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 <sect1 id="release-9-1-15">
  <title>Release 9.1.15</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2015-02-05</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.14.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.15</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.14,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-14">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer overruns in <function>to_char()</>
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      When <function>to_char()</> processes a numeric formatting template
      calling for a large number of digits, <productname>PostgreSQL</>
      would read past the end of a buffer.  When processing a crafted
      timestamp formatting template, <productname>PostgreSQL</> would write
      past the end of a buffer.  Either case could crash the server.
      We have not ruled out the possibility of attacks that lead to
      privilege escalation, though they seem unlikely.
      (CVE-2015-0241)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer overrun in replacement <function>*printf()</> functions
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> includes a replacement implementation
      of <function>printf</> and related functions.  This code will overrun
      a stack buffer when formatting a floating point number (conversion
      specifiers <literal>e</>, <literal>E</>, <literal>f</>, <literal>F</>,
      <literal>g</> or <literal>G</>) with requested precision greater than
      about 500.  This will crash the server, and we have not ruled out the
      possibility of attacks that lead to privilege escalation.
      A database user can trigger such a buffer overrun through
      the <function>to_char()</> SQL function.  While that is the only
      affected core <productname>PostgreSQL</> functionality, extension
      modules that use printf-family functions may be at risk as well.
     </para>

     <para>
      This issue primarily affects <productname>PostgreSQL</> on Windows.
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> uses the system implementation of these
      functions where adequate, which it is on other modern platforms.
      (CVE-2015-0242)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer overruns in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>
      (Marko Tiikkaja, Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Errors in memory size tracking within the <filename>pgcrypto</>
      module permitted stack buffer overruns and improper dependence on the
      contents of uninitialized memory.  The buffer overrun cases can
      crash the server, and we have not ruled out the possibility of
      attacks that lead to privilege escalation.
      (CVE-2015-0243)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible loss of frontend/backend protocol synchronization after
      an error
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      If any error occurred while the server was in the middle of reading a
      protocol message from the client, it could lose synchronization and
      incorrectly try to interpret part of the message's data as a new
      protocol message.  An attacker able to submit crafted binary data
      within a command parameter might succeed in injecting his own SQL
      commands this way.  Statement timeout and query cancellation are the
      most likely sources of errors triggering this scenario.  Particularly
      vulnerable are applications that use a timeout and also submit
      arbitrary user-crafted data as binary query parameters.  Disabling
      statement timeout will reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of
      exploit.  Our thanks to Emil Lenngren for reporting this issue.
      (CVE-2015-0244)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix information leak via constraint-violation error messages
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some server error messages show the values of columns that violate
      a constraint, such as a unique constraint.  If the user does not have
      <literal>SELECT</> privilege on all columns of the table, this could
      mean exposing values that the user should not be able to see.  Adjust
      the code so that values are displayed only when they came from the SQL
      command or could be selected by the user.
      (CVE-2014-8161)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Lock down regression testing's temporary installations on Windows
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Use SSPI authentication to allow connections only from the OS user
      who launched the test suite.  This closes on Windows the same
      vulnerability previously closed on other platforms, namely that other
      users might be able to connect to the test postmaster.
      (CVE-2014-0067)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible data corruption if <command>ALTER DATABASE SET
      TABLESPACE</> is used to move a database to a new tablespace and then
      shortly later move it back to its original tablespace (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid corrupting tables when <command>ANALYZE</> inside a transaction
      is rolled back (Andres Freund, Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      If the failing transaction had earlier removed the last index, rule, or
      trigger from the table, the table would be left in a corrupted state
      with the relevant <structname>pg_class</> flags not set though they
      should be.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that unlogged tables are copied correctly
      during <command>CREATE DATABASE</> or <command>ALTER DATABASE SET
      TABLESPACE</> (Pavan Deolasee, Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>DROP</>'s dependency searching to correctly handle the
      case where a table column is recursively visited before its table
      (Petr Jelinek, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This case is only known to arise when an extension creates both a
      datatype and a table using that datatype.  The faulty code might
      refuse a <command>DROP EXTENSION</> unless <literal>CASCADE</> is
      specified, which should not be required.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix use-of-already-freed-memory problem in EvalPlanQual processing
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> mode, queries that lock or update
      recently-updated rows could crash as a result of this bug.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</> when using a partial
      index on a child table (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>

     <para>
      In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> mode, <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</> must
      also recheck the partial index's <literal>WHERE</> condition when
      rechecking a recently-updated row to see if it still satisfies the
      query's <literal>WHERE</> condition.  This requirement was missed if the
      index belonged to an inheritance child table, so that it was possible
      to incorrectly return rows that no longer satisfy the query condition.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix corner case wherein <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</> could return a row
      twice, and possibly miss returning other rows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> mode, a <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</>
      that is scanning an inheritance tree could incorrectly return a row
      from a prior child table instead of the one it should return from a
      later child table.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reject duplicate column names in the referenced-columns list of
      a <literal>FOREIGN KEY</> declaration (David Rowley)
     </para>

     <para>
      This restriction is per SQL standard.  Previously we did not reject
      the case explicitly, but later on the code would fail with
      bizarre-looking errors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in raising a <type>numeric</> value to a large integral power
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous code could get a wrong answer, or consume excessive
      amounts of time and memory before realizing that the answer must
      overflow.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <function>numeric_recv()</>, truncate away any fractional digits
      that would be hidden according to the value's <literal>dscale</> field
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A <type>numeric</> value's display scale (<literal>dscale</>) should
      never be less than the number of nonzero fractional digits; but
      apparently there's at least one broken client application that
      transmits binary <type>numeric</> values in which that's true.
      This leads to strange behavior since the extra digits are taken into
      account by arithmetic operations even though they aren't printed.
      The least risky fix seems to be to truncate away such <quote>hidden</>
      digits on receipt, so that the value is indeed what it prints as.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reject out-of-range numeric timezone specifications (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Simple numeric timezone specifications exceeding +/- 168 hours (one
      week) would be accepted, but could then cause null-pointer dereference
      crashes in certain operations.  There's no use-case for such large UTC
      offsets, so reject them.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in <type>tsquery</> <literal>@&gt;</> <type>tsquery</>
      operator (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Two different terms would be considered to match if they had the same
      CRC.  Also, if the second operand had more terms than the first, it
      would be assumed not to be contained in the first; which is wrong
      since it might contain duplicate terms.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve ispell dictionary's defenses against bad affix files (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow more than 64K phrases in a thesaurus dictionary (David Boutin)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous coding could crash on an oversize dictionary, so this was
      deemed a back-patchable bug fix rather than a feature addition.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix namespace handling in <function>xpath()</> (Ali Akbar)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the <type>xml</> value resulting from
      an <function>xpath()</> call would not have namespace declarations if
      the namespace declarations were attached to an ancestor element in the
      input <type>xml</> value, rather than to the specific element being
      returned.  Propagate the ancestral declaration so that the result is
      correct when considered in isolation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner problems with nested append relations, such as inherited
      tables within <literal>UNION ALL</> subqueries (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fail cleanly when a GiST index tuple doesn't fit on a page, rather
      than going into infinite recursion (Andrew Gierth)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Exempt tables that have per-table <varname>cost_limit</>
      and/or <varname>cost_delay</> settings from autovacuum's global cost
      balancing rules (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous behavior resulted in basically ignoring these per-table
      settings, which was unintended.  Now, a table having such settings
      will be vacuumed using those settings, independently of what is going
      on in other autovacuum workers.  This may result in heavier total I/O
      load than before, so such settings should be re-examined for sanity.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid wholesale autovacuuming when autovacuum is nominally off
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Even when autovacuum is nominally off, we will still launch autovacuum
      worker processes to vacuum tables that are at risk of XID wraparound.
      However, such a worker process then proceeded to vacuum all tables in
      the target database, if they met the usual thresholds for
      autovacuuming.  This is at best pretty unexpected; at worst it delays
      response to the wraparound threat.  Fix it so that if autovacuum is
      turned off, workers <emphasis>only</> do anti-wraparound vacuums and
      not any other work.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      During crash recovery, ensure that unlogged relations are rewritten as
      empty and are synced to disk before recovery is considered complete
      (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents scenarios in which unlogged relations might contain
      garbage data following database crash recovery.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition between hot standby queries and replaying a
      full-page image (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake could result in transient errors in queries being
      executed in hot standby.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix several cases where recovery logic improperly ignored WAL records
      for <literal>COMMIT/ABORT PREPARED</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      The most notable oversight was
      that <varname>recovery_min_apply_delay</> failed to delay application
      of a two-phase commit.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid creating unnecessary <filename>.ready</> marker files for
      timeline history files (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible null pointer dereference when an empty prepared statement
      is used and the <varname>log_statement</> setting is <literal>mod</>
      or <literal>ddl</> (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change <quote>pgstat wait timeout</> warning message to be LOG level,
      and rephrase it to be more understandable (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This message was originally thought to be essentially a can't-happen
      case, but it occurs often enough on our slower buildfarm members to be
      a nuisance.  Reduce it to LOG level, and expend a bit more effort on
      the wording: it now reads <quote>using stale statistics instead of
      current ones because stats collector is not responding</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix SPARC spinlock implementation to ensure correctness if the CPU is
      being run in a non-TSO coherency mode, as some non-Solaris kernels do
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Warn if OS X's <function>setlocale()</> starts an unwanted extra
      thread inside the postmaster (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix processing of repeated <literal>dbname</> parameters
      in <function>PQconnectdbParams()</> (Alex Shulgin)
     </para>

     <para>
      Unexpected behavior ensued if the first occurrence
      of <literal>dbname</> contained a connection string or URI to be
      expanded.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <application>libpq</> reports a suitable error message on
      unexpected socket EOF (Marko Tiikkaja, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Depending on kernel behavior, <application>libpq</> might return an
      empty error string rather than something useful when the server
      unexpectedly closed the socket.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Clear any old error message during <function>PQreset()</>
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      If <function>PQreset()</> is called repeatedly, and the connection
      cannot be re-established, error messages from the failed connection
      attempts kept accumulating in the <structname>PGconn</>'s error
      string.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly handle out-of-memory conditions while parsing connection
      options in <application>libpq</> (Alex Shulgin, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix array overrun in <application>ecpg</>'s version
      of <function>ParseDateTime()</> (Michael Paquier)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>initdb</>, give a clearer error message if a password
      file is specified but is empty (Mats Erik Andersson)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</>'s <command>\s</> command to work nicely with
      libedit, and add pager support (Stepan Rutz, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      When using libedit rather than readline, <command>\s</> printed the
      command history in a fairly unreadable encoded format, and on recent
      libedit versions might fail altogether.  Fix that by printing the
      history ourselves rather than having the library do it.  A pleasant
      side-effect is that the pager is used if appropriate.
     </para>

     <para>
      This patch also fixes a bug that caused newline encoding to be applied
      inconsistently when saving the command history with libedit.
      Multiline history entries written by older <application>psql</>
      versions will be read cleanly with this patch, but perhaps not
      vice versa, depending on the exact libedit versions involved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve consistency of parsing of <application>psql</>'s special
      variables (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Allow variant spellings of <literal>on</> and <literal>off</> (such
      as <literal>1</>/<literal>0</>) for <literal>ECHO_HIDDEN</>
      and <literal>ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</>.  Report a warning for unrecognized
      values for <literal>COMP_KEYWORD_CASE</>, <literal>ECHO</>,
      <literal>ECHO_HIDDEN</>, <literal>HISTCONTROL</>,
      <literal>ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</>, and <literal>VERBOSITY</>.  Recognize
      all values for all these variables case-insensitively; previously
      there was a mishmash of case-sensitive and case-insensitive behaviors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>psql</>'s expanded-mode display to work
      consistently when using <literal>border</> = 3
      and <literal>linestyle</> = <literal>ascii</> or <literal>unicode</>
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve performance of <application>pg_dump</> when the database
      contains many instances of multiple dependency paths between the same
      two objects (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible deadlock during parallel restore of a schema-only dump
      (Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix core dump in <literal>pg_dump --binary-upgrade</> on zero-column
      composite type (Rushabh Lathia)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent WAL files created by <literal>pg_basebackup -x/-X</> from
      being archived again when the standby is promoted (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix upgrade-from-unpackaged script for <filename>contrib/citext</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix block number checking
      in <filename>contrib/pageinspect</>'s <function>get_raw_page()</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The incorrect checking logic could prevent access to some pages in
      non-main relation forks.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>'s <function>pgp_sym_decrypt()</>
      to not fail on messages whose length is 6 less than a power of 2
      (Marko Tiikkaja)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix file descriptor leak in <filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</>
      (Jeff Janes)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could cause failure to remove temporary files on Windows.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Handle unexpected query results, especially NULLs, safely in
      <filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>connectby()</>
      (Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      <function>connectby()</> previously crashed if it encountered a NULL
      key value.  It now prints that row but doesn't recurse further.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid a possible crash in <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
      <function>xslt_process()</> (Mark Simonetti)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>libxslt</> seems to have an undocumented dependency on
      the order in which resources are freed; reorder our calls to avoid a
      crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Mark some <filename>contrib</> I/O functions with correct volatility
      properties (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous over-conservative marking was immaterial in normal use,
      but could cause optimization problems or rejection of valid index
      expression definitions.  Since the consequences are not large, we've
      just adjusted the function definitions in the extension modules'
      scripts, without changing version numbers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Numerous cleanups of warnings from Coverity static code analyzer
      (Andres Freund, Tatsuo Ishii, Marko Kreen, Tom Lane, Michael Paquier)
     </para>

     <para>
      These changes are mostly cosmetic but in some cases fix corner-case
      bugs, for example a crash rather than a proper error report after an
      out-of-memory failure.  None are believed to represent security
      issues.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Detect incompatible OpenLDAP versions during build (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      With OpenLDAP versions 2.4.24 through 2.4.31,
      inclusive, <productname>PostgreSQL</> backends can crash at exit.
      Raise a warning during <application>configure</> based on the
      compile-time OpenLDAP version number, and test the crashing scenario
      in the <filename>contrib/dblink</> regression test.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In non-MSVC Windows builds, ensure <filename>libpq.dll</> is installed
      with execute permissions (Noah Misch)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_regress</> remove any temporary installation it
      created upon successful exit (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This results in a very substantial reduction in disk space usage
      during <literal>make check-world</>, since that sequence involves
      creation of numerous temporary installations.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support time zone abbreviations that change UTC offset from time to
      time (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, <productname>PostgreSQL</> assumed that the UTC offset
      associated with a time zone abbreviation (such as <literal>EST</>)
      never changes in the usage of any particular locale.  However this
      assumption fails in the real world, so introduce the ability for a
      zone abbreviation to represent a UTC offset that sometimes changes.
      Update the zone abbreviation definition files to make use of this
      feature in timezone locales that have changed the UTC offset of their
      abbreviations since 1970 (according to the IANA timezone database).
      In such timezones, <productname>PostgreSQL</> will now associate the
      correct UTC offset with the abbreviation depending on the given date.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone abbreviations lists (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Add CST (China Standard Time) to our lists.
      Remove references to ADT as <quote>Arabia Daylight Time</>, an
      abbreviation that's been out of use since 2007; therefore, claiming
      there is a conflict with <quote>Atlantic Daylight Time</> doesn't seem
      especially helpful.
      Fix entirely incorrect GMT offsets for CKT (Cook Islands), FJT, and FJST
      (Fiji); we didn't even have them on the proper side of the date line.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2015a.
     </para>

