/*
 * This test is intended to pass on all platforms supported by Postgres.
 * We can therefore only assume that the default, C, and POSIX collations
 * are available --- and since the regression tests are often run in a
 * C-locale database, these may well all have the same behavior.  But
 * fortunately, the system doesn't know that and will treat them as
 * incompatible collations.  It is therefore at least possible to test
 * parser behaviors such as collation conflict resolution.  This test will,
 * however, be more revealing when run in a database with non-C locale,
 * since any departure from C sorting behavior will show as a failure.
 */
CREATE SCHEMA collate_tests;
SET search_path = collate_tests;
CREATE TABLE collate_test1 (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "C" NOT NULL
);
\d collate_test1
  Table "collate_tests.collate_test1"
 Column |  Type   |     Modifiers      
--------+---------+--------------------
 a      | integer | 
 b      | text    | collate C not null

CREATE TABLE collate_test_fail (
    a int COLLATE "C",
    b text
);
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
LINE 2:     a int COLLATE "C",
                  ^
CREATE TABLE collate_test_like (
    LIKE collate_test1
);
\d collate_test_like
Table "collate_tests.collate_test_like"
 Column |  Type   |     Modifiers      
--------+---------+--------------------
 a      | integer | 
 b      | text    | collate C not null

CREATE TABLE collate_test2 (
    a int,
    b text COLLATE "POSIX"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test1 VALUES (1, 'abc'), (2, 'Abc'), (3, 'bbc'), (4, 'ABD');
INSERT INTO collate_test2 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'abc';
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b >= 'abc' COLLATE "C";
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'abc' COLLATE "C";
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc' COLLATE "POSIX"; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between explicit collations "C" and "POSIX"
LINE 1: ...* FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc' COLLATE "P...
                                                             ^
CREATE DOMAIN testdomain_p AS text COLLATE "POSIX";
CREATE DOMAIN testdomain_i AS int COLLATE "POSIX"; -- fail
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
CREATE TABLE collate_test4 (
    a int,
    b testdomain_p
);
INSERT INTO collate_test4 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test4 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

CREATE TABLE collate_test5 (
    a int,
    b testdomain_p COLLATE "C"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test5 SELECT * FROM collate_test1;
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test5 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b COLLATE "C";
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

-- star expansion
SELECT * FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

-- constant expression folding
SELECT 'bbc' COLLATE "C" > 'Abc' COLLATE "C" AS "true";
 true 
------
 t
(1 row)

SELECT 'bbc' COLLATE "POSIX" < 'Abc' COLLATE "POSIX" AS "false";
 false 
-------
 f
(1 row)

-- upper/lower
CREATE TABLE collate_test10 (
    a int,
    x text COLLATE "C",
    y text COLLATE "POSIX"
);
INSERT INTO collate_test10 VALUES (1, 'hij', 'hij'), (2, 'HIJ', 'HIJ');
SELECT a, lower(x), lower(y), upper(x), upper(y), initcap(x), initcap(y) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower | upper | upper | initcap | initcap 
---+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------
 1 | hij   | hij   | HIJ   | HIJ   | Hij     | Hij
 2 | hij   | hij   | HIJ   | HIJ   | Hij     | Hij
(2 rows)

SELECT a, lower(x COLLATE "C"), lower(y COLLATE "C") FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hij
(2 rows)

SELECT a, x, y FROM collate_test10 ORDER BY lower(y), a;
 a |  x  |  y  
---+-----+-----
 1 | hij | hij
 2 | HIJ | HIJ
(2 rows)

-- backwards parsing
CREATE VIEW collview1 AS SELECT * FROM collate_test1 WHERE b COLLATE "C" >= 'bbc';
CREATE VIEW collview2 AS SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY b COLLATE "C";
CREATE VIEW collview3 AS SELECT a, lower((x || x) COLLATE "POSIX") FROM collate_test10;
SELECT table_name, view_definition FROM information_schema.views
  WHERE table_name LIKE 'collview%' ORDER BY 1;
 table_name |                                                    view_definition                                                     
------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 collview1  | SELECT collate_test1.a, collate_test1.b FROM collate_test1 WHERE ((collate_test1.b COLLATE "C") >= 'bbc'::text);
 collview2  | SELECT collate_test1.a, collate_test1.b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY (collate_test1.b COLLATE "C");
 collview3  | SELECT collate_test10.a, lower(((collate_test10.x || collate_test10.x) COLLATE "POSIX")) AS lower FROM collate_test10;
(3 rows)

-- collation propagation in various expression types
SELECT a, coalesce(b, 'foo') FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a | coalesce 
---+----------
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, coalesce(b, 'foo') FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a | coalesce 
---+----------
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, lower(coalesce(x, 'foo')), lower(coalesce(y, 'foo')) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hij
(2 rows)

