/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 * formatting.c
 *
 * src/backend/utils/adt/formatting.c
 *
 *
 *	 Portions Copyright (c) 1999-2012, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 *
 *
 *	 TO_CHAR(); TO_TIMESTAMP(); TO_DATE(); TO_NUMBER();
 *
 *	 The PostgreSQL routines for a timestamp/int/float/numeric formatting,
 *	 inspired by the Oracle TO_CHAR() / TO_DATE() / TO_NUMBER() routines.
 *
 *
 *	 Cache & Memory:
 *	Routines use (itself) internal cache for format pictures.
 *
 *	The cache uses a static buffer and is persistent across transactions.  If
 *	the format-picture is bigger than the cache buffer, the parser is called
 *	always.
 *
 *	 NOTE for Number version:
 *	All in this version is implemented as keywords ( => not used
 *	suffixes), because a format picture is for *one* item (number)
 *	only. It not is as a timestamp version, where each keyword (can)
 *	has suffix.
 *
 *	 NOTE for Timestamp routines:
 *	In this module the POSIX 'struct tm' type is *not* used, but rather
 *	PgSQL type, which has tm_mon based on one (*non* zero) and
 *	year *not* based on 1900, but is used full year number.
 *	Module supports AD / BC / AM / PM.
 *
 *	Supported types for to_char():
 *
 *		Timestamp, Numeric, int4, int8, float4, float8
 *
 *	Supported types for reverse conversion:
 *
 *		Timestamp	- to_timestamp()
 *		Date		- to_date()
 *		Numeric		- to_number()
 *
 *
 *	Karel Zak
 *
 * TODO
 *	- better number building (formatting) / parsing, now it isn't
 *		  ideal code
 *	- use Assert()
 *	- add support for abstime
 *	- add support for roman number to standard number conversion
 *	- add support for number spelling
 *	- add support for string to string formatting (we must be better
 *	  than Oracle :-),
 *		to_char('Hello', 'X X X X X') -> 'H e l l o'
 *
 * -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
#define DEBUG_elog_output	DEBUG3
#endif

#include "postgres.h"

#include <ctype.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <limits.h>

/*
 * towlower() and friends should be in <wctype.h>, but some pre-C99 systems
 * declare them in <wchar.h>.
 */
#ifdef HAVE_WCHAR_H
#include <wchar.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_WCTYPE_H
#include <wctype.h>
#endif

#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/date.h"
#include "utils/datetime.h"
#include "utils/formatting.h"
#include "utils/int8.h"
#include "utils/numeric.h"
#include "utils/pg_locale.h"

/* ----------
 * Routines type
 * ----------
 */
#define DCH_TYPE		1		/* DATE-TIME version	*/
#define NUM_TYPE		2		/* NUMBER version	*/

/* ----------
 * KeyWord Index (ascii from position 32 (' ') to 126 (~))
 * ----------
 */
#define KeyWord_INDEX_SIZE		('~' - ' ')
#define KeyWord_INDEX_FILTER(_c)	((_c) <= ' ' || (_c) >= '~' ? 0 : 1)

/* ----------
 * Maximal length of one node
 * ----------
 */
#define DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ		9		/* max julian day		*/
#define NUM_MAX_ITEM_SIZ		8		/* roman number (RN has 15 chars)	*/

/* ----------
 * More is in float.c
 * ----------
 */
#define MAXFLOATWIDTH	60
#define MAXDOUBLEWIDTH	500


/* ----------
 * External (defined in PgSQL datetime.c (timestamp utils))
 * ----------
 */
extern char *months[],			/* month abbreviation	*/
		   *days[];				/* full days		*/

/* ----------
 * Format parser structs
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct
{
	char	   *name;			/* suffix string		*/
	int			len,			/* suffix length		*/
				id,				/* used in node->suffix */
				type;			/* prefix / postfix			*/
} KeySuffix;

/* ----------
 * FromCharDateMode
 * ----------
 *
 * This value is used to nominate one of several distinct (and mutually
 * exclusive) date conventions that a keyword can belong to.
 */
typedef enum
{
	FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE = 0,	/* Value does not affect date mode. */
	FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN,	/* Gregorian (day, month, year) style date */
	FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK		/* ISO 8601 week date */
} FromCharDateMode;

typedef struct FormatNode FormatNode;

typedef struct
{
	const char *name;
	int			len;
	int			id;
	bool		is_digit;
	FromCharDateMode date_mode;
} KeyWord;

struct FormatNode
{
	int			type;			/* node type			*/
	const KeyWord *key;			/* if node type is KEYWORD	*/
	char		character;		/* if node type is CHAR		*/
	int			suffix;			/* keyword suffix		*/
};

#define NODE_TYPE_END		1
#define NODE_TYPE_ACTION	2
#define NODE_TYPE_CHAR		3

#define SUFFTYPE_PREFIX		1
#define SUFFTYPE_POSTFIX	2

#define CLOCK_24_HOUR		0
#define CLOCK_12_HOUR		1


/* ----------
 * Full months
 * ----------
 */
static char *months_full[] = {
	"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July",
	"August", "September", "October", "November", "December", NULL
};

static char *days_short[] = {
	"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", NULL
};

/* ----------
 * AD / BC
 * ----------
 *	There is no 0 AD.  Years go from 1 BC to 1 AD, so we make it
 *	positive and map year == -1 to year zero, and shift all negative
 *	years up one.  For interval years, we just return the year.
 */
#define ADJUST_YEAR(year, is_interval)	((is_interval) ? (year) : ((year) <= 0 ? -((year) - 1) : (year)))

#define A_D_STR		"A.D."
#define a_d_STR		"a.d."
#define AD_STR		"AD"
#define ad_STR		"ad"

#define B_C_STR		"B.C."
#define b_c_STR		"b.c."
#define BC_STR		"BC"
#define bc_STR		"bc"

/*
 * AD / BC strings for seq_search.
 *
 * These are given in two variants, a long form with periods and a standard
 * form without.
 *
 * The array is laid out such that matches for AD have an even index, and
 * matches for BC have an odd index.  So the boolean value for BC is given by
 * taking the array index of the match, modulo 2.
 */
static char *adbc_strings[] = {ad_STR, bc_STR, AD_STR, BC_STR, NULL};
static char *adbc_strings_long[] = {a_d_STR, b_c_STR, A_D_STR, B_C_STR, NULL};

/* ----------
 * AM / PM
 * ----------
 */
#define A_M_STR		"A.M."
#define a_m_STR		"a.m."
#define AM_STR		"AM"
#define am_STR		"am"

#define P_M_STR		"P.M."
#define p_m_STR		"p.m."
#define PM_STR		"PM"
#define pm_STR		"pm"

/*
 * AM / PM strings for seq_search.
 *
 * These are given in two variants, a long form with periods and a standard
 * form without.
 *
 * The array is laid out such that matches for AM have an even index, and
 * matches for PM have an odd index.  So the boolean value for PM is given by
 * taking the array index of the match, modulo 2.
 */
static char *ampm_strings[] = {am_STR, pm_STR, AM_STR, PM_STR, NULL};
static char *ampm_strings_long[] = {a_m_STR, p_m_STR, A_M_STR, P_M_STR, NULL};

/* ----------
 * Months in roman-numeral
 * (Must be in reverse order for seq_search (in FROM_CHAR), because
 *	'VIII' must have higher precedence than 'V')
 * ----------
 */
static char *rm_months_upper[] =
{"XII", "XI", "X", "IX", "VIII", "VII", "VI", "V", "IV", "III", "II", "I", NULL};

static char *rm_months_lower[] =
{"xii", "xi", "x", "ix", "viii", "vii", "vi", "v", "iv", "iii", "ii", "i", NULL};

/* ----------
 * Roman numbers
 * ----------
 */
static char *rm1[] = {"I", "II", "III", "IV", "V", "VI", "VII", "VIII", "IX", NULL};
static char *rm10[] = {"X", "XX", "XXX", "XL", "L", "LX", "LXX", "LXXX", "XC", NULL};
static char *rm100[] = {"C", "CC", "CCC", "CD", "D", "DC", "DCC", "DCCC", "CM", NULL};

/* ----------
 * Ordinal postfixes
 * ----------
 */
static char *numTH[] = {"ST", "ND", "RD", "TH", NULL};
static char *numth[] = {"st", "nd", "rd", "th", NULL};

/* ----------
 * Flags & Options:
 * ----------
 */
#define ONE_UPPER		1		/* Name */
#define ALL_UPPER		2		/* NAME */
#define ALL_LOWER		3		/* name */

#define FULL_SIZ		0

#define MAX_MONTH_LEN	9
#define MAX_MON_LEN		3
#define MAX_DAY_LEN		9
#define MAX_DY_LEN		3
#define MAX_RM_LEN		4

#define TH_UPPER		1
#define TH_LOWER		2

/* ----------
 * Number description struct
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct
{
	int			pre,			/* (count) numbers before decimal */
				post,			/* (count) numbers after decimal  */
				lsign,			/* want locales sign		  */
				flag,			/* number parameters		  */
				pre_lsign_num,	/* tmp value for lsign		  */
				multi,			/* multiplier for 'V'		  */
				zero_start,		/* position of first zero	  */
				zero_end,		/* position of last zero	  */
				need_locale;	/* needs it locale		  */
} NUMDesc;

/* ----------
 * Flags for NUMBER version
 * ----------
 */
#define NUM_F_DECIMAL		(1 << 1)
#define NUM_F_LDECIMAL		(1 << 2)
#define NUM_F_ZERO			(1 << 3)
#define NUM_F_BLANK			(1 << 4)
#define NUM_F_FILLMODE		(1 << 5)
#define NUM_F_LSIGN			(1 << 6)
#define NUM_F_BRACKET		(1 << 7)
#define NUM_F_MINUS			(1 << 8)
#define NUM_F_PLUS			(1 << 9)
#define NUM_F_ROMAN			(1 << 10)
#define NUM_F_MULTI			(1 << 11)
#define NUM_F_PLUS_POST		(1 << 12)
#define NUM_F_MINUS_POST	(1 << 13)
#define NUM_F_EEEE			(1 << 14)

#define NUM_LSIGN_PRE	(-1)
#define NUM_LSIGN_POST	1
#define NUM_LSIGN_NONE	0

/* ----------
 * Tests
 * ----------
 */
#define IS_DECIMAL(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_DECIMAL)
#define IS_LDECIMAL(_f) ((_f)->flag & NUM_F_LDECIMAL)
#define IS_ZERO(_f) ((_f)->flag & NUM_F_ZERO)
#define IS_BLANK(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_BLANK)
#define IS_FILLMODE(_f) ((_f)->flag & NUM_F_FILLMODE)
#define IS_BRACKET(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_BRACKET)
#define IS_MINUS(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_MINUS)
#define IS_LSIGN(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_LSIGN)
#define IS_PLUS(_f) ((_f)->flag & NUM_F_PLUS)
#define IS_ROMAN(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_ROMAN)
#define IS_MULTI(_f)	((_f)->flag & NUM_F_MULTI)
#define IS_EEEE(_f)		((_f)->flag & NUM_F_EEEE)

/* ----------
 * Format picture cache
 *	(cache size:
 *		Number part = NUM_CACHE_SIZE * NUM_CACHE_FIELDS
 *		Date-time part	= DCH_CACHE_SIZE * DCH_CACHE_FIELDS
 *	)
 * ----------
 */
#define NUM_CACHE_SIZE		64
#define NUM_CACHE_FIELDS	16
#define DCH_CACHE_SIZE		128
#define DCH_CACHE_FIELDS	16

typedef struct
{
	FormatNode	format[DCH_CACHE_SIZE + 1];
	char		str[DCH_CACHE_SIZE + 1];
	int			age;
} DCHCacheEntry;

typedef struct
{
	FormatNode	format[NUM_CACHE_SIZE + 1];
	char		str[NUM_CACHE_SIZE + 1];
	int			age;
	NUMDesc		Num;
} NUMCacheEntry;

/* global cache for --- date/time part */
static DCHCacheEntry DCHCache[DCH_CACHE_FIELDS + 1];

static int	n_DCHCache = 0;		/* number of entries */
static int	DCHCounter = 0;

/* global cache for --- number part */
static NUMCacheEntry NUMCache[NUM_CACHE_FIELDS + 1];

static int	n_NUMCache = 0;		/* number of entries */
static int	NUMCounter = 0;
static NUMCacheEntry *last_NUMCacheEntry = NUMCache + 0;

/* ----------
 * For char->date/time conversion
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct
{
	FromCharDateMode mode;
	int			hh,
				pm,
				mi,
				ss,
				ssss,
				d,
				dd,
				ddd,
				mm,
				ms,
				year,
				bc,
				ww,
				w,
				cc,
				j,
				us,
				yysz,			/* is it YY or YYYY ? */
				clock;			/* 12 or 24 hour clock? */
} TmFromChar;

#define ZERO_tmfc(_X) memset(_X, 0, sizeof(TmFromChar))

/* ----------
 * Debug
 * ----------
 */
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
#define DEBUG_TMFC(_X) \
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "TMFC:\nmode %d\nhh %d\npm %d\nmi %d\nss %d\nssss %d\nd %d\ndd %d\nddd %d\nmm %d\nms: %d\nyear %d\nbc %d\nww %d\nw %d\ncc %d\nj %d\nus: %d\nyysz: %d\nclock: %d", \
			(_X)->mode, (_X)->hh, (_X)->pm, (_X)->mi, (_X)->ss, (_X)->ssss, \
			(_X)->d, (_X)->dd, (_X)->ddd, (_X)->mm, (_X)->ms, (_X)->year, \
			(_X)->bc, (_X)->ww, (_X)->w, (_X)->cc, (_X)->j, (_X)->us, \
			(_X)->yysz, (_X)->clock);
#define DEBUG_TM(_X) \
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "TM:\nsec %d\nyear %d\nmin %d\nwday %d\nhour %d\nyday %d\nmday %d\nnisdst %d\nmon %d\n",\
			(_X)->tm_sec, (_X)->tm_year,\
			(_X)->tm_min, (_X)->tm_wday, (_X)->tm_hour, (_X)->tm_yday,\
			(_X)->tm_mday, (_X)->tm_isdst, (_X)->tm_mon)
#else
#define DEBUG_TMFC(_X)
#define DEBUG_TM(_X)
#endif

/* ----------
 * Datetime to char conversion
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct TmToChar
{
	struct pg_tm tm;			/* classic 'tm' struct */
	fsec_t		fsec;			/* fractional seconds */
	const char *tzn;			/* timezone */
} TmToChar;

#define tmtcTm(_X)	(&(_X)->tm)
#define tmtcTzn(_X) ((_X)->tzn)
#define tmtcFsec(_X)	((_X)->fsec)

#define ZERO_tm(_X) \
do {	\
	(_X)->tm_sec  = (_X)->tm_year = (_X)->tm_min = (_X)->tm_wday = \
	(_X)->tm_hour = (_X)->tm_yday = (_X)->tm_isdst = 0; \
	(_X)->tm_mday = (_X)->tm_mon  = 1; \
} while(0)

#define ZERO_tmtc(_X) \
do { \
	ZERO_tm( tmtcTm(_X) ); \
	tmtcFsec(_X) = 0; \
	tmtcTzn(_X) = NULL; \
} while(0)

/*
 *	to_char(time) appears to to_char() as an interval, so this check
 *	is really for interval and time data types.
 */
#define INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL  \
do { \
	if (is_interval) \
		ereport(ERROR, \
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT), \
				 errmsg("invalid format specification for an interval value"), \
				 errhint("Intervals are not tied to specific calendar dates."))); \
} while(0)

/*****************************************************************************
 *			KeyWord definitions
 *****************************************************************************/

/* ----------
 * Suffixes:
 * ----------
 */
#define DCH_S_FM	0x01
#define DCH_S_TH	0x02
#define DCH_S_th	0x04
#define DCH_S_SP	0x08
#define DCH_S_TM	0x10

/* ----------
 * Suffix tests
 * ----------
 */
#define S_THth(_s)	((((_s) & DCH_S_TH) || ((_s) & DCH_S_th)) ? 1 : 0)
#define S_TH(_s)	(((_s) & DCH_S_TH) ? 1 : 0)
#define S_th(_s)	(((_s) & DCH_S_th) ? 1 : 0)
#define S_TH_TYPE(_s)	(((_s) & DCH_S_TH) ? TH_UPPER : TH_LOWER)

/* Oracle toggles FM behavior, we don't; see docs. */
#define S_FM(_s)	(((_s) & DCH_S_FM) ? 1 : 0)
#define S_SP(_s)	(((_s) & DCH_S_SP) ? 1 : 0)
#define S_TM(_s)	(((_s) & DCH_S_TM) ? 1 : 0)

/* ----------
 * Suffixes definition for DATE-TIME TO/FROM CHAR
 * ----------
 */
static KeySuffix DCH_suff[] = {
	{"FM", 2, DCH_S_FM, SUFFTYPE_PREFIX},
	{"fm", 2, DCH_S_FM, SUFFTYPE_PREFIX},
	{"TM", 2, DCH_S_TM, SUFFTYPE_PREFIX},
	{"tm", 2, DCH_S_TM, SUFFTYPE_PREFIX},
	{"TH", 2, DCH_S_TH, SUFFTYPE_POSTFIX},
	{"th", 2, DCH_S_th, SUFFTYPE_POSTFIX},
	{"SP", 2, DCH_S_SP, SUFFTYPE_POSTFIX},
	/* last */
	{NULL, 0, 0, 0}
};

