/* ----------
 * ri_triggers.c
 *
 *	Generic trigger procedures for referential integrity constraint
 *	checks.
 *
 *	Note about memory management: the private hashtables kept here live
 *	across query and transaction boundaries, in fact they live as long as
 *	the backend does.  This works because the hashtable structures
 *	themselves are allocated by dynahash.c in its permanent DynaHashCxt,
 *	and the SPI plans they point to are saved using SPI_keepplan().
 *	There is not currently any provision for throwing away a no-longer-needed
 *	plan --- consider improving this someday.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 * src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c
 *
 * ----------
 */


/* ----------
 * Internal TODO:
 *
 *		Add MATCH PARTIAL logic.
 * ----------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "access/sysattr.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_constraint.h"
#include "catalog/pg_operator.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "executor/executor.h"
#include "executor/spi.h"
#include "lib/ilist.h"
#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "utils/acl.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/rls.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"
#include "utils/tqual.h"


/* ----------
 * Local definitions
 * ----------
 */

#define RI_MAX_NUMKEYS					INDEX_MAX_KEYS

#define RI_INIT_CONSTRAINTHASHSIZE		64
#define RI_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE			(RI_INIT_CONSTRAINTHASHSIZE * 4)

#define RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL				0
#define RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL				1
#define RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL				2

/* RI query type codes */
/* these queries are executed against the PK (referenced) table: */
#define RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK			1
#define RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK_FROM_PK	2
#define RI_PLAN_LAST_ON_PK				RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK_FROM_PK
/* these queries are executed against the FK (referencing) table: */
#define RI_PLAN_CASCADE_DEL_DODELETE	3
#define RI_PLAN_CASCADE_UPD_DOUPDATE	4
#define RI_PLAN_RESTRICT_DEL_CHECKREF	5
#define RI_PLAN_RESTRICT_UPD_CHECKREF	6
#define RI_PLAN_SETNULL_DEL_DOUPDATE	7
#define RI_PLAN_SETNULL_UPD_DOUPDATE	8
#define RI_PLAN_SETDEFAULT_DEL_DOUPDATE 9
#define RI_PLAN_SETDEFAULT_UPD_DOUPDATE 10

#define MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN  (NAMEDATALEN*2+3)
#define MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN  (MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN*2)

#define RIAttName(rel, attnum)	NameStr(*attnumAttName(rel, attnum))
#define RIAttType(rel, attnum)	attnumTypeId(rel, attnum)
#define RIAttCollation(rel, attnum) attnumCollationId(rel, attnum)

#define RI_TRIGTYPE_INSERT 1
#define RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE 2
#define RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE 3


/* ----------
 * RI_ConstraintInfo
 *
 *	Information extracted from an FK pg_constraint entry.  This is cached in
 *	ri_constraint_cache.
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct RI_ConstraintInfo
{
	Oid			constraint_id;	/* OID of pg_constraint entry (hash key) */
	bool		valid;			/* successfully initialized? */
	uint32		oidHashValue;	/* hash value of pg_constraint OID */
	NameData	conname;		/* name of the FK constraint */
	Oid			pk_relid;		/* referenced relation */
	Oid			fk_relid;		/* referencing relation */
	char		confupdtype;	/* foreign key's ON UPDATE action */
	char		confdeltype;	/* foreign key's ON DELETE action */
	char		confmatchtype;	/* foreign key's match type */
	int			nkeys;			/* number of key columns */
	int16		pk_attnums[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];		/* attnums of referenced cols */
	int16		fk_attnums[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];		/* attnums of referencing cols */
	Oid			pf_eq_oprs[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];		/* equality operators (PK =
												 * FK) */
	Oid			pp_eq_oprs[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];		/* equality operators (PK =
												 * PK) */
	Oid			ff_eq_oprs[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];		/* equality operators (FK =
												 * FK) */
	dlist_node	valid_link;		/* Link in list of valid entries */
} RI_ConstraintInfo;


/* ----------
 * RI_QueryKey
 *
 *	The key identifying a prepared SPI plan in our query hashtable
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct RI_QueryKey
{
	Oid			constr_id;		/* OID of pg_constraint entry */
	int32		constr_queryno; /* query type ID, see RI_PLAN_XXX above */
} RI_QueryKey;


/* ----------
 * RI_QueryHashEntry
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct RI_QueryHashEntry
{
	RI_QueryKey key;
	SPIPlanPtr	plan;
} RI_QueryHashEntry;


/* ----------
 * RI_CompareKey
 *
 *	The key identifying an entry showing how to compare two values
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct RI_CompareKey
{
	Oid			eq_opr;			/* the equality operator to apply */
	Oid			typeid;			/* the data type to apply it to */
} RI_CompareKey;


/* ----------
 * RI_CompareHashEntry
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct RI_CompareHashEntry
{
	RI_CompareKey key;
	bool		valid;			/* successfully initialized? */
	FmgrInfo	eq_opr_finfo;	/* call info for equality fn */
	FmgrInfo	cast_func_finfo;	/* in case we must coerce input */
} RI_CompareHashEntry;


/* ----------
 * Local data
 * ----------
 */
static HTAB *ri_constraint_cache = NULL;
static HTAB *ri_query_cache = NULL;
static HTAB *ri_compare_cache = NULL;
static dlist_head ri_constraint_cache_valid_list;
static int	ri_constraint_cache_valid_count = 0;


/* ----------
 * Local function prototypes
 * ----------
 */
static bool ri_Check_Pk_Match(Relation pk_rel, Relation fk_rel,
				  HeapTuple old_row,
				  const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo);
static Datum ri_restrict_del(TriggerData *trigdata, bool is_no_action);
static Datum ri_restrict_upd(TriggerData *trigdata, bool is_no_action);
static void quoteOneName(char *buffer, const char *name);
static void quoteRelationName(char *buffer, Relation rel);
static void ri_GenerateQual(StringInfo buf,
				const char *sep,
				const char *leftop, Oid leftoptype,
				Oid opoid,
				const char *rightop, Oid rightoptype);
static void ri_add_cast_to(StringInfo buf, Oid typid);
static void ri_GenerateQualCollation(StringInfo buf, Oid collation);
static int ri_NullCheck(HeapTuple tup,
			 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo, bool rel_is_pk);
static void ri_BuildQueryKey(RI_QueryKey *key,
				 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo,
				 int32 constr_queryno);
static bool ri_KeysEqual(Relation rel, HeapTuple oldtup, HeapTuple newtup,
			 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo, bool rel_is_pk);
static bool ri_AttributesEqual(Oid eq_opr, Oid typeid,
				   Datum oldvalue, Datum newvalue);

static void ri_InitHashTables(void);
static void InvalidateConstraintCacheCallBack(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue);
static SPIPlanPtr ri_FetchPreparedPlan(RI_QueryKey *key);
static void ri_HashPreparedPlan(RI_QueryKey *key, SPIPlanPtr plan);
static RI_CompareHashEntry *ri_HashCompareOp(Oid eq_opr, Oid typeid);

static void ri_CheckTrigger(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, const char *funcname,
				int tgkind);
static const RI_ConstraintInfo *ri_FetchConstraintInfo(Trigger *trigger,
					   Relation trig_rel, bool rel_is_pk);
static const RI_ConstraintInfo *ri_LoadConstraintInfo(Oid constraintOid);
static SPIPlanPtr ri_PlanCheck(const char *querystr, int nargs, Oid *argtypes,
			 RI_QueryKey *qkey, Relation fk_rel, Relation pk_rel,
			 bool cache_plan);
static bool ri_PerformCheck(const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo,
				RI_QueryKey *qkey, SPIPlanPtr qplan,
				Relation fk_rel, Relation pk_rel,
				HeapTuple old_tuple, HeapTuple new_tuple,
				bool detectNewRows, int expect_OK);
static void ri_ExtractValues(Relation rel, HeapTuple tup,
				 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo, bool rel_is_pk,
				 Datum *vals, char *nulls);
static void ri_ReportViolation(const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo,
				   Relation pk_rel, Relation fk_rel,
				   HeapTuple violator, TupleDesc tupdesc,
				   int queryno, bool spi_err);


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_check -
 *
 *	Check foreign key existence (combined for INSERT and UPDATE).
 * ----------
 */
static Datum
RI_FKey_check(TriggerData *trigdata)
{
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	new_row;
	Buffer		new_row_buf;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, false);

	if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
	{
		new_row = trigdata->tg_newtuple;
		new_row_buf = trigdata->tg_newtuplebuf;
	}
	else
	{
		new_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;
		new_row_buf = trigdata->tg_trigtuplebuf;
	}

	/*
	 * We should not even consider checking the row if it is no longer valid,
	 * since it was either deleted (so the deferred check should be skipped)
	 * or updated (in which case only the latest version of the row should be
	 * checked).  Test its liveness according to SnapshotSelf.  We need pin
	 * and lock on the buffer to call HeapTupleSatisfiesVisibility.  Caller
	 * should be holding pin, but not lock.
	 */
	LockBuffer(new_row_buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);
	if (!HeapTupleSatisfiesVisibility(new_row, SnapshotSelf, new_row_buf))
	{
		LockBuffer(new_row_buf, BUFFER_LOCK_UNLOCK);
		return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
	}
	LockBuffer(new_row_buf, BUFFER_LOCK_UNLOCK);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables.
	 *
	 * pk_rel is opened in RowShareLock mode since that's what our eventual
	 * SELECT FOR KEY SHARE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	pk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->pk_relid, RowShareLock);

	if (riinfo->confmatchtype == FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));

	switch (ri_NullCheck(new_row, riinfo, false))
	{
		case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:

			/*
			 * No further check needed - an all-NULL key passes every type of
			 * foreign key constraint.
			 */
			heap_close(pk_rel, RowShareLock);
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

			/*
			 * This is the only case that differs between the three kinds of
			 * MATCH.
			 */
			switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
			{
				case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:

					/*
					 * Not allowed - MATCH FULL says either all or none of the
					 * attributes can be NULLs
					 */
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION),
							 errmsg("insert or update on table \"%s\" violates foreign key constraint \"%s\"",
									RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel),
									NameStr(riinfo->conname)),
							 errdetail("MATCH FULL does not allow mixing of null and nonnull key values."),
							 errtableconstraint(fk_rel,
												NameStr(riinfo->conname))));
					heap_close(pk_rel, RowShareLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:

