->typfunc.fn_extra, arg->typfunc.fn_mcxt);

	return rv;
}


/*
 * Convert a Python object to a composite type. First look up the type's
 * description, then route the Python object through the conversion function
 * for obtaining PostgreSQL tuples.
 */
static Datum
PLyObject_ToComposite(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv)
{
	Datum		rv;
	PLyTypeInfo info;
	TupleDesc	desc;

	if (typmod != -1)
		elog(ERROR, "received unnamed record type as input");

	/* Create a dummy PLyTypeInfo */
	MemSet(&info, 0, sizeof(PLyTypeInfo));
	PLy_typeinfo_init(&info);
	/* Mark it as needing output routines lookup */
	info.is_rowtype = 2;

	desc = lookup_rowtype_tupdesc(arg->typoid, arg->typmod);

	/*
	 * This will set up the dummy PLyTypeInfo's output conversion routines,
	 * since we left is_rowtype as 2. A future optimisation could be caching
	 * that info instead of looking it up every time a tuple is returned from
	 * the function.
	 */
	rv = PLyObject_ToCompositeDatum(&info, desc, plrv);

	PLy_typeinfo_dealloc(&info);

	return rv;
}


/*
 * Generic conversion function: Convert PyObject to cstring and
 * cstring into PostgreSQL type.
 */
static Datum
PLyObject_ToDatum(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv)
{
	PyObject   *volatile plrv_bo = NULL;
	Datum		rv;

	Assert(plrv != Py_None);

	if (PyUnicode_Check(plrv))
		plrv_bo = PLyUnicode_Bytes(plrv);
	else
	{
#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
		PyObject   *s = PyObject_Str(plrv);

		plrv_bo = PLyUnicode_Bytes(s);
		Py_XDECREF(s);
#else
		plrv_bo = PyObject_Str(plrv);
#endif
	}
	if (!plrv_bo)
		PLy_elog(ERROR, "could not create string representation of Python object");

	PG_TRY();
	{
		char	   *plrv_sc = PyBytes_AsString(plrv_bo);
		size_t		plen = PyBytes_Size(plrv_bo);
		size_t		slen = strlen(plrv_sc);

		if (slen < plen)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg("could not convert Python object into cstring: Python string representation appears to contain null bytes")));
		else if (slen > plen)
			elog(ERROR, "could not convert Python object into cstring: Python string longer than reported length");
		pg_verifymbstr(plrv_sc, slen, false);
		rv = InputFunctionCall(&arg->typfunc,
							   plrv_sc,
							   arg->typioparam,
							   typmod);
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		Py_XDECREF(plrv_bo);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();

	Py_XDECREF(plrv_bo);

	return rv;
}

static Datum
PLySequence_ToArray(PLyObToDatum *arg, int32 typmod, PyObject *plrv)
{
	ArrayType  *array;
	int			i;
	Datum	   *elems;
	bool	   *nulls;
	int			len;
	int			lbs;

	Assert(plrv != Py_None);

	if (!PySequence_Check(plrv))
		PLy_elog(ERROR, "return value of function with array return type is not a Python sequence");

	len = PySequence_Length(plrv);
	elems = palloc(sizeof(*elems) * len);
	nulls = palloc(sizeof(*nulls) * len);

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
		PyObject   *obj = PySequence_GetItem(plrv, i);

		if (obj == Py_None)
			nulls[i] = true;
		else
		{
			nulls[i] = false;

			/*
			 * We don't support arrays of row types yet, so the first argument
			 * can be NULL.
			 */
			elems[i] = arg->elm->func(arg->elm, -1, obj);
		}
		Py_XDECREF(obj);
	}

	lbs = 1;
	array = construct_md_array(elems, nulls, 1, &len, &lbs,
							   get_element_type(arg->typoid), arg->elm->typlen, arg->elm->typbyval, arg->elm->typalign);
	return PointerGetDatum(array);
}


static Datum
PLyString_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *string)
{
	HeapTuple	typeTup;

	typeTup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(desc->tdtypeid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typeTup))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", desc->tdtypeid);

	PLy_output_datum_func2(&info->out.d, typeTup);

	ReleaseSysCache(typeTup);
	ReleaseTupleDesc(desc);

	return PLyObject_ToDatum(&info->out.d, info->out.d.typmod, string);
}


static Datum
PLyMapping_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *mapping)
{
	HeapTuple	tuple;
	Datum	   *values;
	bool	   *nulls;
	volatile int i;

	Assert(PyMapping_Check(mapping));

	if (info->is_rowtype == 2)
		PLy_output_tuple_funcs(info, desc);
	Assert(info->is_rowtype == 1);

	/* Build tuple */
	values = palloc(sizeof(Datum) * desc->natts);
	nulls = palloc(sizeof(bool) * desc->natts);
	for (i = 0; i < desc->natts; ++i)
	{
		char	   *key;
		PyObject   *volatile value;
		PLyObToDatum *att;

		if (desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
		{
			values[i] = (Datum) 0;
			nulls[i] = true;
			continue;
		}

		key = NameStr(desc->attrs[i]->attname);
		value = NULL;
		att = &info->out.r.atts[i];
		PG_TRY();
		{
			value = PyMapping_GetItemString(mapping, key);
			if (value == Py_None)
			{
				values[i] = (Datum) NULL;
				nulls[i] = true;
			}
			else if (value)
			{
				values[i] = (att->func) (att, -1, value);
				nulls[i] = false;
			}
			else
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
						 errmsg("key \"%s\" not found in mapping", key),
						 errhint("To return null in a column, "
								 "add the value None to the mapping with the key named after the column.")));