/* ----------
 * Format-pictures (KeyWord).
 *
 * The KeyWord field; alphabetic sorted, *BUT* strings alike is sorted
 *		  complicated -to-> easy:
 *
 *	(example: "DDD","DD","Day","D" )
 *
 * (this specific sort needs the algorithm for sequential search for strings,
 * which not has exact end; -> How keyword is in "HH12blabla" ? - "HH"
 * or "HH12"? You must first try "HH12", because "HH" is in string, but
 * it is not good.
 *
 * (!)
 *	 - Position for the keyword is similar as position in the enum DCH/NUM_poz.
 * (!)
 *
 * For fast search is used the 'int index[]', index is ascii table from position
 * 32 (' ') to 126 (~), in this index is DCH_ / NUM_ enums for each ASCII
 * position or -1 if char is not used in the KeyWord. Search example for
 * string "MM":
 *	1)	see in index to index['M' - 32],
 *	2)	take keywords position (enum DCH_MI) from index
 *	3)	run sequential search in keywords[] from this position
 *
 * ----------
 */

typedef enum
{
	DCH_A_D,
	DCH_A_M,
	DCH_AD,
	DCH_AM,
	DCH_B_C,
	DCH_BC,
	DCH_CC,
	DCH_DAY,
	DCH_DDD,
	DCH_DD,
	DCH_DY,
	DCH_Day,
	DCH_Dy,
	DCH_D,
	DCH_FX,						/* global suffix */
	DCH_HH24,
	DCH_HH12,
	DCH_HH,
	DCH_IDDD,
	DCH_ID,
	DCH_IW,
	DCH_IYYY,
	DCH_IYY,
	DCH_IY,
	DCH_I,
	DCH_J,
	DCH_MI,
	DCH_MM,
	DCH_MONTH,
	DCH_MON,
	DCH_MS,
	DCH_Month,
	DCH_Mon,
	DCH_P_M,
	DCH_PM,
	DCH_Q,
	DCH_RM,
	DCH_SSSS,
	DCH_SS,
	DCH_TZ,
	DCH_US,
	DCH_WW,
	DCH_W,
	DCH_Y_YYY,
	DCH_YYYY,
	DCH_YYY,
	DCH_YY,
	DCH_Y,
	DCH_a_d,
	DCH_a_m,
	DCH_ad,
	DCH_am,
	DCH_b_c,
	DCH_bc,
	DCH_cc,
	DCH_day,
	DCH_ddd,
	DCH_dd,
	DCH_dy,
	DCH_d,
	DCH_fx,
	DCH_hh24,
	DCH_hh12,
	DCH_hh,
	DCH_iddd,
	DCH_id,
	DCH_iw,
	DCH_iyyy,
	DCH_iyy,
	DCH_iy,
	DCH_i,
	DCH_j,
	DCH_mi,
	DCH_mm,
	DCH_month,
	DCH_mon,
	DCH_ms,
	DCH_p_m,
	DCH_pm,
	DCH_q,
	DCH_rm,
	DCH_ssss,
	DCH_ss,
	DCH_tz,
	DCH_us,
	DCH_ww,
	DCH_w,
	DCH_y_yyy,
	DCH_yyyy,
	DCH_yyy,
	DCH_yy,
	DCH_y,

	/* last */
	_DCH_last_
}	DCH_poz;

typedef enum
{
	NUM_COMMA,
	NUM_DEC,
	NUM_0,
	NUM_9,
	NUM_B,
	NUM_C,
	NUM_D,
	NUM_E,
	NUM_FM,
	NUM_G,
	NUM_L,
	NUM_MI,
	NUM_PL,
	NUM_PR,
	NUM_RN,
	NUM_SG,
	NUM_SP,
	NUM_S,
	NUM_TH,
	NUM_V,
	NUM_b,
	NUM_c,
	NUM_d,
	NUM_e,
	NUM_fm,
	NUM_g,
	NUM_l,
	NUM_mi,
	NUM_pl,
	NUM_pr,
	NUM_rn,
	NUM_sg,
	NUM_sp,
	NUM_s,
	NUM_th,
	NUM_v,

	/* last */
	_NUM_last_
}	NUM_poz;

/* ----------
 * KeyWords for DATE-TIME version
 * ----------
 */
static const KeyWord DCH_keywords[] = {
/*	name, len, id, is_digit, date_mode */
	{"A.D.", 4, DCH_A_D, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* A */
	{"A.M.", 4, DCH_A_M, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"AD", 2, DCH_AD, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"AM", 2, DCH_AM, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"B.C.", 4, DCH_B_C, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* B */
	{"BC", 2, DCH_BC, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"CC", 2, DCH_CC, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* C */
	{"DAY", 3, DCH_DAY, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* D */
	{"DDD", 3, DCH_DDD, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"DD", 2, DCH_DD, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"DY", 2, DCH_DY, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"Day", 3, DCH_Day, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"Dy", 2, DCH_Dy, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"D", 1, DCH_D, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"FX", 2, DCH_FX, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* F */
	{"HH24", 4, DCH_HH24, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* H */
	{"HH12", 4, DCH_HH12, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"HH", 2, DCH_HH, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"IDDD", 4, DCH_IDDD, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},		/* I */
	{"ID", 2, DCH_ID, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"IW", 2, DCH_IW, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"IYYY", 4, DCH_IYYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"IYY", 3, DCH_IYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"IY", 2, DCH_IY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"I", 1, DCH_I, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"J", 1, DCH_J, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE}, /* J */
	{"MI", 2, DCH_MI, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* M */
	{"MM", 2, DCH_MM, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"MONTH", 5, DCH_MONTH, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"MON", 3, DCH_MON, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"MS", 2, DCH_MS, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"Month", 5, DCH_Month, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"Mon", 3, DCH_Mon, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"P.M.", 4, DCH_P_M, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* P */
	{"PM", 2, DCH_PM, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"Q", 1, DCH_Q, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE}, /* Q */
	{"RM", 2, DCH_RM, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN}, /* R */
	{"SSSS", 4, DCH_SSSS, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* S */
	{"SS", 2, DCH_SS, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"TZ", 2, DCH_TZ, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* T */
	{"US", 2, DCH_US, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* U */
	{"WW", 2, DCH_WW, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},	/* W */
	{"W", 1, DCH_W, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"Y,YYY", 5, DCH_Y_YYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},	/* Y */
	{"YYYY", 4, DCH_YYYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"YYY", 3, DCH_YYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"YY", 2, DCH_YY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"Y", 1, DCH_Y, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"a.d.", 4, DCH_a_d, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* a */
	{"a.m.", 4, DCH_a_m, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"ad", 2, DCH_ad, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"am", 2, DCH_am, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"b.c.", 4, DCH_b_c, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* b */
	{"bc", 2, DCH_bc, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"cc", 2, DCH_CC, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* c */
	{"day", 3, DCH_day, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* d */
	{"ddd", 3, DCH_DDD, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"dd", 2, DCH_DD, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"dy", 2, DCH_dy, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"d", 1, DCH_D, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"fx", 2, DCH_FX, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* f */
	{"hh24", 4, DCH_HH24, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* h */
	{"hh12", 4, DCH_HH12, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"hh", 2, DCH_HH, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"iddd", 4, DCH_IDDD, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},		/* i */
	{"id", 2, DCH_ID, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"iw", 2, DCH_IW, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"iyyy", 4, DCH_IYYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"iyy", 3, DCH_IYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"iy", 2, DCH_IY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"i", 1, DCH_I, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK},
	{"j", 1, DCH_J, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE}, /* j */
	{"mi", 2, DCH_MI, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* m */
	{"mm", 2, DCH_MM, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"month", 5, DCH_month, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"mon", 3, DCH_mon, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"ms", 2, DCH_MS, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"p.m.", 4, DCH_p_m, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* p */
	{"pm", 2, DCH_pm, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"q", 1, DCH_Q, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE}, /* q */
	{"rm", 2, DCH_rm, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN}, /* r */
	{"ssss", 4, DCH_SSSS, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},	/* s */
	{"ss", 2, DCH_SS, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},
	{"tz", 2, DCH_tz, FALSE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* t */
	{"us", 2, DCH_US, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE},		/* u */
	{"ww", 2, DCH_WW, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},	/* w */
	{"w", 1, DCH_W, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"y,yyy", 5, DCH_Y_YYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},	/* y */
	{"yyyy", 4, DCH_YYYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"yyy", 3, DCH_YYY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"yy", 2, DCH_YY, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},
	{"y", 1, DCH_Y, TRUE, FROM_CHAR_DATE_GREGORIAN},

	/* last */
	{NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0}
};

/* ----------
 * KeyWords for NUMBER version
 *
 * The is_digit and date_mode fields are not relevant here.
 * ----------
 */
static const KeyWord NUM_keywords[] = {
/*	name, len, id			is in Index */
	{",", 1, NUM_COMMA},		/* , */
	{".", 1, NUM_DEC},			/* . */
	{"0", 1, NUM_0},			/* 0 */
	{"9", 1, NUM_9},			/* 9 */
	{"B", 1, NUM_B},			/* B */
	{"C", 1, NUM_C},			/* C */
	{"D", 1, NUM_D},			/* D */
	{"EEEE", 4, NUM_E},			/* E */
	{"FM", 2, NUM_FM},			/* F */
	{"G", 1, NUM_G},			/* G */
	{"L", 1, NUM_L},			/* L */
	{"MI", 2, NUM_MI},			/* M */
	{"PL", 2, NUM_PL},			/* P */
	{"PR", 2, NUM_PR},
	{"RN", 2, NUM_RN},			/* R */
	{"SG", 2, NUM_SG},			/* S */
	{"SP", 2, NUM_SP},
	{"S", 1, NUM_S},
	{"TH", 2, NUM_TH},			/* T */
	{"V", 1, NUM_V},			/* V */
	{"b", 1, NUM_B},			/* b */
	{"c", 1, NUM_C},			/* c */
	{"d", 1, NUM_D},			/* d */
	{"eeee", 4, NUM_E},			/* e */
	{"fm", 2, NUM_FM},			/* f */
	{"g", 1, NUM_G},			/* g */
	{"l", 1, NUM_L},			/* l */
	{"mi", 2, NUM_MI},			/* m */
	{"pl", 2, NUM_PL},			/* p */
	{"pr", 2, NUM_PR},
	{"rn", 2, NUM_rn},			/* r */
	{"sg", 2, NUM_SG},			/* s */
	{"sp", 2, NUM_SP},
	{"s", 1, NUM_S},
	{"th", 2, NUM_th},			/* t */
	{"v", 1, NUM_V},			/* v */

	/* last */
	{NULL, 0, 0}
};


/* ----------
 * KeyWords index for DATE-TIME version
 * ----------
 */
static const int DCH_index[KeyWord_INDEX_SIZE] = {
/*
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
*/
	/*---- first 0..31 chars are skipped ----*/

	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, DCH_A_D, DCH_B_C, DCH_CC, DCH_DAY, -1,
	DCH_FX, -1, DCH_HH24, DCH_IDDD, DCH_J, -1, -1, DCH_MI, -1, -1,
	DCH_P_M, DCH_Q, DCH_RM, DCH_SSSS, DCH_TZ, DCH_US, -1, DCH_WW, -1, DCH_Y_YYY,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, DCH_a_d, DCH_b_c, DCH_cc,
	DCH_day, -1, DCH_fx, -1, DCH_hh24, DCH_iddd, DCH_j, -1, -1, DCH_mi,
	-1, -1, DCH_p_m, DCH_q, DCH_rm, DCH_ssss, DCH_tz, DCH_us, -1, DCH_ww,
	-1, DCH_y_yyy, -1, -1, -1, -1

	/*---- chars over 126 are skipped ----*/
};

/* ----------
 * KeyWords index for NUMBER version
 * ----------
 */
static const int NUM_index[KeyWord_INDEX_SIZE] = {
/*
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
*/
	/*---- first 0..31 chars are skipped ----*/

	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, NUM_COMMA, -1, NUM_DEC, -1, NUM_0, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, NUM_9, -1, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, NUM_B, NUM_C, NUM_D, NUM_E,
	NUM_FM, NUM_G, -1, -1, -1, -1, NUM_L, NUM_MI, -1, -1,
	NUM_PL, -1, NUM_RN, NUM_SG, NUM_TH, -1, NUM_V, -1, -1, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, NUM_b, NUM_c,
	NUM_d, NUM_e, NUM_fm, NUM_g, -1, -1, -1, -1, NUM_l, NUM_mi,
	-1, -1, NUM_pl, -1, NUM_rn, NUM_sg, NUM_th, -1, NUM_v, -1,
	-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1

	/*---- chars over 126 are skipped ----*/
};

/* ----------
 * Number processor struct
 * ----------
 */
typedef struct NUMProc
{
	bool		is_to_char;
	NUMDesc    *Num;			/* number description		*/

	int			sign,			/* '-' or '+'			*/
				sign_wrote,		/* was sign write		*/
				num_count,		/* number of write digits	*/
				num_in,			/* is inside number		*/
				num_curr,		/* current position in number	*/
				num_pre,		/* space before first number	*/

				read_dec,		/* to_number - was read dec. point	*/
				read_post,		/* to_number - number of dec. digit */
				read_pre;		/* to_number - number non-dec. digit */

	char	   *number,			/* string with number	*/
			   *number_p,		/* pointer to current number position */
			   *inout,			/* in / out buffer	*/
			   *inout_p,		/* pointer to current inout position */
			   *last_relevant,	/* last relevant number after decimal point */

			   *L_negative_sign,	/* Locale */
			   *L_positive_sign,
			   *decimal,
			   *L_thousands_sep,
			   *L_currency_symbol;
} NUMProc;


/* ----------
 * Functions
 * ----------
 */
static const KeyWord *index_seq_search(char *str, const KeyWord *kw,
				 const int *index);
static KeySuffix *suff_search(char *str, KeySuffix *suf, int type);
static void NUMDesc_prepare(NUMDesc *num, FormatNode *n);
static void parse_format(FormatNode *node, char *str, const KeyWord *kw,
			 KeySuffix *suf, const int *index, int ver, NUMDesc *Num);

static void DCH_to_char(FormatNode *node, bool is_interval,
			TmToChar *in, char *out, Oid collid);
static void DCH_from_char(FormatNode *node, char *in, TmFromChar *out);

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
static void dump_index(const KeyWord *k, const int *index);
static void dump_node(FormatNode *node, int max);
#endif

static char *get_th(char *num, int type);
static char *str_numth(char *dest, char *num, int type);
static int	adjust_partial_year_to_2020(int year);
static int	strspace_len(char *str);
static int	strdigits_len(char *str);
static void from_char_set_mode(TmFromChar *tmfc, const FromCharDateMode mode);
static void from_char_set_int(int *dest, const int value, const FormatNode *node);
static int	from_char_parse_int_len(int *dest, char **src, const int len, FormatNode *node);
static int	from_char_parse_int(int *dest, char **src, FormatNode *node);
static int	seq_search(char *name, char **array, int type, int max, int *len);
static int	from_char_seq_search(int *dest, char **src, char **array, int type, int max, FormatNode *node);
static void do_to_timestamp(text *date_txt, text *fmt,
				struct pg_tm * tm, fsec_t *fsec);
static char *fill_str(char *str, int c, int max);
static FormatNode *NUM_cache(int len, NUMDesc *Num, text *pars_str, bool *shouldFree);
static char *int_to_roman(int number);
static void NUM_prepare_locale(NUMProc *Np);
static char *get_last_relevant_decnum(char *num);
static void NUM_numpart_from_char(NUMProc *Np, int id, int plen);
static void NUM_numpart_to_char(NUMProc *Np, int id);
static char *NUM_processor(FormatNode *node, NUMDesc *Num, char *inout, char *number,
			  int plen, int sign, bool is_to_char, Oid collid);
static DCHCacheEntry *DCH_cache_search(char *str);
static DCHCacheEntry *DCH_cache_getnew(char *str);

static NUMCacheEntry *NUM_cache_search(char *str);
static NUMCacheEntry *NUM_cache_getnew(char *str);
static void NUM_cache_remove(NUMCacheEntry *ent);


/* ----------
 * Fast sequential search, use index for data selection which
 * go to seq. cycle (it is very fast for unwanted strings)
 * (can't be used binary search in format parsing)
 * ----------
 */
static const KeyWord *
index_seq_search(char *str, const KeyWord *kw, const int *index)
{
	int			poz;

	if (!KeyWord_INDEX_FILTER(*str))
		return NULL;

	if ((poz = *(index + (*str - ' '))) > -1)
	{
		const KeyWord *k = kw + poz;

		do
		{
			if (strncmp(str, k->name, k->len) == 0)
				return k;
			k++;
			if (!k->name)
				return NULL;
		} while (*str == *k->name);
	}
	return NULL;
}

static KeySuffix *
suff_search(char *str, KeySuffix *suf, int type)
{
	KeySuffix  *s;

	for (s = suf; s->name != NULL; s++)
	{
		if (s->type != type)
			continue;

		if (strncmp(str, s->name, s->len) == 0)
			return s;
	}
	return NULL;
}

/* ----------
 * Prepare NUMDesc (number description struct) via FormatNode struct
 * ----------
 */
static void
NUMDesc_prepare(NUMDesc *num, FormatNode *n)
{

	if (n->type != NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
		return;