					/*
					 * MATCH SIMPLE - if ANY column is null, the key passes
					 * the constraint.
					 */
					heap_close(pk_rel, RowShareLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:

					/*
					 * MATCH PARTIAL - all non-null columns must match. (not
					 * implemented, can be done by modifying the query below
					 * to only include non-null columns, or by writing a
					 * special version here)
					 */
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
					heap_close(pk_rel, RowShareLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				default:
					elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
						 riinfo->confmatchtype);
					break;
			}

		case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

			/*
			 * Have a full qualified key - continue below for all three kinds
			 * of MATCH.
			 */
			break;
	}

	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

	/*
	 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the real check
	 */
	ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK);

	if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
	{
		StringInfoData querybuf;
		char		pkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
		char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
		char		paramname[16];
		const char *querysep;
		Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

		/* ----------
		 * The query string built is
		 *	SELECT 1 FROM ONLY <pktable> x WHERE pkatt1 = $1 [AND ...]
		 *		   FOR KEY SHARE OF x
		 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
		 * corresponding FK attributes.
		 * ----------
		 */
		initStringInfo(&querybuf);
		quoteRelationName(pkrelname, pk_rel);
		appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "SELECT 1 FROM ONLY %s x", pkrelname);
		querysep = "WHERE";
		for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
		{
			Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
			Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

			quoteOneName(attname,
						 RIAttName(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]));
			sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
			ri_GenerateQual(&querybuf, querysep,
							attname, pk_type,
							riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
							paramname, fk_type);
			querysep = "AND";
			queryoids[i] = fk_type;
		}
		appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, " FOR KEY SHARE OF x");

		/* Prepare and save the plan */
		qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
							 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
	}

	/*
	 * Now check that foreign key exists in PK table
	 */
	ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
					fk_rel, pk_rel,
					NULL, new_row,
					false,
					SPI_OK_SELECT);

	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

	heap_close(pk_rel, RowShareLock);

	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_check_ins -
 *
 *	Check foreign key existence at insert event on FK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_check_ins(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_check_ins", RI_TRIGTYPE_INSERT);

	/*
	 * Share code with UPDATE case.
	 */
	return RI_FKey_check((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_check_upd -
 *
 *	Check foreign key existence at update event on FK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_check_upd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_check_upd", RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * Share code with INSERT case.
	 */
	return RI_FKey_check((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context);
}


/* ----------
 * ri_Check_Pk_Match
 *
 * Check to see if another PK row has been created that provides the same
 * key values as the "old_row" that's been modified or deleted in our trigger
 * event.  Returns true if a match is found in the PK table.
 *
 * We assume the caller checked that the old_row contains no NULL key values,
 * since otherwise a match is impossible.
 * ----------
 */
static bool
ri_Check_Pk_Match(Relation pk_rel, Relation fk_rel,
				  HeapTuple old_row,
				  const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo)
{
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	int			i;
	bool		result;

	/* Only called for non-null rows */
	Assert(ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true) == RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL);

	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

	/*
	 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for checking PK table with values coming
	 * from a PK row
	 */
	ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK_FROM_PK);

	if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
	{
		StringInfoData querybuf;
		char		pkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
		char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
		char		paramname[16];
		const char *querysep;
		Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

		/* ----------
		 * The query string built is
		 *	SELECT 1 FROM ONLY <pktable> x WHERE pkatt1 = $1 [AND ...]
		 *		   FOR KEY SHARE OF x
		 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
		 * PK attributes themselves.
		 * ----------
		 */
		initStringInfo(&querybuf);
		quoteRelationName(pkrelname, pk_rel);
		appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "SELECT 1 FROM ONLY %s x", pkrelname);
		querysep = "WHERE";
		for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
		{
			Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);

			quoteOneName(attname,
						 RIAttName(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]));
			sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
			ri_GenerateQual(&querybuf, querysep,
							attname, pk_type,
							riinfo->pp_eq_oprs[i],
							paramname, pk_type);
			querysep = "AND";
			queryoids[i] = pk_type;
		}
		appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, " FOR KEY SHARE OF x");

		/* Prepare and save the plan */
		qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
							 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
	}

	/*
	 * We have a plan now. Run it.
	 */
	result = ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							 fk_rel, pk_rel,
							 old_row, NULL,
							 true,		/* treat like update */
							 SPI_OK_SELECT);

	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

	return result;
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_noaction_del -
 *
 *	Give an error and roll back the current transaction if the
 *	delete has resulted in a violation of the given referential
 *	integrity constraint.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_noaction_del(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_noaction_del", RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE);

	/*
	 * Share code with RESTRICT case.
	 */
	return ri_restrict_del((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context, true);
}

/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_restrict_del -
 *
 *	Restrict delete from PK table to rows unreferenced by foreign key.
 *
 *	The SQL standard intends that this referential action occur exactly when
 *	the delete is performed, rather than after.  This appears to be
 *	the only difference between "NO ACTION" and "RESTRICT".  In Postgres
 *	we still implement this as an AFTER trigger, but it's non-deferrable.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_restrict_del(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_restrict_del", RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE);

	/*
	 * Share code with NO ACTION case.
	 */
	return ri_restrict_del((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context, false);
}

/* ----------
 * ri_restrict_del -
 *
 *	Common code for ON DELETE RESTRICT and ON DELETE NO ACTION.
 * ----------
 */
static Datum
ri_restrict_del(TriggerData *trigdata, bool is_no_action)
{
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowShareLock mode since that's what our eventual
	 * SELECT FOR KEY SHARE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowShareLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 9) a) iv):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON DELETE RESTRICT
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			/*
			 * If another PK row now exists providing the old key values, we
			 * should not do anything.  However, this check should only be
			 * made in the NO ACTION case; in RESTRICT cases we don't wish to
			 * allow another row to be substituted.
			 */
			if (is_no_action &&
				ri_Check_Pk_Match(pk_rel, fk_rel, old_row, riinfo))
			{
				heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);
				return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the restrict delete lookup
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_RESTRICT_DEL_CHECKREF);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	SELECT 1 FROM ONLY <fktable> x WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 *		   FOR KEY SHARE OF x
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "SELECT 1 FROM ONLY %s x",
								 fkrelname);
				querysep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&querybuf, querysep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, " FOR KEY SHARE OF x");

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to check for existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_SELECT);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL restrict delete.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_noaction_upd -
 *
 *	Give an error and roll back the current transaction if the
 *	update has resulted in a violation of the given referential
 *	integrity constraint.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_noaction_upd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_noaction_upd", RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * Share code with RESTRICT case.
	 */
	return ri_restrict_upd((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context, true);
}

/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_restrict_upd -
 *
 *	Restrict update of PK to rows unreferenced by foreign key.
 *
 *	The SQL standard intends that this referential action occur exactly when
 *	the update is performed, rather than after.  This appears to be
 *	the only difference between "NO ACTION" and "RESTRICT".  In Postgres
 *	we still implement this as an AFTER trigger, but it's non-deferrable.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_restrict_upd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_restrict_upd", RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * Share code with NO ACTION case.
	 */
	return ri_restrict_upd((TriggerData *) fcinfo->context, false);
}

/* ----------
 * ri_restrict_upd -
 *
 *	Common code for ON UPDATE RESTRICT and ON UPDATE NO ACTION.
 * ----------
 */
static Datum
ri_restrict_upd(TriggerData *trigdata, bool is_no_action)
{
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	new_row;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the new and
	 * old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowShareLock mode since that's what our eventual
	 * SELECT FOR KEY SHARE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowShareLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	new_row = trigdata->tg_newtuple;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 10) a) iv):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON UPDATE RESTRICT
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			/*
			 * No need to check anything if old and new keys are equal
			 */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(pk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);
				return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
			}

			/*
			 * If another PK row now exists providing the old key values, we
			 * should not do anything.  However, this check should only be
			 * made in the NO ACTION case; in RESTRICT cases we don't wish to
			 * allow another row to be substituted.
			 */
			if (is_no_action &&
				ri_Check_Pk_Match(pk_rel, fk_rel, old_row, riinfo))
			{
				heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);
				return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the restrict update lookup
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_RESTRICT_UPD_CHECKREF);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	SELECT 1 FROM ONLY <fktable> WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "SELECT 1 FROM ONLY %s x",
								 fkrelname);
				querysep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&querybuf, querysep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, " FOR KEY SHARE OF x");

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to check for existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_SELECT);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowShareLock);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL restrict update.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_cascade_del -
 *
 *	Cascaded delete foreign key references at delete event on PK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_cascade_del(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_cascade_del", RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE);

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowExclusiveLock mode since that's what our
	 * eventual DELETE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowExclusiveLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 9) a) i):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON DELETE CASCADE
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the cascaded delete
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_CASCADE_DEL_DODELETE);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	DELETE FROM ONLY <fktable> WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "DELETE FROM ONLY %s", fkrelname);
				querysep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&querybuf, querysep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Build up the arguments from the key values
			 * in the deleted PK tuple and delete the referencing rows
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_DELETE);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL cascaded delete.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_cascade_upd -
 *
 *	Cascaded update foreign key references at update event on PK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_cascade_upd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	new_row;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;
	int			j;

	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_cascade_upd", RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the new and
	 * old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowExclusiveLock mode since that's what our
	 * eventual UPDATE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowExclusiveLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	new_row = trigdata->tg_newtuple;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 10) a) i):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON UPDATE CASCADE
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			/*
			 * No need to do anything if old and new keys are equal
			 */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(pk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
				return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the cascaded update
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_CASCADE_UPD_DOUPDATE);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				StringInfoData qualbuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				const char *qualsep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2];

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	UPDATE ONLY <fktable> SET fkatt1 = $1 [, ...]
				 *			WHERE $n = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.  Note that we are assuming
				 * there is an assignment cast from the PK to the FK type;
				 * else the parser will fail.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				initStringInfo(&qualbuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "UPDATE ONLY %s SET", fkrelname);
				querysep = "";
				qualsep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0, j = riinfo->nkeys; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++, j++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
									 "%s %s = $%d",
									 querysep, attname, i + 1);
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", j + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&qualbuf, qualsep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = ",";
					qualsep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
					queryoids[j] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, qualbuf.data);

