 <chapter id="security">
  <Title>Security</Title>

  <Para>
   Database security is addressed at several levels:

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Data base file protection. All files stored within the database
      are protected from reading by any account other than the
      <productname>Postgres</productname> superuser account.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Connections from a client to the database server are, by
      default, allowed only via a local Unix socket, not via TCP/IP
      sockets. The backend must be started with the
      <literal>-i</literal> option to allow non-local clients to connect.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Client connections can be restricted by IP address and/or user
      name via the <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> file in <envar>PG_DATA</envar>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Client connections may be authenticated vi other external packages.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Each user in <productname>Postgres</productname> is assigned a
      username and (optionally) a password. By default, users do not
      have write access to databases they did not create.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Users may be assigned to <firstterm>groups</firstterm>, and
      table access may be restricted based on group privileges.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <Sect1>
   <Title>User Authentication</Title>

   <Para>
    <firstterm>Authentication</firstterm>
    is the process by which the backend server and 
    <application>postmaster</application>
    ensure that the user requesting access to data is in fact who he/she
    claims to be.  
    All users who invoke <Productname>Postgres</Productname> are checked against the
    contents of the <literal>pg_user</literal> class to ensure that they are
    authorized to do so.  However, verification of the user's actual
    identity is performed in a variety of ways:

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       From the user shell
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A backend server started from a user shell notes the user's (effective)
	user-id before performing a 
	<function>setuid</function>
	to the user-id of user <replaceable>postgres</replaceable>.  
	The effective user-id is used
	as the basis for access control checks.  No other authentication is
	conducted.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       From the network
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	If the <Productname>Postgres</Productname> system is built as distributed,
	access to the Internet TCP port of the
	<application>postmaster</application>
	process is available to anyone.  The DBA configures the pg_hba.conf file
	in the PGDATA directory to specify what authentication system is to be used
	according to the host making the connection and which database it is
	connecting to.  See <citetitle>pg_hba.conf(5)</citetitle>
	for a description of the authentication
	systems available.  Of course, host-based authentication is not fool-proof in
	Unix, either. It is possible for determined intruders to also
	masquerade the origination host. Those security issues are beyond the
	scope of <Productname>Postgres</Productname>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1>
   <title>User Names and Groups</title>

   <para>
    To define a new user, run the
    <application>createuser</application> utility program.
   </para>

   <para>
    To assign a user or set of users to a new group, one must 
    define the group itself, and assign users to that group. In
    <application>Postgres</application> these steps are not currently
    supported with a <command>create group</command> command. Instead, 
    the groups are defined by inserting appropriate values into the
    <literal>pg_group</literal> system table, and then using the
    <command>grant</command> command to assign privileges to the
    group.
   </para>

   <sect2>
    <title>Creating Users</title>

    <para>
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Creating Groups</title>

    <para>
     Currently, there is no easy interface to set up user groups. You 
     have to explicitly insert/update the <literal>pg_group table</literal>.
     For example:

        jolly=> insert into pg_group (groname, grosysid, grolist)
        jolly=>     values ('posthackers', '1234', '{5443, 8261}');
        INSERT 548224
        jolly=> grant insert on foo to group posthackers;
        CHANGE
        jolly=>

   The fields in pg_group are:
     * groname: the group name. This a name and should be purely
       alphanumeric. Do not include underscores or other punctuation.
     * grosysid: the group id. This is an int4. This should be unique for
       each group.
     * grolist: the list of pg_user id's that belong in the group. This
       is an int4[].
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Assigning Users to Groups</title>

    <para>
    </para>
   </sect2>

  </sect1>

  <Sect1>
   <Title>Access Control</Title>

   <Para>
    <Productname>Postgres</Productname> provides mechanisms to allow users 
    to limit the access to their data that is provided to other users.

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Database superusers
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Database super-users (i.e., users who have <literal>pg_user.usesuper</literal>
	set) silently bypass all of the access controls described below with
	two exceptions: manual system catalog updates are not permitted if the
	user does not have <literal>pg_user.usecatupd</literal> set, and destruction of
	system catalogs (or modification of their schemas) is never allowed.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Access Privilege
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The use of access privilege to limit reading, writing and setting
	of rules on classes is covered in
	<citetitle>grant/revoke(l)</citetitle>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>
       Class removal and schema modification
      </term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Commands that destroy or modify the structure of an existing class,
	such as <command>alter</command>,
	<command>drop table</command>,
	and
	<command>drop index</command>,
	only operate for the owner of the class.  As mentioned above, these
	operations are <emphasis>never</emphasis>
	permitted on system catalogs.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </sect1>

  <Sect1>
   <Title>Functions and Rules</Title>

   <Para>
    Functions and rules allow users to insert code into the backend server
    that other users may execute without knowing it.  Hence, both
    mechanisms permit users to <firstterm>trojan horse</firstterm>
    others with relative impunity.  The only real protection is tight
    control over who can define functions (e.g., write to relations with
    SQL fields) and rules.  Audit trails and alerters on
    <literal>pg_class</literal>, <literal>pg_user</literal>
    and <literal>pg_group</literal> are also recommended.
   </para>

   <Sect2>
    <Title>Functions</Title>

    <Para>
     Functions written in any language except SQL 
     run inside the backend server
     process with the permissions of the user <replaceable>postgres</replaceable> (the
     backend server runs with its real and effective user-id set to
     <replaceable>postgres</replaceable>.  It is possible for users to change the server's
     internal data structures from inside of trusted functions.  Hence,
     among many other things, such functions can circumvent any system
     access controls.  This is an inherent problem with user-defined C functions.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <Sect2>
    <Title>Rules</Title>

    <Para>
     Like SQL functions, rules always run with the identity and
     permissions of the user who invoked the backend server.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Caveats</title>

    <para>
     There are no plans to explicitly support encrypted data inside of
     <Productname>Postgres</Productname> 
     (though there is nothing to prevent users from encrypting
     data within user-defined functions).  There are no plans to explicitly
     support encrypted network connections, either, pending a total rewrite
     of the frontend/backend protocol.
    </para>
    <para>
     User names, group names and associated system identifiers (e.g., the
     contents of <literal>pg_user.usesysid</literal>) are assumed to be unique
     throughout a database.  Unpredictable results may occur if they are
     not.
    </para>
   </sect2>
  </sect1>
</chapter>

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