     <para>
      The IANA timezone database has adopted abbreviations of the form
      <literal>A<replaceable>x</>ST</literal>/<literal>A<replaceable>x</>DT</literal>
      for all Australian time zones, reflecting what they believe to be
      current majority practice Down Under.  These names do not conflict
      with usage elsewhere (other than ACST for Acre Summer Time, which has
      been in disuse since 1994).  Accordingly, adopt these names into
      our <quote>Default</> timezone abbreviation set.
      The <quote>Australia</> abbreviation set now contains only CST, EAST,
      EST, SAST, SAT, and WST, all of which are thought to be mostly
      historical usage.  Note that SAST has also been changed to be South
      Africa Standard Time in the <quote>Default</> abbreviation set.
     </para>

     <para>
      Also, add zone abbreviations SRET (Asia/Srednekolymsk) and XJT
      (Asia/Urumqi), and use WSST/WSDT for western Samoa.  Also, there were
      DST law changes in Chile, Mexico, the Turks &amp; Caicos Islands
      (America/Grand_Turk), and Fiji.  There is a new zone
      Pacific/Bougainville for portions of Papua New Guinea.  Also, numerous
      corrections for historical (pre-1970) time zone data.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-14">
  <title>Release 9.1.14</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2014-07-24</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.13.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.14</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, this release corrects an index corruption problem in some GiST
    indexes.  See the first changelog entry below to find out whether your
    installation has been affected and what steps you should take if so.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.11,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-11">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly initialize padding bytes in <filename>contrib/btree_gist</>
      indexes on <type>bit</> columns (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This error could result in incorrect query results due to values that
      should compare equal not being seen as equal.
      Users with GiST indexes on <type>bit</> or <type>bit varying</>
      columns should <command>REINDEX</> those indexes after installing this
      update.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Protect against torn pages when deleting GIN list pages (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fix prevents possible index corruption if a system crash occurs
      while the page update is being written to disk.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't clear the right-link of a GiST index page while replaying
      updates from WAL (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This error could lead to transiently wrong answers from GiST index
      scans performed in Hot Standby.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix feedback status when <xref linkend="guc-hot-standby-feedback"> is
      turned off on-the-fly (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possibly-incorrect cache invalidation during nested calls
      to <function>ReceiveSharedInvalidMessages</> (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>could not find pathkey item to sort</> planner failures
      with <literal>UNION ALL</> over subqueries reading from tables with
      inheritance children (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't assume a subquery's output is unique if there's a set-returning
      function in its targetlist (David Rowley)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could lead to misoptimization of constructs
      like <literal>WHERE x IN (SELECT y, generate_series(1,10) FROM t GROUP
      BY y)</literal>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to detoast fields in composite elements of structured
      types (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This corrects cases where TOAST pointers could be copied into other
      tables without being dereferenced.  If the original data is later
      deleted, it would lead to errors like <quote>missing chunk number 0
      for toast value ...</> when the now-dangling pointer is used.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>record type has not been registered</> failures with
      whole-row references to the output of Append plan nodes (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash when invoking a user-defined function while
      rewinding a cursor (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix query-lifespan memory leak while evaluating the arguments for a
      function in <literal>FROM</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix session-lifespan memory leaks in regular-expression processing
      (Tom Lane, Arthur O'Dwyer, Greg Stark)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix data encoding error in <filename>hungarian.stop</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent foreign tables from being created with OIDS
      when <xref linkend="guc-default-with-oids"> is true
      (Etsuro Fujita)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix liveness checks for rows that were inserted in the current
      transaction and then deleted by a now-rolled-back subtransaction
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could cause problems (at least spurious warnings, and at worst an
      infinite loop) if <command>CREATE INDEX</> or <command>CLUSTER</> were
      done later in the same transaction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Clear <structname>pg_stat_activity</>.<structfield>xact_start</>
      during <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      After the <command>PREPARE</>, the originating session is no longer in
      a transaction, so it should not continue to display a transaction
      start time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</> to not fail for text search objects
      (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Block signals during postmaster startup (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This ensures that the postmaster will properly clean up after itself
      if, for example, it receives <systemitem>SIGINT</> while still
      starting up.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix client host name lookup when processing <filename>pg_hba.conf</>
      entries that specify host names instead of IP addresses (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Ensure that reverse-DNS lookup failures are reported, instead of just
      silently not matching such entries.  Also ensure that we make only
      one reverse-DNS lookup attempt per connection, not one per host name
      entry, which is what previously happened if the lookup attempts failed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Secure Unix-domain sockets of temporary postmasters started during
      <literal>make check</> (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Any local user able to access the socket file could connect as the
      server's bootstrap superuser, then proceed to execute arbitrary code as
      the operating-system user running the test, as we previously noted in
      CVE-2014-0067.  This change defends against that risk by placing the
      server's socket in a temporary, mode 0700 subdirectory
      of <filename>/tmp</>.  The hazard remains however on platforms where
      Unix sockets are not supported, notably Windows, because then the
      temporary postmaster must accept local TCP connections.
     </para>

     <para>
      A useful side effect of this change is to simplify
      <literal>make check</> testing in builds that
      override <literal>DEFAULT_PGSOCKET_DIR</>.  Popular non-default values
      like <filename>/var/run/postgresql</> are often not writable by the
      build user, requiring workarounds that will no longer be necessary.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix tablespace creation WAL replay to work on Windows (MauMau)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix detection of socket creation failures on Windows (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, allow new sessions to absorb values of PGC_BACKEND
      parameters (such as <xref linkend="guc-log-connections">) from the
      configuration file (Amit Kapila)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, if such a parameter were changed in the file post-startup,
      the change would have no effect.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly quote executable path names on Windows (Nikhil Deshpande)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could cause <application>initdb</>
      and <application>pg_upgrade</> to fail on Windows, if the installation
      path contained both spaces and <literal>@</> signs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix linking of <application>libpython</> on OS X (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The method we previously used can fail with the Python library
      supplied by Xcode 5.0 and later.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid buffer bloat in <application>libpq</> when the server
      consistently sends data faster than the client can absorb it
      (Shin-ichi Morita, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>libpq</> could be coerced into enlarging its input buffer
      until it runs out of memory (which would be reported misleadingly
      as <quote>lost synchronization with server</>).  Under ordinary
      circumstances it's quite far-fetched that data could be continuously
      transmitted more quickly than the <function>recv()</> loop can
      absorb it, but this has been observed when the client is artificially
      slowed by scheduler constraints.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that LDAP lookup attempts in <application>libpq</> time out as
      intended (Laurenz Albe)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</> to do the right thing when an array
      of <type>char *</> is the target for a FETCH statement returning more
      than one row, as well as some other array-handling fixes
      (Ashutosh Bapat)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_restore</>'s processing of old-style large object
      comments (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A direct-to-database restore from an archive file generated by a
      pre-9.0 version of <application>pg_dump</> would usually fail if the
      archive contained more than a few comments for large objects.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> functions, ensure sensitive
      information is cleared from stack variables before returning
      (Marko Kreen)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/uuid-ossp</>, cache the state of the OSSP UUID
      library across calls (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This improves the efficiency of UUID generation and reduces the amount
      of entropy drawn from <filename>/dev/urandom</>, on platforms that
      have that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2014e
      for DST law changes in Crimea, Egypt, and Morocco.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-13">
  <title>Release 9.1.13</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2014-03-20</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.12.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.13</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.11,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-11">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Restore GIN metapages unconditionally to avoid torn-page risk
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Although this oversight could theoretically result in a corrupted
      index, it is unlikely to have caused any problems in practice, since
      the active part of a GIN metapage is smaller than a standard 512-byte
      disk sector.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid race condition in checking transaction commit status during
      receipt of a <command>NOTIFY</> message (Marko Tiikkaja)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents a scenario wherein a sufficiently fast client might
      respond to a notification before database updates made by the
      notifier have become visible to the recipient.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow regular-expression operators to be terminated early by query
      cancel requests (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents scenarios wherein a pathological regular expression
      could lock up a server process uninterruptably for a long time.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove incorrect code that tried to allow <literal>OVERLAPS</> with
      single-element row arguments (Joshua Yanovski)
     </para>

     <para>
      This code never worked correctly, and since the case is neither
      specified by the SQL standard nor documented, it seemed better to
      remove it than fix it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid getting more than <literal>AccessShareLock</> when de-parsing a
      rule or view (Dean Rasheed)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight resulted in <application>pg_dump</> unexpectedly
      acquiring <literal>RowExclusiveLock</> locks on tables mentioned as
      the targets of <literal>INSERT</>/<literal>UPDATE</>/<literal>DELETE</>
      commands in rules.  While usually harmless, that could interfere with
      concurrent transactions that tried to acquire, for example,
      <literal>ShareLock</> on those tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve performance of index endpoint probes during planning (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change fixes a significant performance problem that occurred
      when there were many not-yet-committed rows at the end of the index,
      which is a common situation for indexes on sequentially-assigned
      values such as timestamps or sequence-generated identifiers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>walsender</>'s failure to shut down cleanly when client
      is <application>pg_receivexlog</> (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix test to see if hot standby connections can be allowed immediately
      after a crash (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent interrupts while reporting non-<literal>ERROR</> messages
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This guards against rare server-process freezeups due to recursive
      entry to <function>syslog()</>, and perhaps other related problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak in PL/Perl when returning a composite result, including
      multiple-OUT-parameter cases (Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent intermittent <quote>could not reserve shared memory region</>
      failures on recent Windows versions (MauMau)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2014a
      for DST law changes in Fiji and Turkey, plus historical changes in
      Israel and Ukraine.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-12">
  <title>Release 9.1.12</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2014-02-20</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.11.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.12</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.11,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-11">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Shore up <literal>GRANT ... WITH ADMIN OPTION</> restrictions
      (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      Granting a role without <literal>ADMIN OPTION</> is supposed to
      prevent the grantee from adding or removing members from the granted
      role, but this restriction was easily bypassed by doing <literal>SET
      ROLE</> first.  The security impact is mostly that a role member can
      revoke the access of others, contrary to the wishes of his grantor.
      Unapproved role member additions are a lesser concern, since an
      uncooperative role member could provide most of his rights to others
      anyway by creating views or <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> functions.
      (CVE-2014-0060)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent privilege escalation via manual calls to PL validator
      functions (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      The primary role of PL validator functions is to be called implicitly
      during <command>CREATE FUNCTION</>, but they are also normal SQL
      functions that a user can call explicitly.  Calling a validator on
      a function actually written in some other language was not checked
      for and could be exploited for privilege-escalation purposes.
      The fix involves adding a call to a privilege-checking function in
      each validator function.  Non-core procedural languages will also
      need to make this change to their own validator functions, if any.
      (CVE-2014-0061)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid multiple name lookups during table and index DDL
      (Robert Haas, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      If the name lookups come to different conclusions due to concurrent
      activity, we might perform some parts of the DDL on a different table
      than other parts.  At least in the case of <command>CREATE INDEX</>,
      this can be used to cause the permissions checks to be performed
      against a different table than the index creation, allowing for a
      privilege escalation attack.
      (CVE-2014-0062)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent buffer overrun with long datetime strings (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      The <literal>MAXDATELEN</> constant was too small for the longest
      possible value of type <type>interval</>, allowing a buffer overrun
      in <function>interval_out()</>.  Although the datetime input
      functions were more careful about avoiding buffer overrun, the limit
      was short enough to cause them to reject some valid inputs, such as
      input containing a very long timezone name.  The <application>ecpg</>
      library contained these vulnerabilities along with some of its own.
      (CVE-2014-0063)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent buffer overrun due to integer overflow in size calculations
      (Noah Misch, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Several functions, mostly type input functions, calculated an
      allocation size without checking for overflow.  If overflow did
      occur, a too-small buffer would be allocated and then written past.
      (CVE-2014-0064)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent overruns of fixed-size buffers
      (Peter Eisentraut, Jozef Mlich)
     </para>

     <para>
      Use <function>strlcpy()</> and related functions to provide a clear
      guarantee that fixed-size buffers are not overrun.  Unlike the
      preceding items, it is unclear whether these cases really represent
      live issues, since in most cases there appear to be previous
      constraints on the size of the input string.  Nonetheless it seems
      prudent to silence all Coverity warnings of this type.
      (CVE-2014-0065)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid crashing if <function>crypt()</> returns NULL (Honza Horak,
      Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      There are relatively few scenarios in which <function>crypt()</>
      could return NULL, but <filename>contrib/chkpass</> would crash
      if it did.  One practical case in which this could be an issue is
      if <application>libc</> is configured to refuse to execute unapproved
      hashing algorithms (e.g., <quote>FIPS mode</>).
      (CVE-2014-0066)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Document risks of <literal>make check</> in the regression testing
      instructions (Noah Misch, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Since the temporary server started by <literal>make check</>
      uses <quote>trust</> authentication, another user on the same machine
      could connect to it as database superuser, and then potentially
      exploit the privileges of the operating-system user who started the
      tests.  A future release will probably incorporate changes in the
      testing procedure to prevent this risk, but some public discussion is
      needed first.  So for the moment, just warn people against using
      <literal>make check</> when there are untrusted users on the
      same machine.
      (CVE-2014-0067)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible mis-replay of WAL records when some segments of a
      relation aren't full size (Greg Stark, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The WAL update could be applied to the wrong page, potentially many
      pages past where it should have been.  Aside from corrupting data,
      this error has been observed to result in significant <quote>bloat</>
      of standby servers compared to their masters, due to updates being
      applied far beyond where the end-of-file should have been.  This
      failure mode does not appear to be a significant risk during crash
      recovery, only when initially synchronizing a standby created from a
      base backup taken from a quickly-changing master.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bug in determining when recovery has reached consistency
      (Tomonari Katsumata, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some cases WAL replay would mistakenly conclude that the database
      was already consistent at the start of replay, thus possibly allowing
      hot-standby queries before the database was really consistent.  Other
      symptoms such as <quote>PANIC: WAL contains references to invalid
      pages</> were also possible.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix improper locking of btree index pages while replaying
      a <literal>VACUUM</> operation in hot-standby mode (Andres Freund,
      Heikki Linnakangas, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This error could result in <quote>PANIC: WAL contains references to
      invalid pages</> failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that insertions into non-leaf GIN index pages write a full-page
      WAL record when appropriate (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous coding risked index corruption in the event of a
      partial-page write during a system crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      When <literal>pause_at_recovery_target</>
      and <literal>recovery_target_inclusive</> are both set, ensure the
      target record is applied before pausing, not after (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race conditions during server process exit (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Ensure that signal handlers don't attempt to use the
      process's <varname>MyProc</> pointer after it's no longer valid.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race conditions in walsender shutdown logic and walreceiver
      SIGHUP signal handler (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix unsafe references to <varname>errno</> within error reporting
      logic (Christian Kruse)
     </para>