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys * 2, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to update the existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, new_row,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_UPDATE);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL cascade update.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_setnull_del -
 *
 *	Set foreign key references to NULL values at delete event on PK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_setnull_del(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_setnull_del", RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE);

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowExclusiveLock mode since that's what our
	 * eventual UPDATE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowExclusiveLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 9) a) ii):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON DELETE SET NULL
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the set null delete operation
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_SETNULL_DEL_DOUPDATE);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				StringInfoData qualbuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				const char *qualsep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	UPDATE ONLY <fktable> SET fkatt1 = NULL [, ...]
				 *			WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				initStringInfo(&qualbuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "UPDATE ONLY %s SET", fkrelname);
				querysep = "";
				qualsep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
									 "%s %s = NULL",
									 querysep, attname);
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&qualbuf, qualsep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = ",";
					qualsep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, qualbuf.data);

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to check for existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_UPDATE);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL set null delete.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_setnull_upd -
 *
 *	Set foreign key references to NULL at update event on PK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_setnull_upd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	new_row;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	int			i;

	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_setnull_upd", RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowExclusiveLock mode since that's what our
	 * eventual UPDATE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowExclusiveLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	new_row = trigdata->tg_newtuple;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 10) a) ii):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON UPDATE SET NULL
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			/*
			 * No need to do anything if old and new keys are equal
			 */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(pk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
				return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the set null update operation
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_SETNULL_UPD_DOUPDATE);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				StringInfoData qualbuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				const char *qualsep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	UPDATE ONLY <fktable> SET fkatt1 = NULL [, ...]
				 *			WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				initStringInfo(&qualbuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "UPDATE ONLY %s SET", fkrelname);
				querysep = "";
				qualsep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
									 "%s %s = NULL",
									 querysep, attname);
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&qualbuf, qualsep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = ",";
					qualsep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, qualbuf.data);

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to update the existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_UPDATE);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL set null update.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_setdefault_del -
 *
 *	Set foreign key references to defaults at delete event on PK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_setdefault_del(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;

	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_setdefault_del", RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE);

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowExclusiveLock mode since that's what our
	 * eventual UPDATE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowExclusiveLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 9) a) iii):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON DELETE SET DEFAULT
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the set default delete
			 * operation
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_SETDEFAULT_DEL_DOUPDATE);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				StringInfoData qualbuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				const char *qualsep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];
				int			i;

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	UPDATE ONLY <fktable> SET fkatt1 = DEFAULT [, ...]
				 *			WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				initStringInfo(&qualbuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "UPDATE ONLY %s SET", fkrelname);
				querysep = "";
				qualsep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
									 "%s %s = DEFAULT",
									 querysep, attname);
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&qualbuf, qualsep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = ",";
					qualsep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, qualbuf.data);

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to update the existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_UPDATE);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);

			/*
			 * If we just deleted the PK row whose key was equal to the FK
			 * columns' default values, and a referencing row exists in the FK
			 * table, we would have updated that row to the same values it
			 * already had --- and RI_FKey_fk_upd_check_required would hence
			 * believe no check is necessary.  So we need to do another lookup
			 * now and in case a reference still exists, abort the operation.
			 * That is already implemented in the NO ACTION trigger, so just
			 * run it.  (This recheck is only needed in the SET DEFAULT case,
			 * since CASCADE would remove such rows, while SET NULL is certain
			 * to result in rows that satisfy the FK constraint.)
			 */
			RI_FKey_noaction_del(fcinfo);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL set default delete.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_setdefault_upd -
 *
 *	Set foreign key references to defaults at update event on PK table.
 * ----------
 */
Datum
RI_FKey_setdefault_upd(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	Relation	fk_rel;
	Relation	pk_rel;
	HeapTuple	new_row;
	HeapTuple	old_row;
	RI_QueryKey qkey;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;

	/*
	 * Check that this is a valid trigger call on the right time and event.
	 */
	ri_CheckTrigger(fcinfo, "RI_FKey_setdefault_upd", RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigdata->tg_trigger,
									trigdata->tg_relation, true);

	/*
	 * Get the relation descriptors of the FK and PK tables and the old tuple.
	 *
	 * fk_rel is opened in RowExclusiveLock mode since that's what our
	 * eventual UPDATE will get on it.
	 */
	fk_rel = heap_open(riinfo->fk_relid, RowExclusiveLock);
	pk_rel = trigdata->tg_relation;
	new_row = trigdata->tg_newtuple;
	old_row = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
			/* ----------
			 * SQL:2008 15.17 <Execution of referential actions>
			 *	General rules 10) a) iii):
			 *		MATCH SIMPLE/FULL
			 *			... ON UPDATE SET DEFAULT
			 * ----------
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
			switch (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:

					/*
					 * No check needed - there cannot be any reference to old
					 * key if it contains a NULL
					 */
					heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
					return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:

					/*
					 * Have a full qualified key - continue below
					 */
					break;
			}

			/*
			 * No need to do anything if old and new keys are equal
			 */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(pk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, true))
			{
				heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);
				return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
			}

			if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

			/*
			 * Fetch or prepare a saved plan for the set default update
			 * operation
			 */
			ri_BuildQueryKey(&qkey, riinfo, RI_PLAN_SETDEFAULT_UPD_DOUPDATE);

			if ((qplan = ri_FetchPreparedPlan(&qkey)) == NULL)
			{
				StringInfoData querybuf;
				StringInfoData qualbuf;
				char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
				char		attname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];
				char		paramname[16];
				const char *querysep;
				const char *qualsep;
				Oid			queryoids[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS];
				int			i;

				/* ----------
				 * The query string built is
				 *	UPDATE ONLY <fktable> SET fkatt1 = DEFAULT [, ...]
				 *			WHERE $1 = fkatt1 [AND ...]
				 * The type id's for the $ parameters are those of the
				 * corresponding PK attributes.
				 * ----------
				 */
				initStringInfo(&querybuf);
				initStringInfo(&qualbuf);
				quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
				appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "UPDATE ONLY %s SET", fkrelname);
				querysep = "";
				qualsep = "WHERE";
				for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
				{
					Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
					Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

					quoteOneName(attname,
								 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
					appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
									 "%s %s = DEFAULT",
									 querysep, attname);
					sprintf(paramname, "$%d", i + 1);
					ri_GenerateQual(&qualbuf, qualsep,
									paramname, pk_type,
									riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
									attname, fk_type);
					querysep = ",";
					qualsep = "AND";
					queryoids[i] = pk_type;
				}
				appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, qualbuf.data);

				/* Prepare and save the plan */
				qplan = ri_PlanCheck(querybuf.data, riinfo->nkeys, queryoids,
									 &qkey, fk_rel, pk_rel, true);
			}

			/*
			 * We have a plan now. Run it to update the existing references.
			 */
			ri_PerformCheck(riinfo, &qkey, qplan,
							fk_rel, pk_rel,
							old_row, NULL,
							true,		/* must detect new rows */
							SPI_OK_UPDATE);

			if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
				elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

			heap_close(fk_rel, RowExclusiveLock);

			/*
			 * If we just updated the PK row whose key was equal to the FK
			 * columns' default values, and a referencing row exists in the FK
			 * table, we would have updated that row to the same values it
			 * already had --- and RI_FKey_fk_upd_check_required would hence
			 * believe no check is necessary.  So we need to do another lookup
			 * now and in case a reference still exists, abort the operation.
			 * That is already implemented in the NO ACTION trigger, so just
			 * run it.  (This recheck is only needed in the SET DEFAULT case,
			 * since CASCADE must change the FK key values, while SET NULL is
			 * certain to result in rows that satisfy the FK constraint.)
			 */
			RI_FKey_noaction_upd(fcinfo);

			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

			/*
			 * Handle MATCH PARTIAL set default update.
			 */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			return PointerGetDatum(NULL);

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return PointerGetDatum(NULL);
}


/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_pk_upd_check_required -
 *
 *	Check if we really need to fire the RI trigger for an update to a PK
 *	relation.  This is called by the AFTER trigger queue manager to see if
 *	it can skip queuing an instance of an RI trigger.  Returns TRUE if the
 *	trigger must be fired, FALSE if we can prove the constraint will still
 *	be satisfied.
 * ----------
 */
bool
RI_FKey_pk_upd_check_required(Trigger *trigger, Relation pk_rel,
							  HeapTuple old_row, HeapTuple new_row)
{
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigger, pk_rel, true);

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:

			/*
			 * If any old key value is NULL, the row could not have been
			 * referenced by an FK row, so no check is needed.
			 */
			if (ri_NullCheck(old_row, riinfo, true) != RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL)
				return false;

			/* If all old and new key values are equal, no check is needed */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(pk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, true))
				return false;

			/* Else we need to fire the trigger. */
			return true;

			/* Handle MATCH PARTIAL check. */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			break;

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return false;
}

/* ----------
 * RI_FKey_fk_upd_check_required -
 *
 *	Check if we really need to fire the RI trigger for an update to an FK
 *	relation.  This is called by the AFTER trigger queue manager to see if
 *	it can skip queuing an instance of an RI trigger.  Returns TRUE if the
 *	trigger must be fired, FALSE if we can prove the constraint will still
 *	be satisfied.
 * ----------
 */
bool
RI_FKey_fk_upd_check_required(Trigger *trigger, Relation fk_rel,
							  HeapTuple old_row, HeapTuple new_row)
{
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;

	/*
	 * Get arguments.
	 */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigger, fk_rel, false);

	switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
	{
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:

			/*
			 * If any new key value is NULL, the row must satisfy the
			 * constraint, so no check is needed.
			 */
			if (ri_NullCheck(new_row, riinfo, false) != RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL)
				return false;

			/*
			 * If the original row was inserted by our own transaction, we
			 * must fire the trigger whether or not the keys are equal.  This
			 * is because our UPDATE will invalidate the INSERT so that the
			 * INSERT RI trigger will not do anything; so we had better do the
			 * UPDATE check.  (We could skip this if we knew the INSERT
			 * trigger already fired, but there is no easy way to know that.)
			 */
			if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(old_row->t_data)))
				return true;