	/*
	 * In case of an error, we need to remove the numeric from the cache.  Use
	 * a PG_TRY block to ensure that this happens.
	 */
	PG_TRY();
	{
		if (IS_EEEE(num) && n->key->id != NUM_E)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
					 errmsg("\"EEEE\" must be the last pattern used")));

		switch (n->key->id)
		{
			case NUM_9:
				if (IS_BRACKET(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("\"9\" must be ahead of \"PR\"")));
				if (IS_MULTI(num))
				{
					++num->multi;
					break;
				}
				if (IS_DECIMAL(num))
					++num->post;
				else
					++num->pre;
				break;

			case NUM_0:
				if (IS_BRACKET(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("\"0\" must be ahead of \"PR\"")));
				if (!IS_ZERO(num) && !IS_DECIMAL(num))
				{
					num->flag |= NUM_F_ZERO;
					num->zero_start = num->pre + 1;
				}
				if (!IS_DECIMAL(num))
					++num->pre;
				else
					++num->post;

				num->zero_end = num->pre + num->post;
				break;

			case NUM_B:
				if (num->pre == 0 && num->post == 0 && (!IS_ZERO(num)))
					num->flag |= NUM_F_BLANK;
				break;

			case NUM_D:
				num->flag |= NUM_F_LDECIMAL;
				num->need_locale = TRUE;
				/* FALLTHROUGH */
			case NUM_DEC:
				if (IS_DECIMAL(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("multiple decimal points")));
				if (IS_MULTI(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
					 errmsg("cannot use \"V\" and decimal point together")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_DECIMAL;
				break;

			case NUM_FM:
				num->flag |= NUM_F_FILLMODE;
				break;

			case NUM_S:
				if (IS_LSIGN(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"S\" twice")));
				if (IS_PLUS(num) || IS_MINUS(num) || IS_BRACKET(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"S\" and \"PL\"/\"MI\"/\"SG\"/\"PR\" together")));
				if (!IS_DECIMAL(num))
				{
					num->lsign = NUM_LSIGN_PRE;
					num->pre_lsign_num = num->pre;
					num->need_locale = TRUE;
					num->flag |= NUM_F_LSIGN;
				}
				else if (num->lsign == NUM_LSIGN_NONE)
				{
					num->lsign = NUM_LSIGN_POST;
					num->need_locale = TRUE;
					num->flag |= NUM_F_LSIGN;
				}
				break;

			case NUM_MI:
				if (IS_LSIGN(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"S\" and \"MI\" together")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_MINUS;
				if (IS_DECIMAL(num))
					num->flag |= NUM_F_MINUS_POST;
				break;

			case NUM_PL:
				if (IS_LSIGN(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"S\" and \"PL\" together")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_PLUS;
				if (IS_DECIMAL(num))
					num->flag |= NUM_F_PLUS_POST;
				break;

			case NUM_SG:
				if (IS_LSIGN(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"S\" and \"SG\" together")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_MINUS;
				num->flag |= NUM_F_PLUS;
				break;

			case NUM_PR:
				if (IS_LSIGN(num) || IS_PLUS(num) || IS_MINUS(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"PR\" and \"S\"/\"PL\"/\"MI\"/\"SG\" together")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_BRACKET;
				break;

			case NUM_rn:
			case NUM_RN:
				num->flag |= NUM_F_ROMAN;
				break;

			case NUM_L:
			case NUM_G:
				num->need_locale = TRUE;
				break;

			case NUM_V:
				if (IS_DECIMAL(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
					 errmsg("cannot use \"V\" and decimal point together")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_MULTI;
				break;

			case NUM_E:
				if (IS_EEEE(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
							 errmsg("cannot use \"EEEE\" twice")));
				if (IS_BLANK(num) || IS_FILLMODE(num) || IS_LSIGN(num) ||
					IS_BRACKET(num) || IS_MINUS(num) || IS_PLUS(num) ||
					IS_ROMAN(num) || IS_MULTI(num))
					ereport(ERROR,
							(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
					   errmsg("\"EEEE\" is incompatible with other formats"),
							 errdetail("\"EEEE\" may only be used together with digit and decimal point patterns.")));
				num->flag |= NUM_F_EEEE;
				break;
		}
	}
	PG_CATCH();
	{
		NUM_cache_remove(last_NUMCacheEntry);
		PG_RE_THROW();
	}
	PG_END_TRY();


	return;
}

/* ----------
 * Format parser, search small keywords and keyword's suffixes, and make
 * format-node tree.
 *
 * for DATE-TIME & NUMBER version
 * ----------
 */
static void
parse_format(FormatNode *node, char *str, const KeyWord *kw,
			 KeySuffix *suf, const int *index, int ver, NUMDesc *Num)
{
	KeySuffix  *s;
	FormatNode *n;
	int			node_set = 0,
				suffix,
				last = 0;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "to_char/number(): run parser");
#endif

	n = node;

	while (*str)
	{
		suffix = 0;

		/*
		 * Prefix
		 */
		if (ver == DCH_TYPE && (s = suff_search(str, suf, SUFFTYPE_PREFIX)) != NULL)
		{
			suffix |= s->id;
			if (s->len)
				str += s->len;
		}

		/*
		 * Keyword
		 */
		if (*str && (n->key = index_seq_search(str, kw, index)) != NULL)
		{
			n->type = NODE_TYPE_ACTION;
			n->suffix = 0;
			node_set = 1;
			if (n->key->len)
				str += n->key->len;

			/*
			 * NUM version: Prepare global NUMDesc struct
			 */
			if (ver == NUM_TYPE)
				NUMDesc_prepare(Num, n);

			/*
			 * Postfix
			 */
			if (ver == DCH_TYPE && *str && (s = suff_search(str, suf, SUFFTYPE_POSTFIX)) != NULL)
			{
				suffix |= s->id;
				if (s->len)
					str += s->len;
			}
		}
		else if (*str)
		{
			/*
			 * Special characters '\' and '"'
			 */
			if (*str == '"' && last != '\\')
			{
				int			x = 0;

				while (*(++str))
				{
					if (*str == '"' && x != '\\')
					{
						str++;
						break;
					}
					else if (*str == '\\' && x != '\\')
					{
						x = '\\';
						continue;
					}
					n->type = NODE_TYPE_CHAR;
					n->character = *str;
					n->key = NULL;
					n->suffix = 0;
					++n;
					x = *str;
				}
				node_set = 0;
				suffix = 0;
				last = 0;
			}
			else if (*str && *str == '\\' && last != '\\' && *(str + 1) == '"')
			{
				last = *str;
				str++;
			}
			else if (*str)
			{
				n->type = NODE_TYPE_CHAR;
				n->character = *str;
				n->key = NULL;
				node_set = 1;
				last = 0;
				str++;
			}
		}

		/* end */
		if (node_set)
		{
			if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
				n->suffix = suffix;
			++n;

			n->suffix = 0;
			node_set = 0;
		}
	}

	n->type = NODE_TYPE_END;
	n->suffix = 0;
	return;
}

/* ----------
 * DEBUG: Dump the FormatNode Tree (debug)
 * ----------
 */
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR

#define DUMP_THth(_suf) (S_TH(_suf) ? "TH" : (S_th(_suf) ? "th" : " "))
#define DUMP_FM(_suf)	(S_FM(_suf) ? "FM" : " ")

static void
dump_node(FormatNode *node, int max)
{
	FormatNode *n;
	int			a;

	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "to_from-char(): DUMP FORMAT");

	for (a = 0, n = node; a <= max; n++, a++)
	{
		if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "%d:\t NODE_TYPE_ACTION '%s'\t(%s,%s)",
				 a, n->key->name, DUMP_THth(n->suffix), DUMP_FM(n->suffix));
		else if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_CHAR)
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "%d:\t NODE_TYPE_CHAR '%c'", a, n->character);
		else if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_END)
		{
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "%d:\t NODE_TYPE_END", a);
			return;
		}
		else
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "%d:\t unknown NODE!", a);
	}
}
#endif   /* DEBUG */

/*****************************************************************************
 *			Private utils
 *****************************************************************************/

/* ----------
 * Return ST/ND/RD/TH for simple (1..9) numbers
 * type --> 0 upper, 1 lower
 * ----------
 */
static char *
get_th(char *num, int type)
{
	int			len = strlen(num),
				last,
				seclast;

	last = *(num + (len - 1));
	if (!isdigit((unsigned char) last))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
				 errmsg("\"%s\" is not a number", num)));

	/*
	 * All "teens" (<x>1[0-9]) get 'TH/th', while <x>[02-9][123] still get
	 * 'ST/st', 'ND/nd', 'RD/rd', respectively
	 */
	if ((len > 1) && ((seclast = num[len - 2]) == '1'))
		last = 0;

	switch (last)
	{
		case '1':
			if (type == TH_UPPER)
				return numTH[0];
			return numth[0];
		case '2':
			if (type == TH_UPPER)
				return numTH[1];
			return numth[1];
		case '3':
			if (type == TH_UPPER)
				return numTH[2];
			return numth[2];
		default:
			if (type == TH_UPPER)
				return numTH[3];
			return numth[3];
	}
	return NULL;
}

/* ----------
 * Convert string-number to ordinal string-number
 * type --> 0 upper, 1 lower
 * ----------
 */
static char *
str_numth(char *dest, char *num, int type)
{
	if (dest != num)
		strcpy(dest, num);
	strcat(dest, get_th(num, type));
	return dest;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *			upper/lower/initcap functions
 *****************************************************************************/

/*
 * If the system provides the needed functions for wide-character manipulation
 * (which are all standardized by C99), then we implement upper/lower/initcap
 * using wide-character functions, if necessary.  Otherwise we use the
 * traditional <ctype.h> functions, which of course will not work as desired
 * in multibyte character sets.  Note that in either case we are effectively
 * assuming that the database character encoding matches the encoding implied
 * by LC_CTYPE.
 *
 * If the system provides locale_t and associated functions (which are
 * standardized by Open Group's XBD), we can support collations that are
 * neither default nor C.  The code is written to handle both combinations
 * of have-wide-characters and have-locale_t, though it's rather unlikely
 * a platform would have the latter without the former.
 */

/*
 * collation-aware, wide-character-aware lower function
 *
 * We pass the number of bytes so we can pass varlena and char*
 * to this function.  The result is a palloc'd, null-terminated string.
 */
char *
str_tolower(const char *buff, size_t nbytes, Oid collid)
{
	char	   *result;

	if (!buff)
		return NULL;

	/* C/POSIX collations use this path regardless of database encoding */
	if (lc_ctype_is_c(collid))
	{
		char	   *p;

		result = pnstrdup(buff, nbytes);

		for (p = result; *p; p++)
			*p = pg_ascii_tolower((unsigned char) *p);
	}
#ifdef USE_WIDE_UPPER_LOWER
	else if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() > 1)
	{
		pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
		wchar_t    *workspace;
		size_t		curr_char;
		size_t		result_size;

		if (collid != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
		{
			if (!OidIsValid(collid))
			{
				/*
				 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a
				 * conflict of implicit collations, so report it that way.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
						 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for lower() function"),
						 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
			}
			mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
		}

		/* Overflow paranoia */
		if ((nbytes + 1) > (INT_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t)))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
					 errmsg("out of memory")));

		/* Output workspace cannot have more codes than input bytes */
		workspace = (wchar_t *) palloc((nbytes + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));

		char2wchar(workspace, nbytes + 1, buff, nbytes, mylocale);

		for (curr_char = 0; workspace[curr_char] != 0; curr_char++)
		{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			if (mylocale)
				workspace[curr_char] = towlower_l(workspace[curr_char], mylocale);
			else
#endif
				workspace[curr_char] = towlower(workspace[curr_char]);
		}

		/* Make result large enough; case change might change number of bytes */
		result_size = curr_char * pg_database_encoding_max_length() + 1;
		result = palloc(result_size);

		wchar2char(result, workspace, result_size, mylocale);
		pfree(workspace);
	}
#endif   /* USE_WIDE_UPPER_LOWER */
	else
	{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
		pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
#endif
		char	   *p;

		if (collid != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
		{
			if (!OidIsValid(collid))
			{
				/*
				 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a
				 * conflict of implicit collations, so report it that way.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
						 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for lower() function"),
						 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
			}
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
#endif
		}

		result = pnstrdup(buff, nbytes);

		/*
		 * Note: we assume that tolower_l() will not be so broken as to need
		 * an isupper_l() guard test.  When using the default collation, we
		 * apply the traditional Postgres behavior that forces ASCII-style
		 * treatment of I/i, but in non-default collations you get exactly
		 * what the collation says.
		 */
		for (p = result; *p; p++)
		{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			if (mylocale)
				*p = tolower_l((unsigned char) *p, mylocale);
			else
#endif
				*p = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *p);
		}
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * collation-aware, wide-character-aware upper function
 *
 * We pass the number of bytes so we can pass varlena and char*
 * to this function.  The result is a palloc'd, null-terminated string.
 */
char *
str_toupper(const char *buff, size_t nbytes, Oid collid)
{
	char	   *result;

	if (!buff)
		return NULL;

	/* C/POSIX collations use this path regardless of database encoding */
	if (lc_ctype_is_c(collid))
	{
		char	   *p;

		result = pnstrdup(buff, nbytes);

		for (p = result; *p; p++)
			*p = pg_ascii_toupper((unsigned char) *p);
	}
#ifdef USE_WIDE_UPPER_LOWER
	else if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() > 1)
	{
		pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
		wchar_t    *workspace;
		size_t		curr_char;
		size_t		result_size;

		if (collid != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
		{
			if (!OidIsValid(collid))
			{
				/*
				 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a
				 * conflict of implicit collations, so report it that way.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
						 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for upper() function"),
						 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
			}
			mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
		}

		/* Overflow paranoia */
		if ((nbytes + 1) > (INT_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t)))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
					 errmsg("out of memory")));

		/* Output workspace cannot have more codes than input bytes */
		workspace = (wchar_t *) palloc((nbytes + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));

		char2wchar(workspace, nbytes + 1, buff, nbytes, mylocale);

		for (curr_char = 0; workspace[curr_char] != 0; curr_char++)
		{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			if (mylocale)
				workspace[curr_char] = towupper_l(workspace[curr_char], mylocale);
			else
#endif
				workspace[curr_char] = towupper(workspace[curr_char]);
		}

		/* Make result large enough; case change might change number of bytes */
		result_size = curr_char * pg_database_encoding_max_length() + 1;
		result = palloc(result_size);

		wchar2char(result, workspace, result_size, mylocale);
		pfree(workspace);
	}
#endif   /* USE_WIDE_UPPER_LOWER */
	else
	{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
		pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
#endif
		char	   *p;

		if (collid != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
		{
			if (!OidIsValid(collid))
			{
				/*
				 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a
				 * conflict of implicit collations, so report it that way.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
						 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for upper() function"),
						 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
			}
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
#endif
		}

		result = pnstrdup(buff, nbytes);

		/*
		 * Note: we assume that toupper_l() will not be so broken as to need
		 * an islower_l() guard test.  When using the default collation, we
		 * apply the traditional Postgres behavior that forces ASCII-style
		 * treatment of I/i, but in non-default collations you get exactly
		 * what the collation says.
		 */
		for (p = result; *p; p++)
		{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			if (mylocale)
				*p = toupper_l((unsigned char) *p, mylocale);
			else
#endif
				*p = pg_toupper((unsigned char) *p);
		}
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * collation-aware, wide-character-aware initcap function
 *
 * We pass the number of bytes so we can pass varlena and char*
 * to this function.  The result is a palloc'd, null-terminated string.
 */
char *
str_initcap(const char *buff, size_t nbytes, Oid collid)
{
	char	   *result;
	int			wasalnum = false;

	if (!buff)
		return NULL;

	/* C/POSIX collations use this path regardless of database encoding */
	if (lc_ctype_is_c(collid))
	{
		char	   *p;

		result = pnstrdup(buff, nbytes);

		for (p = result; *p; p++)
		{
			char		c;

			if (wasalnum)
				*p = c = pg_ascii_tolower((unsigned char) *p);
			else
				*p = c = pg_ascii_toupper((unsigned char) *p);
			/* we don't trust isalnum() here */
			wasalnum = ((c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
						(c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ||
						(c >= '0' && c <= '9'));
		}
	}
#ifdef USE_WIDE_UPPER_LOWER
	else if (pg_database_encoding_max_length() > 1)
	{
		pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
		wchar_t    *workspace;
		size_t		curr_char;
		size_t		result_size;

		if (collid != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
		{
			if (!OidIsValid(collid))
			{
				/*
				 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a
				 * conflict of implicit collations, so report it that way.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
						 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for initcap() function"),
						 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
			}
			mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
		}

		/* Overflow paranoia */
		if ((nbytes + 1) > (INT_MAX / sizeof(wchar_t)))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
					 errmsg("out of memory")));