			Py_XDECREF(value);
			value = NULL;
		}
		PG_CATCH();
		{
			Py_XDECREF(value);
			PG_RE_THROW();
		}
		PG_END_TRY();
	}

	tuple = heap_form_tuple(desc, values, nulls);
	ReleaseTupleDesc(desc);
	pfree(values);
	pfree(nulls);

	return HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
}


static Datum
PLySequence_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *sequence)
{
	HeapTuple	tuple;
	Datum	   *values;
	bool	   *nulls;
	volatile int idx;
	volatile int i;

	Assert(PySequence_Check(sequence));

	/*
	 * Check that sequence length is exactly same as PG tuple's. We actually
	 * can ignore exceeding items or assume missing ones as null but to avoid
	 * plpython developer's errors we are strict here
	 */
	idx = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < desc->natts; i++)
	{
		if (!desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
			idx++;
	}
	if (PySequence_Length(sequence) != idx)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
				 errmsg("length of returned sequence did not match number of columns in row")));

	if (info->is_rowtype == 2)
		PLy_output_tuple_funcs(info, desc);
	Assert(info->is_rowtype == 1);

	/* Build tuple */
	values = palloc(sizeof(Datum) * desc->natts);
	nulls = palloc(sizeof(bool) * desc->natts);
	idx = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < desc->natts; ++i)
	{
		PyObject   *volatile value;
		PLyObToDatum *att;

		if (desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
		{
			values[i] = (Datum) 0;
			nulls[i] = true;
			continue;
		}

		value = NULL;
		att = &info->out.r.atts[i];
		PG_TRY();
		{
			value = PySequence_GetItem(sequence, idx);
			Assert(value);
			if (value == Py_None)
			{
				values[i] = (Datum) NULL;
				nulls[i] = true;
			}
			else if (value)
			{
				values[i] = (att->func) (att, -1, value);
				nulls[i] = false;
			}

			Py_XDECREF(value);
			value = NULL;
		}
		PG_CATCH();
		{
			Py_XDECREF(value);
			PG_RE_THROW();
		}
		PG_END_TRY();

		idx++;
	}

	tuple = heap_form_tuple(desc, values, nulls);
	ReleaseTupleDesc(desc);
	pfree(values);
	pfree(nulls);

	return HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
}


static Datum
PLyGenericObject_ToComposite(PLyTypeInfo *info, TupleDesc desc, PyObject *object)
{
	HeapTuple	tuple;
	Datum	   *values;
	bool	   *nulls;
	volatile int i;

	if (info->is_rowtype == 2)
		PLy_output_tuple_funcs(info, desc);
	Assert(info->is_rowtype == 1);

	/* Build tuple */
	values = palloc(sizeof(Datum) * desc->natts);
	nulls = palloc(sizeof(bool) * desc->natts);
	for (i = 0; i < desc->natts; ++i)
	{
		char	   *key;
		PyObject   *volatile value;
		PLyObToDatum *att;

		if (desc->attrs[i]->attisdropped)
		{
			values[i] = (Datum) 0;
			nulls[i] = true;
			continue;
		}

		key = NameStr(desc->attrs[i]->attname);
		value = NULL;
		att = &info->out.r.atts[i];
		PG_TRY();
		{
			value = PyObject_GetAttrString(object, key);
			if (value == Py_None)
			{
				values[i] = (Datum) NULL;
				nulls[i] = true;
			}
			else if (value)
			{
				values[i] = (att->func) (att, -1, value);
				nulls[i] = false;
			}
			else
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
						 errmsg("attribute \"%s\" does not exist in Python object", key),
						 errhint("To return null in a column, "
						   "let the returned object have an attribute named "
								 "after column with value None.")));

			Py_XDECREF(value);
			value = NULL;
		}
		PG_CATCH();
		{
			Py_XDECREF(value);
			PG_RE_THROW();
		}
		PG_END_TRY();
	}

	tuple = heap_form_tuple(desc, values, nulls);
	ReleaseTupleDesc(desc);
	pfree(values);
	pfree(nulls);

	return HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
}

/*
 * This routine is a crock, and so is everyplace that calls it.  The problem
 * is that the cached form of plpython functions/queries is allocated permanently
 * (mostly via malloc()) and never released until backend exit.  Subsidiary
 * data structures such as fmgr info records therefore must live forever
 * as well.  A better implementation would store all this stuff in a per-
 * function memory context that could be reclaimed at need.  In the meantime,
 * fmgr_info_cxt must be called specifying TopMemoryContext so that whatever
 * it might allocate, and whatever the eventual function might allocate using
 * fn_mcxt, will live forever too.
 */
static void
perm_fmgr_info(Oid functionId, FmgrInfo *finfo)
{
	fmgr_info_cxt(functionId, finfo, TopMemoryContext);
}