			/* If all old and new key values are equal, no check is needed */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(fk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, false))
				return false;

			/* Else we need to fire the trigger. */
			return true;

		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:

			/*
			 * If all new key values are NULL, the row must satisfy the
			 * constraint, so no check is needed.  On the other hand, if only
			 * some of them are NULL, the row must fail the constraint.  We
			 * must not throw error here, because the row might get
			 * invalidated before the constraint is to be checked, but we
			 * should queue the event to apply the check later.
			 */
			switch (ri_NullCheck(new_row, riinfo, false))
			{
				case RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL:
					return false;
				case RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL:
					return true;
				case RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL:
					break;		/* continue with the check */
			}

			/*
			 * If the original row was inserted by our own transaction, we
			 * must fire the trigger whether or not the keys are equal.  This
			 * is because our UPDATE will invalidate the INSERT so that the
			 * INSERT RI trigger will not do anything; so we had better do the
			 * UPDATE check.  (We could skip this if we knew the INSERT
			 * trigger already fired, but there is no easy way to know that.)
			 */
			if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(HeapTupleHeaderGetXmin(old_row->t_data)))
				return true;

			/* If all old and new key values are equal, no check is needed */
			if (ri_KeysEqual(fk_rel, old_row, new_row, riinfo, false))
				return false;

			/* Else we need to fire the trigger. */
			return true;

			/* Handle MATCH PARTIAL check. */
		case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
			break;

		default:
			elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
				 riinfo->confmatchtype);
			break;
	}

	/* Never reached */
	return false;
}

/* ----------
 * RI_Initial_Check -
 *
 *	Check an entire table for non-matching values using a single query.
 *	This is not a trigger procedure, but is called during ALTER TABLE
 *	ADD FOREIGN KEY to validate the initial table contents.
 *
 *	We expect that the caller has made provision to prevent any problems
 *	caused by concurrent actions. This could be either by locking rel and
 *	pkrel at ShareRowExclusiveLock or higher, or by otherwise ensuring
 *	that triggers implementing the checks are already active.
 *	Hence, we do not need to lock individual rows for the check.
 *
 *	If the check fails because the current user doesn't have permissions
 *	to read both tables, return false to let our caller know that they will
 *	need to do something else to check the constraint.
 * ----------
 */
bool
RI_Initial_Check(Trigger *trigger, Relation fk_rel, Relation pk_rel)
{
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	StringInfoData querybuf;
	char		pkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
	char		fkrelname[MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN];
	char		pkattname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN + 3];
	char		fkattname[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN + 3];
	RangeTblEntry *pkrte;
	RangeTblEntry *fkrte;
	const char *sep;
	int			i;
	int			save_nestlevel;
	char		workmembuf[32];
	int			spi_result;
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;

	/* Fetch constraint info. */
	riinfo = ri_FetchConstraintInfo(trigger, fk_rel, false);

	/*
	 * Check to make sure current user has enough permissions to do the test
	 * query.  (If not, caller can fall back to the trigger method, which
	 * works because it changes user IDs on the fly.)
	 *
	 * XXX are there any other show-stopper conditions to check?
	 */
	pkrte = makeNode(RangeTblEntry);
	pkrte->rtekind = RTE_RELATION;
	pkrte->relid = RelationGetRelid(pk_rel);
	pkrte->relkind = pk_rel->rd_rel->relkind;
	pkrte->requiredPerms = ACL_SELECT;

	fkrte = makeNode(RangeTblEntry);
	fkrte->rtekind = RTE_RELATION;
	fkrte->relid = RelationGetRelid(fk_rel);
	fkrte->relkind = fk_rel->rd_rel->relkind;
	fkrte->requiredPerms = ACL_SELECT;

	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		int			attno;

		attno = riinfo->pk_attnums[i] - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
		pkrte->selectedCols = bms_add_member(pkrte->selectedCols, attno);

		attno = riinfo->fk_attnums[i] - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber;
		fkrte->selectedCols = bms_add_member(fkrte->selectedCols, attno);
	}

	if (!ExecCheckRTPerms(list_make2(fkrte, pkrte), false))
		return false;

	/*
	 * Also punt if RLS is enabled on either table unless this role has the
	 * bypassrls right or is the table owner of the table(s) involved which
	 * have RLS enabled.
	 */
	if (!has_bypassrls_privilege(GetUserId()) &&
		((pk_rel->rd_rel->relrowsecurity &&
		  !pg_class_ownercheck(pkrte->relid, GetUserId())) ||
		 (fk_rel->rd_rel->relrowsecurity &&
		  !pg_class_ownercheck(fkrte->relid, GetUserId()))))
		return false;

	/*----------
	 * The query string built is:
	 *	SELECT fk.keycols FROM ONLY relname fk
	 *	 LEFT OUTER JOIN ONLY pkrelname pk
	 *	 ON (pk.pkkeycol1=fk.keycol1 [AND ...])
	 *	 WHERE pk.pkkeycol1 IS NULL AND
	 * For MATCH SIMPLE:
	 *	 (fk.keycol1 IS NOT NULL [AND ...])
	 * For MATCH FULL:
	 *	 (fk.keycol1 IS NOT NULL [OR ...])
	 *
	 * We attach COLLATE clauses to the operators when comparing columns
	 * that have different collations.
	 *----------
	 */
	initStringInfo(&querybuf);
	appendStringInfoString(&querybuf, "SELECT ");
	sep = "";
	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		quoteOneName(fkattname,
					 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
		appendStringInfo(&querybuf, "%sfk.%s", sep, fkattname);
		sep = ", ";
	}

	quoteRelationName(pkrelname, pk_rel);
	quoteRelationName(fkrelname, fk_rel);
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
					 " FROM ONLY %s fk LEFT OUTER JOIN ONLY %s pk ON",
					 fkrelname, pkrelname);

	strcpy(pkattname, "pk.");
	strcpy(fkattname, "fk.");
	sep = "(";
	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		Oid			pk_type = RIAttType(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
		Oid			fk_type = RIAttType(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);
		Oid			pk_coll = RIAttCollation(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]);
		Oid			fk_coll = RIAttCollation(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]);

		quoteOneName(pkattname + 3,
					 RIAttName(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[i]));
		quoteOneName(fkattname + 3,
					 RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
		ri_GenerateQual(&querybuf, sep,
						pkattname, pk_type,
						riinfo->pf_eq_oprs[i],
						fkattname, fk_type);
		if (pk_coll != fk_coll)
			ri_GenerateQualCollation(&querybuf, pk_coll);
		sep = "AND";
	}

	/*
	 * It's sufficient to test any one pk attribute for null to detect a join
	 * failure.
	 */
	quoteOneName(pkattname, RIAttName(pk_rel, riinfo->pk_attnums[0]));
	appendStringInfo(&querybuf, ") WHERE pk.%s IS NULL AND (", pkattname);

	sep = "";
	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		quoteOneName(fkattname, RIAttName(fk_rel, riinfo->fk_attnums[i]));
		appendStringInfo(&querybuf,
						 "%sfk.%s IS NOT NULL",
						 sep, fkattname);
		switch (riinfo->confmatchtype)
		{
			case FKCONSTR_MATCH_SIMPLE:
				sep = " AND ";
				break;
			case FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL:
				sep = " OR ";
				break;
			case FKCONSTR_MATCH_PARTIAL:
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
						 errmsg("MATCH PARTIAL not yet implemented")));
				break;
			default:
				elog(ERROR, "unrecognized confmatchtype: %d",
					 riinfo->confmatchtype);
				break;
		}
	}
	appendStringInfoChar(&querybuf, ')');

	/*
	 * Temporarily increase work_mem so that the check query can be executed
	 * more efficiently.  It seems okay to do this because the query is simple
	 * enough to not use a multiple of work_mem, and one typically would not
	 * have many large foreign-key validations happening concurrently.  So
	 * this seems to meet the criteria for being considered a "maintenance"
	 * operation, and accordingly we use maintenance_work_mem.
	 *
	 * We use the equivalent of a function SET option to allow the setting to
	 * persist for exactly the duration of the check query.  guc.c also takes
	 * care of undoing the setting on error.
	 */
	save_nestlevel = NewGUCNestLevel();

	snprintf(workmembuf, sizeof(workmembuf), "%d", maintenance_work_mem);
	(void) set_config_option("work_mem", workmembuf,
							 PGC_USERSET, PGC_S_SESSION,
							 GUC_ACTION_SAVE, true, 0, false);

	if (SPI_connect() != SPI_OK_CONNECT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_connect failed");

	/*
	 * Generate the plan.  We don't need to cache it, and there are no
	 * arguments to the plan.
	 */
	qplan = SPI_prepare(querybuf.data, 0, NULL);

	if (qplan == NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_prepare returned %d for %s",
			 SPI_result, querybuf.data);

	/*
	 * Run the plan.  For safety we force a current snapshot to be used. (In
	 * transaction-snapshot mode, this arguably violates transaction isolation
	 * rules, but we really haven't got much choice.) We don't need to
	 * register the snapshot, because SPI_execute_snapshot will see to it. We
	 * need at most one tuple returned, so pass limit = 1.
	 */
	spi_result = SPI_execute_snapshot(qplan,
									  NULL, NULL,
									  GetLatestSnapshot(),
									  InvalidSnapshot,
									  true, false, 1);

	/* Check result */
	if (spi_result != SPI_OK_SELECT)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_execute_snapshot returned %d", spi_result);

	/* Did we find a tuple violating the constraint? */
	if (SPI_processed > 0)
	{
		HeapTuple	tuple = SPI_tuptable->vals[0];
		TupleDesc	tupdesc = SPI_tuptable->tupdesc;
		RI_ConstraintInfo fake_riinfo;

		/*
		 * The columns to look at in the result tuple are 1..N, not whatever
		 * they are in the fk_rel.  Hack up riinfo so that the subroutines
		 * called here will behave properly.
		 *
		 * In addition to this, we have to pass the correct tupdesc to
		 * ri_ReportViolation, overriding its normal habit of using the pk_rel
		 * or fk_rel's tupdesc.
		 */
		memcpy(&fake_riinfo, riinfo, sizeof(RI_ConstraintInfo));
		for (i = 0; i < fake_riinfo.nkeys; i++)
			fake_riinfo.fk_attnums[i] = i + 1;