		/* Output workspace cannot have more codes than input bytes */
		workspace = (wchar_t *) palloc((nbytes + 1) * sizeof(wchar_t));

		char2wchar(workspace, nbytes + 1, buff, nbytes, mylocale);

		for (curr_char = 0; workspace[curr_char] != 0; curr_char++)
		{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			if (mylocale)
			{
				if (wasalnum)
					workspace[curr_char] = towlower_l(workspace[curr_char], mylocale);
				else
					workspace[curr_char] = towupper_l(workspace[curr_char], mylocale);
				wasalnum = iswalnum_l(workspace[curr_char], mylocale);
			}
			else
#endif
			{
				if (wasalnum)
					workspace[curr_char] = towlower(workspace[curr_char]);
				else
					workspace[curr_char] = towupper(workspace[curr_char]);
				wasalnum = iswalnum(workspace[curr_char]);
			}
		}

		/* Make result large enough; case change might change number of bytes */
		result_size = curr_char * pg_database_encoding_max_length() + 1;
		result = palloc(result_size);

		wchar2char(result, workspace, result_size, mylocale);
		pfree(workspace);
	}
#endif   /* USE_WIDE_UPPER_LOWER */
	else
	{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
		pg_locale_t mylocale = 0;
#endif
		char	   *p;

		if (collid != DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID)
		{
			if (!OidIsValid(collid))
			{
				/*
				 * This typically means that the parser could not resolve a
				 * conflict of implicit collations, so report it that way.
				 */
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INDETERMINATE_COLLATION),
						 errmsg("could not determine which collation to use for initcap() function"),
						 errhint("Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation explicitly.")));
			}
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			mylocale = pg_newlocale_from_collation(collid);
#endif
		}

		result = pnstrdup(buff, nbytes);

		/*
		 * Note: we assume that toupper_l()/tolower_l() will not be so broken
		 * as to need guard tests.	When using the default collation, we apply
		 * the traditional Postgres behavior that forces ASCII-style treatment
		 * of I/i, but in non-default collations you get exactly what the
		 * collation says.
		 */
		for (p = result; *p; p++)
		{
#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_T
			if (mylocale)
			{
				if (wasalnum)
					*p = tolower_l((unsigned char) *p, mylocale);
				else
					*p = toupper_l((unsigned char) *p, mylocale);
				wasalnum = isalnum_l((unsigned char) *p, mylocale);
			}
			else
#endif
			{
				if (wasalnum)
					*p = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *p);
				else
					*p = pg_toupper((unsigned char) *p);
				wasalnum = isalnum((unsigned char) *p);
			}
		}
	}

	return result;
}

/* convenience routines for when the input is null-terminated */

static char *
str_tolower_z(const char *buff, Oid collid)
{
	return str_tolower(buff, strlen(buff), collid);
}

static char *
str_toupper_z(const char *buff, Oid collid)
{
	return str_toupper(buff, strlen(buff), collid);
}

static char *
str_initcap_z(const char *buff, Oid collid)
{
	return str_initcap(buff, strlen(buff), collid);
}


/* ----------
 * Skip TM / th in FROM_CHAR
 * ----------
 */
#define SKIP_THth(_suf)		(S_THth(_suf) ? 2 : 0)

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
/* -----------
 * DEBUG: Call for debug and for index checking; (Show ASCII char
 * and defined keyword for each used position
 * ----------
 */
static void
dump_index(const KeyWord *k, const int *index)
{
	int			i,
				count = 0,
				free_i = 0;

	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "TO-FROM_CHAR: Dump KeyWord Index:");

	for (i = 0; i < KeyWord_INDEX_SIZE; i++)
	{
		if (index[i] != -1)
		{
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "\t%c: %s, ", i + 32, k[index[i]].name);
			count++;
		}
		else
		{
			free_i++;
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "\t(%d) %c %d", i, i + 32, index[i]);
		}
	}
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "\n\t\tUsed positions: %d,\n\t\tFree positions: %d",
		 count, free_i);
}
#endif   /* DEBUG */

/* ----------
 * Return TRUE if next format picture is not digit value
 * ----------
 */
static bool
is_next_separator(FormatNode *n)
{
	if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_END)
		return FALSE;

	if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_ACTION && S_THth(n->suffix))
		return TRUE;

	/*
	 * Next node
	 */
	n++;

	/* end of format string is treated like a non-digit separator */
	if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_END)
		return TRUE;

	if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
	{
		if (n->key->is_digit)
			return FALSE;

		return TRUE;
	}
	else if (isdigit((unsigned char) n->character))
		return FALSE;

	return TRUE;				/* some non-digit input (separator) */
}


static int
adjust_partial_year_to_2020(int year)
{
	/*
	 * Adjust all dates toward 2020;  this is effectively what happens
	 * when we assume '70' is 1970 and '69' is 2069.
	 */
	/* Force 0-69 into the 2000's */
	if (year < 70)
		return year + 2000;
	/* Force 70-99 into the 1900's */
	else if (year >= 70 && year < 100)
		return year + 1900;
	/* Force 100-519 into the 2000's */
	else if (year >= 100 && year < 519)
		return year + 2000;
	/* Force 520-999 into the 1000's */
	else if (year >= 520 && year < 1000)
		return year + 1000;
	else
		return year;
}


static int
strspace_len(char *str)
{
	int			len = 0;

	while (*str && isspace((unsigned char) *str))
	{
		str++;
		len++;
	}
	return len;
}

static int
strdigits_len(char *str)
{
	char	   *p = str;
	int			len;

	len = strspace_len(str);
	p += len;

	while (*p && isdigit((unsigned char) *p) && len <= DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ)
	{
		len++;
		p++;
	}
	return len;
}

/*
 * Set the date mode of a from-char conversion.
 *
 * Puke if the date mode has already been set, and the caller attempts to set
 * it to a conflicting mode.
 */
static void
from_char_set_mode(TmFromChar *tmfc, const FromCharDateMode mode)
{
	if (mode != FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE)
	{
		if (tmfc->mode == FROM_CHAR_DATE_NONE)
			tmfc->mode = mode;
		else if (tmfc->mode != mode)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
					 errmsg("invalid combination of date conventions"),
					 errhint("Do not mix Gregorian and ISO week date "
							 "conventions in a formatting template.")));
	}
}

/*
 * Set the integer pointed to by 'dest' to the given value.
 *
 * Puke if the destination integer has previously been set to some other
 * non-zero value.
 */
static void
from_char_set_int(int *dest, const int value, const FormatNode *node)
{
	if (*dest != 0 && *dest != value)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
		   errmsg("conflicting values for \"%s\" field in formatting string",
				  node->key->name),
				 errdetail("This value contradicts a previous setting for "
						   "the same field type.")));
	*dest = value;
}

/*
 * Read a single integer from the source string, into the int pointed to by
 * 'dest'. If 'dest' is NULL, the result is discarded.
 *
 * In fixed-width mode (the node does not have the FM suffix), consume at most
 * 'len' characters.  However, any leading whitespace isn't counted in 'len'.
 *
 * We use strtol() to recover the integer value from the source string, in
 * accordance with the given FormatNode.
 *
 * If the conversion completes successfully, src will have been advanced to
 * point at the character immediately following the last character used in the
 * conversion.
 *
 * Return the number of characters consumed.
 *
 * Note that from_char_parse_int() provides a more convenient wrapper where
 * the length of the field is the same as the length of the format keyword (as
 * with DD and MI).
 */
static int
from_char_parse_int_len(int *dest, char **src, const int len, FormatNode *node)
{
	long		result;
	char		copy[DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ + 1];
	char	   *init = *src;
	int			used;

	/*
	 * Skip any whitespace before parsing the integer.
	 */
	*src += strspace_len(*src);

	Assert(len <= DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ);
	used = (int) strlcpy(copy, *src, len + 1);

	if (S_FM(node->suffix) || is_next_separator(node))
	{
		/*
		 * This node is in Fill Mode, or the next node is known to be a
		 * non-digit value, so we just slurp as many characters as we can get.
		 */
		errno = 0;
		result = strtol(init, src, 10);
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * We need to pull exactly the number of characters given in 'len' out
		 * of the string, and convert those.
		 */
		char	   *last;

		if (used < len)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
				errmsg("source string too short for \"%s\" formatting field",
					   node->key->name),
					 errdetail("Field requires %d characters, but only %d "
							   "remain.",
							   len, used),
					 errhint("If your source string is not fixed-width, try "
							 "using the \"FM\" modifier.")));

		errno = 0;
		result = strtol(copy, &last, 10);
		used = last - copy;

		if (used > 0 && used < len)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
					 errmsg("invalid value \"%s\" for \"%s\"",
							copy, node->key->name),
					 errdetail("Field requires %d characters, but only %d "
							   "could be parsed.", len, used),
					 errhint("If your source string is not fixed-width, try "
							 "using the \"FM\" modifier.")));

		*src += used;
	}

	if (*src == init)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
				 errmsg("invalid value \"%s\" for \"%s\"",
						copy, node->key->name),
				 errdetail("Value must be an integer.")));

	if (errno == ERANGE || result < INT_MIN || result > INT_MAX)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATETIME_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
				 errmsg("value for \"%s\" in source string is out of range",
						node->key->name),
				 errdetail("Value must be in the range %d to %d.",
						   INT_MIN, INT_MAX)));

	if (dest != NULL)
		from_char_set_int(dest, (int) result, node);
	return *src - init;
}

/*
 * Call from_char_parse_int_len(), using the length of the format keyword as
 * the expected length of the field.
 *
 * Don't call this function if the field differs in length from the format
 * keyword (as with HH24; the keyword length is 4, but the field length is 2).
 * In such cases, call from_char_parse_int_len() instead to specify the
 * required length explicitly.
 */
static int
from_char_parse_int(int *dest, char **src, FormatNode *node)
{
	return from_char_parse_int_len(dest, src, node->key->len, node);
}

/* ----------
 * Sequential search with to upper/lower conversion
 * ----------
 */
static int
seq_search(char *name, char **array, int type, int max, int *len)
{
	char	   *p,
			   *n,
			  **a;
	int			last,
				i;

	*len = 0;

	if (!*name)
		return -1;

	/* set first char */
	if (type == ONE_UPPER || type == ALL_UPPER)
		*name = pg_toupper((unsigned char) *name);
	else if (type == ALL_LOWER)
		*name = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *name);

	for (last = 0, a = array; *a != NULL; a++)
	{
		/* comperate first chars */
		if (*name != **a)
			continue;

		for (i = 1, p = *a + 1, n = name + 1;; n++, p++, i++)
		{
			/* search fragment (max) only */
			if (max && i == max)
			{
				*len = i;
				return a - array;
			}
			/* full size */
			if (*p == '\0')
			{
				*len = i;
				return a - array;
			}
			/* Not found in array 'a' */
			if (*n == '\0')
				break;

			/*
			 * Convert (but convert new chars only)
			 */
			if (i > last)
			{
				if (type == ONE_UPPER || type == ALL_LOWER)
					*n = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *n);
				else if (type == ALL_UPPER)
					*n = pg_toupper((unsigned char) *n);
				last = i;
			}

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "N: %c, P: %c, A: %s (%s)",
				 *n, *p, *a, name);
#endif
			if (*n != *p)
				break;
		}
	}

	return -1;
}

/*
 * Perform a sequential search in 'array' for text matching the first 'max'
 * characters of the source string.
 *
 * If a match is found, copy the array index of the match into the integer
 * pointed to by 'dest', advance 'src' to the end of the part of the string
 * which matched, and return the number of characters consumed.
 *
 * If the string doesn't match, throw an error.
 */
static int
from_char_seq_search(int *dest, char **src, char **array, int type, int max,
					 FormatNode *node)
{
	int			len;

	*dest = seq_search(*src, array, type, max, &len);
	if (len <= 0)
	{
		char		copy[DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ + 1];

		Assert(max <= DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ);
		strlcpy(copy, *src, max + 1);

		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
				 errmsg("invalid value \"%s\" for \"%s\"",
						copy, node->key->name),
				 errdetail("The given value did not match any of the allowed "
						   "values for this field.")));
	}
	*src += len;
	return len;
}

/* ----------
 * Process a TmToChar struct as denoted by a list of FormatNodes.
 * The formatted data is written to the string pointed to by 'out'.
 * ----------
 */
static void
DCH_to_char(FormatNode *node, bool is_interval, TmToChar *in, char *out, Oid collid)
{
	FormatNode *n;
	char	   *s;
	struct pg_tm *tm = &in->tm;
	int			i;

	/* cache localized days and months */
	cache_locale_time();

	s = out;
	for (n = node; n->type != NODE_TYPE_END; n++)
	{
		if (n->type != NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
		{
			*s = n->character;
			s++;
			continue;
		}

		switch (n->key->id)
		{
			case DCH_A_M:
			case DCH_P_M:
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_hour % HOURS_PER_DAY >= HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
					   ? P_M_STR : A_M_STR);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_AM:
			case DCH_PM:
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_hour % HOURS_PER_DAY >= HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
					   ? PM_STR : AM_STR);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_a_m:
			case DCH_p_m:
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_hour % HOURS_PER_DAY >= HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
					   ? p_m_STR : a_m_STR);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_am:
			case DCH_pm:
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_hour % HOURS_PER_DAY >= HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
					   ? pm_STR : am_STR);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_HH:
			case DCH_HH12:

				/*
				 * display time as shown on a 12-hour clock, even for
				 * intervals
				 */
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2,
				 tm->tm_hour % (HOURS_PER_DAY / 2) == 0 ? HOURS_PER_DAY / 2 :
						tm->tm_hour % (HOURS_PER_DAY / 2));
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_HH24:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2, tm->tm_hour);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_MI:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2, tm->tm_min);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_SS:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2, tm->tm_sec);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_MS:		/* millisecond */
#ifdef HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP
				sprintf(s, "%03d", (int) (in->fsec / INT64CONST(1000)));
#else
				/* No rint() because we can't overflow and we might print US */
				sprintf(s, "%03d", (int) (in->fsec * 1000));
#endif
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_US:		/* microsecond */
#ifdef HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP
				sprintf(s, "%06d", (int) in->fsec);
#else
				/* don't use rint() because we can't overflow 1000 */
				sprintf(s, "%06d", (int) (in->fsec * 1000000));
#endif
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_SSSS:
				sprintf(s, "%d", tm->tm_hour * SECS_PER_HOUR +
						tm->tm_min * SECS_PER_MINUTE +
						tm->tm_sec);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_tz:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (tmtcTzn(in))
				{
					char	   *p = str_tolower_z(tmtcTzn(in), collid);

					strcpy(s, p);
					pfree(p);
					s += strlen(s);
				}
				break;
			case DCH_TZ:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (tmtcTzn(in))
				{
					strcpy(s, tmtcTzn(in));
					s += strlen(s);
				}
				break;
			case DCH_A_D:
			case DCH_B_C:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_year <= 0 ? B_C_STR : A_D_STR));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_AD:
			case DCH_BC:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_year <= 0 ? BC_STR : AD_STR));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_a_d:
			case DCH_b_c:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_year <= 0 ? b_c_STR : a_d_STR));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_ad:
			case DCH_bc:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				strcpy(s, (tm->tm_year <= 0 ? bc_STR : ad_STR));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_MONTH:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_toupper_z(localized_full_months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				else
					sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -9,
						 str_toupper_z(months_full[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Month:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_initcap_z(localized_full_months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				else
					sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -9, months_full[tm->tm_mon - 1]);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_month:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_tolower_z(localized_full_months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				else
				{
					sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -9, months_full[tm->tm_mon - 1]);
					*s = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *s);
				}
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_MON:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_toupper_z(localized_abbrev_months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				else
					strcpy(s, str_toupper_z(months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Mon:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_initcap_z(localized_abbrev_months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				else
					strcpy(s, months[tm->tm_mon - 1]);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_mon:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_tolower_z(localized_abbrev_months[tm->tm_mon - 1], collid));
				else
				{
					strcpy(s, months[tm->tm_mon - 1]);
					*s = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *s);
				}
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_MM:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2, tm->tm_mon);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_DAY:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_toupper_z(localized_full_days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				else
					sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -9,
							str_toupper_z(days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Day:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_initcap_z(localized_full_days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				else
					sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -9, days[tm->tm_wday]);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_day:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_tolower_z(localized_full_days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				else
				{
					sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -9, days[tm->tm_wday]);
					*s = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *s);
				}
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_DY:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_toupper_z(localized_abbrev_days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				else
					strcpy(s, str_toupper_z(days_short[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Dy:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_initcap_z(localized_abbrev_days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				else
					strcpy(s, days_short[tm->tm_wday]);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_dy:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				if (S_TM(n->suffix))
					strcpy(s, str_tolower_z(localized_abbrev_days[tm->tm_wday], collid));
				else
				{
					strcpy(s, days_short[tm->tm_wday]);
					*s = pg_tolower((unsigned char) *s);
				}
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_DDD:
			case DCH_IDDD:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 3,
						(n->key->id == DCH_DDD) ?
						tm->tm_yday :
					  date2isoyearday(tm->tm_year, tm->tm_mon, tm->tm_mday));
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_DD:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2, tm->tm_mday);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_D:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				sprintf(s, "%d", tm->tm_wday + 1);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_ID:
				INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL;
				sprintf(s, "%d", (tm->tm_wday == 0) ? 7 : tm->tm_wday);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_WW:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2,
						(tm->tm_yday - 1) / 7 + 1);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_IW:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2,
						date2isoweek(tm->tm_year, tm->tm_mon, tm->tm_mday));
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Q:
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				sprintf(s, "%d", (tm->tm_mon - 1) / 3 + 1);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_CC:
				if (is_interval)	/* straight calculation */
					i = tm->tm_year / 100;
				else	/* century 21 starts in 2001 */
					i = (tm->tm_year - 1) / 100 + 1;
				if (i <= 99 && i >= -99)
					sprintf(s, "%0*d", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2, i);
				else
					sprintf(s, "%d", i);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Y_YYY:
				i = ADJUST_YEAR(tm->tm_year, is_interval) / 1000;
				sprintf(s, "%d,%03d", i,
						ADJUST_YEAR(tm->tm_year, is_interval) - (i * 1000));
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_YYYY:
			case DCH_IYYY:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d",
						S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 4,
						(n->key->id == DCH_YYYY ?
						 ADJUST_YEAR(tm->tm_year, is_interval) :
						 ADJUST_YEAR(date2isoyear(tm->tm_year,
												  tm->tm_mon,
												  tm->tm_mday),
									 is_interval)));
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_YYY:
			case DCH_IYY:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d",
						S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 3,
						(n->key->id == DCH_YYY ?
						 ADJUST_YEAR(tm->tm_year, is_interval) :
						 ADJUST_YEAR(date2isoyear(tm->tm_year,
												  tm->tm_mon,
												  tm->tm_mday),
									 is_interval)) % 1000);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_YY:
			case DCH_IY:
				sprintf(s, "%0*d",
						S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : 2,
						(n->key->id == DCH_YY ?
						 ADJUST_YEAR(tm->tm_year, is_interval) :
						 ADJUST_YEAR(date2isoyear(tm->tm_year,
												  tm->tm_mon,
												  tm->tm_mday),
									 is_interval)) % 100);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_Y:
			case DCH_I:
				sprintf(s, "%1d",
						(n->key->id == DCH_Y ?
						 ADJUST_YEAR(tm->tm_year, is_interval) :
						 ADJUST_YEAR(date2isoyear(tm->tm_year,
												  tm->tm_mon,
												  tm->tm_mday),
									 is_interval)) % 10);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_RM:
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -4,
						rm_months_upper[MONTHS_PER_YEAR - tm->tm_mon]);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_rm:
				if (!tm->tm_mon)
					break;
				sprintf(s, "%*s", S_FM(n->suffix) ? 0 : -4,
						rm_months_lower[MONTHS_PER_YEAR - tm->tm_mon]);
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_W:
				sprintf(s, "%d", (tm->tm_mday - 1) / 7 + 1);
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
			case DCH_J:
				sprintf(s, "%d", date2j(tm->tm_year, tm->tm_mon, tm->tm_mday));
				if (S_THth(n->suffix))
					str_numth(s, s, S_TH_TYPE(n->suffix));
				s += strlen(s);
				break;
		}
	}

