From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Thu Jan  7 13:31:08 1999
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From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
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To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
CC: Postgres Hackers List <hackers@postgresql.org>
Subject: Outer Joins (and need CASE help)
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> Thomas, do you need help on outer joins?

Yes. I'm going slowly partly because I get distracted with other
Postgres stuff like docs, and partly because I don't understand all of
the pieces I'm working with.

I've identified the place in the MergeJoin code where the null filling
for outer joins needs to happen, and have the "merge walk" code done.
But I don't have the supporting code which actually would know how to
null-fill a result tuple from the left or right. I thought you might be
interested in that?

I've done some work in the parser, and can now do things like:

postgres=> select * from t1 join t2 using (i);
NOTICE:  JOIN not yet implemented
i|j|i|k
-+-+-+-
1|2|1|3
(1 row)

But this is just an inner join, and the result isn't quite right since
the second "i" column should probably be omitted. At the moment I
transform it from the syntax above into existing parse nodes, and
everything from there on works.

I don't yet pass an explicit join node into the planner/optimizer, and
that will be the hardest part I assume. Perhaps we can work on that
together.

So, what I'll try to do (soon, in the next few days?) is put in

  #ifdef ENABLE_OUTER_JOINS

conditional code into the parser area (already there for the executor)
and commit everything to the development tree. Does that sound OK?

Oh, and if anyone is looking for something to do, I've got a couple of
CASE statements in the case.sql regression test which are commented out
because they crash the backend. They involve references to multiple
tables within a single result column, and in other contexts that
construct works. It would be great if someone had time to track it
down...

                     - Tom

From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Mon Feb 22 02:01:13 1999
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From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
Organization: Caltech/JPL
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To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
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Bruce Momjian wrote:
> 
> > Will apply ... some other changes laying a bit of
> > groundwork for outer joins so you can start on the planner/optimizer
> > parts :)
> Those will be a synch now that I understand the optimizer.  In fact, I
> think it all will happen in the executor.

I've modified executor/nodeMergeJoin.c to walk a left/right/both outer
join, but didn't fill in the part which actually creates the result
tuple (which will be the current left- or right-side tuple plus nulls
for filler). I hope this is up your alley :)

So far, I'm not certain what to pass to the planner. The syntax leads me
to pass a select structure from gram.y with a "JoinExpr" structure in
the "fromClause" list. I need to expand that with a combination of
column names and qualifications, but at the time I see the JoinExpr I
don't have access to the top query structure itself. So I may just keep
a modestly transformed JoinExpr to expand later or to pass to the
planner.

btw, the EXCEPT/INTERSECT stuff from Stefan has some ugliness in gram.y
which needs to be fixed (the shift/reduce conflict is not acceptable for
our release version) and some of that code clearly needs to move to
analyze.c or some other module.

                     - Tom

From maillist Wed Feb 24 05:27:08 1999
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Subject: Re: [HACKERS] OUTER joins
In-Reply-To: <199902240953.EAA08561@candle.pha.pa.us> from Bruce Momjian at "Feb 24, 1999  4:53:21 am"
To: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us (Bruce Momjian)
Date: Wed, 24 Feb 1999 05:27:07 -0500 (EST)
Cc: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgreSQL.org
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> 
> How do you propose doing outer joins in non-mergejoin situations?
> Mergejoins can only be used currently in equal joins.

Is your solution going to be to make sure the OUTER table is always a
MergeJoin, or on the outside of a join loop?  That could work.

That could get tricky if the table is joined to _two_ other tables. 
With the cleaned-up optimizer, we can disable non-merge joins in certain
circumstances, and prevent OUTER tables from being inner in the others. 
Is that the plan?

-- 
  Bruce Momjian                        |  http://www.op.net/~candle
  maillist@candle.pha.pa.us            |  (610) 853-3000
  +  If your life is a hard drive,     |  830 Blythe Avenue
  +  Christ can be your backup.        |  Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania 19026

From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Mon Mar  1 13:01:08 1999
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(back from a short vacation...)

> How do you propose doing outer joins in non-mergejoin situations?
> Mergejoins can only be used currently in equal joins.

Hadn't thought about it, other than figuring that implementing the
equi-join first was a good start. There is a class of outer join syntax
(the USING clause) which is implicitly an equi-join...

                        - Tom

From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Mon Mar  8 21:55:02 1999
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> > Hadn't thought about it, other than figuring that implementing the
> > equi-join first was a good start. There is a class of outer join 
> > syntax (the USING clause) which is implicitly an equi-join...
> Not that easy.  You don't automatically get a mergejoin from an
> equijoin.  I will have to force outer's to be either mergejoins, or
> inners of non-merge joins.  Can you add code to non-merge joins in the
> executor to throw out a null row if it does not find an inner match 
> for the outer row, and I will handle the optimizer so it doesn't throw 
> a non-conforming plan to the executor.

So far I don't have enough info in the parser to get the
planner/optimizer going. Should we work from the front to the back, or
should I go ahead and look at the non-merge joins? It's painfully
obvious that I don't know anything about the middle parts of this to
proceed without lots more research.

                        - Tom

From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Tue Mar  9 22:47:57 1999
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>         select  *
>         from    outer tab1, tab2, tab3
>         where   tab1.col1 = tab2.col1 and
>                 tab1.col1 = tab3.col1

select *
from t1 left join t2 using (c1)
        join t3 on (c1 = t3.c1)

Result:
t1.c1	t1.c2	t2.c2	t3.c1
2	12	NULL	32

t1:
c1	c2
1	11
2	12
3	13
4	14

t2:
c1	c2
1	21
3	23

t3:
c1	c2
2	32

From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Wed Mar 10 10:48:54 1999
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Just thinking...

If the initial RelOptInfo groupings are derived from the WHERE clause
expressions, how about marking the "outer" property in those expressions
in the parser? istm that is where the parser knows about two tables in
one place, and I'm generating those expressions anyway. We could add a
field(s) to the expression structure, or pass along a slightly different
structure...

                         - Tom

From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Wed Jul 21 02:35:13 1999
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> Thomas, what do you think is needed for outer joins?

Bruce and I have talked about it some already:

For outer joins, tables must be combined in a particular order. For
example, a left outer join requires that any entries in the left-side
table which do not have a corresponding entry in the right-side table
be expanded with nulls during the join. The information on the outer
join can't be carried by the rte since the same table can appear twice
in an outer join expression:

  select * from t1 left join t2 using (i)
                left join t1 on (i = t1.j);

For a query like

  select * from t1 left join t2 using (i) where t2.j = 3;

istm that the outer join must be done before the t2 qualification is
applied, and that another ordering may produce the wrong result.

>From what I understand Bruce to say, the planner/optimizer is allowed
to try all kinds of permutations of plans, choosing the one with the
lowest cost. But if the info for the join is carried in a
qualification node, then the planner/optimizer must know that it can't
reorder the query as freely as it does now.

I was thinking of having a new qualification node to carry this info,
and it could be transformed into a mergejoin node which has a couple
of new fields indicating left and/or right outer join behavior.

A hashjoin method may be possible for queries which are structured as
a left outer join; other outer joins will need to use the mergejoin
method. Also, some poorly-qualified outer joins reduce to inner joins,
and perhaps the optimizer can be smart enough to realize this.

                     - Thomas

-- 
Thomas Lockhart				lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
South Pasadena, California