		/*
		 * If it's MATCH FULL, and there are any nulls in the FK keys,
		 * complain about that rather than the lack of a match.  MATCH FULL
		 * disallows partially-null FK rows.
		 */
		if (fake_riinfo.confmatchtype == FKCONSTR_MATCH_FULL &&
			ri_NullCheck(tuple, &fake_riinfo, false) != RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION),
					 errmsg("insert or update on table \"%s\" violates foreign key constraint \"%s\"",
							RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel),
							NameStr(fake_riinfo.conname)),
					 errdetail("MATCH FULL does not allow mixing of null and nonnull key values."),
					 errtableconstraint(fk_rel,
										NameStr(fake_riinfo.conname))));

		/*
		 * We tell ri_ReportViolation we were doing the RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK
		 * query, which isn't true, but will cause it to use
		 * fake_riinfo.fk_attnums as we need.
		 */
		ri_ReportViolation(&fake_riinfo,
						   pk_rel, fk_rel,
						   tuple, tupdesc,
						   RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK, false);
	}

	if (SPI_finish() != SPI_OK_FINISH)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_finish failed");

	/*
	 * Restore work_mem.
	 */
	AtEOXact_GUC(true, save_nestlevel);

	return true;
}


/* ----------
 * Local functions below
 * ----------
 */


/*
 * quoteOneName --- safely quote a single SQL name
 *
 * buffer must be MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN long (includes room for \0)
 */
static void
quoteOneName(char *buffer, const char *name)
{
	/* Rather than trying to be smart, just always quote it. */
	*buffer++ = '"';
	while (*name)
	{
		if (*name == '"')
			*buffer++ = '"';
		*buffer++ = *name++;
	}
	*buffer++ = '"';
	*buffer = '\0';
}

/*
 * quoteRelationName --- safely quote a fully qualified relation name
 *
 * buffer must be MAX_QUOTED_REL_NAME_LEN long (includes room for \0)
 */
static void
quoteRelationName(char *buffer, Relation rel)
{
	quoteOneName(buffer, get_namespace_name(RelationGetNamespace(rel)));
	buffer += strlen(buffer);
	*buffer++ = '.';
	quoteOneName(buffer, RelationGetRelationName(rel));
}

/*
 * ri_GenerateQual --- generate a WHERE clause equating two variables
 *
 * The idea is to append " sep leftop op rightop" to buf.  The complexity
 * comes from needing to be sure that the parser will select the desired
 * operator.  We always name the operator using OPERATOR(schema.op) syntax
 * (readability isn't a big priority here), so as to avoid search-path
 * uncertainties.  We have to emit casts too, if either input isn't already
 * the input type of the operator; else we are at the mercy of the parser's
 * heuristics for ambiguous-operator resolution.
 */
static void
ri_GenerateQual(StringInfo buf,
				const char *sep,
				const char *leftop, Oid leftoptype,
				Oid opoid,
				const char *rightop, Oid rightoptype)
{
	HeapTuple	opertup;
	Form_pg_operator operform;
	char	   *oprname;
	char	   *nspname;

	opertup = SearchSysCache1(OPEROID, ObjectIdGetDatum(opoid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(opertup))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for operator %u", opoid);
	operform = (Form_pg_operator) GETSTRUCT(opertup);
	Assert(operform->oprkind == 'b');
	oprname = NameStr(operform->oprname);

	nspname = get_namespace_name(operform->oprnamespace);

	appendStringInfo(buf, " %s %s", sep, leftop);
	if (leftoptype != operform->oprleft)
		ri_add_cast_to(buf, operform->oprleft);
	appendStringInfo(buf, " OPERATOR(%s.", quote_identifier(nspname));
	appendStringInfoString(buf, oprname);
	appendStringInfo(buf, ") %s", rightop);
	if (rightoptype != operform->oprright)
		ri_add_cast_to(buf, operform->oprright);

	ReleaseSysCache(opertup);
}

/*
 * Add a cast specification to buf.  We spell out the type name the hard way,
 * intentionally not using format_type_be().  This is to avoid corner cases
 * for CHARACTER, BIT, and perhaps other types, where specifying the type
 * using SQL-standard syntax results in undesirable data truncation.  By
 * doing it this way we can be certain that the cast will have default (-1)
 * target typmod.
 */
static void
ri_add_cast_to(StringInfo buf, Oid typid)
{
	HeapTuple	typetup;
	Form_pg_type typform;
	char	   *typname;
	char	   *nspname;

	typetup = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(typid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(typetup))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", typid);
	typform = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(typetup);

	typname = NameStr(typform->typname);
	nspname = get_namespace_name(typform->typnamespace);

	appendStringInfo(buf, "::%s.%s",
					 quote_identifier(nspname), quote_identifier(typname));

	ReleaseSysCache(typetup);
}

/*
 * ri_GenerateQualCollation --- add a COLLATE spec to a WHERE clause
 *
 * At present, we intentionally do not use this function for RI queries that
 * compare a variable to a $n parameter.  Since parameter symbols always have
 * default collation, the effect will be to use the variable's collation.
 * Now that is only strictly correct when testing the referenced column, since
 * the SQL standard specifies that RI comparisons should use the referenced
 * column's collation.  However, so long as all collations have the same
 * notion of equality (which they do, because texteq reduces to bitwise
 * equality), there's no visible semantic impact from using the referencing
 * column's collation when testing it, and this is a good thing to do because
 * it lets us use a normal index on the referencing column.  However, we do
 * have to use this function when directly comparing the referencing and
 * referenced columns, if they are of different collations; else the parser
 * will fail to resolve the collation to use.
 */
static void
ri_GenerateQualCollation(StringInfo buf, Oid collation)
{
	HeapTuple	tp;
	Form_pg_collation colltup;
	char	   *collname;
	char		onename[MAX_QUOTED_NAME_LEN];

	/* Nothing to do if it's a noncollatable data type */
	if (!OidIsValid(collation))
		return;

	tp = SearchSysCache1(COLLOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(collation));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tp))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for collation %u", collation);
	colltup = (Form_pg_collation) GETSTRUCT(tp);
	collname = NameStr(colltup->collname);

	/*
	 * We qualify the name always, for simplicity and to ensure the query is
	 * not search-path-dependent.
	 */
	quoteOneName(onename, get_namespace_name(colltup->collnamespace));
	appendStringInfo(buf, " COLLATE %s", onename);
	quoteOneName(onename, collname);
	appendStringInfo(buf, ".%s", onename);

	ReleaseSysCache(tp);
}

/* ----------
 * ri_BuildQueryKey -
 *
 *	Construct a hashtable key for a prepared SPI plan of an FK constraint.
 *
 *		key: output argument, *key is filled in based on the other arguments
 *		riinfo: info from pg_constraint entry
 *		constr_queryno: an internal number identifying the query type
 *			(see RI_PLAN_XXX constants at head of file)
 * ----------
 */
static void
ri_BuildQueryKey(RI_QueryKey *key, const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo,
				 int32 constr_queryno)
{
	/*
	 * We assume struct RI_QueryKey contains no padding bytes, else we'd need
	 * to use memset to clear them.
	 */
	key->constr_id = riinfo->constraint_id;
	key->constr_queryno = constr_queryno;
}

/*
 * Check that RI trigger function was called in expected context
 */
static void
ri_CheckTrigger(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo, const char *funcname, int tgkind)
{
	TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;

	if (!CALLED_AS_TRIGGER(fcinfo))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
				 errmsg("function \"%s\" was not called by trigger manager", funcname)));

	/*
	 * Check proper event
	 */
	if (!TRIGGER_FIRED_AFTER(trigdata->tg_event) ||
		!TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(trigdata->tg_event))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
			   errmsg("function \"%s\" must be fired AFTER ROW", funcname)));

	switch (tgkind)
	{
		case RI_TRIGTYPE_INSERT:
			if (!TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(trigdata->tg_event))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
						 errmsg("function \"%s\" must be fired for INSERT", funcname)));
			break;
		case RI_TRIGTYPE_UPDATE:
			if (!TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
						 errmsg("function \"%s\" must be fired for UPDATE", funcname)));
			break;
		case RI_TRIGTYPE_DELETE:
			if (!TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_E_R_I_E_TRIGGER_PROTOCOL_VIOLATED),
						 errmsg("function \"%s\" must be fired for DELETE", funcname)));
			break;
	}
}


/*
 * Fetch the RI_ConstraintInfo struct for the trigger's FK constraint.
 */
static const RI_ConstraintInfo *
ri_FetchConstraintInfo(Trigger *trigger, Relation trig_rel, bool rel_is_pk)
{
	Oid			constraintOid = trigger->tgconstraint;
	const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;

	/*
	 * Check that the FK constraint's OID is available; it might not be if
	 * we've been invoked via an ordinary trigger or an old-style "constraint
	 * trigger".
	 */
	if (!OidIsValid(constraintOid))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
		  errmsg("no pg_constraint entry for trigger \"%s\" on table \"%s\"",
				 trigger->tgname, RelationGetRelationName(trig_rel)),
				 errhint("Remove this referential integrity trigger and its mates, then do ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT.")));

	/* Find or create a hashtable entry for the constraint */
	riinfo = ri_LoadConstraintInfo(constraintOid);

	/* Do some easy cross-checks against the trigger call data */
	if (rel_is_pk)
	{
		if (riinfo->fk_relid != trigger->tgconstrrelid ||
			riinfo->pk_relid != RelationGetRelid(trig_rel))
			elog(ERROR, "wrong pg_constraint entry for trigger \"%s\" on table \"%s\"",
				 trigger->tgname, RelationGetRelationName(trig_rel));
	}
	else
	{
		if (riinfo->fk_relid != RelationGetRelid(trig_rel) ||
			riinfo->pk_relid != trigger->tgconstrrelid)
			elog(ERROR, "wrong pg_constraint entry for trigger \"%s\" on table \"%s\"",
				 trigger->tgname, RelationGetRelationName(trig_rel));
	}

	return riinfo;
}

/*
 * Fetch or create the RI_ConstraintInfo struct for an FK constraint.
 */
static const RI_ConstraintInfo *
ri_LoadConstraintInfo(Oid constraintOid)
{
	RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo;
	bool		found;
	HeapTuple	tup;
	Form_pg_constraint conForm;
	Datum		adatum;
	bool		isNull;
	ArrayType  *arr;
	int			numkeys;