	*s = '\0';
}

/* ----------
 * Process a string as denoted by a list of FormatNodes.
 * The TmFromChar struct pointed to by 'out' is populated with the results.
 *
 * Note: we currently don't have any to_interval() function, so there
 * is no need here for INVALID_FOR_INTERVAL checks.
 * ----------
 */
static void
DCH_from_char(FormatNode *node, char *in, TmFromChar *out)
{
	FormatNode *n;
	char	   *s;
	int			len,
				value;
	bool		fx_mode = false;

	for (n = node, s = in; n->type != NODE_TYPE_END && *s != '\0'; n++)
	{
		if (n->type != NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
		{
			s++;
			/* Ignore spaces when not in FX (fixed width) mode */
			if (isspace((unsigned char) n->character) && !fx_mode)
			{
				while (*s != '\0' && isspace((unsigned char) *s))
					s++;
			}
			continue;
		}

		from_char_set_mode(out, n->key->date_mode);

		switch (n->key->id)
		{
			case DCH_FX:
				fx_mode = true;
				break;
			case DCH_A_M:
			case DCH_P_M:
			case DCH_a_m:
			case DCH_p_m:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, ampm_strings_long,
									 ALL_UPPER, n->key->len, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->pm, value % 2, n);
				out->clock = CLOCK_12_HOUR;
				break;
			case DCH_AM:
			case DCH_PM:
			case DCH_am:
			case DCH_pm:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, ampm_strings,
									 ALL_UPPER, n->key->len, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->pm, value % 2, n);
				out->clock = CLOCK_12_HOUR;
				break;
			case DCH_HH:
			case DCH_HH12:
				from_char_parse_int_len(&out->hh, &s, 2, n);
				out->clock = CLOCK_12_HOUR;
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_HH24:
				from_char_parse_int_len(&out->hh, &s, 2, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_MI:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->mi, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_SS:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->ss, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_MS:		/* millisecond */
				len = from_char_parse_int_len(&out->ms, &s, 3, n);

				/*
				 * 25 is 0.25 and 250 is 0.25 too; 025 is 0.025 and not 0.25
				 */
				out->ms *= len == 1 ? 100 :
					len == 2 ? 10 : 1;

				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_US:		/* microsecond */
				len = from_char_parse_int_len(&out->us, &s, 6, n);

				out->us *= len == 1 ? 100000 :
					len == 2 ? 10000 :
					len == 3 ? 1000 :
					len == 4 ? 100 :
					len == 5 ? 10 : 1;

				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_SSSS:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->ssss, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_tz:
			case DCH_TZ:
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
						 errmsg("\"TZ\"/\"tz\" format patterns are not supported in to_date")));
			case DCH_A_D:
			case DCH_B_C:
			case DCH_a_d:
			case DCH_b_c:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, adbc_strings_long,
									 ALL_UPPER, n->key->len, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->bc, value % 2, n);
				break;
			case DCH_AD:
			case DCH_BC:
			case DCH_ad:
			case DCH_bc:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, adbc_strings,
									 ALL_UPPER, n->key->len, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->bc, value % 2, n);
				break;
			case DCH_MONTH:
			case DCH_Month:
			case DCH_month:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, months_full, ONE_UPPER,
									 MAX_MONTH_LEN, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->mm, value + 1, n);
				break;
			case DCH_MON:
			case DCH_Mon:
			case DCH_mon:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, months, ONE_UPPER,
									 MAX_MON_LEN, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->mm, value + 1, n);
				break;
			case DCH_MM:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->mm, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_DAY:
			case DCH_Day:
			case DCH_day:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, days, ONE_UPPER,
									 MAX_DAY_LEN, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->d, value, n);
				break;
			case DCH_DY:
			case DCH_Dy:
			case DCH_dy:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, days, ONE_UPPER,
									 MAX_DY_LEN, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->d, value, n);
				break;
			case DCH_DDD:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->ddd, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_IDDD:
				from_char_parse_int_len(&out->ddd, &s, 3, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_DD:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->dd, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_D:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->d, &s, n);
				out->d--;
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_ID:
				from_char_parse_int_len(&out->d, &s, 1, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_WW:
			case DCH_IW:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->ww, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_Q:

				/*
				 * We ignore 'Q' when converting to date because it is unclear
				 * which date in the quarter to use, and some people specify
				 * both quarter and month, so if it was honored it might
				 * conflict with the supplied month. That is also why we don't
				 * throw an error.
				 *
				 * We still parse the source string for an integer, but it
				 * isn't stored anywhere in 'out'.
				 */
				from_char_parse_int((int *) NULL, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_CC:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->cc, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_Y_YYY:
				{
					int			matched,
								years,
								millenia;

					matched = sscanf(s, "%d,%03d", &millenia, &years);
					if (matched != 2)
						ereport(ERROR,
								(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
							  errmsg("invalid input string for \"Y,YYY\"")));
					years += (millenia * 1000);
					from_char_set_int(&out->year, years, n);
					out->yysz = 4;
					s += strdigits_len(s) + 4 + SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				}
				break;
			case DCH_YYYY:
			case DCH_IYYY:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->year, &s, n);
				out->yysz = 4;
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_YYY:
			case DCH_IYY:
				if (from_char_parse_int(&out->year, &s, n) < 4)
					out->year = adjust_partial_year_to_2020(out->year);
				out->yysz = 3;
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_YY:
			case DCH_IY:
				if (from_char_parse_int(&out->year, &s, n) < 4)
					out->year = adjust_partial_year_to_2020(out->year);
				out->yysz = 2;
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_Y:
			case DCH_I:
				if (from_char_parse_int(&out->year, &s, n) < 4)
					out->year = adjust_partial_year_to_2020(out->year);
				out->yysz = 1;
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_RM:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, rm_months_upper,
									 ALL_UPPER, MAX_RM_LEN, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->mm, MONTHS_PER_YEAR - value, n);
				break;
			case DCH_rm:
				from_char_seq_search(&value, &s, rm_months_lower,
									 ALL_LOWER, MAX_RM_LEN, n);
				from_char_set_int(&out->mm, MONTHS_PER_YEAR - value, n);
				break;
			case DCH_W:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->w, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
			case DCH_J:
				from_char_parse_int(&out->j, &s, n);
				s += SKIP_THth(n->suffix);
				break;
		}
	}
}

static DCHCacheEntry *
DCH_cache_getnew(char *str)
{
	DCHCacheEntry *ent;

	/* counter overflow check - paranoia? */
	if (DCHCounter >= (INT_MAX - DCH_CACHE_FIELDS - 1))
	{
		DCHCounter = 0;

		for (ent = DCHCache; ent <= (DCHCache + DCH_CACHE_FIELDS); ent++)
			ent->age = (++DCHCounter);
	}

	/*
	 * If cache is full, remove oldest entry
	 */
	if (n_DCHCache > DCH_CACHE_FIELDS)
	{
		DCHCacheEntry *old = DCHCache + 0;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "cache is full (%d)", n_DCHCache);
#endif
		for (ent = DCHCache + 1; ent <= (DCHCache + DCH_CACHE_FIELDS); ent++)
		{
			if (ent->age < old->age)
				old = ent;
		}
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "OLD: '%s' AGE: %d", old->str, old->age);
#endif
		StrNCpy(old->str, str, DCH_CACHE_SIZE + 1);
		/* old->format fill parser */
		old->age = (++DCHCounter);
		return old;
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "NEW (%d)", n_DCHCache);
#endif
		ent = DCHCache + n_DCHCache;
		StrNCpy(ent->str, str, DCH_CACHE_SIZE + 1);
		/* ent->format fill parser */
		ent->age = (++DCHCounter);
		++n_DCHCache;
		return ent;
	}
}

static DCHCacheEntry *
DCH_cache_search(char *str)
{
	int			i;
	DCHCacheEntry *ent;

	/* counter overflow check - paranoia? */
	if (DCHCounter >= (INT_MAX - DCH_CACHE_FIELDS - 1))
	{
		DCHCounter = 0;

		for (ent = DCHCache; ent <= (DCHCache + DCH_CACHE_FIELDS); ent++)
			ent->age = (++DCHCounter);
	}

	for (i = 0, ent = DCHCache; i < n_DCHCache; i++, ent++)
	{
		if (strcmp(ent->str, str) == 0)
		{
			ent->age = (++DCHCounter);
			return ent;
		}
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Format a date/time or interval into a string according to fmt.
 * We parse fmt into a list of FormatNodes.  This is then passed to DCH_to_char
 * for formatting.
 */
static text *
datetime_to_char_body(TmToChar *tmtc, text *fmt, bool is_interval, Oid collid)
{
	FormatNode *format;
	char	   *fmt_str,
			   *result;
	bool		incache;
	int			fmt_len;
	text	   *res;

	/*
	 * Convert fmt to C string
	 */
	fmt_str = text_to_cstring(fmt);
	fmt_len = strlen(fmt_str);

	/*
	 * Allocate workspace for result as C string
	 */
	result = palloc((fmt_len * DCH_MAX_ITEM_SIZ) + 1);
	*result = '\0';

	/*
	 * Allocate new memory if format picture is bigger than static cache and
	 * not use cache (call parser always)
	 */
	if (fmt_len > DCH_CACHE_SIZE)
	{
		format = (FormatNode *) palloc((fmt_len + 1) * sizeof(FormatNode));
		incache = FALSE;

		parse_format(format, fmt_str, DCH_keywords,
					 DCH_suff, DCH_index, DCH_TYPE, NULL);

		(format + fmt_len)->type = NODE_TYPE_END;		/* Paranoia? */
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * Use cache buffers
		 */
		DCHCacheEntry *ent;

		incache = TRUE;

		if ((ent = DCH_cache_search(fmt_str)) == NULL)
		{
			ent = DCH_cache_getnew(fmt_str);

			/*
			 * Not in the cache, must run parser and save a new format-picture
			 * to the cache.
			 */
			parse_format(ent->format, fmt_str, DCH_keywords,
						 DCH_suff, DCH_index, DCH_TYPE, NULL);

			(ent->format + fmt_len)->type = NODE_TYPE_END;		/* Paranoia? */

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			/* dump_node(ent->format, fmt_len); */
			/* dump_index(DCH_keywords, DCH_index);  */
#endif
		}
		format = ent->format;
	}

	/* The real work is here */
	DCH_to_char(format, is_interval, tmtc, result, collid);

	if (!incache)
		pfree(format);

	pfree(fmt_str);

	/* convert C-string result to TEXT format */
	res = cstring_to_text(result);

	pfree(result);
	return res;
}

/****************************************************************************
 *				Public routines
 ***************************************************************************/

/* -------------------
 * TIMESTAMP to_char()
 * -------------------
 */
Datum
timestamp_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Timestamp	dt = PG_GETARG_TIMESTAMP(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1),
			   *res;
	TmToChar	tmtc;
	struct pg_tm *tm;
	int			thisdate;

	if ((VARSIZE(fmt) - VARHDRSZ) <= 0 || TIMESTAMP_NOT_FINITE(dt))
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	ZERO_tmtc(&tmtc);
	tm = tmtcTm(&tmtc);

	if (timestamp2tm(dt, NULL, tm, &tmtcFsec(&tmtc), NULL, NULL) != 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATETIME_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
				 errmsg("timestamp out of range")));

	thisdate = date2j(tm->tm_year, tm->tm_mon, tm->tm_mday);
	tm->tm_wday = (thisdate + 1) % 7;
	tm->tm_yday = thisdate - date2j(tm->tm_year, 1, 1) + 1;

	if (!(res = datetime_to_char_body(&tmtc, fmt, false, PG_GET_COLLATION())))
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(res);
}

Datum
timestamptz_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	TimestampTz dt = PG_GETARG_TIMESTAMP(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1),
			   *res;
	TmToChar	tmtc;
	int			tz;
	struct pg_tm *tm;
	int			thisdate;

	if ((VARSIZE(fmt) - VARHDRSZ) <= 0 || TIMESTAMP_NOT_FINITE(dt))
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	ZERO_tmtc(&tmtc);
	tm = tmtcTm(&tmtc);

	if (timestamp2tm(dt, &tz, tm, &tmtcFsec(&tmtc), &tmtcTzn(&tmtc), NULL) != 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATETIME_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
				 errmsg("timestamp out of range")));

	thisdate = date2j(tm->tm_year, tm->tm_mon, tm->tm_mday);
	tm->tm_wday = (thisdate + 1) % 7;
	tm->tm_yday = thisdate - date2j(tm->tm_year, 1, 1) + 1;

	if (!(res = datetime_to_char_body(&tmtc, fmt, false, PG_GET_COLLATION())))
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(res);
}


/* -------------------
 * INTERVAL to_char()
 * -------------------
 */
Datum
interval_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Interval   *it = PG_GETARG_INTERVAL_P(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1),
			   *res;
	TmToChar	tmtc;
	struct pg_tm *tm;

	if ((VARSIZE(fmt) - VARHDRSZ) <= 0)
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	ZERO_tmtc(&tmtc);
	tm = tmtcTm(&tmtc);

	if (interval2tm(*it, tm, &tmtcFsec(&tmtc)) != 0)
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	/* wday is meaningless, yday approximates the total span in days */
	tm->tm_yday = (tm->tm_year * MONTHS_PER_YEAR + tm->tm_mon) * DAYS_PER_MONTH + tm->tm_mday;

	if (!(res = datetime_to_char_body(&tmtc, fmt, true, PG_GET_COLLATION())))
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(res);
}

/* ---------------------
 * TO_TIMESTAMP()
 *
 * Make Timestamp from date_str which is formatted at argument 'fmt'
 * ( to_timestamp is reverse to_char() )
 * ---------------------
 */
Datum
to_timestamp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	text	   *date_txt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	Timestamp	result;
	int			tz;
	struct pg_tm tm;
	fsec_t		fsec;

	do_to_timestamp(date_txt, fmt, &tm, &fsec);

	tz = DetermineTimeZoneOffset(&tm, session_timezone);

	if (tm2timestamp(&tm, fsec, &tz, &result) != 0)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_DATETIME_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
				 errmsg("timestamp out of range")));

	PG_RETURN_TIMESTAMP(result);
}

/* ----------
 * TO_DATE
 *	Make Date from date_str which is formated at argument 'fmt'
 * ----------
 */
Datum
to_date(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	text	   *date_txt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	DateADT		result;
	struct pg_tm tm;
	fsec_t		fsec;

	do_to_timestamp(date_txt, fmt, &tm, &fsec);

	result = date2j(tm.tm_year, tm.tm_mon, tm.tm_mday) - POSTGRES_EPOCH_JDATE;