     <para>
      This would typically lead to odd behaviors such as missing or
      inappropriate <literal>HINT</> fields.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crashes from using <function>ereport()</> too early
      during server startup (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The principal case we've seen in the field is a crash if the server
      is started in a directory it doesn't have permission to read.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Clear retry flags properly in OpenSSL socket write
      function (Alexander Kukushkin)
     </para>

     <para>
      This omission could result in a server lockup after unexpected loss
      of an SSL-encrypted connection.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix length checking for Unicode identifiers (<literal>U&amp;"..."</>
      syntax) containing escapes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A spurious truncation warning would be printed for such identifiers
      if the escaped form of the identifier was too long, but the
      identifier actually didn't need truncation after de-escaping.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow keywords that are type names to be used in lists of roles
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      A previous patch allowed such keywords to be used without quoting
      in places such as role identifiers; but it missed cases where a
      list of role identifiers was permitted, such as <literal>DROP ROLE</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix parser crash for <literal>EXISTS(SELECT * FROM
      zero_column_table)</literal> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash due to invalid plan for nested sub-selects, such
      as <literal>WHERE (... x IN (SELECT ...) ...) IN (SELECT ...)</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <command>ANALYZE</> creates statistics for a table column
      even when all the values in it are <quote>too wide</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>ANALYZE</> intentionally omits very wide values from its
      histogram and most-common-values calculations, but it neglected to do
      something sane in the case that all the sampled entries are too wide.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <literal>ALTER TABLE ... SET TABLESPACE</>, allow the database's
      default tablespace to be used without a permissions check
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>

     <para>
      <literal>CREATE TABLE</> has always allowed such usage,
      but <literal>ALTER TABLE</> didn't get the memo.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>cannot accept a set</> error when some arms of
      a <literal>CASE</> return a set and others don't (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix checks for all-zero client addresses in pgstat functions (Kevin
      Grittner)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible misclassification of multibyte characters by the text
      search parser (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Non-ASCII characters could be misclassified when using C locale with
      a multibyte encoding.  On Cygwin, non-C locales could fail as well.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible misbehavior in <function>plainto_tsquery()</>
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Use <function>memmove()</> not <function>memcpy()</> for copying
      overlapping memory regions.  There have been no field reports of
      this actually causing trouble, but it's certainly risky.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix placement of permissions checks in <function>pg_start_backup()</>
      and <function>pg_stop_backup()</> (Andres Freund, Magnus Hagander)
     </para>

     <para>
      The previous coding might attempt to do catalog access when it
      shouldn't.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Accept <literal>SHIFT_JIS</> as an encoding name for locale checking
      purposes (Tatsuo Ishii)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix misbehavior of <function>PQhost()</> on Windows (Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      It should return <literal>localhost</> if no host has been specified.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve error handling in <application>libpq</> and <application>psql</>
      for failures during <literal>COPY TO STDOUT/FROM STDIN</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In particular this fixes an infinite loop that could occur in 9.2 and
      up if the server connection was lost during <literal>COPY FROM
      STDIN</>.  Variants of that scenario might be possible in older
      versions, or with other client applications.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible incorrect printing of filenames
      in <application>pg_basebackup</>'s verbose mode (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid including tablespaces inside PGDATA twice in base backups
      (Dimitri Fontaine, Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix misaligned descriptors in <application>ecpg</> (MauMau)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>ecpg</>, handle lack of a hostname in the connection
      parameters properly (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix performance regression in <filename>contrib/dblink</> connection
      startup (Joe Conway)
     </para>

     <para>
      Avoid an unnecessary round trip when client and server encodings match.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <filename>contrib/isn</>, fix incorrect calculation of the check
      digit for ISMN values (Fabien Coelho)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure client-code-only installation procedure works as documented
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In Mingw and Cygwin builds, install the <application>libpq</> DLL
      in the <filename>bin</> directory (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This duplicates what the MSVC build has long done.  It should fix
      problems with programs like <application>psql</> failing to start
      because they can't find the DLL.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid using the deprecated <literal>dllwrap</> tool in Cygwin builds
      (Marco Atzeri)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't generate plain-text <filename>HISTORY</>
      and <filename>src/test/regress/README</> files anymore (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These text files duplicated the main HTML and PDF documentation
      formats.  The trouble involved in maintaining them greatly outweighs
      the likely audience for plain-text format.  Distribution tarballs
      will still contain files by these names, but they'll just be stubs
      directing the reader to consult the main documentation.
      The plain-text <filename>INSTALL</> file will still be maintained, as
      there is arguably a use-case for that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2013i
      for DST law changes in Jordan and historical changes in Cuba.
     </para>

     <para>
      In addition, the zones <literal>Asia/Riyadh87</>,
      <literal>Asia/Riyadh88</>, and <literal>Asia/Riyadh89</> have been
      removed, as they are no longer maintained by IANA, and never
      represented actual civil timekeeping practice.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-11">
  <title>Release 9.1.11</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2013-12-05</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.10.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.11</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, this release corrects a number of potential data corruption
    issues.  See the first two changelog entries below to find out whether
    your installation has been affected and what steps you can take if so.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.9,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-9">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>VACUUM</>'s tests to see whether it can
      update <structfield>relfrozenxid</> (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some cases <command>VACUUM</> (either manual or autovacuum) could
      incorrectly advance a table's <structfield>relfrozenxid</> value,
      allowing tuples to escape freezing, causing those rows to become
      invisible once 2^31 transactions have elapsed.  The probability of
      data loss is fairly low since multiple incorrect advancements would
      need to happen before actual loss occurs, but it's not zero.  Users
      upgrading from releases 9.0.4 or 8.4.8 or earlier are not affected, but
      all later versions contain the bug.
     </para>

     <para>
      The issue can be ameliorated by, after upgrading, vacuuming all tables
      in all databases while having <link
      linkend="guc-vacuum-freeze-table-age"><varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</></link>
      set to zero.  This will fix any latent corruption but will not be able
      to fix all pre-existing data errors.  However, an installation can be
      presumed safe after performing this vacuuming if it has executed fewer
      than 2^31 update transactions in its lifetime (check this with
      <literal>SELECT txid_current() < 2^31</>).
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix initialization of <filename>pg_clog</> and <filename>pg_subtrans</>
      during hot standby startup (Andres Freund, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug can cause data loss on standby servers at the moment they
      start to accept hot-standby queries, by marking committed transactions
      as uncommitted. The likelihood of such corruption is small unless, at
      the time of standby startup, the primary server has executed many
      updating transactions since its last checkpoint.  Symptoms include
      missing rows, rows that should have been deleted being still visible,
      and obsolete versions of updated rows being still visible alongside
      their newer versions.
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug was introduced in versions 9.3.0, 9.2.5, 9.1.10, and 9.0.14.
      Standby servers that have only been running earlier releases are not
      at risk.  It's recommended that standby servers that have ever run any
      of the buggy releases be re-cloned from the primary (e.g., with a new
      base backup) after upgrading.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Truncate <filename>pg_multixact</> contents during WAL replay
      (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids ever-increasing disk space consumption in standby servers.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition in GIN index posting tree page deletion (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could lead to transient wrong answers or query failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid flattening a subquery whose <literal>SELECT</> list contains a
      volatile function wrapped inside a sub-<literal>SELECT</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids unexpected results due to extra evaluations of the
      volatile function.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's processing of non-simple-variable subquery outputs
      nested within outer joins (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This error could lead to incorrect plans for queries involving
      multiple levels of subqueries within <literal>JOIN</> syntax.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect generation of optimized MIN()/MAX() plans for
      inheritance trees (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The planner could fail in cases where the MIN()/MAX() argument was an
      expression rather than a simple variable.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix premature deletion of temporary files (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible read past end of memory in rule printing (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix array slicing of <type>int2vector</> and <type>oidvector</> values
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Expressions of this kind are now implicitly promoted to
      regular <type>int2</> or <type>oid</> arrays.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect behaviors when using a SQL-standard, simple GMT offset
      timezone (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In some cases, the system would use the simple GMT offset value when
      it should have used the regular timezone setting that had prevailed
      before the simple offset was selected.  This change also causes
      the <function>timeofday</> function to honor the simple GMT offset
      zone.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent possible misbehavior when logging translations of Windows
      error codes (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly quote generated command lines in <application>pg_ctl</>
      (Naoya Anzai and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fix applies only to Windows.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dumpall</> to work when a source database
      sets <link
      linkend="guc-default-transaction-read-only"><varname>default_transaction_read_only</></link>
      via <command>ALTER DATABASE SET</> (Kevin Grittner)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the generated script would fail during restore.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>ecpg</> search for quoted cursor names
      case-sensitively (Zolt&aacute;n B&ouml;sz&ouml;rm&eacute;nyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</>'s processing of lists of variables
      declared <type>varchar</> (Zolt&aacute;n B&ouml;sz&ouml;rm&eacute;nyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <filename>contrib/lo</> defend against incorrect trigger definitions
      (Marc Cousin)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2013h
      for DST law changes in Argentina, Brazil, Jordan, Libya,
      Liechtenstein, Morocco, and Palestine.  Also, new timezone
      abbreviations WIB, WIT, WITA for Indonesia.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-10">
  <title>Release 9.1.10</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2013-10-10</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.9.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.10</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.9,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-9">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent corruption of multi-byte characters when attempting to
      case-fold identifiers (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> case-folds non-ASCII characters only
      when using a single-byte server encoding.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix checkpoint memory leak in background writer when <literal>wal_level =
      hot_standby</> (Naoya Anzai)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak caused by <function>lo_open()</function> failure
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory overcommit bug when <varname>work_mem</> is using more
      than 24GB of memory (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Serializable snapshot fixes (Kevin Grittner, Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix deadlock bug in libpq when using SSL (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible SSL state corruption in threaded libpq applications
      (Nick Phillips, Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly compute row estimates for boolean columns containing many NULL
      values (Andrew Gierth)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously tests like <literal>col IS NOT TRUE</> and <literal>col IS
      NOT FALSE</> did not properly factor in NULL values when estimating
      plan costs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent pushing down <literal>WHERE</> clauses into unsafe
      <literal>UNION/INTERSECT</> subqueries (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Subqueries of a <literal>UNION</> or <literal>INTERSECT</> that
      contain set-returning functions or volatile functions in their
      <literal>SELECT</> lists could be improperly optimized, leading to
      run-time errors or incorrect query results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rare case of <quote>failed to locate grouping columns</>
      planner failure (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</> of foreign tables with dropped columns (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously such cases could cause a <application>pg_upgrade</> error.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reorder <application>pg_dump</> processing of extension-related
      rules and event triggers (Joe Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Force dumping of extension tables if specified by <command>pg_dump
      -t</> or <literal>-n</> (Joe Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve view dumping code's handling of dropped columns in referenced
      tables (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>pg_restore -l</> with the directory archive to display
      the correct format name (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly record index comments created using <literal>UNIQUE</>
      and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</> syntax (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes a parallel <application>pg_restore</> failure.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly guarantee transmission of WAL files before clean switchover
      (Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the streaming replication connection might close before all
      WAL files had been replayed on the standby.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix WAL segment timeline handling during recovery (Mitsumasa Kondo,
      Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      WAL file recycling during standby recovery could lead to premature
      recovery completion, resulting in data loss.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REINDEX TABLE</> and <command>REINDEX DATABASE</>
      to properly revalidate constraints and mark invalidated indexes as
      valid (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>REINDEX INDEX</> has always worked properly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible deadlock during concurrent <command>CREATE INDEX
      CONCURRENTLY</> operations (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>regexp_matches()</> handling of zero-length matches
      (Jeevan Chalke)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, zero-length matches like '^' could return too many matches.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash for overly-complex regular expressions (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix regular expression match failures for back references combined with
      non-greedy quantifiers (Jeevan Chalke)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> from checking <command>SET</>
      variables unless function body checking is enabled (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <command>ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES</> to operate on schemas
      without requiring CREATE permission (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Loosen restriction on keywords used in queries (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Specifically, lessen keyword restrictions for role names, language
      names, <command>EXPLAIN</> and <command>COPY</> options, and
      <command>SET</> values.  This allows <literal>COPY ... (FORMAT
      BINARY)</> to work as expected; previously <literal>BINARY</> needed
      to be quoted.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>pgp_pub_decrypt()</> so it works for secret keys with
      passwords (Marko Kreen)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_upgrade</> use <literal>pg_dump
      --quote-all-identifiers</> to avoid problems with keyword changes
      between releases (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove rare inaccurate warning during vacuum of index-less tables
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <command>VACUUM ANALYZE</> still runs the ANALYZE phase
      if its attempt to truncate the file is cancelled due to lock conflicts
      (Kevin Grittner)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid possible failure when performing transaction control commands (e.g
      <command>ROLLBACK</>) in prepared queries (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that floating-point data input accepts standard spellings
      of <quote>infinity</> on all platforms (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The C99 standard says that allowable spellings are <literal>inf</>,
      <literal>+inf</>, <literal>-inf</>, <literal>infinity</>,
      <literal>+infinity</>, and <literal>-infinity</>.  Make sure we
      recognize these even if the platform's <function>strtod</> function
      doesn't.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Expand ability to compare rows to records and arrays (Rafal Rzepecki,
      Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2013d
      for DST law changes in Israel, Morocco, Palestine, and Paraguay.
      Also, historical zone data corrections for Macquarie Island.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-9">
  <title>Release 9.1.9</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2013-04-04</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.8.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.9</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, this release corrects several errors in management of GiST
    indexes.  After installing this update, it is advisable to
    <command>REINDEX</> any GiST indexes that meet one or more of the
    conditions described below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-6">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix insecure parsing of server command-line switches (Mitsumasa
      Kondo, Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>