SELECT a, b, greatest(b, 'CCC') FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 3;
 a |  b  | greatest 
---+-----+----------
 2 | Abc | CCC
 4 | ABD | CCC
 1 | abc | abc
 3 | bbc | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b, greatest(b, 'CCC') FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 3;
 a |  b  | greatest 
---+-----+----------
 2 | Abc | CCC
 4 | ABD | CCC
 1 | abc | abc
 3 | bbc | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, x, y, lower(greatest(x, 'foo')), lower(greatest(y, 'foo')) FROM collate_test10;
 a |  x  |  y  | lower | lower 
---+-----+-----+-------+-------
 1 | hij | hij | hij   | hij
 2 | HIJ | HIJ | foo   | foo
(2 rows)

SELECT a, nullif(b, 'abc') FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a | nullif 
---+--------
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 3 | bbc
 1 | 
(4 rows)

SELECT a, nullif(b, 'abc') FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a | nullif 
---+--------
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 3 | bbc
 1 | 
(4 rows)

SELECT a, lower(nullif(x, 'foo')), lower(nullif(y, 'foo')) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hij
(2 rows)

SELECT a, CASE b WHEN 'abc' THEN 'abcd' ELSE b END FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b   
---+------
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abcd
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, CASE b WHEN 'abc' THEN 'abcd' ELSE b END FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b   
---+------
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abcd
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

CREATE DOMAIN testdomain AS text;
SELECT a, b::testdomain FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b::testdomain FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b::testdomain_p FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, lower(x::testdomain), lower(y::testdomain) FROM collate_test10;
 a | lower | lower 
---+-------+-------
 1 | hij   | hij
 2 | hij   | hij
(2 rows)

SELECT min(b), max(b) FROM collate_test1;
 min | max 
-----+-----
 ABD | bbc
(1 row)

SELECT min(b), max(b) FROM collate_test2;
 min | max 
-----+-----
 ABD | bbc
(1 row)

SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test1;
     array_agg     
-------------------
 {ABD,Abc,abc,bbc}
(1 row)

SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test2;
     array_agg     
-------------------
 {ABD,Abc,abc,bbc}
(1 row)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
 3 | bbc
(8 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 WHERE a < 4 INTERSECT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 WHERE a > 1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 2 | Abc
 3 | bbc
(2 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 EXCEPT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 WHERE a < 2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 3 | bbc
(3 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  could not determine which collation to use for string comparison
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2; -- ok
 a |  b  
---+-----
 1 | abc
 2 | Abc
 3 | bbc
 4 | ABD
 1 | abc
 2 | Abc
 3 | bbc
 4 | ABD
(8 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "C" and "POSIX"
LINE 1: SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collat...
                                                       ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
SELECT a, b COLLATE "C" FROM collate_test1 UNION SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2; -- ok
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 INTERSECT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "C" and "POSIX"
LINE 1: ...ELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 INTERSECT SELECT a, b FROM col...
                                                             ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 EXCEPT SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2; -- fail
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "C" and "POSIX"
LINE 1: SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 EXCEPT SELECT a, b FROM colla...
                                                        ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
CREATE TABLE test_u AS SELECT a, b FROM collate_test1 UNION ALL SELECT a, b FROM collate_test2; -- fail
ERROR:  no collation was derived for column "b" with collatable type text
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
-- ideally this would be a parse-time error, but for now it must be run-time:
select x < y from collate_test10; -- fail
ERROR:  could not determine which collation to use for string comparison
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.
select x || y from collate_test10; -- ok, because || is not collation aware
 ?column? 
----------
 hijhij
 HIJHIJ
(2 rows)

select x, y from collate_test10 order by x || y; -- not so ok
ERROR:  collation mismatch between implicit collations "C" and "POSIX"
LINE 1: select x, y from collate_test10 order by x || y;
                                                      ^
HINT:  You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
-- collation mismatch between recursive and non-recursive term
WITH RECURSIVE foo(x) AS
   (SELECT x FROM (VALUES('a' COLLATE "C"),('b')) t(x)
   UNION ALL
   SELECT (x || 'c') COLLATE "POSIX" FROM foo WHERE length(x) < 10)
SELECT * FROM foo;
ERROR:  recursive query "foo" column 1 has collation "C" in non-recursive term but collation "POSIX" overall
LINE 2:    (SELECT x FROM (VALUES('a' COLLATE "C"),('b')) t(x)
                   ^
HINT:  Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term.
SELECT a, b, a < b as lt FROM
  (VALUES ('a', 'B'), ('A', 'b' COLLATE "C")) v(a,b);
 a | b | lt 
---+---+----
 a | B | f
 A | b | t
(2 rows)

-- casting
SELECT CAST('42' AS text COLLATE "C");
ERROR:  syntax error at or near "COLLATE"
LINE 1: SELECT CAST('42' AS text COLLATE "C");
                                 ^
SELECT a, CAST(b AS varchar) FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, CAST(b AS varchar) FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a |  b  
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