	PG_RETURN_DATEADT(result);
}

/*
 * do_to_timestamp: shared code for to_timestamp and to_date
 *
 * Parse the 'date_txt' according to 'fmt', return results as a struct pg_tm
 * and fractional seconds.
 *
 * We parse 'fmt' into a list of FormatNodes, which is then passed to
 * DCH_from_char to populate a TmFromChar with the parsed contents of
 * 'date_txt'.
 *
 * The TmFromChar is then analysed and converted into the final results in
 * struct 'tm' and 'fsec'.
 *
 * This function does very little error checking, e.g.
 * to_timestamp('20096040','YYYYMMDD') works
 */
static void
do_to_timestamp(text *date_txt, text *fmt,
				struct pg_tm * tm, fsec_t *fsec)
{
	FormatNode *format;
	TmFromChar	tmfc;
	int			fmt_len;

	ZERO_tmfc(&tmfc);
	ZERO_tm(tm);
	*fsec = 0;

	fmt_len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(fmt);

	if (fmt_len)
	{
		char	   *fmt_str;
		char	   *date_str;
		bool		incache;

		fmt_str = text_to_cstring(fmt);

		/*
		 * Allocate new memory if format picture is bigger than static cache
		 * and not use cache (call parser always)
		 */
		if (fmt_len > DCH_CACHE_SIZE)
		{
			format = (FormatNode *) palloc((fmt_len + 1) * sizeof(FormatNode));
			incache = FALSE;

			parse_format(format, fmt_str, DCH_keywords,
						 DCH_suff, DCH_index, DCH_TYPE, NULL);

			(format + fmt_len)->type = NODE_TYPE_END;	/* Paranoia? */
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Use cache buffers
			 */
			DCHCacheEntry *ent;

			incache = TRUE;

			if ((ent = DCH_cache_search(fmt_str)) == NULL)
			{
				ent = DCH_cache_getnew(fmt_str);

				/*
				 * Not in the cache, must run parser and save a new
				 * format-picture to the cache.
				 */
				parse_format(ent->format, fmt_str, DCH_keywords,
							 DCH_suff, DCH_index, DCH_TYPE, NULL);

				(ent->format + fmt_len)->type = NODE_TYPE_END;	/* Paranoia? */
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
				/* dump_node(ent->format, fmt_len); */
				/* dump_index(DCH_keywords, DCH_index); */
#endif
			}
			format = ent->format;
		}

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		/* dump_node(format, fmt_len); */
#endif

		date_str = text_to_cstring(date_txt);

		DCH_from_char(format, date_str, &tmfc);

		pfree(date_str);
		pfree(fmt_str);
		if (!incache)
			pfree(format);
	}

	DEBUG_TMFC(&tmfc);

	/*
	 * Convert values that user define for FROM_CHAR (to_date/to_timestamp) to
	 * standard 'tm'
	 */
	if (tmfc.ssss)
	{
		int			x = tmfc.ssss;

		tm->tm_hour = x / SECS_PER_HOUR;
		x %= SECS_PER_HOUR;
		tm->tm_min = x / SECS_PER_MINUTE;
		x %= SECS_PER_MINUTE;
		tm->tm_sec = x;
	}

	if (tmfc.ss)
		tm->tm_sec = tmfc.ss;
	if (tmfc.mi)
		tm->tm_min = tmfc.mi;
	if (tmfc.hh)
		tm->tm_hour = tmfc.hh;

	if (tmfc.clock == CLOCK_12_HOUR)
	{
		if (tm->tm_hour < 1 || tm->tm_hour > HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
					 errmsg("hour \"%d\" is invalid for the 12-hour clock",
							tm->tm_hour),
					 errhint("Use the 24-hour clock, or give an hour between 1 and 12.")));

		if (tmfc.pm && tm->tm_hour < HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
			tm->tm_hour += HOURS_PER_DAY / 2;
		else if (!tmfc.pm && tm->tm_hour == HOURS_PER_DAY / 2)
			tm->tm_hour = 0;
	}

	if (tmfc.year)
	{
		/*
		 * If CC and YY (or Y) are provided, use YY as 2 low-order digits for
		 * the year in the given century.  Keep in mind that the 21st century
		 * runs from 2001-2100, not 2000-2099.
		 *
		 * If a 4-digit year is provided, we use that and ignore CC.
		 */
		if (tmfc.cc && tmfc.yysz <= 2)
		{
			tm->tm_year = tmfc.year % 100;
			if (tm->tm_year)
				tm->tm_year += (tmfc.cc - 1) * 100;
			else
				tm->tm_year = tmfc.cc * 100;
		}
		else
			tm->tm_year = tmfc.year;
	}
	else if (tmfc.cc)			/* use first year of century */
		tm->tm_year = (tmfc.cc - 1) * 100 + 1;

	if (tmfc.bc)
	{
		if (tm->tm_year > 0)
			tm->tm_year = -(tm->tm_year - 1);
		else
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
					 errmsg("inconsistent use of year %04d and \"BC\"",
							tm->tm_year)));
	}

	if (tmfc.j)
		j2date(tmfc.j, &tm->tm_year, &tm->tm_mon, &tm->tm_mday);

	if (tmfc.ww)
	{
		if (tmfc.mode == FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK)
		{
			/*
			 * If tmfc.d is not set, then the date is left at the beginning of
			 * the ISO week (Monday).
			 */
			if (tmfc.d)
				isoweekdate2date(tmfc.ww, tmfc.d, &tm->tm_year, &tm->tm_mon, &tm->tm_mday);
			else
				isoweek2date(tmfc.ww, &tm->tm_year, &tm->tm_mon, &tm->tm_mday);
		}
		else
			tmfc.ddd = (tmfc.ww - 1) * 7 + 1;
	}

	if (tmfc.w)
		tmfc.dd = (tmfc.w - 1) * 7 + 1;
	if (tmfc.d)
		tm->tm_wday = tmfc.d;
	if (tmfc.dd)
		tm->tm_mday = tmfc.dd;
	if (tmfc.ddd)
		tm->tm_yday = tmfc.ddd;
	if (tmfc.mm)
		tm->tm_mon = tmfc.mm;

	if (tmfc.ddd && (tm->tm_mon <= 1 || tm->tm_mday <= 1))
	{
		/*
		 * The month and day field have not been set, so we use the
		 * day-of-year field to populate them.	Depending on the date mode,
		 * this field may be interpreted as a Gregorian day-of-year, or an ISO
		 * week date day-of-year.
		 */

		if (!tm->tm_year && !tmfc.bc)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_DATETIME_FORMAT),
			errmsg("cannot calculate day of year without year information")));

		if (tmfc.mode == FROM_CHAR_DATE_ISOWEEK)
		{
			int			j0;		/* zeroth day of the ISO year, in Julian */

			j0 = isoweek2j(tm->tm_year, 1) - 1;

			j2date(j0 + tmfc.ddd, &tm->tm_year, &tm->tm_mon, &tm->tm_mday);
		}
		else
		{
			const int  *y;
			int			i;

			static const int ysum[2][13] = {
				{0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, 365},
			{0, 31, 60, 91, 121, 152, 182, 213, 244, 274, 305, 335, 366}};

			y = ysum[isleap(tm->tm_year)];

			for (i = 1; i <= MONTHS_PER_YEAR; i++)
			{
				if (tmfc.ddd < y[i])
					break;
			}
			if (tm->tm_mon <= 1)
				tm->tm_mon = i;

			if (tm->tm_mday <= 1)
				tm->tm_mday = tmfc.ddd - y[i - 1];
		}
	}

#ifdef HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP
	if (tmfc.ms)
		*fsec += tmfc.ms * 1000;
	if (tmfc.us)
		*fsec += tmfc.us;
#else
	if (tmfc.ms)
		*fsec += (double) tmfc.ms / 1000;
	if (tmfc.us)
		*fsec += (double) tmfc.us / 1000000;
#endif

	DEBUG_TM(tm);
}


/**********************************************************************
 *	the NUMBER version part
 *********************************************************************/


static char *
fill_str(char *str, int c, int max)
{
	memset(str, c, max);
	*(str + max) = '\0';
	return str;
}

#define zeroize_NUM(_n) \
do { \
	(_n)->flag		= 0;	\
	(_n)->lsign		= 0;	\
	(_n)->pre		= 0;	\
	(_n)->post		= 0;	\
	(_n)->pre_lsign_num = 0;	\
	(_n)->need_locale	= 0;	\
	(_n)->multi		= 0;	\
	(_n)->zero_start	= 0;	\
	(_n)->zero_end		= 0;	\
} while(0)

static NUMCacheEntry *
NUM_cache_getnew(char *str)
{
	NUMCacheEntry *ent;

	/* counter overflow check - paranoia? */
	if (NUMCounter >= (INT_MAX - NUM_CACHE_FIELDS - 1))
	{
		NUMCounter = 0;

		for (ent = NUMCache; ent <= (NUMCache + NUM_CACHE_FIELDS); ent++)
			ent->age = (++NUMCounter);
	}

	/*
	 * If cache is full, remove oldest entry
	 */
	if (n_NUMCache > NUM_CACHE_FIELDS)
	{
		NUMCacheEntry *old = NUMCache + 0;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Cache is full (%d)", n_NUMCache);
#endif
		for (ent = NUMCache; ent <= (NUMCache + NUM_CACHE_FIELDS); ent++)
		{
			/*
			 * entry removed via NUM_cache_remove() can be used here, which is
			 * why it's worth scanning first entry again
			 */
			if (ent->str[0] == '\0')
			{
				old = ent;
				break;
			}
			if (ent->age < old->age)
				old = ent;
		}
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "OLD: \"%s\" AGE: %d", old->str, old->age);
#endif
		StrNCpy(old->str, str, NUM_CACHE_SIZE + 1);
		/* old->format fill parser */
		old->age = (++NUMCounter);
		ent = old;
	}
	else
	{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "NEW (%d)", n_NUMCache);
#endif
		ent = NUMCache + n_NUMCache;
		StrNCpy(ent->str, str, NUM_CACHE_SIZE + 1);
		/* ent->format fill parser */
		ent->age = (++NUMCounter);
		++n_NUMCache;
	}

	zeroize_NUM(&ent->Num);

	last_NUMCacheEntry = ent;
	return ent;
}

static NUMCacheEntry *
NUM_cache_search(char *str)
{
	int			i;
	NUMCacheEntry *ent;

	/* counter overflow check - paranoia? */
	if (NUMCounter >= (INT_MAX - NUM_CACHE_FIELDS - 1))
	{
		NUMCounter = 0;

		for (ent = NUMCache; ent <= (NUMCache + NUM_CACHE_FIELDS); ent++)
			ent->age = (++NUMCounter);
	}

	for (i = 0, ent = NUMCache; i < n_NUMCache; i++, ent++)
	{
		if (strcmp(ent->str, str) == 0)
		{
			ent->age = (++NUMCounter);
			last_NUMCacheEntry = ent;
			return ent;
		}
	}

	return NULL;
}

static void
NUM_cache_remove(NUMCacheEntry *ent)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "REMOVING ENTRY (%s)", ent->str);
#endif
	ent->str[0] = '\0';
	ent->age = 0;
}

/* ----------
 * Cache routine for NUM to_char version
 * ----------
 */
static FormatNode *
NUM_cache(int len, NUMDesc *Num, text *pars_str, bool *shouldFree)
{
	FormatNode *format = NULL;
	char	   *str;

	str = text_to_cstring(pars_str);

	/*
	 * Allocate new memory if format picture is bigger than static cache and
	 * not use cache (call parser always). This branches sets shouldFree to
	 * true, accordingly.
	 */
	if (len > NUM_CACHE_SIZE)
	{
		format = (FormatNode *) palloc((len + 1) * sizeof(FormatNode));

		*shouldFree = true;

		zeroize_NUM(Num);

		parse_format(format, str, NUM_keywords,
					 NULL, NUM_index, NUM_TYPE, Num);

		(format + len)->type = NODE_TYPE_END;	/* Paranoia? */
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * Use cache buffers
		 */
		NUMCacheEntry *ent;

		*shouldFree = false;

		if ((ent = NUM_cache_search(str)) == NULL)
		{
			ent = NUM_cache_getnew(str);

			/*
			 * Not in the cache, must run parser and save a new format-picture
			 * to the cache.
			 */
			parse_format(ent->format, str, NUM_keywords,
						 NULL, NUM_index, NUM_TYPE, &ent->Num);

			(ent->format + len)->type = NODE_TYPE_END;	/* Paranoia? */
		}

		format = ent->format;

		/*
		 * Copy cache to used struct
		 */
		Num->flag = ent->Num.flag;
		Num->lsign = ent->Num.lsign;
		Num->pre = ent->Num.pre;
		Num->post = ent->Num.post;
		Num->pre_lsign_num = ent->Num.pre_lsign_num;
		Num->need_locale = ent->Num.need_locale;
		Num->multi = ent->Num.multi;
		Num->zero_start = ent->Num.zero_start;
		Num->zero_end = ent->Num.zero_end;
	}

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	/* dump_node(format, len); */
	dump_index(NUM_keywords, NUM_index);
#endif

	pfree(str);
	return format;
}


static char *
int_to_roman(int number)
{
	int			len = 0,
				num = 0;
	char	   *p = NULL,
			   *result,
				numstr[5];

	result = (char *) palloc(16);
	*result = '\0';

	if (number > 3999 || number < 1)
	{
		fill_str(result, '#', 15);
		return result;
	}
	len = snprintf(numstr, sizeof(numstr), "%d", number);

	for (p = numstr; *p != '\0'; p++, --len)
	{
		num = *p - 49;			/* 48 ascii + 1 */
		if (num < 0)
			continue;

		if (len > 3)
		{
			while (num-- != -1)
				strcat(result, "M");
		}
		else
		{
			if (len == 3)
				strcat(result, rm100[num]);
			else if (len == 2)
				strcat(result, rm10[num]);
			else if (len == 1)
				strcat(result, rm1[num]);
		}
	}
	return result;
}



/* ----------
 * Locale
 * ----------
 */
static void
NUM_prepare_locale(NUMProc *Np)
{
	if (Np->Num->need_locale)
	{
		struct lconv *lconv;

		/*
		 * Get locales
		 */
		lconv = PGLC_localeconv();

		/*
		 * Positive / Negative number sign
		 */
		if (lconv->negative_sign && *lconv->negative_sign)
			Np->L_negative_sign = lconv->negative_sign;
		else
			Np->L_negative_sign = "-";

		if (lconv->positive_sign && *lconv->positive_sign)
			Np->L_positive_sign = lconv->positive_sign;
		else
			Np->L_positive_sign = "+";

		/*
		 * Number decimal point
		 */
		if (lconv->decimal_point && *lconv->decimal_point)
			Np->decimal = lconv->decimal_point;

		else
			Np->decimal = ".";

		if (!IS_LDECIMAL(Np->Num))
			Np->decimal = ".";

		/*
		 * Number thousands separator
		 *
		 * Some locales (e.g. broken glibc pt_BR), have a comma for decimal,
		 * but "" for thousands_sep, so we set the thousands_sep too.
		 * http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2007-11/msg00772.php
		 */
		if (lconv->thousands_sep && *lconv->thousands_sep)
			Np->L_thousands_sep = lconv->thousands_sep;
		/* Make sure thousands separator doesn't match decimal point symbol. */
		else if (strcmp(Np->decimal, ",") !=0)
			Np->L_thousands_sep = ",";
		else
			Np->L_thousands_sep = ".";

		/*
		 * Currency symbol
		 */
		if (lconv->currency_symbol && *lconv->currency_symbol)
			Np->L_currency_symbol = lconv->currency_symbol;
		else
			Np->L_currency_symbol = " ";
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * Default values
		 */
		Np->L_negative_sign = "-";
		Np->L_positive_sign = "+";
		Np->decimal = ".";

		Np->L_thousands_sep = ",";
		Np->L_currency_symbol = " ";
	}
}

/* ----------
 * Return pointer of last relevant number after decimal point
 *	12.0500 --> last relevant is '5'
 *	12.0000 --> last relevant is '.'
 * If there is no decimal point, return NULL (which will result in same
 * behavior as if FM hadn't been specified).
 * ----------
 */
static char *
get_last_relevant_decnum(char *num)
{
	char	   *result,
			   *p = strchr(num, '.');

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "get_last_relevant_decnum()");
#endif

	if (!p)
		return NULL;

	result = p;

	while (*(++p))
	{
		if (*p != '0')
			result = p;
	}

	return result;
}

/* ----------
 * Number extraction for TO_NUMBER()
 * ----------
 */
static void
NUM_numpart_from_char(NUMProc *Np, int id, int plen)
{
	bool		isread = FALSE;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, " --- scan start --- id=%s",
		 (id == NUM_0 || id == NUM_9) ? "NUM_0/9" : id == NUM_DEC ? "NUM_DEC" : "???");
#endif

	if (*Np->inout_p == ' ')
		Np->inout_p++;

#define OVERLOAD_TEST	(Np->inout_p >= Np->inout + plen)
#define AMOUNT_TEST(_s) (plen-(Np->inout_p-Np->inout) >= _s)

	if (*Np->inout_p == ' ')
		Np->inout_p++;

	if (OVERLOAD_TEST)
		return;

	/*
	 * read sign before number
	 */
	if (*Np->number == ' ' && (id == NUM_0 || id == NUM_9) &&
		(Np->read_pre + Np->read_post) == 0)
	{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read sign (%c), locale positive: %s, negative: %s",
			 *Np->inout_p, Np->L_positive_sign, Np->L_negative_sign);
#endif