     <para>
      A connection request containing a database name that begins with
      <quote><literal>-</></quote> could be crafted to damage or destroy
      files within the server's data directory, even if the request is
      eventually rejected.  (CVE-2013-1899)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reset OpenSSL randomness state in each postmaster child process
      (Marko Kreen)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids a scenario wherein random numbers generated by
      <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> functions might be relatively easy for
      another database user to guess.  The risk is only significant when
      the postmaster is configured with <varname>ssl</> = <literal>on</>
      but most connections don't use SSL encryption.  (CVE-2013-1900)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make REPLICATION privilege checks test current user not authenticated
      user (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      An unprivileged database user could exploit this mistake to call
      <function>pg_start_backup()</> or <function>pg_stop_backup()</>,
      thus possibly interfering with creation of routine backups.
      (CVE-2013-1901)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix GiST indexes to not use <quote>fuzzy</> geometric comparisons when
      it's not appropriate to do so (Alexander Korotkov)
     </para>

     <para>
      The core geometric types perform comparisons using <quote>fuzzy</>
      equality, but <function>gist_box_same</> must do exact comparisons,
      else GiST indexes using it might become inconsistent.  After installing
      this update, users should <command>REINDEX</> any GiST indexes on
      <type>box</>, <type>polygon</>, <type>circle</>, or <type>point</>
      columns, since all of these use <function>gist_box_same</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix erroneous range-union and penalty logic in GiST indexes that use
      <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> for variable-width data types, that is
      <type>text</>, <type>bytea</>, <type>bit</>, and <type>numeric</>
      columns (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These errors could result in inconsistent indexes in which some keys
      that are present would not be found by searches, and also in useless
      index bloat.  Users are advised to <command>REINDEX</> such indexes
      after installing this update.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in GiST page splitting code for multi-column indexes
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These errors could result in inconsistent indexes in which some keys
      that are present would not be found by searches, and also in indexes
      that are unnecessarily inefficient to search.  Users are advised to
      <command>REINDEX</> multi-column GiST indexes after installing this
      update.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>gist_point_consistent</>
      to handle fuzziness consistently (Alexander Korotkov)
     </para>

     <para>
      Index scans on GiST indexes on <type>point</> columns would sometimes
      yield results different from a sequential scan, because
      <function>gist_point_consistent</> disagreed with the underlying
      operator code about whether to do comparisons exactly or fuzzily.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer leak in WAL replay (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug could result in <quote>incorrect local pin count</> errors
      during replay, making recovery impossible.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition in <command>DELETE RETURNING</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Under the right circumstances, <command>DELETE RETURNING</> could
      attempt to fetch data from a shared buffer that the current process
      no longer has any pin on.  If some other process changed the buffer
      meanwhile, this would lead to garbage <literal>RETURNING</> output, or
      even a crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix infinite-loop risk in regular expression compilation (Tom Lane,
      Don Porter)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential null-pointer dereference in regular expression compilation
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>to_char()</> to use ASCII-only case-folding rules where
      appropriate (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes misbehavior of some template patterns that should be
      locale-independent, but mishandled <quote><literal>I</></quote> and
      <quote><literal>i</></quote> in Turkish locales.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix unwanted rejection of timestamp <literal>1999-12-31 24:00:00</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logic error when a single transaction does <command>UNLISTEN</>
      then <command>LISTEN</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The session wound up not listening for notify events at all, though it
      surely should listen in this case.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible planner crash after columns have been added to a view
      that's depended on by another view (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove useless <quote>picksplit doesn't support secondary split</> log
      messages (Josh Hansen, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This message seems to have been added in expectation of code that was
      never written, and probably never will be, since GiST's default
      handling of secondary splits is actually pretty good.  So stop nagging
      end users about it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible failure to send a session's last few transaction
      commit/abort counts to the statistics collector (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Eliminate memory leaks in PL/Perl's <function>spi_prepare()</> function
      (Alex Hunsaker, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dumpall</> to handle database names containing
      <quote><literal>=</></quote> correctly (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid crash in <application>pg_dump</> when an incorrect connection
      string is given (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore invalid indexes in <application>pg_dump</> and
      <application>pg_upgrade</> (Michael Paquier, Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Dumping invalid indexes can cause problems at restore time, for example
      if the reason the index creation failed was because it tried to enforce
      a uniqueness condition not satisfied by the table's data.  Also, if the
      index creation is in fact still in progress, it seems reasonable to
      consider it to be an uncommitted DDL change, which
      <application>pg_dump</> wouldn't be expected to dump anyway.
      <application>pg_upgrade</> now also skips invalid indexes rather than
      failing.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_basebackup</>, include only the current server
      version's subdirectory when backing up a tablespace (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add a server version check in <application>pg_basebackup</> and
      <application>pg_receivexlog</>, so they fail cleanly with version
      combinations that won't work (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/pg_trgm</>'s <function>similarity()</> function
      to return zero for trigram-less strings (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously it returned <literal>NaN</> due to internal division by zero.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2013b
      for DST law changes in Chile, Haiti, Morocco, Paraguay, and some
      Russian areas.  Also, historical zone data corrections for numerous
      places.
     </para>

     <para>
      Also, update the time zone abbreviation files for recent changes in
      Russia and elsewhere: <literal>CHOT</>, <literal>GET</>,
      <literal>IRKT</>, <literal>KGT</>, <literal>KRAT</>, <literal>MAGT</>,
      <literal>MAWT</>, <literal>MSK</>, <literal>NOVT</>, <literal>OMST</>,
      <literal>TKT</>, <literal>VLAT</>, <literal>WST</>, <literal>YAKT</>,
      <literal>YEKT</> now follow their current meanings, and
      <literal>VOLT</> (Europe/Volgograd) and <literal>MIST</>
      (Antarctica/Macquarie) are added to the default abbreviations list.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-8">
  <title>Release 9.1.8</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2013-02-07</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.7.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.8</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-6">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent execution of <function>enum_recv</> from SQL (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The function was misdeclared, allowing a simple SQL command to crash the
      server.  In principle an attacker might be able to use it to examine the
      contents of server memory.  Our thanks to Sumit Soni (via Secunia SVCRP)
      for reporting this issue.  (CVE-2013-0255)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix multiple problems in detection of when a consistent database
      state has been reached during WAL replay (Fujii Masao, Heikki
      Linnakangas, Simon Riggs, Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update minimum recovery point when truncating a relation file (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Once data has been discarded, it's no longer safe to stop recovery at
      an earlier point in the timeline.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix recycling of WAL segments after changing recovery target timeline
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix missing cancellations in hot standby mode (Noah Misch, Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      The need to cancel conflicting hot-standby queries would sometimes be
      missed, allowing those queries to see inconsistent data.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent recovery pause feature from pausing before users can connect
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix SQL grammar to allow subscripting or field selection from a
      sub-SELECT result (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix performance problems with autovacuum truncation in busy workloads
      (Jan Wieck)
     </para>

     <para>
      Truncation of empty pages at the end of a table requires exclusive
      lock, but autovacuum was coded to fail (and release the table lock)
      when there are conflicting lock requests.  Under load, it is easily
      possible that truncation would never occur, resulting in table bloat.
      Fix by performing a partial truncation, releasing the lock, then
      attempting to re-acquire the lock and continue.  This fix also greatly
      reduces the average time before autovacuum releases the lock after a
      conflicting request arrives.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Protect against race conditions when scanning
      <structname>pg_tablespace</> (Stephen Frost, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <command>CREATE DATABASE</> and <command>DROP DATABASE</> could
      misbehave if there were concurrent updates of
      <structname>pg_tablespace</> entries.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent <command>DROP OWNED</> from trying to drop whole databases or
      tablespaces (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      For safety, ownership of these objects must be reassigned, not dropped.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error in <link
      linkend="guc-vacuum-freeze-table-age"><varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</></link>
      implementation (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      In installations that have existed for more than <link
      linkend="guc-vacuum-freeze-min-age"><varname>vacuum_freeze_min_age</></link>
      transactions, this mistake prevented autovacuum from using partial-table
      scans, so that a full-table scan would always happen instead.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent misbehavior when a <symbol>RowExpr</> or <symbol>XmlExpr</>
      is parse-analyzed twice (Andres Freund, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake could be user-visible in contexts such as
      <literal>CREATE TABLE LIKE INCLUDING INDEXES</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve defenses against integer overflow in hashtable sizing
      calculations (Jeff Davis)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to ignore leftover temporary tables after a server crash
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Reject out-of-range dates in <function>to_date()</> (Hitoshi Harada)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>pg_extension_config_dump()</> to handle
      extension-update cases properly (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This function will now replace any existing entry for the target
      table, making it usable in extension update scripts.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PL/Python's handling of functions used as triggers on multiple
      tables (Andres Freund)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that non-ASCII prompt strings are translated to the correct
      code page on Windows (Alexander Law, Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug affected <application>psql</> and some other client programs.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash in <application>psql</>'s <command>\?</> command
      when not connected to a database (Meng Qingzhong)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible error if a relation file is removed while
      <application>pg_basebackup</> is running (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_dump</> exclude data of unlogged tables when
      running on a hot-standby server (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>

     <para>
      This would fail anyway because the data is not available on the standby
      server, so it seems most convenient to assume
      <option>--no-unlogged-table-data</> automatically.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</> to deal with invalid indexes safely
      (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix one-byte buffer overrun in <application>libpq</>'s
      <function>PQprintTuples</> (Xi Wang)
     </para>

     <para>
      This ancient function is not used anywhere by
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> itself, but it might still be used by some
      client code.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>ecpglib</> use translated messages properly
      (Chen Huajun)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly install <application>ecpg_compat</> and
      <application>pgtypes</> libraries on MSVC (Jiang Guiqing)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Include our version of <function>isinf()</> in
      <application>libecpg</> if it's not provided by the system
      (Jiang Guiqing)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Rearrange configure's tests for supplied functions so it is not
      fooled by bogus exports from libedit/libreadline (Christoph Berg)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure Windows build number increases over time (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pgxs</> build executables with the right
      <literal>.exe</> suffix when cross-compiling for Windows
      (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add new timezone abbreviation <literal>FET</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This is now used in some eastern-European time zones.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-7">
  <title>Release 9.1.7</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-12-06</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.6.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.7</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.6,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-6">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix multiple bugs associated with <command>CREATE INDEX
      CONCURRENTLY</> (Andres Freund, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Fix <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</> to use
      in-place updates when changing the state of an index's
      <structname>pg_index</> row.  This prevents race conditions that could
      cause concurrent sessions to miss updating the target index, thus
      resulting in corrupt concurrently-created indexes.
     </para>

     <para>
      Also, fix various other operations to ensure that they ignore
      invalid indexes resulting from a failed <command>CREATE INDEX
      CONCURRENTLY</> command.  The most important of these is
      <command>VACUUM</>, because an auto-vacuum could easily be launched
      on the table before corrective action can be taken to fix or remove
      the invalid index.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix buffer locking during WAL replay (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The WAL replay code was insufficiently careful about locking buffers
      when replaying WAL records that affect more than one page.  This could
      result in hot standby queries transiently seeing inconsistent states,
      resulting in wrong answers or unexpected failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix an error in WAL generation logic for GIN indexes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could result in index corruption, if a torn-page failure occurred.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Properly remove startup process's virtual XID lock when promoting a
      hot standby server to normal running (Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could prevent subsequent execution of certain
      operations such as <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid bogus <quote>out-of-sequence timeline ID</> errors in standby
      mode (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent the postmaster from launching new child processes after it's
      received a shutdown signal (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake could result in shutdown taking longer than it should, or
      even never completing at all without additional user action.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid corruption of internal hash tables when out of memory
      (Hitoshi Harada)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent file descriptors for dropped tables from being held open past
      transaction end (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This should reduce problems with long-since-dropped tables continuing
      to occupy disk space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent database-wide crash and restart when a new child process is
      unable to create a pipe for its latch (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Although the new process must fail, there is no good reason to force a
      database-wide restart, so avoid that.  This improves robustness when
      the kernel is nearly out of file descriptors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of non-strict equivalence clauses above outer joins
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The planner could derive incorrect constraints from a clause equating
      a non-strict construct to something else, for example
      <literal>WHERE COALESCE(foo, 0) = 0</>
      when <literal>foo</> is coming from the nullable side of an outer join.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>SELECT DISTINCT</> with index-optimized
      <function>MIN</>/<function>MAX</> on an inheritance tree (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The planner would fail with <quote>failed to re-find MinMaxAggInfo
      record</> given this combination of factors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve planner's ability to prove exclusion constraints from
      equivalence classes (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix partial-row matching in hashed subplans to handle cross-type cases
      correctly (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This affects multicolumn <literal>NOT IN</> subplans, such as
      <literal>WHERE (a, b) NOT IN (SELECT x, y FROM ...)</>
      when for instance <literal>b</> and <literal>y</> are <type>int4</>
      and <type>int8</> respectively.  This mistake led to wrong answers
      or crashes depending on the specific datatypes involved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Acquire buffer lock when re-fetching the old tuple for an
      <literal>AFTER ROW UPDATE/DELETE</> trigger (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      In very unusual circumstances, this oversight could result in passing
      incorrect data to a trigger <literal>WHEN</> condition, or to the
      precheck logic for a foreign-key enforcement trigger.  That could
      result in a crash, or in an incorrect decision about whether to
      fire the trigger.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> to handle inherited check
      constraints properly (Pavan Deolasee)
     </para>