	/*
	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
	 */
	if (!ri_constraint_cache)
		ri_InitHashTables();

	/*
	 * Find or create a hash entry.  If we find a valid one, just return it.
	 */
	riinfo = (RI_ConstraintInfo *) hash_search(ri_constraint_cache,
											   (void *) &constraintOid,
											   HASH_ENTER, &found);
	if (!found)
		riinfo->valid = false;
	else if (riinfo->valid)
		return riinfo;

	/*
	 * Fetch the pg_constraint row so we can fill in the entry.
	 */
	tup = SearchSysCache1(CONSTROID, ObjectIdGetDatum(constraintOid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tup)) /* should not happen */
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for constraint %u", constraintOid);
	conForm = (Form_pg_constraint) GETSTRUCT(tup);

	if (conForm->contype != CONSTRAINT_FOREIGN) /* should not happen */
		elog(ERROR, "constraint %u is not a foreign key constraint",
			 constraintOid);

	/* And extract data */
	Assert(riinfo->constraint_id == constraintOid);
	riinfo->oidHashValue = GetSysCacheHashValue1(CONSTROID,
											ObjectIdGetDatum(constraintOid));
	memcpy(&riinfo->conname, &conForm->conname, sizeof(NameData));
	riinfo->pk_relid = conForm->confrelid;
	riinfo->fk_relid = conForm->conrelid;
	riinfo->confupdtype = conForm->confupdtype;
	riinfo->confdeltype = conForm->confdeltype;
	riinfo->confmatchtype = conForm->confmatchtype;

	/*
	 * We expect the arrays to be 1-D arrays of the right types; verify that.
	 * We don't need to use deconstruct_array() since the array data is just
	 * going to look like a C array of values.
	 */
	adatum = SysCacheGetAttr(CONSTROID, tup,
							 Anum_pg_constraint_conkey, &isNull);
	if (isNull)
		elog(ERROR, "null conkey for constraint %u", constraintOid);
	arr = DatumGetArrayTypeP(adatum);	/* ensure not toasted */
	if (ARR_NDIM(arr) != 1 ||
		ARR_HASNULL(arr) ||
		ARR_ELEMTYPE(arr) != INT2OID)
		elog(ERROR, "conkey is not a 1-D smallint array");
	numkeys = ARR_DIMS(arr)[0];
	if (numkeys <= 0 || numkeys > RI_MAX_NUMKEYS)
		elog(ERROR, "foreign key constraint cannot have %d columns", numkeys);
	riinfo->nkeys = numkeys;
	memcpy(riinfo->fk_attnums, ARR_DATA_PTR(arr), numkeys * sizeof(int16));
	if ((Pointer) arr != DatumGetPointer(adatum))
		pfree(arr);				/* free de-toasted copy, if any */

	adatum = SysCacheGetAttr(CONSTROID, tup,
							 Anum_pg_constraint_confkey, &isNull);
	if (isNull)
		elog(ERROR, "null confkey for constraint %u", constraintOid);
	arr = DatumGetArrayTypeP(adatum);	/* ensure not toasted */
	if (ARR_NDIM(arr) != 1 ||
		ARR_DIMS(arr)[0] != numkeys ||
		ARR_HASNULL(arr) ||
		ARR_ELEMTYPE(arr) != INT2OID)
		elog(ERROR, "confkey is not a 1-D smallint array");
	memcpy(riinfo->pk_attnums, ARR_DATA_PTR(arr), numkeys * sizeof(int16));
	if ((Pointer) arr != DatumGetPointer(adatum))
		pfree(arr);				/* free de-toasted copy, if any */

	adatum = SysCacheGetAttr(CONSTROID, tup,
							 Anum_pg_constraint_conpfeqop, &isNull);
	if (isNull)
		elog(ERROR, "null conpfeqop for constraint %u", constraintOid);
	arr = DatumGetArrayTypeP(adatum);	/* ensure not toasted */
	/* see TryReuseForeignKey if you change the test below */
	if (ARR_NDIM(arr) != 1 ||
		ARR_DIMS(arr)[0] != numkeys ||
		ARR_HASNULL(arr) ||
		ARR_ELEMTYPE(arr) != OIDOID)
		elog(ERROR, "conpfeqop is not a 1-D Oid array");
	memcpy(riinfo->pf_eq_oprs, ARR_DATA_PTR(arr), numkeys * sizeof(Oid));
	if ((Pointer) arr != DatumGetPointer(adatum))
		pfree(arr);				/* free de-toasted copy, if any */

	adatum = SysCacheGetAttr(CONSTROID, tup,
							 Anum_pg_constraint_conppeqop, &isNull);
	if (isNull)
		elog(ERROR, "null conppeqop for constraint %u", constraintOid);
	arr = DatumGetArrayTypeP(adatum);	/* ensure not toasted */
	if (ARR_NDIM(arr) != 1 ||
		ARR_DIMS(arr)[0] != numkeys ||
		ARR_HASNULL(arr) ||
		ARR_ELEMTYPE(arr) != OIDOID)
		elog(ERROR, "conppeqop is not a 1-D Oid array");
	memcpy(riinfo->pp_eq_oprs, ARR_DATA_PTR(arr), numkeys * sizeof(Oid));
	if ((Pointer) arr != DatumGetPointer(adatum))
		pfree(arr);				/* free de-toasted copy, if any */

	adatum = SysCacheGetAttr(CONSTROID, tup,
							 Anum_pg_constraint_conffeqop, &isNull);
	if (isNull)
		elog(ERROR, "null conffeqop for constraint %u", constraintOid);
	arr = DatumGetArrayTypeP(adatum);	/* ensure not toasted */
	if (ARR_NDIM(arr) != 1 ||
		ARR_DIMS(arr)[0] != numkeys ||
		ARR_HASNULL(arr) ||
		ARR_ELEMTYPE(arr) != OIDOID)
		elog(ERROR, "conffeqop is not a 1-D Oid array");
	memcpy(riinfo->ff_eq_oprs, ARR_DATA_PTR(arr), numkeys * sizeof(Oid));
	if ((Pointer) arr != DatumGetPointer(adatum))
		pfree(arr);				/* free de-toasted copy, if any */

	ReleaseSysCache(tup);

	/*
	 * For efficient processing of invalidation messages below, we keep a
	 * doubly-linked list, and a count, of all currently valid entries.
	 */
	dlist_push_tail(&ri_constraint_cache_valid_list, &riinfo->valid_link);
	ri_constraint_cache_valid_count++;

	riinfo->valid = true;

	return riinfo;
}

/*
 * Callback for pg_constraint inval events
 *
 * While most syscache callbacks just flush all their entries, pg_constraint
 * gets enough update traffic that it's probably worth being smarter.
 * Invalidate any ri_constraint_cache entry associated with the syscache
 * entry with the specified hash value, or all entries if hashvalue == 0.
 *
 * Note: at the time a cache invalidation message is processed there may be
 * active references to the cache.  Because of this we never remove entries
 * from the cache, but only mark them invalid, which is harmless to active
 * uses.  (Any query using an entry should hold a lock sufficient to keep that
 * data from changing under it --- but we may get cache flushes anyway.)
 */
static void
InvalidateConstraintCacheCallBack(Datum arg, int cacheid, uint32 hashvalue)
{
	dlist_mutable_iter iter;

	Assert(ri_constraint_cache != NULL);

	/*
	 * If the list of currently valid entries gets excessively large, we mark
	 * them all invalid so we can empty the list.  This arrangement avoids
	 * O(N^2) behavior in situations where a session touches many foreign keys
	 * and also does many ALTER TABLEs, such as a restore from pg_dump.
	 */
	if (ri_constraint_cache_valid_count > 1000)
		hashvalue = 0;			/* pretend it's a cache reset */

	dlist_foreach_modify(iter, &ri_constraint_cache_valid_list)
	{
		RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo = dlist_container(RI_ConstraintInfo,
													valid_link, iter.cur);

		if (hashvalue == 0 || riinfo->oidHashValue == hashvalue)
		{
			riinfo->valid = false;
			/* Remove invalidated entries from the list, too */
			dlist_delete(iter.cur);
			ri_constraint_cache_valid_count--;
		}
	}
}


/*
 * Prepare execution plan for a query to enforce an RI restriction
 *
 * If cache_plan is true, the plan is saved into our plan hashtable
 * so that we don't need to plan it again.
 */
static SPIPlanPtr
ri_PlanCheck(const char *querystr, int nargs, Oid *argtypes,
			 RI_QueryKey *qkey, Relation fk_rel, Relation pk_rel,
			 bool cache_plan)
{
	SPIPlanPtr	qplan;
	Relation	query_rel;
	Oid			save_userid;
	int			save_sec_context;

	/*
	 * Use the query type code to determine whether the query is run against
	 * the PK or FK table; we'll do the check as that table's owner
	 */
	if (qkey->constr_queryno <= RI_PLAN_LAST_ON_PK)
		query_rel = pk_rel;
	else
		query_rel = fk_rel;

	/* Switch to proper UID to perform check as */
	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(RelationGetForm(query_rel)->relowner,
						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE |
						   SECURITY_NOFORCE_RLS);

	/* Create the plan */
	qplan = SPI_prepare(querystr, nargs, argtypes);

	if (qplan == NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_prepare returned %d for %s", SPI_result, querystr);

	/* Restore UID and security context */
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);

	/* Save the plan if requested */
	if (cache_plan)
	{
		SPI_keepplan(qplan);
		ri_HashPreparedPlan(qkey, qplan);
	}

	return qplan;
}

/*
 * Perform a query to enforce an RI restriction
 */
static bool
ri_PerformCheck(const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo,
				RI_QueryKey *qkey, SPIPlanPtr qplan,
				Relation fk_rel, Relation pk_rel,
				HeapTuple old_tuple, HeapTuple new_tuple,
				bool detectNewRows, int expect_OK)
{
	Relation	query_rel,
				source_rel;
	bool		source_is_pk;
	Snapshot	test_snapshot;
	Snapshot	crosscheck_snapshot;
	int			limit;
	int			spi_result;
	Oid			save_userid;
	int			save_sec_context;
	Datum		vals[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2];
	char		nulls[RI_MAX_NUMKEYS * 2];