		/*
		 * locale sign
		 */
		if (IS_LSIGN(Np->Num) && Np->Num->lsign == NUM_LSIGN_PRE)
		{
			int			x = 0;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read locale pre-sign (%c)", *Np->inout_p);
#endif
			if ((x = strlen(Np->L_negative_sign)) &&
				AMOUNT_TEST(x) &&
				strncmp(Np->inout_p, Np->L_negative_sign, x) == 0)
			{
				Np->inout_p += x;
				*Np->number = '-';
			}
			else if ((x = strlen(Np->L_positive_sign)) &&
					 AMOUNT_TEST(x) &&
					 strncmp(Np->inout_p, Np->L_positive_sign, x) == 0)
			{
				Np->inout_p += x;
				*Np->number = '+';
			}
		}
		else
		{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read simple sign (%c)", *Np->inout_p);
#endif

			/*
			 * simple + - < >
			 */
			if (*Np->inout_p == '-' || (IS_BRACKET(Np->Num) &&
										*Np->inout_p == '<'))
			{
				*Np->number = '-';		/* set - */
				Np->inout_p++;
			}
			else if (*Np->inout_p == '+')
			{
				*Np->number = '+';		/* set + */
				Np->inout_p++;
			}
		}
	}

	if (OVERLOAD_TEST)
		return;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Scan for numbers (%c), current number: '%s'", *Np->inout_p, Np->number);
#endif

	/*
	 * read digit
	 */
	if (isdigit((unsigned char) *Np->inout_p))
	{
		if (Np->read_dec && Np->read_post == Np->Num->post)
			return;

		*Np->number_p = *Np->inout_p;
		Np->number_p++;

		if (Np->read_dec)
			Np->read_post++;
		else
			Np->read_pre++;

		isread = TRUE;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Read digit (%c)", *Np->inout_p);
#endif

		/*
		 * read decimal point
		 */
	}
	else if (IS_DECIMAL(Np->Num) && Np->read_dec == FALSE)
	{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read decimal point (%c)", *Np->inout_p);
#endif
		if (*Np->inout_p == '.')
		{
			*Np->number_p = '.';
			Np->number_p++;
			Np->read_dec = TRUE;
			isread = TRUE;
		}
		else
		{
			int			x = strlen(Np->decimal);

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read locale point (%c)",
				 *Np->inout_p);
#endif
			if (x && AMOUNT_TEST(x) && strncmp(Np->inout_p, Np->decimal, x) == 0)
			{
				Np->inout_p += x - 1;
				*Np->number_p = '.';
				Np->number_p++;
				Np->read_dec = TRUE;
				isread = TRUE;
			}
		}
	}

	if (OVERLOAD_TEST)
		return;

	/*
	 * Read sign behind "last" number
	 *
	 * We need sign detection because determine exact position of post-sign is
	 * difficult:
	 *
	 * FM9999.9999999S	   -> 123.001- 9.9S			   -> .5- FM9.999999MI ->
	 * 5.01-
	 */
	if (*Np->number == ' ' && Np->read_pre + Np->read_post > 0)
	{
		/*
		 * locale sign (NUM_S) is always anchored behind a last number, if: -
		 * locale sign expected - last read char was NUM_0/9 or NUM_DEC - and
		 * next char is not digit
		 */
		if (IS_LSIGN(Np->Num) && isread &&
			(Np->inout_p + 1) <= Np->inout + plen &&
			!isdigit((unsigned char) *(Np->inout_p + 1)))
		{
			int			x;
			char	   *tmp = Np->inout_p++;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read locale post-sign (%c)", *Np->inout_p);
#endif
			if ((x = strlen(Np->L_negative_sign)) &&
				AMOUNT_TEST(x) &&
				strncmp(Np->inout_p, Np->L_negative_sign, x) == 0)
			{
				Np->inout_p += x - 1;	/* -1 .. NUM_processor() do inout_p++ */
				*Np->number = '-';
			}
			else if ((x = strlen(Np->L_positive_sign)) &&
					 AMOUNT_TEST(x) &&
					 strncmp(Np->inout_p, Np->L_positive_sign, x) == 0)
			{
				Np->inout_p += x - 1;	/* -1 .. NUM_processor() do inout_p++ */
				*Np->number = '+';
			}
			if (*Np->number == ' ')
				/* no sign read */
				Np->inout_p = tmp;
		}

		/*
		 * try read non-locale sign, it's happen only if format is not exact
		 * and we cannot determine sign position of MI/PL/SG, an example:
		 *
		 * FM9.999999MI			   -> 5.01-
		 *
		 * if (.... && IS_LSIGN(Np->Num)==FALSE) prevents read wrong formats
		 * like to_number('1 -', '9S') where sign is not anchored to last
		 * number.
		 */
		else if (isread == FALSE && IS_LSIGN(Np->Num) == FALSE &&
				 (IS_PLUS(Np->Num) || IS_MINUS(Np->Num)))
		{
#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
			elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "Try read simple post-sign (%c)", *Np->inout_p);
#endif

			/*
			 * simple + -
			 */
			if (*Np->inout_p == '-' || *Np->inout_p == '+')
				/* NUM_processor() do inout_p++ */
				*Np->number = *Np->inout_p;
		}
	}
}

#define IS_PREDEC_SPACE(_n) \
		(IS_ZERO((_n)->Num)==FALSE && \
		 (_n)->number == (_n)->number_p && \
		 *(_n)->number == '0' && \
				 (_n)->Num->post != 0)

/* ----------
 * Add digit or sign to number-string
 * ----------
 */
static void
NUM_numpart_to_char(NUMProc *Np, int id)
{
	int			end;

	if (IS_ROMAN(Np->Num))
		return;

	/* Note: in this elog() output not set '\0' in 'inout' */

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR

	/*
	 * Np->num_curr is number of current item in format-picture, it is not
	 * current position in inout!
	 */
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output,
		 "SIGN_WROTE: %d, CURRENT: %d, NUMBER_P: \"%s\", INOUT: \"%s\"",
		 Np->sign_wrote,
		 Np->num_curr,
		 Np->number_p,
		 Np->inout);
#endif
	Np->num_in = FALSE;

	/*
	 * Write sign if real number will write to output Note: IS_PREDEC_SPACE()
	 * handle "9.9" --> " .1"
	 */
	if (Np->sign_wrote == FALSE &&
		(Np->num_curr >= Np->num_pre || (IS_ZERO(Np->Num) && Np->Num->zero_start == Np->num_curr)) &&
		(IS_PREDEC_SPACE(Np) == FALSE || (Np->last_relevant && *Np->last_relevant == '.')))
	{
		if (IS_LSIGN(Np->Num))
		{
			if (Np->Num->lsign == NUM_LSIGN_PRE)
			{
				if (Np->sign == '-')
					strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->L_negative_sign);
				else
					strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->L_positive_sign);
				Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p);
				Np->sign_wrote = TRUE;
			}
		}
		else if (IS_BRACKET(Np->Num))
		{
			*Np->inout_p = Np->sign == '+' ? ' ' : '<';
			++Np->inout_p;
			Np->sign_wrote = TRUE;
		}
		else if (Np->sign == '+')
		{
			if (!IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
			{
				*Np->inout_p = ' ';		/* Write + */
				++Np->inout_p;
			}
			Np->sign_wrote = TRUE;
		}
		else if (Np->sign == '-')
		{						/* Write - */
			*Np->inout_p = '-';
			++Np->inout_p;
			Np->sign_wrote = TRUE;
		}
	}


	/*
	 * digits / FM / Zero / Dec. point
	 */
	if (id == NUM_9 || id == NUM_0 || id == NUM_D || id == NUM_DEC)
	{
		if (Np->num_curr < Np->num_pre &&
			(Np->Num->zero_start > Np->num_curr || !IS_ZERO(Np->Num)))
		{
			/*
			 * Write blank space
			 */
			if (!IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
			{
				*Np->inout_p = ' ';		/* Write ' ' */
				++Np->inout_p;
			}
		}
		else if (IS_ZERO(Np->Num) &&
				 Np->num_curr < Np->num_pre &&
				 Np->Num->zero_start <= Np->num_curr)
		{
			/*
			 * Write ZERO
			 */
			*Np->inout_p = '0'; /* Write '0' */
			++Np->inout_p;
			Np->num_in = TRUE;
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Write Decimal point
			 */
			if (*Np->number_p == '.')
			{
				if (!Np->last_relevant || *Np->last_relevant != '.')
				{
					strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->decimal);	/* Write DEC/D */
					Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p);
				}

				/*
				 * Ora 'n' -- FM9.9 --> 'n.'
				 */
				else if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num) &&
						 Np->last_relevant && *Np->last_relevant == '.')
				{
					strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->decimal);	/* Write DEC/D */
					Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p);
				}
			}
			else
			{
				/*
				 * Write Digits
				 */
				if (Np->last_relevant && Np->number_p > Np->last_relevant &&
					id != NUM_0)
					;

				/*
				 * '0.1' -- 9.9 --> '  .1'
				 */
				else if (IS_PREDEC_SPACE(Np))
				{
					if (!IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
					{
						*Np->inout_p = ' ';
						++Np->inout_p;
					}

					/*
					 * '0' -- FM9.9 --> '0.'
					 */
					else if (Np->last_relevant && *Np->last_relevant == '.')
					{
						*Np->inout_p = '0';
						++Np->inout_p;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					*Np->inout_p = *Np->number_p;		/* Write DIGIT */
					++Np->inout_p;
					Np->num_in = TRUE;
				}
			}
			++Np->number_p;
		}

		end = Np->num_count + (Np->num_pre ? 1 : 0) + (IS_DECIMAL(Np->Num) ? 1 : 0);

		if (Np->last_relevant && Np->last_relevant == Np->number_p)
			end = Np->num_curr;

		if (Np->num_curr + 1 == end)
		{
			if (Np->sign_wrote == TRUE && IS_BRACKET(Np->Num))
			{
				*Np->inout_p = Np->sign == '+' ? ' ' : '>';
				++Np->inout_p;
			}
			else if (IS_LSIGN(Np->Num) && Np->Num->lsign == NUM_LSIGN_POST)
			{
				if (Np->sign == '-')
					strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->L_negative_sign);
				else
					strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->L_positive_sign);
				Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p);
			}
		}
	}

	++Np->num_curr;
}

/*
 * Note: 'plen' is used in FROM_CHAR conversion and it's length of
 * input (inout). In TO_CHAR conversion it's space before first number.
 */
static char *
NUM_processor(FormatNode *node, NUMDesc *Num, char *inout, char *number,
			  int plen, int sign, bool is_to_char, Oid collid)
{
	FormatNode *n;
	NUMProc		_Np,
			   *Np = &_Np;

	MemSet(Np, 0, sizeof(NUMProc));

	Np->Num = Num;
	Np->is_to_char = is_to_char;
	Np->number = number;
	Np->inout = inout;
	Np->last_relevant = NULL;
	Np->read_post = 0;
	Np->read_pre = 0;
	Np->read_dec = FALSE;

	if (Np->Num->zero_start)
		--Np->Num->zero_start;

	if (IS_EEEE(Np->Num))
	{
		if (!Np->is_to_char)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("\"EEEE\" not supported for input")));
		return strcpy(inout, number);
	}

	/*
	 * Roman correction
	 */
	if (IS_ROMAN(Np->Num))
	{
		if (!Np->is_to_char)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("\"RN\" not supported for input")));

		Np->Num->lsign = Np->Num->pre_lsign_num = Np->Num->post =
			Np->Num->pre = Np->num_pre = Np->sign = 0;

		if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
		{
			Np->Num->flag = 0;
			Np->Num->flag |= NUM_F_FILLMODE;
		}
		else
			Np->Num->flag = 0;
		Np->Num->flag |= NUM_F_ROMAN;
	}

	/*
	 * Sign
	 */
	if (is_to_char)
	{
		Np->sign = sign;

		/* MI/PL/SG - write sign itself and not in number */
		if (IS_PLUS(Np->Num) || IS_MINUS(Np->Num))
		{
			if (IS_PLUS(Np->Num) && IS_MINUS(Np->Num) == FALSE)
				Np->sign_wrote = FALSE; /* need sign */
			else
				Np->sign_wrote = TRUE;	/* needn't sign */
		}
		else
		{
			if (Np->sign != '-')
			{
				if (IS_BRACKET(Np->Num) && IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
					Np->Num->flag &= ~NUM_F_BRACKET;
				if (IS_MINUS(Np->Num))
					Np->Num->flag &= ~NUM_F_MINUS;
			}
			else if (Np->sign != '+' && IS_PLUS(Np->Num))
				Np->Num->flag &= ~NUM_F_PLUS;

			if (Np->sign == '+' && IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num) && IS_LSIGN(Np->Num) == FALSE)
				Np->sign_wrote = TRUE;	/* needn't sign */
			else
				Np->sign_wrote = FALSE; /* need sign */

			if (Np->Num->lsign == NUM_LSIGN_PRE && Np->Num->pre == Np->Num->pre_lsign_num)
				Np->Num->lsign = NUM_LSIGN_POST;
		}
	}
	else
		Np->sign = FALSE;

	/*
	 * Count
	 */
	Np->num_count = Np->Num->post + Np->Num->pre - 1;

	if (is_to_char)
	{
		Np->num_pre = plen;

		if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num) && IS_DECIMAL(Np->Num))
		{
			Np->last_relevant = get_last_relevant_decnum(Np->number);

			/*
			 * If any '0' specifiers are present, make sure we don't strip
			 * those digits.
			 */
			if (Np->last_relevant && Np->Num->zero_end > Np->num_pre)
			{
				char   *last_zero;

				last_zero = Np->number + (Np->Num->zero_end - Np->num_pre);
				if (Np->last_relevant < last_zero)
					Np->last_relevant = last_zero;
			}
		}

		if (Np->sign_wrote == FALSE && Np->num_pre == 0)
			++Np->num_count;
	}
	else
	{
		Np->num_pre = 0;
		*Np->number = ' ';		/* sign space */
		*(Np->number + 1) = '\0';
	}

	Np->num_in = 0;
	Np->num_curr = 0;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
	elog(DEBUG_elog_output,
		 "\n\tSIGN: '%c'\n\tNUM: '%s'\n\tPRE: %d\n\tPOST: %d\n\tNUM_COUNT: %d\n\tNUM_PRE: %d\n\tSIGN_WROTE: %s\n\tZERO: %s\n\tZERO_START: %d\n\tZERO_END: %d\n\tLAST_RELEVANT: %s\n\tBRACKET: %s\n\tPLUS: %s\n\tMINUS: %s\n\tFILLMODE: %s\n\tROMAN: %s\n\tEEEE: %s",
		 Np->sign,
		 Np->number,
		 Np->Num->pre,
		 Np->Num->post,
		 Np->num_count,
		 Np->num_pre,
		 Np->sign_wrote ? "Yes" : "No",
		 IS_ZERO(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No",
		 Np->Num->zero_start,
		 Np->Num->zero_end,
		 Np->last_relevant ? Np->last_relevant : "<not set>",
		 IS_BRACKET(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No",
		 IS_PLUS(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No",
		 IS_MINUS(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No",
		 IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No",
		 IS_ROMAN(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No",
		 IS_EEEE(Np->Num) ? "Yes" : "No"
		);
#endif

	/*
	 * Locale
	 */
	NUM_prepare_locale(Np);

	/*
	 * Processor direct cycle
	 */
	if (Np->is_to_char)
		Np->number_p = Np->number;
	else
		Np->number_p = Np->number + 1;	/* first char is space for sign */

	for (n = node, Np->inout_p = Np->inout; n->type != NODE_TYPE_END; n++)
	{
		if (!Np->is_to_char)
		{
			/*
			 * Check non-string inout end
			 */
			if (Np->inout_p >= Np->inout + plen)
				break;
		}