     <para>
      This worked correctly in pre-8.4 releases, and now works correctly
      in 8.4 and later.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>ALTER EXTENSION SET SCHEMA</>'s failure  to move some
      subsidiary objects into the new schema (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera, Dimitri
      Fontaine)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</> to handle grants on tablespaces
      (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore incorrect <structname>pg_attribute</> entries for system
      columns for views (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Views do not have any system columns.  However, we forgot to
      remove such entries when converting a table to a view.  That's fixed
      properly for 9.3 and later, but in previous branches we need to defend
      against existing mis-converted views.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix rule printing to dump <literal>INSERT INTO <replaceable>table</>
      DEFAULT VALUES</literal> correctly (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Guard against stack overflow when there are too many
      <literal>UNION</>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</> clauses
      in a query (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent platform-dependent failures when dividing the minimum possible
      integer value by -1 (Xi Wang, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible access past end of string in date parsing
      (Hitoshi Harada)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix failure to advance XID epoch if XID wraparound happens during a
      checkpoint and <varname>wal_level</> is <literal>hot_standby</>
      (Tom Lane, Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      While this mistake had no particular impact on
      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> itself, it was bad for
      applications that rely on <function>txid_current()</> and related
      functions: the TXID value would appear to go backwards.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix display of
      <structname>pg_stat_replication</>.<structfield>sync_state</> at a
      page boundary (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Produce an understandable error message if the length of the path name
      for a Unix-domain socket exceeds the platform-specific limit
      (Tom Lane, Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      Formerly, this would result in something quite unhelpful, such as
      <quote>Non-recoverable failure in name resolution</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leaks when sending composite column values to the client
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_ctl</> more robust about reading the
      <filename>postmaster.pid</> file (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Fix race conditions and possible file descriptor leakage.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash in <application>psql</> if incorrectly-encoded data
      is presented and the <varname>client_encoding</> setting is a
      client-only encoding, such as SJIS (Jiang Guiqing)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>pg_dump</> dump <literal>SEQUENCE SET</> items in
      the data not pre-data section of the archive (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change fixes dumping of sequences that are marked as extension
      configuration tables.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in the <filename>restore.sql</> script emitted by
      <application>pg_dump</> in <literal>tar</> output format (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The script would fail outright on tables whose names include
      upper-case characters.  Also, make the script capable of restoring
      data in <option>--inserts</> mode as well as the regular COPY mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_restore</> to accept POSIX-conformant
      <literal>tar</> files (Brian Weaver, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The original coding of <application>pg_dump</>'s <literal>tar</>
      output mode produced files that are not fully conformant with the
      POSIX standard.  This has been corrected for version 9.3.  This
      patch updates previous branches so that they will accept both the
      incorrect and the corrected formats, in hopes of avoiding
      compatibility problems when 9.3 comes out.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <literal>tar</> files emitted by <application>pg_basebackup</> to
      be POSIX conformant (Brian Weaver, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_resetxlog</> to locate <filename>postmaster.pid</>
      correctly when given a relative path to the data directory (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake could lead to <application>pg_resetxlog</> not noticing
      that there is an active postmaster using the data directory.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>libpq</>'s <function>lo_import()</> and
      <function>lo_export()</> functions to report file I/O errors properly
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</>'s processing of nested structure pointer
      variables (Muhammad Usama)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>ecpg</>'s <function>ecpg_get_data</> function to
      handle arrays properly (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <filename>contrib/pageinspect</>'s btree page inspection
      functions take buffer locks while examining pages (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that <literal>make install</> for an extension creates the
      <filename>extension</> installation directory (C&eacute;dric Villemain)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, this step was missed if <varname>MODULEDIR</> was set in
      the extension's Makefile.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pgxs</> support for building loadable modules on AIX
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Building modules outside the original source tree didn't work on AIX.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2012j
      for DST law changes in Cuba, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Palestine, Western
      Samoa, and portions of Brazil.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-6">
  <title>Release 9.1.6</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-09-24</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.5.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.6</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, you may need to perform <command>REINDEX</> operations to
    recover from the effects of the data corruption bug described in the
    first changelog item below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.4,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-4">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix persistence marking of shared buffers during WAL replay
      (Jeff Davis)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake can result in buffers not being written out during
      checkpoints, resulting in data corruption if the server later crashes
      without ever having written those buffers.  Corruption can occur on
      any server following crash recovery, but it is significantly more
      likely to occur on standby slave servers since those perform much
      more WAL replay.  There is a low probability of corruption of btree
      and GIN indexes.  There is a much higher probability of corruption of
      table <quote>visibility maps</>.  Fortunately, visibility maps are
      non-critical data in 9.1, so the worst consequence of such corruption
      in 9.1 installations is transient inefficiency of vacuuming.  Table
      data proper cannot be corrupted by this bug.
     </para>

     <para>
      While no index corruption due to this bug is known to have occurred
      in the field, as a precautionary measure it is recommended that
      production installations <command>REINDEX</> all btree and GIN
      indexes at a convenient time after upgrading to 9.1.6.
     </para>

     <para>
      Also, if you intend to do an in-place upgrade to 9.2.X, before doing
      so it is recommended to perform a <command>VACUUM</> of all tables
      while having <link
      linkend="guc-vacuum-freeze-table-age"><varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</></link>
      set to zero.  This will ensure that any lingering wrong data in the
      visibility maps is corrected before 9.2.X can depend on it.  <link
      linkend="guc-vacuum-cost-delay"><varname>vacuum_cost_delay</></link>
      can be adjusted to reduce the performance impact of vacuuming, while
      causing it to take longer to finish.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's assignment of executor parameters, and fix executor's
      rescan logic for CTE plan nodes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      These errors could result in wrong answers from queries that scan the
      same <literal>WITH</> subquery multiple times.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix misbehavior when <link
      linkend="guc-default-transaction-isolation"><varname>default_transaction_isolation</></link>
      is set to <literal>serializable</> (Kevin Grittner, Tom Lane, Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Symptoms include crashes at process start on Windows, and crashes in
      hot standby operation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve selectivity estimation for text search queries involving
      prefixes, i.e. <replaceable>word</><literal>:*</> patterns  (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve page-splitting decisions in GiST indexes (Alexander Korotkov,
      Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Multi-column GiST indexes might suffer unexpected bloat due to this
      error.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix cascading privilege revoke to stop if privileges are still held
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If we revoke a grant option from some role <replaceable>X</>, but
      <replaceable>X</> still holds that option via a grant from someone
      else, we should not recursively revoke the corresponding privilege
      from role(s) <replaceable>Y</> that <replaceable>X</> had granted it
      to.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow extensions from containing the schema they are assigned to
      (Thom Brown)
     </para>

     <para>
      This situation creates circular dependencies that confuse
      <application>pg_dump</> and probably other things.  It's confusing
      for humans too, so disallow it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve error messages for Hot Standby misconfiguration errors
      (Gurjeet Singh)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>configure</> probe for <function>mbstowcs_l</> (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes build failures on some versions of AIX.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix handling of <literal>SIGFPE</> when PL/Perl is in use (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      Perl resets the process's <literal>SIGFPE</> handler to
      <literal>SIG_IGN</>, which could result in crashes later on.  Restore
      the normal Postgres signal handler after initializing PL/Perl.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent PL/Perl from crashing if a recursive PL/Perl function is
      redefined while being executed (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Work around possible misoptimization in PL/Perl (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some Linux distributions contain an incorrect version of
      <filename>pthread.h</> that results in incorrect compiled code in
      PL/Perl, leading to crashes if a PL/Perl function calls another one
      that throws an error.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in <filename>contrib/pg_trgm</>'s <literal>LIKE</> pattern
      analysis code (Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      <literal>LIKE</> queries using a trigram index could produce wrong
      results if the pattern contained <literal>LIKE</> escape characters.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</>'s handling of line endings on Windows
      (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, <application>pg_upgrade</> might add or remove carriage
      returns in places such as function bodies.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      On Windows, make <application>pg_upgrade</> use backslash path
      separators in the scripts it emits (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove unnecessary dependency on <application>pg_config</> from
      <application>pg_upgrade</> (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2012f
      for DST law changes in Fiji
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-5">
  <title>Release 9.1.5</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-08-17</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.4.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.5</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.4,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-4">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent access to external files/URLs via XML entity references
      (Noah Misch, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <function>xml_parse()</> would attempt to fetch external files or
      URLs as needed to resolve DTD and entity references in an XML value,
      thus allowing unprivileged database users to attempt to fetch data
      with the privileges of the database server.  While the external data
      wouldn't get returned directly to the user, portions of it could be
      exposed in error messages if the data didn't parse as valid XML; and
      in any case the mere ability to check existence of a file might be
      useful to an attacker.  (CVE-2012-3489)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent access to external files/URLs via <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
      <function>xslt_process()</> (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>libxslt</> offers the ability to read and write both
      files and URLs through stylesheet commands, thus allowing
      unprivileged database users to both read and write data with the
      privileges of the database server.  Disable that through proper use
      of <application>libxslt</>'s security options.  (CVE-2012-3488)
     </para>

     <para>
      Also, remove <function>xslt_process()</>'s ability to fetch documents
      and stylesheets from external files/URLs.  While this was a
      documented <quote>feature</>, it was long regarded as a bad idea.
      The fix for CVE-2012-3489 broke that capability, and rather than
      expend effort on trying to fix it, we're just going to summarily
      remove it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent too-early recycling of btree index pages (Noah Misch)
     </para>

     <para>
      When we allowed read-only transactions to skip assigning XIDs, we
      introduced the possibility that a deleted btree page could be
      recycled while a read-only transaction was still in flight to it.
      This would result in incorrect index search results.  The probability
      of such an error occurring in the field seems very low because of the
      timing requirements, but nonetheless it should be fixed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix crash-safety bug with newly-created-or-reset sequences (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If <command>ALTER SEQUENCE</> was executed on a freshly created or
      reset sequence, and then precisely one <function>nextval()</> call
      was made on it, and then the server crashed, WAL replay would restore
      the sequence to a state in which it appeared that no
      <function>nextval()</> had been done, thus allowing the first
      sequence value to be returned again by the next
      <function>nextval()</> call.  In particular this could manifest for
      <type>serial</> columns, since creation of a serial column's sequence
      includes an <command>ALTER SEQUENCE OWNED BY</> step.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition in <literal>enum</>-type value comparisons (Robert
      Haas, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Comparisons could fail when encountering an enum value added since
      the current query started.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <function>txid_current()</> to report the correct epoch when not
      in hot standby (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This fixes a regression introduced in the previous minor release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent selection of unsuitable replication connections as
      the synchronous standby (Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      The master might improperly choose pseudo-servers such as
      <application>pg_receivexlog</> or <application>pg_basebackup</>
      as the synchronous standby, and then wait indefinitely for them.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bug in startup of Hot Standby when a master transaction has many
      subtransactions (Andres Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This mistake led to failures reported as <quote>out-of-order XID
      insertion in KnownAssignedXids</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure the <filename>backup_label</> file is fsync'd after
      <function>pg_start_backup()</> (Dave Kerr)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix timeout handling in walsender processes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      WAL sender background processes neglected to establish a
      <systemitem>SIGALRM</> handler, meaning they would wait forever in
      some corner cases where a timeout ought to happen.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Wake walsenders after each background flush by walwriter (Andres
      Freund, Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      This greatly reduces replication delay when the workload contains
      only asynchronously-committed transactions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <literal>LISTEN</>/<literal>NOTIFY</> to cope better with I/O
      problems, such as out of disk space (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      After a write failure, all subsequent attempts to send more
      <literal>NOTIFY</> messages would fail with messages like
      <quote>Could not read from file "pg_notify/<replaceable>nnnn</>" at
      offset <replaceable>nnnnn</>: Success</quote>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Only allow autovacuum to be auto-canceled by a directly blocked
      process (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The original coding could allow inconsistent behavior in some cases;
      in particular, an autovacuum could get canceled after less than
      <literal>deadlock_timeout</> grace period.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve logging of autovacuum cancels (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix log collector so that <literal>log_truncate_on_rotation</> works
      during the very first log rotation after server start (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <literal>WITH</> attached to a nested set operation
      (<literal>UNION</>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</>)
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that a whole-row reference to a subquery doesn't include any
      extra <literal>GROUP BY</> or <literal>ORDER BY</> columns (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dependencies generated during <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD
      CONSTRAINT USING INDEX</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This command left behind a redundant <structname>pg_depend</> entry
      for the index, which could confuse later operations, notably
      <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> on one of the indexed
      columns.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</> to work on extensions (Alvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow copying whole-row references in <literal>CHECK</>
      constraints and index definitions during <command>CREATE TABLE</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This situation can arise in <command>CREATE TABLE</> with
      <literal>LIKE</> or <literal>INHERITS</>.  The copied whole-row
      variable was incorrectly labeled with the row type of the original
      table not the new one.  Rejecting the case seems reasonable for
      <literal>LIKE</>, since the row types might well diverge later.  For
      <literal>INHERITS</> we should ideally allow it, with an implicit
      coercion to the parent table's row type; but that will require more
      work than seems safe to back-patch.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak in <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</> subqueries (Heikki
      Linnakangas, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner to pass correct collation to operator selectivity
      estimators (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This was not previously required by any core selectivity estimation
      function, but third-party code might need it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix extraction of common prefixes from regular expressions (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The code could get confused by quantified parenthesized
      subexpressions, such as <literal>^(foo)?bar</>.  This would lead to
      incorrect index optimization of searches for such patterns.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs with parsing signed
      <replaceable>hh</><literal>:</><replaceable>mm</> and
      <replaceable>hh</><literal>:</><replaceable>mm</><literal>:</><replaceable>ss</>
      fields in <type>interval</> constants (Amit Kapila, Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</> to better handle views containing partial
      <literal>GROUP BY</> lists (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A view that lists only a primary key column in <literal>GROUP BY</>,
      but uses other table columns as if they were grouped, gets marked as
      depending on the primary key.  Improper handling of such primary key
      dependencies in <application>pg_dump</> resulted in poorly-ordered
      dumps, which at best would be inefficient to restore and at worst
      could result in outright failure of a parallel
      <application>pg_restore</> run.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In PL/Perl, avoid setting UTF8 flag when in SQL_ASCII encoding
      (Alex Hunsaker, Kyotaro Horiguchi, Alvaro Herrera)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use Postgres' encoding conversion functions, not Python's, when
      converting a Python Unicode string to the server encoding in
      PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
     </para>