	/*
	 * Use the query type code to determine whether the query is run against
	 * the PK or FK table; we'll do the check as that table's owner
	 */
	if (qkey->constr_queryno <= RI_PLAN_LAST_ON_PK)
		query_rel = pk_rel;
	else
		query_rel = fk_rel;

	/*
	 * The values for the query are taken from the table on which the trigger
	 * is called - it is normally the other one with respect to query_rel. An
	 * exception is ri_Check_Pk_Match(), which uses the PK table for both (and
	 * sets queryno to RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK_FROM_PK).  We might eventually
	 * need some less klugy way to determine this.
	 */
	if (qkey->constr_queryno == RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK)
	{
		source_rel = fk_rel;
		source_is_pk = false;
	}
	else
	{
		source_rel = pk_rel;
		source_is_pk = true;
	}

	/* Extract the parameters to be passed into the query */
	if (new_tuple)
	{
		ri_ExtractValues(source_rel, new_tuple, riinfo, source_is_pk,
						 vals, nulls);
		if (old_tuple)
			ri_ExtractValues(source_rel, old_tuple, riinfo, source_is_pk,
							 vals + riinfo->nkeys, nulls + riinfo->nkeys);
	}
	else
	{
		ri_ExtractValues(source_rel, old_tuple, riinfo, source_is_pk,
						 vals, nulls);
	}

	/*
	 * In READ COMMITTED mode, we just need to use an up-to-date regular
	 * snapshot, and we will see all rows that could be interesting. But in
	 * transaction-snapshot mode, we can't change the transaction snapshot. If
	 * the caller passes detectNewRows == false then it's okay to do the query
	 * with the transaction snapshot; otherwise we use a current snapshot, and
	 * tell the executor to error out if it finds any rows under the current
	 * snapshot that wouldn't be visible per the transaction snapshot.  Note
	 * that SPI_execute_snapshot will register the snapshots, so we don't need
	 * to bother here.
	 */
	if (IsolationUsesXactSnapshot() && detectNewRows)
	{
		CommandCounterIncrement();		/* be sure all my own work is visible */
		test_snapshot = GetLatestSnapshot();
		crosscheck_snapshot = GetTransactionSnapshot();
	}
	else
	{
		/* the default SPI behavior is okay */
		test_snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
		crosscheck_snapshot = InvalidSnapshot;
	}

	/*
	 * If this is a select query (e.g., for a 'no action' or 'restrict'
	 * trigger), we only need to see if there is a single row in the table,
	 * matching the key.  Otherwise, limit = 0 - because we want the query to
	 * affect ALL the matching rows.
	 */
	limit = (expect_OK == SPI_OK_SELECT) ? 1 : 0;

	/* Switch to proper UID to perform check as */
	GetUserIdAndSecContext(&save_userid, &save_sec_context);
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(RelationGetForm(query_rel)->relowner,
						   save_sec_context | SECURITY_LOCAL_USERID_CHANGE |
						   SECURITY_NOFORCE_RLS);

	/* Finally we can run the query. */
	spi_result = SPI_execute_snapshot(qplan,
									  vals, nulls,
									  test_snapshot, crosscheck_snapshot,
									  false, false, limit);

	/* Restore UID and security context */
	SetUserIdAndSecContext(save_userid, save_sec_context);

	/* Check result */
	if (spi_result < 0)
		elog(ERROR, "SPI_execute_snapshot returned %d", spi_result);

	if (expect_OK >= 0 && spi_result != expect_OK)
		ri_ReportViolation(riinfo,
						   pk_rel, fk_rel,
						   new_tuple ? new_tuple : old_tuple,
						   NULL,
						   qkey->constr_queryno, true);

	/* XXX wouldn't it be clearer to do this part at the caller? */
	if (qkey->constr_queryno != RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK_FROM_PK &&
		expect_OK == SPI_OK_SELECT &&
	(SPI_processed == 0) == (qkey->constr_queryno == RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK))
		ri_ReportViolation(riinfo,
						   pk_rel, fk_rel,
						   new_tuple ? new_tuple : old_tuple,
						   NULL,
						   qkey->constr_queryno, false);

	return SPI_processed != 0;
}

/*
 * Extract fields from a tuple into Datum/nulls arrays
 */
static void
ri_ExtractValues(Relation rel, HeapTuple tup,
				 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo, bool rel_is_pk,
				 Datum *vals, char *nulls)
{
	TupleDesc	tupdesc = rel->rd_att;
	const int16 *attnums;
	int			i;
	bool		isnull;

	if (rel_is_pk)
		attnums = riinfo->pk_attnums;
	else
		attnums = riinfo->fk_attnums;

	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		vals[i] = heap_getattr(tup, attnums[i], tupdesc,
							   &isnull);
		nulls[i] = isnull ? 'n' : ' ';
	}
}

/*
 * Produce an error report
 *
 * If the failed constraint was on insert/update to the FK table,
 * we want the key names and values extracted from there, and the error
 * message to look like 'key blah is not present in PK'.
 * Otherwise, the attr names and values come from the PK table and the
 * message looks like 'key blah is still referenced from FK'.
 */
static void
ri_ReportViolation(const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo,
				   Relation pk_rel, Relation fk_rel,
				   HeapTuple violator, TupleDesc tupdesc,
				   int queryno, bool spi_err)
{
	StringInfoData key_names;
	StringInfoData key_values;
	bool		onfk;
	const int16 *attnums;
	int			idx;
	Oid			rel_oid;
	AclResult	aclresult;
	bool		has_perm = true;

	if (spi_err)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR),
				 errmsg("referential integrity query on \"%s\" from constraint \"%s\" on \"%s\" gave unexpected result",
						RelationGetRelationName(pk_rel),
						NameStr(riinfo->conname),
						RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel)),
				 errhint("This is most likely due to a rule having rewritten the query.")));

	/*
	 * Determine which relation to complain about.  If tupdesc wasn't passed
	 * by caller, assume the violator tuple came from there.
	 */
	onfk = (queryno == RI_PLAN_CHECK_LOOKUPPK);
	if (onfk)
	{
		attnums = riinfo->fk_attnums;
		rel_oid = fk_rel->rd_id;
		if (tupdesc == NULL)
			tupdesc = fk_rel->rd_att;
	}
	else
	{
		attnums = riinfo->pk_attnums;
		rel_oid = pk_rel->rd_id;
		if (tupdesc == NULL)
			tupdesc = pk_rel->rd_att;
	}

	/*
	 * Check permissions- if the user does not have access to view the data in
	 * any of the key columns then we don't include the errdetail() below.
	 *
	 * Check if RLS is enabled on the relation first.  If so, we don't return
	 * any specifics to avoid leaking data.
	 *
	 * Check table-level permissions next and, failing that, column-level
	 * privileges.
	 */

	if (check_enable_rls(rel_oid, InvalidOid, true) != RLS_ENABLED)
	{
		aclresult = pg_class_aclcheck(rel_oid, GetUserId(), ACL_SELECT);
		if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)
		{
			/* Try for column-level permissions */
			for (idx = 0; idx < riinfo->nkeys; idx++)
			{
				aclresult = pg_attribute_aclcheck(rel_oid, attnums[idx],
												  GetUserId(),
												  ACL_SELECT);

				/* No access to the key */
				if (aclresult != ACLCHECK_OK)
				{
					has_perm = false;
					break;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	else
		has_perm = false;

	if (has_perm)
	{
		/* Get printable versions of the keys involved */
		initStringInfo(&key_names);
		initStringInfo(&key_values);
		for (idx = 0; idx < riinfo->nkeys; idx++)
		{
			int			fnum = attnums[idx];
			char	   *name,
					   *val;

			name = SPI_fname(tupdesc, fnum);
			val = SPI_getvalue(violator, tupdesc, fnum);
			if (!val)
				val = "null";

			if (idx > 0)
			{
				appendStringInfoString(&key_names, ", ");
				appendStringInfoString(&key_values, ", ");
			}
			appendStringInfoString(&key_names, name);
			appendStringInfoString(&key_values, val);
		}
	}

	if (onfk)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION),
				 errmsg("insert or update on table \"%s\" violates foreign key constraint \"%s\"",
						RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel),
						NameStr(riinfo->conname)),
				 has_perm ?
				 errdetail("Key (%s)=(%s) is not present in table \"%s\".",
						   key_names.data, key_values.data,
						   RelationGetRelationName(pk_rel)) :
				 errdetail("Key is not present in table \"%s\".",
						   RelationGetRelationName(pk_rel)),
				 errtableconstraint(fk_rel, NameStr(riinfo->conname))));
	else
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION),
				 errmsg("update or delete on table \"%s\" violates foreign key constraint \"%s\" on table \"%s\"",
						RelationGetRelationName(pk_rel),
						NameStr(riinfo->conname),
						RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel)),
				 has_perm ?
			errdetail("Key (%s)=(%s) is still referenced from table \"%s\".",
					  key_names.data, key_values.data,
					  RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel)) :
				 errdetail("Key is still referenced from table \"%s\".",
						   RelationGetRelationName(fk_rel)),
				 errtableconstraint(fk_rel, NameStr(riinfo->conname))));
}


/* ----------
 * ri_NullCheck -
 *
 *	Determine the NULL state of all key values in a tuple
 *
 *	Returns one of RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL, RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL or RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL.
 * ----------
 */
static int
ri_NullCheck(HeapTuple tup,
			 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo, bool rel_is_pk)
{
	const int16 *attnums;
	int			i;
	bool		allnull = true;
	bool		nonenull = true;

	if (rel_is_pk)
		attnums = riinfo->pk_attnums;
	else
		attnums = riinfo->fk_attnums;

	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		if (heap_attisnull(tup, attnums[i]))
			nonenull = false;
		else
			allnull = false;
	}

	if (allnull)
		return RI_KEYS_ALL_NULL;

	if (nonenull)
		return RI_KEYS_NONE_NULL;

	return RI_KEYS_SOME_NULL;
}


/* ----------
 * ri_InitHashTables -
 *
 *	Initialize our internal hash tables.
 * ----------
 */
static void
ri_InitHashTables(void)
{
	HASHCTL		ctl;