-- polymorphism
SELECT * FROM unnest((SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test1)) ORDER BY 1;
 unnest 
--------
 ABD
 Abc
 abc
 bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT * FROM unnest((SELECT array_agg(b ORDER BY b) FROM collate_test2)) ORDER BY 1;
 unnest 
--------
 ABD
 Abc
 abc
 bbc
(4 rows)

CREATE FUNCTION dup (anyelement) RETURNS anyelement
    AS 'select $1' LANGUAGE sql;
SELECT a, dup(b) FROM collate_test1 ORDER BY 2;
 a | dup 
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

SELECT a, dup(b) FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY 2;
 a | dup 
---+-----
 4 | ABD
 2 | Abc
 1 | abc
 3 | bbc
(4 rows)

-- indexes
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx1 ON collate_test1 (b);
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx2 ON collate_test1 (b COLLATE "POSIX");
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx3 ON collate_test1 ((b COLLATE "POSIX")); -- this is different grammatically
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx4 ON collate_test1 (((b||'foo') COLLATE "POSIX"));
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx5 ON collate_test1 (a COLLATE "POSIX"); -- fail
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx6 ON collate_test1 ((a COLLATE "POSIX")); -- fail
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
LINE 1: ...ATE INDEX collate_test1_idx6 ON collate_test1 ((a COLLATE "P...
                                                             ^
SELECT relname, pg_get_indexdef(oid) FROM pg_class WHERE relname LIKE 'collate_test%_idx%' ORDER BY 1;
      relname       |                                           pg_get_indexdef                                           
--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 collate_test1_idx1 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx1 ON collate_test1 USING btree (b)
 collate_test1_idx2 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx2 ON collate_test1 USING btree (b COLLATE "POSIX")
 collate_test1_idx3 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx3 ON collate_test1 USING btree (b COLLATE "POSIX")
 collate_test1_idx4 | CREATE INDEX collate_test1_idx4 ON collate_test1 USING btree (((b || 'foo'::text)) COLLATE "POSIX")
(4 rows)

-- foreign keys
-- force indexes and mergejoins to be used for FK checking queries,
-- else they might not exercise collation-dependent operators
SET enable_seqscan TO 0;
SET enable_hashjoin TO 0;
SET enable_nestloop TO 0;
CREATE TABLE collate_test20 (f1 text COLLATE "C" PRIMARY KEY);
INSERT INTO collate_test20 VALUES ('foo'), ('bar');
CREATE TABLE collate_test21 (f2 text COLLATE "POSIX" REFERENCES collate_test20);
INSERT INTO collate_test21 VALUES ('foo'), ('bar');
INSERT INTO collate_test21 VALUES ('baz'); -- fail
ERROR:  insert or update on table "collate_test21" violates foreign key constraint "collate_test21_f2_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (f2)=(baz) is not present in table "collate_test20".
CREATE TABLE collate_test22 (f2 text COLLATE "POSIX");
INSERT INTO collate_test22 VALUES ('foo'), ('bar'), ('baz');
ALTER TABLE collate_test22 ADD FOREIGN KEY (f2) REFERENCES collate_test20; -- fail
ERROR:  insert or update on table "collate_test22" violates foreign key constraint "collate_test22_f2_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (f2)=(baz) is not present in table "collate_test20".
DELETE FROM collate_test22 WHERE f2 = 'baz';
ALTER TABLE collate_test22 ADD FOREIGN KEY (f2) REFERENCES collate_test20;
RESET enable_seqscan;
RESET enable_hashjoin;
RESET enable_nestloop;
-- 9.1 bug with useless COLLATE in an expression subject to length coercion
CREATE TEMP TABLE vctable (f1 varchar(25));
INSERT INTO vctable VALUES ('foo' COLLATE "C");
SELECT collation for ('foo'); -- unknown type - null
 pg_collation_for 
------------------
 
(1 row)

SELECT collation for ('foo'::text);
 pg_collation_for 
------------------
 "default"
(1 row)

SELECT collation for ((SELECT a FROM collate_test1 LIMIT 1)); -- non-collatable type - error
ERROR:  collations are not supported by type integer
SELECT collation for ((SELECT b FROM collate_test1 LIMIT 1));
 pg_collation_for 
------------------
 "C"
(1 row)

--
-- Clean up.  Many of these table names will be re-used if the user is
-- trying to run any platform-specific collation tests later, so we
-- must get rid of them.
--
DROP SCHEMA collate_tests CASCADE;
NOTICE:  drop cascades to 15 other objects
DETAIL:  drop cascades to table collate_test1
drop cascades to table collate_test_like
drop cascades to table collate_test2
drop cascades to type testdomain_p
drop cascades to table collate_test4
drop cascades to table collate_test5
drop cascades to table collate_test10
drop cascades to view collview1
drop cascades to view collview2
drop cascades to view collview3
drop cascades to type testdomain
drop cascades to function dup(anyelement)
drop cascades to table collate_test20
drop cascades to table collate_test21
drop cascades to table collate_test22