     <para>
      This avoids some corner-case problems, notably that Python doesn't
      support all the encodings Postgres does.  A notable functional change
      is that if the server encoding is SQL_ASCII, you will get the UTF-8
      representation of the string; formerly, any non-ASCII characters in
      the string would result in an error.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix mapping of PostgreSQL encodings to Python encodings in PL/Python
      (Jan Urbanski)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Report errors properly in <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
      <function>xslt_process()</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2012e
      for DST law changes in Morocco and Tokelau
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-4">
  <title>Release 9.1.4</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-06-04</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.3.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.4</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you use the <type>citext</> data type, and you upgraded
    from a previous major release by running <application>pg_upgrade</>,
    you should run <literal>CREATE EXTENSION citext FROM unpackaged</>
    to avoid collation-related failures in <type>citext</> operations.
    The same is necessary if you restore a dump from a pre-9.1 database
    that contains an instance of the <type>citext</> data type.
    If you've already run the <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> command before
    upgrading to 9.1.4, you will instead need to do manual catalog updates
    as explained in the third changelog item below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.2,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-2">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect password transformation in
      <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>'s DES <function>crypt()</> function
      (Solar Designer)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a password string contained the byte value <literal>0x80</>, the
      remainder of the password was ignored, causing the password to be much
      weaker than it appeared.  With this fix, the rest of the string is
      properly included in the DES hash.  Any stored password values that are
      affected by this bug will thus no longer match, so the stored values may
      need to be updated.  (CVE-2012-2143)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> and <literal>SET</> attributes for
      a procedural language's call handler (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Applying such attributes to a call handler could crash the server.
      (CVE-2012-2655)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <filename>contrib/citext</>'s upgrade script fix collations of
      <type>citext</> arrays and domains over <type>citext</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Release 9.1.2 provided a fix for collations of <type>citext</> columns
      and indexes in databases upgraded or reloaded from pre-9.1
      installations, but that fix was incomplete: it neglected to handle arrays
      and domains over <type>citext</>.  This release extends the module's
      upgrade script to handle these cases.  As before, if you have already
      run the upgrade script, you'll need to run the collation update
      commands by hand instead.  See the 9.1.2 release notes for more
      information about doing this.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow numeric timezone offsets in <type>timestamp</> input to be up to
      16 hours away from UTC (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some historical time zones have offsets larger than 15 hours, the
      previous limit.  This could result in dumped data values being rejected
      during reload.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix timestamp conversion to cope when the given time is exactly the
      last DST transition time for the current timezone (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight has been there a long time, but was not noticed
      previously because most DST-using zones are presumed to have an
      indefinite sequence of future DST transitions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <type>text</> to <type>name</> and <type>char</> to <type>name</>
      casts to perform string truncation correctly in multibyte encodings
      (Karl Schnaitter)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory copying bug in <function>to_tsquery()</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure <function>txid_current()</> reports the correct epoch when
      executed in hot standby (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's handling of outer PlaceHolderVars within subqueries (Tom
      Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug concerns sub-SELECTs that reference variables coming from the
      nullable side of an outer join of the surrounding query.
      In 9.1, queries affected by this bug would fail with <quote>ERROR:
      Upper-level PlaceHolderVar found where not expected</>.  But in 9.0 and
      8.4, you'd silently get possibly-wrong answers, since the value
      transmitted into the subquery wouldn't go to null when it should.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of <literal>UNION ALL</> subqueries with output columns
      that are not simple variables (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Planning of such cases got noticeably worse in 9.1 as a result of a
      misguided fix for <quote>MergeAppend child's targetlist doesn't match
      MergeAppend</> errors.  Revert that fix and do it another way.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix slow session startup when <structname>pg_attribute</> is very large
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If <structname>pg_attribute</> exceeds one-fourth of
      <varname>shared_buffers</>, cache rebuilding code that is sometimes
      needed during session start would trigger the synchronized-scan logic,
      causing it to take many times longer than normal.  The problem was
      particularly acute if many new sessions were starting at once.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure sequential scans check for query cancel reasonably often (Merlin
      Moncure)
     </para>

     <para>
      A scan encountering many consecutive pages that contain no live tuples
      would not respond to interrupts meanwhile.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure the Windows implementation of <function>PGSemaphoreLock()</>
      clears <varname>ImmediateInterruptOK</> before returning (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight meant that a query-cancel interrupt received later
      in the same query could be accepted at an unsafe time, with
      unpredictable but not good consequences.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Show whole-row variables safely when printing views or rules
      (Abbas Butt, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Corner cases involving ambiguous names (that is, the name could be
      either a table or column name of the query) were printed in an
      ambiguous way, risking that the view or rule would be interpreted
      differently after dump and reload.  Avoid the ambiguous case by
      attaching a no-op cast.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>COPY FROM</> to properly handle null marker strings that
      correspond to invalid encoding (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A null marker string such as <literal>E'\\0'</> should work, and did
      work in the past, but the case got broken in 8.4.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>EXPLAIN VERBOSE</> for writable CTEs containing
      <literal>RETURNING</> clauses (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> to work correctly in the presence
      of advisory locks (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Historically, <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> has simply ignored any
      session-level advisory locks the session holds, but this case was
      accidentally broken in 9.1.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix truncation of unlogged tables (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ignore missing schemas during non-interactive assignments of
      <varname>search_path</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This re-aligns 9.1's behavior with that of older branches.  Previously
      9.1 would throw an error for nonexistent schemas mentioned in
      <varname>search_path</> settings obtained from places such as
      <command>ALTER DATABASE SET</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs with temporary or transient tables used in extension scripts
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This includes cases such as a rewriting <command>ALTER TABLE</> within
      an extension update script, since that uses a transient table behind
      the scenes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure autovacuum worker processes perform stack depth checking
      properly (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, infinite recursion in a function invoked by
      auto-<command>ANALYZE</> could crash worker processes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logging collector to not lose log coherency under high load (Andrew
      Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      The collector previously could fail to reassemble large messages if it
      got too busy.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix logging collector to ensure it will restart file rotation
      after receiving <systemitem>SIGHUP</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>too many LWLocks taken</> failure in GiST indexes (Heikki
      Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix WAL replay logic for GIN indexes to not fail if the index was
      subsequently dropped (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly detect SSI conflicts of prepared transactions after a crash
      (Dan Ports)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid synchronous replication delay when committing a transaction that
      only modified temporary tables (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      In such a case the transaction's commit record need not be flushed to
      standby servers, but some of the code didn't know that and waited for
      it to happen anyway.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error handling in <application>pg_basebackup</>
      (Thomas Ogrisegg, Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>walsender</> to not go into a busy loop if connection
      is terminated (Fujii Masao)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak in PL/pgSQL's <command>RETURN NEXT</> command (Joe
      Conway)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PL/pgSQL's <command>GET DIAGNOSTICS</> command when the target
      is the function's first variable (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure that PL/Perl package-qualifies the <varname>_TD</> variable
      (Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug caused trigger invocations to fail when they are nested
      within a function invocation that changes the current package.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix PL/Python functions returning composite types to accept a string
      for their result value (Jan Urbanski)
     </para>

     <para>
      This case was accidentally broken by the 9.1 additions to allow a
      composite result value to be supplied in other formats, such as
      dictionaries.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix potential access off the end of memory in <application>psql</>'s
      expanded display (<command>\x</>) mode (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix several performance problems in <application>pg_dump</> when
      the database contains many objects (Jeff Janes, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> could get very slow if the database contained
      many schemas, or if many objects are in dependency loops, or if there
      are many owned sequences.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory and file descriptor leaks in <application>pg_restore</>
      when reading a directory-format archive (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_upgrade</> for the case that a database stored in a
      non-default tablespace contains a table in the cluster's default
      tablespace (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>ecpg</>, fix rare memory leaks and possible overwrite
      of one byte after the <structname>sqlca_t</> structure (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/dblink</>'s <function>dblink_exec()</> to not leak
      temporary database connections upon error (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/dblink</> to report the correct connection name in
      error messages (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/vacuumlo</> to use multiple transactions when
      dropping many large objects (Tim Lewis, Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change avoids exceeding <varname>max_locks_per_transaction</> when
      many objects need to be dropped.  The behavior can be adjusted with the
      new <literal>-l</> (limit) option.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2012c
      for DST law changes in Antarctica, Armenia, Chile, Cuba, Falkland
      Islands, Gaza, Haiti, Hebron, Morocco, Syria, and Tokelau Islands;
      also historical corrections for Canada.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-3">
  <title>Release 9.1.3</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2012-02-27</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.2.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.3</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 9.1.2,
    see <xref linkend="release-9-1-2">.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Require execute permission on the trigger function for
      <command>CREATE TRIGGER</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This missing check could allow another user to execute a trigger
      function with forged input data, by installing it on a table he owns.
      This is only of significance for trigger functions marked
      <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</>, since otherwise trigger functions run
      as the table owner anyway.  (CVE-2012-0866)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove arbitrary limitation on length of common name in SSL
      certificates (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Both <application>libpq</> and the server truncated the common name
      extracted from an SSL certificate at 32 bytes.  Normally this would
      cause nothing worse than an unexpected verification failure, but there
      are some rather-implausible scenarios in which it might allow one
      certificate holder to impersonate another.  The victim would have to
      have a common name exactly 32 bytes long, and the attacker would have
      to persuade a trusted CA to issue a certificate in which the common
      name has that string as a prefix.  Impersonating a server would also
      require some additional exploit to redirect client connections.
      (CVE-2012-0867)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Convert newlines to spaces in names written in <application>pg_dump</>
      comments (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> was incautious about sanitizing object names
      that are emitted within SQL comments in its output script.  A name
      containing a newline would at least render the script syntactically
      incorrect.  Maliciously crafted object names could present a SQL
      injection risk when the script is reloaded.  (CVE-2012-0868)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix btree index corruption from insertions concurrent with vacuuming
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      An index page split caused by an insertion could sometimes cause a
      concurrently-running <command>VACUUM</> to miss removing index entries
      that it should remove.  After the corresponding table rows are removed,
      the dangling index entries would cause errors (such as <quote>could not
      read block N in file ...</>) or worse, silently wrong query results
      after unrelated rows are re-inserted at the now-free table locations.
      This bug has been present since release 8.2, but occurs so infrequently
      that it was not diagnosed until now.  If you have reason to suspect
      that it has happened in your database, reindexing the affected index
      will fix things.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix transient zeroing of shared buffers during WAL replay (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The replay logic would sometimes zero and refill a shared buffer, so
      that the contents were transiently invalid.  In hot standby mode this
      can result in a query that's executing in parallel seeing garbage data.
      Various symptoms could result from that, but the most common one seems
      to be <quote>invalid memory alloc request size</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix handling of data-modifying <literal>WITH</> subplans in
      <literal>READ COMMITTED</> rechecking (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A <literal>WITH</> clause containing
      <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</> would crash
      if the parent <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> command needed
      to be re-evaluated at one or more rows due to concurrent updates
      in <literal>READ COMMITTED</> mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix corner case in SSI transaction cleanup
      (Dan Ports)
     </para>

     <para>
      When finishing up a read-write serializable transaction,
      a crash could occur if all remaining active serializable transactions
      are read-only.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix postmaster to attempt restart after a hot-standby crash (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A logic error caused the postmaster to terminate, rather than attempt
      to restart the cluster, if any backend process crashed while operating
      in hot standby mode.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <command>CLUSTER</>/<command>VACUUM FULL</> handling of toast
      values owned by recently-updated rows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight could lead to <quote>duplicate key value violates unique
      constraint</> errors being reported against the toast table's index
      during one of these commands.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update per-column permissions, not only per-table permissions, when
      changing table owner (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Failure to do this meant that any previously granted column permissions
      were still shown as having been granted by the old owner.  This meant
      that neither the new owner nor a superuser could revoke the
      now-untraceable-to-table-owner permissions.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support foreign data wrappers and foreign servers in
      <command>REASSIGN OWNED</> (Alvaro Herrera)
     </para>

     <para>
      This command failed with <quote>unexpected classid</> errors if
      it needed to change the ownership of any such objects.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow non-existent values for some settings in <command>ALTER
      USER/DATABASE SET</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Allow <varname>default_text_search_config</>,
      <varname>default_tablespace</>, and <varname>temp_tablespaces</> to be
      set to names that are not known.  This is because they might be known
      in another database where the setting is intended to be used, or for the
      tablespace cases because the tablespace might not be created yet.  The
      same issue was previously recognized for <varname>search_path</>, and
      these settings now act like that one.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>unsupported node type</> error caused by <literal>COLLATE</>
      in an <command>INSERT</> expression (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid crashing when we have problems deleting table files post-commit
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Dropping a table should lead to deleting the underlying disk files only
      after the transaction commits.  In event of failure then (for instance,
      because of wrong file permissions) the code is supposed to just emit a
      warning message and go on, since it's too late to abort the
      transaction.  This logic got broken as of release 8.4, causing such
      situations to result in a PANIC and an unrestartable database.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Recover from errors occurring during WAL replay of <command>DROP
      TABLESPACE</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Replay will attempt to remove the tablespace's directories, but there
      are various reasons why this might fail (for example, incorrect
      ownership or permissions on those directories).  Formerly the replay
      code would panic, rendering the database unrestartable without manual
      intervention.  It seems better to log the problem and continue, since
      the only consequence of failure to remove the directories is some
      wasted disk space.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition in logging AccessExclusiveLocks for hot standby
      (Simon Riggs)
     </para>

     <para>
      Sometimes a lock would be logged as being held by <quote>transaction
      zero</>.  This is at least known to produce assertion failures on
      slave servers, and might be the cause of more serious problems.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Track the OID counter correctly during WAL replay, even when it wraps
      around (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously the OID counter would remain stuck at a high value until the
      system exited replay mode.  The practical consequences of that are
      usually nil, but there are scenarios wherein a standby server that's
      been promoted to master might take a long time to advance the OID
      counter to a reasonable value once values are needed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent emitting misleading <quote>consistent recovery state reached</>
      log message at the beginning of crash recovery (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix initial value of
      <structname>pg_stat_replication</>.<structfield>replay_location</>
      (Fujii Masao)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, the value shown would be wrong until at least one WAL
      record had been replayed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix regular expression back-references with <literal>*</> attached
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Rather than enforcing an exact string match, the code would effectively
      accept any string that satisfies the pattern sub-expression referenced
      by the back-reference symbol.
     </para>

     <para>
      A similar problem still afflicts back-references that are embedded in a
      larger quantified expression, rather than being the immediate subject
      of the quantifier.  This will be addressed in a future
      <productname>PostgreSQL</> release.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix recently-introduced memory leak in processing of
      <type>inet</>/<type>cidr</> values (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      A patch in the December 2011 releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>
      caused memory leakage in these operations, which could be significant
      in scenarios such as building a btree index on such a column.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planner's ability to push down index-expression restrictions
      through <literal>UNION ALL</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This type of optimization was inadvertently disabled by a fix for
      another problem in 9.1.2.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix planning of <literal>WITH</> clauses referenced in
      <command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</> on an inherited table
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug led to <quote>could not find plan for CTE</> failures.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix GIN cost estimation to handle <literal>column IN (...)</>
      index conditions (Marti Raudsepp)
     </para>

     <para>
      This oversight would usually lead to crashes if such a condition could
      be used with a GIN index.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent assertion failure when exiting a session with an open, failed
      transaction (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug has no impact on normal builds with asserts not enabled.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix dangling pointer after <command>CREATE TABLE AS</>/<command>SELECT
      INTO</> in a SQL-language function (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In most cases this only led to an assertion failure in assert-enabled
      builds, but worse consequences seem possible.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid double close of file handle in syslogger on Windows (MauMau)
     </para>