		/*
		 * Format pictures actions
		 */
		if (n->type == NODE_TYPE_ACTION)
		{
			/*
			 * Create/reading digit/zero/blank/sing
			 *
			 * 'NUM_S' note: The locale sign is anchored to number and we
			 * read/write it when we work with first or last number
			 * (NUM_0/NUM_9). This is reason why NUM_S missing in follow
			 * switch().
			 */
			switch (n->key->id)
			{
				case NUM_9:
				case NUM_0:
				case NUM_DEC:
				case NUM_D:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
					{
						NUM_numpart_to_char(Np, n->key->id);
						continue;		/* for() */
					}
					else
					{
						NUM_numpart_from_char(Np, n->key->id, plen);
						break;	/* switch() case: */
					}

				case NUM_COMMA:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
					{
						if (!Np->num_in)
						{
							if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
								continue;
							else
								*Np->inout_p = ' ';
						}
						else
							*Np->inout_p = ',';
					}
					else
					{
						if (!Np->num_in)
						{
							if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
								continue;
						}
					}
					break;

				case NUM_G:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
					{
						if (!Np->num_in)
						{
							if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
								continue;
							else
							{
								int			x = strlen(Np->L_thousands_sep);

								memset(Np->inout_p, ' ', x);
								Np->inout_p += x - 1;
							}
						}
						else
						{
							strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->L_thousands_sep);
							Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p) - 1;
						}
					}
					else
					{
						if (!Np->num_in)
						{
							if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
								continue;
						}
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->L_thousands_sep) - 1;
					}
					break;

				case NUM_L:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
					{
						strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->L_currency_symbol);
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p) - 1;
					}
					else
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->L_currency_symbol) - 1;
					break;

				case NUM_RN:
					if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
					{
						strcpy(Np->inout_p, Np->number_p);
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p) - 1;
					}
					else
					{
						sprintf(Np->inout_p, "%15s", Np->number_p);
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p) - 1;
					}
					break;

				case NUM_rn:
					if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
					{
						strcpy(Np->inout_p, str_tolower_z(Np->number_p, collid));
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p) - 1;
					}
					else
					{
						sprintf(Np->inout_p, "%15s", str_tolower_z(Np->number_p, collid));
						Np->inout_p += strlen(Np->inout_p) - 1;
					}
					break;

				case NUM_th:
					if (IS_ROMAN(Np->Num) || *Np->number == '#' ||
						Np->sign == '-' || IS_DECIMAL(Np->Num))
						continue;

					if (Np->is_to_char)
						strcpy(Np->inout_p, get_th(Np->number, TH_LOWER));
					Np->inout_p += 1;
					break;

				case NUM_TH:
					if (IS_ROMAN(Np->Num) || *Np->number == '#' ||
						Np->sign == '-' || IS_DECIMAL(Np->Num))
						continue;

					if (Np->is_to_char)
						strcpy(Np->inout_p, get_th(Np->number, TH_UPPER));
					Np->inout_p += 1;
					break;

				case NUM_MI:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
					{
						if (Np->sign == '-')
							*Np->inout_p = '-';
						else if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
							continue;
						else
							*Np->inout_p = ' ';
					}
					else
					{
						if (*Np->inout_p == '-')
							*Np->number = '-';
					}
					break;

				case NUM_PL:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
					{
						if (Np->sign == '+')
							*Np->inout_p = '+';
						else if (IS_FILLMODE(Np->Num))
							continue;
						else
							*Np->inout_p = ' ';
					}
					else
					{
						if (*Np->inout_p == '+')
							*Np->number = '+';
					}
					break;

				case NUM_SG:
					if (Np->is_to_char)
						*Np->inout_p = Np->sign;

					else
					{
						if (*Np->inout_p == '-')
							*Np->number = '-';
						else if (*Np->inout_p == '+')
							*Np->number = '+';
					}
					break;


				default:
					continue;
					break;
			}
		}
		else
		{
			/*
			 * Remove to output char from input in TO_CHAR
			 */
			if (Np->is_to_char)
				*Np->inout_p = n->character;
		}
		Np->inout_p++;
	}

	if (Np->is_to_char)
	{
		*Np->inout_p = '\0';
		return Np->inout;
	}
	else
	{
		if (*(Np->number_p - 1) == '.')
			*(Np->number_p - 1) = '\0';
		else
			*Np->number_p = '\0';

		/*
		 * Correction - precision of dec. number
		 */
		Np->Num->post = Np->read_post;

#ifdef DEBUG_TO_FROM_CHAR
		elog(DEBUG_elog_output, "TO_NUMBER (number): '%s'", Np->number);
#endif
		return Np->number;
	}
}

/* ----------
 * MACRO: Start part of NUM - for all NUM's to_char variants
 *	(sorry, but I hate copy same code - macro is better..)
 * ----------
 */
#define NUM_TOCHAR_prepare \
do { \
	len = VARSIZE_ANY_EXHDR(fmt); \
	if (len <= 0 || len >= (INT_MAX-VARHDRSZ)/NUM_MAX_ITEM_SIZ)		\
		PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text("")); \
	result	= (text *) palloc0((len * NUM_MAX_ITEM_SIZ) + 1 + VARHDRSZ);	\
	format	= NUM_cache(len, &Num, fmt, &shouldFree);		\
} while (0)

/* ----------
 * MACRO: Finish part of NUM
 * ----------
 */
#define NUM_TOCHAR_finish \
do { \
	NUM_processor(format, &Num, VARDATA(result), numstr, plen, sign, true, PG_GET_COLLATION()); \
									\
	if (shouldFree)					\
		pfree(format);				\
									\
	/*								\
	 * Convert null-terminated representation of result to standard text. \
	 * The result is usually much bigger than it needs to be, but there \
	 * seems little point in realloc'ing it smaller. \
	 */								\
	len = strlen(VARDATA(result));	\
	SET_VARSIZE(result, len + VARHDRSZ); \
} while (0)

/* -------------------
 * NUMERIC to_number() (convert string to numeric)
 * -------------------
 */
Datum
numeric_to_number(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	text	   *value = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	NUMDesc		Num;
	Datum		result;
	FormatNode *format;
	char	   *numstr;
	bool		shouldFree;
	int			len = 0;
	int			scale,
				precision;

	len = VARSIZE(fmt) - VARHDRSZ;

	if (len <= 0 || len >= INT_MAX / NUM_MAX_ITEM_SIZ)
		PG_RETURN_NULL();

	format = NUM_cache(len, &Num, fmt, &shouldFree);

	numstr = (char *) palloc((len * NUM_MAX_ITEM_SIZ) + 1);

	NUM_processor(format, &Num, VARDATA(value), numstr,
				  VARSIZE(value) - VARHDRSZ, 0, false, PG_GET_COLLATION());

	scale = Num.post;
	precision = Max(0, Num.pre) + scale;

	if (shouldFree)
		pfree(format);

	result = DirectFunctionCall3(numeric_in,
								 CStringGetDatum(numstr),
								 ObjectIdGetDatum(InvalidOid),
					  Int32GetDatum(((precision << 16) | scale) + VARHDRSZ));
	pfree(numstr);
	return result;
}

/* ------------------
 * NUMERIC to_char()
 * ------------------
 */
Datum
numeric_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	Numeric		value = PG_GETARG_NUMERIC(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	NUMDesc		Num;
	FormatNode *format;
	text	   *result;
	bool		shouldFree;
	int			len = 0,
				plen = 0,
				sign = 0;
	char	   *numstr,
			   *orgnum,
			   *p;
	Numeric		x;

	NUM_TOCHAR_prepare;

	/*
	 * On DateType depend part (numeric)
	 */
	if (IS_ROMAN(&Num))
	{
		x = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_round,
												NumericGetDatum(value),
												Int32GetDatum(0)));
		numstr = orgnum =
			int_to_roman(DatumGetInt32(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_int4,
													   NumericGetDatum(x))));
	}
	else if (IS_EEEE(&Num))
	{
		orgnum = numeric_out_sci(value, Num.post);

		/*
		 * numeric_out_sci() does not emit a sign for positive numbers.  We
		 * need to add a space in this case so that positive and negative
		 * numbers are aligned.  We also have to do the right thing for NaN.
		 */
		if (strcmp(orgnum, "NaN") == 0)
		{
			/*
			 * Allow 6 characters for the leading sign, the decimal point,
			 * "e", the exponent's sign and two exponent digits.
			 */
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 7);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 6);
			*numstr = ' ';
			*(numstr + Num.pre + 1) = '.';
		}
		else if (*orgnum != '-')
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(strlen(orgnum) + 2);
			*numstr = ' ';
			strcpy(numstr + 1, orgnum);
			len = strlen(numstr);
		}
		else
		{
			numstr = orgnum;
			len = strlen(orgnum);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		Numeric		val = value;

		if (IS_MULTI(&Num))
		{
			Numeric		a = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall1(int4_numeric,
														 Int32GetDatum(10)));
			Numeric		b = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall1(int4_numeric,
												  Int32GetDatum(Num.multi)));

			x = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_power,
													NumericGetDatum(a),
													NumericGetDatum(b)));
			val = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_mul,
													  NumericGetDatum(value),
													  NumericGetDatum(x)));
			Num.pre += Num.multi;
		}

		x = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_round,
												NumericGetDatum(val),
												Int32GetDatum(Num.post)));
		orgnum = DatumGetCString(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_out,
													 NumericGetDatum(x)));

		if (*orgnum == '-')
		{
			sign = '-';
			numstr = orgnum + 1;
		}
		else
		{
			sign = '+';
			numstr = orgnum;
		}
		if ((p = strchr(numstr, '.')))
			len = p - numstr;
		else
			len = strlen(numstr);

		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		else if (len > Num.pre)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 2);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 1);
			*(numstr + Num.pre) = '.';
		}
	}

	NUM_TOCHAR_finish;
	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}

/* ---------------
 * INT4 to_char()
 * ---------------
 */
Datum
int4_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	int32		value = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	NUMDesc		Num;
	FormatNode *format;
	text	   *result;
	bool		shouldFree;
	int			len = 0,
				plen = 0,
				sign = 0;
	char	   *numstr,
			   *orgnum;

	NUM_TOCHAR_prepare;

	/*
	 * On DateType depend part (int32)
	 */
	if (IS_ROMAN(&Num))
		numstr = orgnum = int_to_roman(value);
	else if (IS_EEEE(&Num))
	{
		/* we can do it easily because float8 won't lose any precision */
		float8		val = (float8) value;

		orgnum = (char *) palloc(MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1);
		snprintf(orgnum, MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1, "%+.*e", Num.post, val);

		/*
		 * Swap a leading positive sign for a space.
		 */
		if (*orgnum == '+')
			*orgnum = ' ';

		len = strlen(orgnum);
		numstr = orgnum;
	}
	else
	{
		if (IS_MULTI(&Num))
		{
			orgnum = DatumGetCString(DirectFunctionCall1(int4out,
														 Int32GetDatum(value * ((int32) pow((double) 10, (double) Num.multi)))));
			Num.pre += Num.multi;
		}
		else
		{
			orgnum = DatumGetCString(DirectFunctionCall1(int4out,
													  Int32GetDatum(value)));
		}

		if (*orgnum == '-')
		{
			sign = '-';
			orgnum++;
		}
		else
			sign = '+';
		len = strlen(orgnum);

		if (Num.post)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(len + Num.post + 2);
			strcpy(numstr, orgnum);
			*(numstr + len) = '.';
			memset(numstr + len + 1, '0', Num.post);
			*(numstr + len + Num.post + 1) = '\0';
		}
		else
			numstr = orgnum;

		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		else if (len > Num.pre)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 2);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 1);
			*(numstr + Num.pre) = '.';
		}
	}

	NUM_TOCHAR_finish;
	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}

/* ---------------
 * INT8 to_char()
 * ---------------
 */
Datum
int8_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	int64		value = PG_GETARG_INT64(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	NUMDesc		Num;
	FormatNode *format;
	text	   *result;
	bool		shouldFree;
	int			len = 0,
				plen = 0,
				sign = 0;
	char	   *numstr,
			   *orgnum;

	NUM_TOCHAR_prepare;

	/*
	 * On DateType depend part (int32)
	 */
	if (IS_ROMAN(&Num))
	{
		/* Currently don't support int8 conversion to roman... */
		numstr = orgnum = int_to_roman(DatumGetInt32(
						  DirectFunctionCall1(int84, Int64GetDatum(value))));
	}
	else if (IS_EEEE(&Num))
	{
		/* to avoid loss of precision, must go via numeric not float8 */
		Numeric		val;

		val = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall1(int8_numeric,
												  Int64GetDatum(value)));
		orgnum = numeric_out_sci(val, Num.post);

		/*
		 * numeric_out_sci() does not emit a sign for positive numbers.  We
		 * need to add a space in this case so that positive and negative
		 * numbers are aligned.  We don't have to worry about NaN here.
		 */
		if (*orgnum != '-')
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(strlen(orgnum) + 2);
			*numstr = ' ';
			strcpy(numstr + 1, orgnum);
			len = strlen(numstr);
		}
		else
		{
			numstr = orgnum;
			len = strlen(orgnum);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		if (IS_MULTI(&Num))
		{
			double		multi = pow((double) 10, (double) Num.multi);

			value = DatumGetInt64(DirectFunctionCall2(int8mul,
													  Int64GetDatum(value),
												   DirectFunctionCall1(dtoi8,
													Float8GetDatum(multi))));
			Num.pre += Num.multi;
		}

		orgnum = DatumGetCString(DirectFunctionCall1(int8out,
													 Int64GetDatum(value)));

		if (*orgnum == '-')
		{
			sign = '-';
			orgnum++;
		}
		else
			sign = '+';
		len = strlen(orgnum);

		if (Num.post)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(len + Num.post + 2);
			strcpy(numstr, orgnum);
			*(numstr + len) = '.';
			memset(numstr + len + 1, '0', Num.post);
			*(numstr + len + Num.post + 1) = '\0';
		}
		else
			numstr = orgnum;

		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		else if (len > Num.pre)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 2);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 1);
			*(numstr + Num.pre) = '.';
		}
	}

	NUM_TOCHAR_finish;
	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}

/* -----------------
 * FLOAT4 to_char()
 * -----------------
 */
Datum
float4_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	float4		value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT4(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	NUMDesc		Num;
	FormatNode *format;
	text	   *result;
	bool		shouldFree;
	int			len = 0,
				plen = 0,
				sign = 0;
	char	   *numstr,
			   *orgnum,
			   *p;

	NUM_TOCHAR_prepare;

	if (IS_ROMAN(&Num))
		numstr = orgnum = int_to_roman((int) rint(value));
	else if (IS_EEEE(&Num))
	{
		numstr = orgnum = (char *) palloc(MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1);
		if (isnan(value) || is_infinite(value))
		{
			/*
			 * Allow 6 characters for the leading sign, the decimal point,
			 * "e", the exponent's sign and two exponent digits.
			 */
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 7);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 6);
			*numstr = ' ';
			*(numstr + Num.pre + 1) = '.';
		}
		else
		{
			snprintf(orgnum, MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1, "%+.*e", Num.post, value);

			/*
			 * Swap a leading positive sign for a space.
			 */
			if (*orgnum == '+')
				*orgnum = ' ';

			len = strlen(orgnum);
			numstr = orgnum;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		float4		val = value;

		if (IS_MULTI(&Num))
		{
			float		multi = pow((double) 10, (double) Num.multi);

			val = value * multi;
			Num.pre += Num.multi;
		}

		orgnum = (char *) palloc(MAXFLOATWIDTH + 1);
		snprintf(orgnum, MAXFLOATWIDTH + 1, "%.0f", fabs(val));
		len = strlen(orgnum);
		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		if (len >= FLT_DIG)
			Num.post = 0;
		else if (Num.post + len > FLT_DIG)
			Num.post = FLT_DIG - len;
		snprintf(orgnum, MAXFLOATWIDTH + 1, "%.*f", Num.post, val);

		if (*orgnum == '-')
		{						/* < 0 */
			sign = '-';
			numstr = orgnum + 1;
		}
		else
		{
			sign = '+';
			numstr = orgnum;
		}
		if ((p = strchr(numstr, '.')))
			len = p - numstr;
		else
			len = strlen(numstr);

		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		else if (len > Num.pre)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 2);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 1);
			*(numstr + Num.pre) = '.';
		}
	}

	NUM_TOCHAR_finish;
	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}

/* -----------------
 * FLOAT8 to_char()
 * -----------------
 */
Datum
float8_to_char(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	float8		value = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0);
	text	   *fmt = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(1);
	NUMDesc		Num;
	FormatNode *format;
	text	   *result;
	bool		shouldFree;
	int			len = 0,
				plen = 0,
				sign = 0;
	char	   *numstr,
			   *orgnum,
			   *p;

	NUM_TOCHAR_prepare;

	if (IS_ROMAN(&Num))
		numstr = orgnum = int_to_roman((int) rint(value));
	else if (IS_EEEE(&Num))
	{
		numstr = orgnum = (char *) palloc(MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1);
		if (isnan(value) || is_infinite(value))
		{
			/*
			 * Allow 6 characters for the leading sign, the decimal point,
			 * "e", the exponent's sign and two exponent digits.
			 */
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 7);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 6);
			*numstr = ' ';
			*(numstr + Num.pre + 1) = '.';
		}
		else
		{
			snprintf(orgnum, MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1, "%+.*e", Num.post, value);

			/*
			 * Swap a leading positive sign for a space.
			 */
			if (*orgnum == '+')
				*orgnum = ' ';

			len = strlen(orgnum);
			numstr = orgnum;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		float8		val = value;

		if (IS_MULTI(&Num))
		{
			double		multi = pow((double) 10, (double) Num.multi);

			val = value * multi;
			Num.pre += Num.multi;
		}
		orgnum = (char *) palloc(MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1);
		len = snprintf(orgnum, MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1, "%.0f", fabs(val));
		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		if (len >= DBL_DIG)
			Num.post = 0;
		else if (Num.post + len > DBL_DIG)
			Num.post = DBL_DIG - len;
		snprintf(orgnum, MAXDOUBLEWIDTH + 1, "%.*f", Num.post, val);

		if (*orgnum == '-')
		{						/* < 0 */
			sign = '-';
			numstr = orgnum + 1;
		}
		else
		{
			sign = '+';
			numstr = orgnum;
		}
		if ((p = strchr(numstr, '.')))
			len = p - numstr;
		else
			len = strlen(numstr);

		if (Num.pre > len)
			plen = Num.pre - len;
		else if (len > Num.pre)
		{
			numstr = (char *) palloc(Num.pre + Num.post + 2);
			fill_str(numstr, '#', Num.pre + Num.post + 1);
			*(numstr + Num.pre) = '.';
		}
	}

	NUM_TOCHAR_finish;
	PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(result);
}