	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
	ctl.keysize = sizeof(Oid);
	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(RI_ConstraintInfo);
	ri_constraint_cache = hash_create("RI constraint cache",
									  RI_INIT_CONSTRAINTHASHSIZE,
									  &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);

	/* Arrange to flush cache on pg_constraint changes */
	CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(CONSTROID,
								  InvalidateConstraintCacheCallBack,
								  (Datum) 0);

	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
	ctl.keysize = sizeof(RI_QueryKey);
	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(RI_QueryHashEntry);
	ri_query_cache = hash_create("RI query cache",
								 RI_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
								 &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);

	memset(&ctl, 0, sizeof(ctl));
	ctl.keysize = sizeof(RI_CompareKey);
	ctl.entrysize = sizeof(RI_CompareHashEntry);
	ri_compare_cache = hash_create("RI compare cache",
								   RI_INIT_QUERYHASHSIZE,
								   &ctl, HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
}


/* ----------
 * ri_FetchPreparedPlan -
 *
 *	Lookup for a query key in our private hash table of prepared
 *	and saved SPI execution plans. Return the plan if found or NULL.
 * ----------
 */
static SPIPlanPtr
ri_FetchPreparedPlan(RI_QueryKey *key)
{
	RI_QueryHashEntry *entry;
	SPIPlanPtr	plan;

	/*
	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
	 */
	if (!ri_query_cache)
		ri_InitHashTables();

	/*
	 * Lookup for the key
	 */
	entry = (RI_QueryHashEntry *) hash_search(ri_query_cache,
											  (void *) key,
											  HASH_FIND, NULL);
	if (entry == NULL)
		return NULL;

	/*
	 * Check whether the plan is still valid.  If it isn't, we don't want to
	 * simply rely on plancache.c to regenerate it; rather we should start
	 * from scratch and rebuild the query text too.  This is to cover cases
	 * such as table/column renames.  We depend on the plancache machinery to
	 * detect possible invalidations, though.
	 *
	 * CAUTION: this check is only trustworthy if the caller has already
	 * locked both FK and PK rels.
	 */
	plan = entry->plan;
	if (plan && SPI_plan_is_valid(plan))
		return plan;

	/*
	 * Otherwise we might as well flush the cached plan now, to free a little
	 * memory space before we make a new one.
	 */
	entry->plan = NULL;
	if (plan)
		SPI_freeplan(plan);

	return NULL;
}


/* ----------
 * ri_HashPreparedPlan -
 *
 *	Add another plan to our private SPI query plan hashtable.
 * ----------
 */
static void
ri_HashPreparedPlan(RI_QueryKey *key, SPIPlanPtr plan)
{
	RI_QueryHashEntry *entry;
	bool		found;

	/*
	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
	 */
	if (!ri_query_cache)
		ri_InitHashTables();

	/*
	 * Add the new plan.  We might be overwriting an entry previously found
	 * invalid by ri_FetchPreparedPlan.
	 */
	entry = (RI_QueryHashEntry *) hash_search(ri_query_cache,
											  (void *) key,
											  HASH_ENTER, &found);
	Assert(!found || entry->plan == NULL);
	entry->plan = plan;
}


/* ----------
 * ri_KeysEqual -
 *
 *	Check if all key values in OLD and NEW are equal.
 *
 *	Note: at some point we might wish to redefine this as checking for
 *	"IS NOT DISTINCT" rather than "=", that is, allow two nulls to be
 *	considered equal.  Currently there is no need since all callers have
 *	previously found at least one of the rows to contain no nulls.
 * ----------
 */
static bool
ri_KeysEqual(Relation rel, HeapTuple oldtup, HeapTuple newtup,
			 const RI_ConstraintInfo *riinfo, bool rel_is_pk)
{
	TupleDesc	tupdesc = RelationGetDescr(rel);
	const int16 *attnums;
	const Oid  *eq_oprs;
	int			i;

	if (rel_is_pk)
	{
		attnums = riinfo->pk_attnums;
		eq_oprs = riinfo->pp_eq_oprs;
	}
	else
	{
		attnums = riinfo->fk_attnums;
		eq_oprs = riinfo->ff_eq_oprs;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < riinfo->nkeys; i++)
	{
		Datum		oldvalue;
		Datum		newvalue;
		bool		isnull;

		/*
		 * Get one attribute's oldvalue. If it is NULL - they're not equal.
		 */
		oldvalue = heap_getattr(oldtup, attnums[i], tupdesc, &isnull);
		if (isnull)
			return false;

		/*
		 * Get one attribute's newvalue. If it is NULL - they're not equal.
		 */
		newvalue = heap_getattr(newtup, attnums[i], tupdesc, &isnull);
		if (isnull)
			return false;

		/*
		 * Compare them with the appropriate equality operator.
		 */
		if (!ri_AttributesEqual(eq_oprs[i], RIAttType(rel, attnums[i]),
								oldvalue, newvalue))
			return false;
	}

	return true;
}


/* ----------
 * ri_AttributesEqual -
 *
 *	Call the appropriate equality comparison operator for two values.
 *
 *	NB: we have already checked that neither value is null.
 * ----------
 */
static bool
ri_AttributesEqual(Oid eq_opr, Oid typeid,
				   Datum oldvalue, Datum newvalue)
{
	RI_CompareHashEntry *entry = ri_HashCompareOp(eq_opr, typeid);

	/* Do we need to cast the values? */
	if (OidIsValid(entry->cast_func_finfo.fn_oid))
	{
		oldvalue = FunctionCall3(&entry->cast_func_finfo,
								 oldvalue,
								 Int32GetDatum(-1),		/* typmod */
								 BoolGetDatum(false));	/* implicit coercion */
		newvalue = FunctionCall3(&entry->cast_func_finfo,
								 newvalue,
								 Int32GetDatum(-1),		/* typmod */
								 BoolGetDatum(false));	/* implicit coercion */
	}

	/*
	 * Apply the comparison operator.  We assume it doesn't care about
	 * collations.
	 */
	return DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2(&entry->eq_opr_finfo,
									  oldvalue, newvalue));
}

/* ----------
 * ri_HashCompareOp -
 *
 *	See if we know how to compare two values, and create a new hash entry
 *	if not.
 * ----------
 */
static RI_CompareHashEntry *
ri_HashCompareOp(Oid eq_opr, Oid typeid)
{
	RI_CompareKey key;
	RI_CompareHashEntry *entry;
	bool		found;

	/*
	 * On the first call initialize the hashtable
	 */
	if (!ri_compare_cache)
		ri_InitHashTables();

	/*
	 * Find or create a hash entry.  Note we're assuming RI_CompareKey
	 * contains no struct padding.
	 */
	key.eq_opr = eq_opr;
	key.typeid = typeid;
	entry = (RI_CompareHashEntry *) hash_search(ri_compare_cache,
												(void *) &key,
												HASH_ENTER, &found);
	if (!found)
		entry->valid = false;

	/*
	 * If not already initialized, do so.  Since we'll keep this hash entry
	 * for the life of the backend, put any subsidiary info for the function
	 * cache structs into TopMemoryContext.
	 */
	if (!entry->valid)
	{
		Oid			lefttype,
					righttype,
					castfunc;
		CoercionPathType pathtype;

		/* We always need to know how to call the equality operator */
		fmgr_info_cxt(get_opcode(eq_opr), &entry->eq_opr_finfo,
					  TopMemoryContext);

		/*
		 * If we chose to use a cast from FK to PK type, we may have to apply
		 * the cast function to get to the operator's input type.
		 *
		 * XXX eventually it would be good to support array-coercion cases
		 * here and in ri_AttributesEqual().  At the moment there is no point
		 * because cases involving nonidentical array types will be rejected
		 * at constraint creation time.
		 *
		 * XXX perhaps also consider supporting CoerceViaIO?  No need at the
		 * moment since that will never be generated for implicit coercions.
		 */
		op_input_types(eq_opr, &lefttype, &righttype);
		Assert(lefttype == righttype);
		if (typeid == lefttype)
			castfunc = InvalidOid;		/* simplest case */
		else
		{
			pathtype = find_coercion_pathway(lefttype, typeid,
											 COERCION_IMPLICIT,
											 &castfunc);
			if (pathtype != COERCION_PATH_FUNC &&
				pathtype != COERCION_PATH_RELABELTYPE)
			{
				/*
				 * The declared input type of the eq_opr might be a
				 * polymorphic type such as ANYARRAY or ANYENUM, or other
				 * special cases such as RECORD; find_coercion_pathway
				 * currently doesn't subsume these special cases.
				 */
				if (!IsBinaryCoercible(typeid, lefttype))
					elog(ERROR, "no conversion function from %s to %s",
						 format_type_be(typeid),
						 format_type_be(lefttype));
			}
		}
		if (OidIsValid(castfunc))
			fmgr_info_cxt(castfunc, &entry->cast_func_finfo,
						  TopMemoryContext);
		else
			entry->cast_func_finfo.fn_oid = InvalidOid;
		entry->valid = true;
	}

	return entry;
}


/*
 * Given a trigger function OID, determine whether it is an RI trigger,
 * and if so whether it is attached to PK or FK relation.
 */
int
RI_FKey_trigger_type(Oid tgfoid)
{
	switch (tgfoid)
	{
		case F_RI_FKEY_CASCADE_DEL:
		case F_RI_FKEY_CASCADE_UPD:
		case F_RI_FKEY_RESTRICT_DEL:
		case F_RI_FKEY_RESTRICT_UPD:
		case F_RI_FKEY_SETNULL_DEL:
		case F_RI_FKEY_SETNULL_UPD:
		case F_RI_FKEY_SETDEFAULT_DEL:
		case F_RI_FKEY_SETDEFAULT_UPD:
		case F_RI_FKEY_NOACTION_DEL:
		case F_RI_FKEY_NOACTION_UPD:
			return RI_TRIGGER_PK;

		case F_RI_FKEY_CHECK_INS:
		case F_RI_FKEY_CHECK_UPD:
			return RI_TRIGGER_FK;
	}

	return RI_TRIGGER_NONE;
}