     <para>
      Ordinarily this error was invisible, but it would cause an exception
      when running on a debug version of Windows.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix I/O-conversion-related memory leaks in plpgsql
      (Andres Freund, Jan Urbanski, Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Certain operations would leak memory until the end of the current
      function.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Work around bug in perl's SvPVutf8() function (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This function crashes when handed a typeglob or certain read-only
      objects such as <literal>$^V</>.  Make plperl avoid passing those to
      it.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In <application>pg_dump</>, don't dump contents of an extension's
      configuration tables if the extension itself is not being dumped
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve <application>pg_dump</>'s handling of inherited table columns
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> mishandled situations where a child column has
      a different default expression than its parent column.  If the default
      is textually identical to the parent's default, but not actually the
      same (for instance, because of schema search path differences) it would
      not be recognized as different, so that after dump and restore the
      child would be allowed to inherit the parent's default.  Child columns
      that are <literal>NOT NULL</> where their parent is not could also be
      restored subtly incorrectly.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_restore</>'s direct-to-database mode for
      INSERT-style table data (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Direct-to-database restores from archive files made with
      <option>--inserts</> or <option>--column-inserts</> options fail when
      using <application>pg_restore</> from a release dated September or
      December 2011, as a result of an oversight in a fix for another
      problem.  The archive file itself is not at fault, and text-mode
      output is okay.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Teach <application>pg_upgrade</> to handle renaming of
      <application>plpython</>'s shared library (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Upgrading a pre-9.1 database that included plpython would fail because
      of this oversight.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <application>pg_upgrade</> to process tables containing
      <type>regclass</> columns (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Since <application>pg_upgrade</> now takes care to preserve
      <structname>pg_class</> OIDs, there was no longer any reason for this
      restriction.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <application>libpq</> ignore <literal>ENOTDIR</> errors
      when looking for an SSL client certificate file
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows SSL connections to be established, though without a
      certificate, even when the user's home directory is set to something
      like <literal>/dev/null</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix some more field alignment issues in <application>ecpg</>'s SQLDA area
      (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <literal>AT</> option in <application>ecpg</>
      <literal>DEALLOCATE</> statements (Michael Meskes)
     </para>

     <para>
      The infrastructure to support this has been there for awhile, but
      through an oversight there was still an error check rejecting the case.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Do not use the variable name when defining a varchar structure in ecpg
      (Michael Meskes)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <filename>contrib/auto_explain</>'s JSON output mode to produce
      valid JSON (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      The output used brackets at the top level, when it should have used
      braces.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error in <filename>contrib/intarray</>'s <literal>int[] &amp;
      int[]</> operator (Guillaume Lelarge)
     </para>

     <para>
      If the smallest integer the two input arrays have in common is 1,
      and there are smaller values in either array, then 1 would be
      incorrectly omitted from the result.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix error detection in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>'s
      <function>encrypt_iv()</> and <function>decrypt_iv()</>
      (Marko Kreen)
     </para>

     <para>
      These functions failed to report certain types of invalid-input errors,
      and would instead return random garbage values for incorrect input.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix one-byte buffer overrun in <filename>contrib/test_parser</>
      (Paul Guyot)
     </para>

     <para>
      The code would try to read one more byte than it should, which would
      crash in corner cases.
      Since <filename>contrib/test_parser</> is only example code, this is
      not a security issue in itself, but bad example code is still bad.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use <function>__sync_lock_test_and_set()</> for spinlocks on ARM, if
      available (Martin Pitt)
     </para>

     <para>
      This function replaces our previous use of the <literal>SWPB</>
      instruction, which is deprecated and not available on ARMv6 and later.
      Reports suggest that the old code doesn't fail in an obvious way on
      recent ARM boards, but simply doesn't interlock concurrent accesses,
      leading to bizarre failures in multiprocess operation.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use <option>-fexcess-precision=standard</> option when building with
      gcc versions that accept it (Andrew Dunstan)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents assorted scenarios wherein recent versions of gcc will
      produce creative results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow use of threaded Python on FreeBSD (Chris Rees)
     </para>

     <para>
      Our configure script previously believed that this combination wouldn't
      work; but FreeBSD fixed the problem, so remove that error check.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow MinGW builds to use standardly-named OpenSSL libraries
      (Tomasz Ostrowski)
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-2">
  <title>Release 9.1.2</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2011-12-05</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a variety of fixes from 9.1.1.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.2</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, a longstanding error was discovered in the definition of the
    <literal>information_schema.referential_constraints</> view.  If you
    rely on correct results from that view, you should replace its
    definition as explained in the first changelog item below.
   </para>

   <para>
    Also, if you use the <type>citext</> data type, and you upgraded
    from a previous major release by running <application>pg_upgrade</>,
    you should run <literal>CREATE EXTENSION citext FROM unpackaged</>
    to avoid collation-related failures in <type>citext</> operations.
    The same is necessary if you restore a dump from a pre-9.1 database
    that contains an instance of the <type>citext</> data type.
    If you've already run the <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> command before
    upgrading to 9.1.2, you will instead need to do manual catalog updates
    as explained in the second changelog item.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix bugs in <literal>information_schema.referential_constraints</> view
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This view was being insufficiently careful about matching the
      foreign-key constraint to the depended-on primary or unique key
      constraint.  That could result in failure to show a foreign key
      constraint at all, or showing it multiple times, or claiming that it
      depends on a different constraint than the one it really does.
     </para>

     <para>
      Since the view definition is installed by <application>initdb</>,
      merely upgrading will not fix the problem.  If you need to fix this
      in an existing installation, you can (as a superuser) drop the
      <literal>information_schema</> schema then re-create it by sourcing
      <filename><replaceable>SHAREDIR</>/information_schema.sql</filename>.
      (Run <literal>pg_config --sharedir</> if you're uncertain where
      <replaceable>SHAREDIR</> is.)  This must be repeated in each database
      to be fixed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <filename>contrib/citext</>'s upgrade script fix collations of
      <type>citext</> columns and indexes (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Existing <type>citext</> columns and indexes aren't correctly marked as
      being of a collatable data type during <application>pg_upgrade</> from
      a pre-9.1 server, or when a pre-9.1 dump containing the <type>citext</>
      type is loaded into a 9.1 server.
      That leads to operations on these columns failing with errors
      such as <quote>could not determine which collation to use for string
      comparison</>.  This change allows them to be fixed by the same
      script that upgrades the <type>citext</> module into a proper 9.1
      extension during <literal>CREATE EXTENSION citext FROM unpackaged</>.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you have a previously-upgraded database that is suffering from this
      problem, and you already ran the <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> command,
      you can manually run (as superuser) the <command>UPDATE</> commands
      found at the end of
      <filename><replaceable>SHAREDIR</>/extension/citext--unpackaged--1.0.sql</filename>.
      (Run <literal>pg_config --sharedir</> if you're uncertain where
      <replaceable>SHAREDIR</> is.)
      There is no harm in doing this again if unsure.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible crash during <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> that
      joins to the output of a scalar-returning function (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      A crash could only occur if the target row had been concurrently
      updated, so this problem surfaced only intermittently.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect replay of WAL records for GIN index updates
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This could result in transiently failing to find index entries after
      a crash, or on a hot-standby server.  The problem would be repaired
      by the next <command>VACUUM</> of the index, however.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix TOAST-related data corruption during <literal>CREATE TABLE dest AS
      SELECT * FROM src</> or <literal>INSERT INTO dest SELECT * FROM src</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      If a table has been modified by <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</>,
      attempts to copy its data verbatim to another table could produce
      corrupt results in certain corner cases.
      The problem can only manifest in this precise form in 8.4 and later,
      but we patched earlier versions as well in case there are other code
      paths that could trigger the same bug.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix possible failures during hot standby startup (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Start hot standby faster when initial snapshot is incomplete
      (Simon Riggs)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix race condition during toast table access from stale syscache entries
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      The typical symptom was transient errors like <quote>missing chunk
      number 0 for toast value NNNNN in pg_toast_2619</>, where the cited
      toast table would always belong to a system catalog.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Track dependencies of functions on items used in parameter default
      expressions (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously, a referenced object could be dropped without having dropped
      or modified the function, leading to misbehavior when the function was
      used.  Note that merely installing this update will not fix the missing
      dependency entries; to do that, you'd need to <command>CREATE OR
      REPLACE</> each such function afterwards.  If you have functions whose
      defaults depend on non-built-in objects, doing so is recommended.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect management of placeholder variables in nestloop joins
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This bug is known to lead to <quote>variable not found in subplan target
      list</> planner errors, and could possibly result in wrong query output
      when outer joins are involved.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix window functions that sort by expressions involving aggregates
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously these could fail with <quote>could not find pathkey item to
      sort</> planner errors.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <quote>MergeAppend child's targetlist doesn't match MergeAppend</>
      planner errors (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix index matching for operators with both collatable and noncollatable
      inputs (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      In 9.1.0, an indexable operator that has a non-collatable left-hand
      input type and a collatable right-hand input type would not be
      recognized as matching the left-hand column's index.  An example is
      the <type>hstore</> <literal>?</> <type>text</> operator.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow inlining of set-returning SQL functions with multiple OUT
      parameters (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't trust deferred-unique indexes for join removal (Tom Lane and Marti
      Raudsepp)
     </para>

     <para>
      A deferred uniqueness constraint might not hold intra-transaction,
      so assuming that it does could give incorrect query results.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>DatumGetInetP()</> unpack inet datums that have a 1-byte
      header, and add a new macro, <function>DatumGetInetPP()</>, that does
      not (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This change affects no core code, but might prevent crashes in add-on
      code that expects <function>DatumGetInetP()</> to produce an unpacked
      datum as per usual convention.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Improve locale support in <type>money</> type's input and output
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Aside from not supporting all standard
      <link linkend="guc-lc-monetary"><varname>lc_monetary</></link>
      formatting options, the input and output functions were inconsistent,
      meaning there were locales in which dumped <type>money</> values could
      not be re-read.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't let <link
      linkend="guc-transform-null-equals"><varname>transform_null_equals</></link>
      affect <literal>CASE foo WHEN NULL ...</> constructs
      (Heikki Linnakangas)
     </para>

     <para>
      <varname>transform_null_equals</> is only supposed to affect
      <literal>foo = NULL</> expressions written directly by the user, not
      equality checks generated internally by this form of <literal>CASE</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change foreign-key trigger creation order to better support
      self-referential foreign keys (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      For a cascading foreign key that references its own table, a row update
      will fire both the <literal>ON UPDATE</> trigger and the
      <literal>CHECK</> trigger as one event.  The <literal>ON UPDATE</>
      trigger must execute first, else the <literal>CHECK</> will check a
      non-final state of the row and possibly throw an inappropriate error.
      However, the firing order of these triggers is determined by their
      names, which generally sort in creation order since the triggers have
      auto-generated names following the convention
      <quote>RI_ConstraintTrigger_NNNN</>.  A proper fix would require
      modifying that convention, which we will do in 9.2, but it seems risky
      to change it in existing releases.  So this patch just changes the
      creation order of the triggers.  Users encountering this type of error
      should drop and re-create the foreign key constraint to get its
      triggers into the right order.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <literal>IF EXISTS</> to work correctly in <command>DROP OPERATOR
      FAMILY</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Disallow dropping of an extension from within its own script
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This prevents odd behavior in case of incorrect management of extension
      dependencies.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Don't mark auto-generated types as extension members (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Relation rowtypes and automatically-generated array types do not need to
      have their own extension membership entries in <structname>pg_depend</>,
      and creating such entries complicates matters for extension upgrades.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Cope with invalid pre-existing <varname>search_path</> settings during
      <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid floating-point underflow while tracking buffer allocation rate
      (Greg Matthews)
     </para>

     <para>
      While harmless in itself, on certain platforms this would result in
      annoying kernel log messages.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Prevent autovacuum transactions from running in serializable mode
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Autovacuum formerly used the cluster-wide default transaction isolation
      level, but there is no need for it to use anything higher than READ
      COMMITTED, and using SERIALIZABLE could result in unnecessary delays
      for other processes.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure walsender processes respond promptly to <systemitem>SIGTERM</>
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Exclude <filename>postmaster.opts</> from base backups
      (Magnus Hagander)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Preserve configuration file name and line number values when starting
      child processes under Windows (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Formerly, these would not be displayed correctly in the
      <structname>pg_settings</> view.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect field alignment in <application>ecpg</>'s SQLDA area
      (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Preserve blank lines within commands in <application>psql</>'s command
      history (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      The former behavior could cause problems if an empty line was removed
      from within a string literal, for example.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Avoid platform-specific infinite loop in <application>pg_dump</>
      (Steve Singer)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix compression of plain-text output format in <application>pg_dump</>
      (Adrian Klaver and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      <application>pg_dump</> has historically understood <literal>-Z</> with
      no <literal>-F</> switch to mean that it should emit a gzip-compressed
      version of its plain text output.  Restore that behavior.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <application>pg_dump</> to dump user-defined casts between
      auto-generated types, such as table rowtypes (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix missed quoting of foreign server names in <application>pg_dump</>
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Assorted fixes for <application>pg_upgrade</> (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>

     <para>
      Handle exclusion constraints correctly, avoid failures on Windows,
      don't complain about mismatched toast table names in 8.4 databases.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      In PL/pgSQL, allow foreign tables to define row types
      (Alexander Soudakov)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix up conversions of PL/Perl functions' results
      (Alex Hunsaker and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Restore the pre-9.1 behavior that PL/Perl functions returning
      <type>void</> ignore the result value of their last Perl statement;
      9.1.0 would throw an error if that statement returned a reference.
      Also, make sure it works to return a string value for a composite type,
      so long as the string meets the type's input format.
      In addition, throw errors for attempts to return Perl arrays or hashes
      when the function's declared result type is not an array or composite
      type, respectively.  (Pre-9.1 versions rather uselessly returned
      strings like <literal>ARRAY(0x221a9a0)</> or
      <literal>HASH(0x221aa90)</> in such cases.)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure PL/Perl strings are always correctly UTF8-encoded
      (Amit Khandekar and Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use the preferred version of <application>xsubpp</> to build PL/Perl,
      not necessarily the operating system's main copy
      (David Wheeler and Alex Hunsaker)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Correctly propagate SQLSTATE in PL/Python exceptions
      (Mika Eloranta and Jan Urbanski)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Do not install PL/Python extension files for Python major versions
      other than the one built against (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Change all the <filename>contrib</> extension script files to report
      a useful error message if they are fed to <application>psql</>
      (Andrew Dunstan and Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This should help teach people about the new method of using
      <command>CREATE EXTENSION</> to load these files.  In most cases,
      sourcing the scripts directly would fail anyway, but with
      harder-to-interpret messages.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect coding in <filename>contrib/dict_int</> and
      <filename>contrib/dict_xsyn</> (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Some functions incorrectly assumed that memory returned by
      <function>palloc()</> is guaranteed zeroed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove <filename>contrib/sepgsql</> tests from the regular regression
      test mechanism (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Since these tests require root privileges for setup, they're impractical
      to run automatically.  Switch over to a manual approach instead, and
      provide a testing script to help with that.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix assorted errors in <filename>contrib/unaccent</>'s configuration
      file parsing (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Honor query cancel interrupts promptly in <function>pgstatindex()</>
      (Robert Haas)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix incorrect quoting of log file name in Mac OS X start script
      (Sidar Lopez)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Revert unintentional enabling of <literal>WAL_DEBUG</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      Fortunately, as debugging tools go, this one is pretty cheap;
      but it's not intended to be enabled by default, so revert.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Ensure VPATH builds properly install all server header files
      (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Shorten file names reported in verbose error messages (Peter Eisentraut)
     </para>

     <para>
      Regular builds have always reported just the name of the C file
      containing the error message call, but VPATH builds formerly
      reported an absolute path name.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix interpretation of Windows timezone names for Central America
      (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Map <quote>Central America Standard Time</> to <literal>CST6</>, not
      <literal>CST6CDT</>, because DST is generally not observed anywhere in
      Central America.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2011n
      for DST law changes in Brazil, Cuba, Fiji, Palestine, Russia, and Samoa;
      also historical corrections for Alaska and British East Africa.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1-1">
  <title>Release 9.1.1</title>

  <note>
  <title>Release Date</title>
  <simpara>2011-09-26</simpara>
  </note>

  <para>
   This release contains a small number of fixes from 9.1.0.
   For information about new features in the 9.1 major release, see
   <xref linkend="release-9-1">.
  </para>

  <sect2>
   <title>Migration to Version 9.1.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore is not required for those running 9.1.X.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Make <function>pg_options_to_table</> return NULL for an option with no
      value (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Previously such cases would result in a server crash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix memory leak at end of a GiST index scan (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      Commands that perform many separate GiST index scans, such as
      verification of a new GiST-based exclusion constraint on a table
      already containing many rows, could transiently require large amounts of
      memory due to this leak.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix explicit reference to <literal>pg_temp</> schema in <command>CREATE
      TEMPORARY TABLE</> (Robert Haas)
     </para>

     <para>
      This used to be allowed, but failed in 9.1.0.
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>

 <sect1 id="release-9-1">
  <title>Release 9.1</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release Date</title>
   <simpara>2011-09-12</simpara>
  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    This release shows <productname>PostgreSQL</> moving beyond the
    traditional relational-database feature set with new, ground-breaking
    functionality that is unique to <productname>PostgreSQL</>.
    The streaming replication feature introduced in release 9.0 is
    significantly enhanced by adding a synchronous-replication option,
    streaming backups, and monitoring improvements.
    Major enhancements include:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>

    <!-- This list duplicates items below, but without authors or details-->

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow <link linkend="synchronous-replication">synchronous
      replication</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add support for <link linkend="SQL-CREATEFOREIGNTABLE">foreign
      tables</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add per-column <link
      linkend="collation">collation</link> support
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add <link linkend="extend-extensions">extensions</link> which
      simplify packaging of additions to <productname>PostgreSQL</>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add a true <link
      linkend="xact-serializable">serializable isolation level</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Support unlogged tables using the <literal>UNLOGGED</>
      option in <link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE
      TABLE</></link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow data-modification commands
      (<command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>) in
      <link linkend="queries-with"><literal>WITH</></link> clauses
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add nearest-neighbor (order-by-operator) searching to <link
      linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</> indexes</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Add a <link linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY
      LABEL</></link> command and support for
      <link linkend="sepgsql"><acronym>SELinux</> permissions control</link>
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Update the <link linkend="plpython">PL/Python</link> server-side
      language
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

   <para>
    The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>

  <title>Migration to Version 9.1</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>,
    or use of <application>pg_upgrade</application>, is required
    for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
    release.
   </para>

   <para>
    Version 9.1 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility
    with previous releases.  Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Strings</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change the default value of <link
       linkend="guc-standard-conforming-strings"><varname>standard_conforming_strings</></link>
       to on (Robert Haas)
      </para>

      <para>
       By default, backslashes are now ordinary characters in string literals,
       not escape characters.  This change removes a long-standing
       incompatibility with the SQL standard.  <link
       linkend="guc-escape-string-warning"><varname>escape_string_warning</></link>
       has produced warnings about this usage for years.  <literal>E''</>
       strings are the proper way to embed backslash escapes in strings and are
       unaffected by this change.
      </para>

      <warning>
       <para>
        This change can break applications that are not expecting it and
        do their own string escaping according to the old rules.  The
        consequences could be as severe as introducing SQL-injection security
        holes.  Be sure to test applications that are exposed to untrusted
        input, to ensure that they correctly handle single quotes and
        backslashes in text strings.
       </para>
      </warning>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Casting</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Disallow function-style and attribute-style data type casts for
       composite types (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       For example, disallow
       <literal><replaceable>composite_value</>.text</literal> and
       <literal>text(<replaceable>composite_value</>)</literal>.
       Unintentional uses of this syntax have frequently resulted in bug
       reports; although it was not a bug, it seems better to go back to
       rejecting such expressions.
       The <literal>CAST</> and <literal>::</> syntaxes are still available
       for use when a cast of an entire composite value is actually intended.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Tighten casting checks for domains based on arrays (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       When a domain is based on an array type, it is allowed to <quote>look
       through</> the domain type to access the array elements, including
       subscripting the domain value to fetch or assign an element.
       Assignment to an element of such a domain value, for instance via
       <literal>UPDATE ... SET domaincol[5] = ...</>, will now result in
       rechecking the domain type's constraints, whereas before the checks
       were skipped.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Arrays</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change <link
       linkend="array-functions-table"><function>string_to_array()</></link>
       to return an empty array for a zero-length string (Pavel
       Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously this returned a null value.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change <link
       linkend="array-functions-table"><function>string_to_array()</></link>
       so a <literal>NULL</> separator splits the string into characters
       (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously this returned a null value.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Modification</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix improper checks for before/after triggers (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Triggers can now be fired in three cases: <literal>BEFORE</>,
       <literal>AFTER</>, or <literal>INSTEAD OF</> some action.
       Trigger function authors should verify that their logic behaves
       sanely in all three cases.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Require superuser or <literal>CREATEROLE</> permissions in order to
        set comments on roles (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server Settings</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change <link
       linkend="functions-recovery-info-table"><function>pg_last_xlog_receive_location()</></link>
       so it never moves backwards (Fujii Masao)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously, the value of <function>pg_last_xlog_receive_location()</>
       could move backward when streaming replication is restarted.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Have logging of replication connections honor <link
       linkend="guc-log-connections"><varname>log_connections</></link>
       (Magnus Hagander)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously, replication connections were always logged.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Change PL/pgSQL's <literal>RAISE</> command without parameters
       to be catchable by the attached exception block (Piyush Newe)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously <literal>RAISE</> in a code block was always scoped to
       an attached exception block, so it was uncatchable at the same
       scope.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Adjust PL/pgSQL's error line numbering code to be consistent
       with other PLs (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously, PL/pgSQL would ignore (not count) an empty line at the
       start of the function body.  Since this was inconsistent with all
       other languages, the special case was removed.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make PL/pgSQL complain about conflicting IN and OUT parameter names
       (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Formerly, the collision was not detected, and the name would just
       silently refer to only the OUT parameter.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Type modifiers of PL/pgSQL variables are now visible to the SQL parser
       (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       A type modifier (such as a varchar length limit) attached to a PL/pgSQL
       variable was formerly enforced during assignments, but was ignored for
       all other purposes.  Such variables will now behave more like table
       columns declared with the same modifier.  This is not expected to make
       any visible difference in most cases, but it could result in subtle
       changes for some SQL commands issued by PL/pgSQL functions.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       All contrib modules are now installed with <link
       linkend="SQL-CREATEEXTENSION"><command>CREATE EXTENSION</></link>
       rather than by manually invoking their SQL scripts
       (Dimitri Fontaine, Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       To update an existing database containing the 9.0 version of a contrib
       module, use <literal>CREATE EXTENSION ... FROM unpackaged</literal>
       to wrap the existing contrib module's objects into an extension.  When
       updating from a pre-9.0 version, drop the contrib module's objects
       using its old uninstall script, then use <literal>CREATE EXTENSION</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Other Incompatibilities</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <link
       linkend="monitoring-stats-funcs-table"><function>pg_stat_reset()</></link>
       reset all database-level statistics (Tomas Vondra)
      </para>

      <para>
       Some <structname>pg_stat_database</> counters were not being reset.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Fix some <link
        linkend="infoschema-triggers"><structname>information_schema.triggers</></link>
        column names to match the new SQL-standard names (Dean Rasheed)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Treat <application>ECPG</> cursor names as case-insensitive
       (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>
  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <para>
    Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1 and the previous major
    release.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server</title>

    <sect4>
     <title>Performance</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support unlogged tables using the <literal>UNLOGGED</>
        option in <link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE
        TABLE</></link> (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Such tables provide better update performance than regular tables,
        but are not crash-safe: their contents are automatically cleared in
        case of a server crash.  Their contents do not propagate to
        replication slaves, either.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>FULL OUTER JOIN</literal> to be implemented as a
        hash join, and allow either side of a <literal>LEFT OUTER JOIN</>
        or <literal>RIGHT OUTER JOIN</> to be hashed (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously <literal>FULL OUTER JOIN</literal> could only be
        implemented as a merge join, and <literal>LEFT OUTER JOIN</literal>
        and <literal>RIGHT OUTER JOIN</literal> could hash only the nullable
        side of the join.  These changes provide additional query optimization
        possibilities.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Merge duplicate fsync requests (Robert Haas, Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        This greatly improves performance under heavy write loads.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of <link
        linkend="guc-commit-siblings"><varname>commit_siblings</></link>
        (Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the use of <varname>commit_siblings</varname> with
        less overhead.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce the memory requirement for large ispell dictionaries
        (Pavel Stehule, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Avoid leaving data files open after <quote>blind writes</>
        (Alvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This fixes scenarios in which backends might hold files open long
        after they were deleted, preventing the kernel from reclaiming
        disk space.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Optimizer</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow inheritance table scans to return meaningfully-sorted
        results (Greg Stark, Hans-Jurgen Schonig, Robert Haas, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows better optimization of queries that use <literal>ORDER
        BY</>, <literal>LIMIT</>, or <literal>MIN</>/<literal>MAX</> with
        inherited tables.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve GIN index scan cost estimation (Teodor Sigaev)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve cost estimation for aggregates and window functions (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Authentication</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support host names and host suffixes
        (e.g. <literal>.example.com</>) in <link
        linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously only host <acronym>IP</> addresses and <acronym>CIDR</>
        values were supported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support the key word <literal>all</> in the host column of <link
        linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously people used <literal>0.0.0.0/0</> or <literal>::/0</>
        for this.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reject <literal>local</> lines in <link
        linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
        on platforms that don't support Unix-socket connections
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly, such lines were silently ignored, which could be surprising.
        This makes the behavior more like other unsupported cases.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="gssapi-auth"><acronym>GSSAPI</></link>
        to be used to authenticate to servers via <link
        linkend="sspi-auth"><acronym>SSPI</></link> (Christian Ullrich)
       </para>

       <para>
        Specifically this allows Unix-based <acronym>GSSAPI</> clients
        to do <acronym>SSPI</> authentication with Windows servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <link linkend="auth-ident"><literal>ident</literal></link>
        authentication over local sockets is now known as
        <link linkend="auth-peer"><literal>peer</literal></link>
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        The old term is still accepted for backward compatibility, but since
        the two methods are fundamentally different, it seemed better to adopt
        different names for them.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Rewrite <link linkend="auth-peer"><acronym>peer</></link>
        authentication to avoid use of credential control messages (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This change makes the peer authentication code simpler and
        better-performing.  However, it requires the platform to provide the
        <function>getpeereid</> function or an equivalent socket operation.
        So far as is known, the only platform for which peer authentication
        worked before and now will not is pre-5.0 NetBSD.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Monitoring</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add details to the logging of restartpoints and checkpoints,
        which is controlled by <link
        linkend="guc-log-checkpoints"><varname>log_checkpoints</></link>
        (Fujii Masao, Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        New details include <acronym>WAL</> file and sync activity.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <link
         linkend="guc-log-file-mode"><varname>log_file_mode</></link>
         which controls the permissions on log files created by the
         logging collector (Martin Pihlak)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce the default maximum line length for <application>syslog</>
        logging to 900 bytes plus prefixes (Noah Misch)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids truncation of long log lines on syslog implementations
        that have a 1KB length limit, rather than the more common 2KB.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Statistical Views</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>client_hostname</structfield> column to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_activity</></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously only the client address was reported.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_xact_*</></link>
        statistics functions and views (Joel Jacobson)
       </para>

       <para>
        These are like the database-wide statistics counter views, but
        reflect counts for only the current transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add time of last reset in database-level and background writer
         statistics views (Tomas Vondra)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add columns showing the number of vacuum and analyze operations
         in <link
         linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_*_tables</></link>
         views (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structfield>buffers_backend_fsync</> column to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_bgwriter</></link>
        (Greg Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        This new column counts the number of times a backend fsyncs a
        buffer.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Server Settings</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Provide auto-tuning of <link
        linkend="guc-wal-buffers"><varname>wal_buffers</></link> (Greg
        Smith)
       </para>

       <para>
        By default, the value of <varname>wal_buffers</> is now chosen
        automatically based on the value of <varname>shared_buffers</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the maximum values for
        <link linkend="guc-deadlock-timeout"><varname>deadlock_timeout</varname></link>,
        <link linkend="guc-log-min-duration-statement"><varname>log_min_duration_statement</varname></link>, and
        <link linkend="guc-log-autovacuum-min-duration"><varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname></link>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        The maximum value for each of these parameters was previously
        only about 35 minutes.  Much larger values are now allowed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Replication and Recovery</title>

   <sect4>
    <title>Streaming Replication and Continuous Archiving</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="synchronous-replication">synchronous
       replication</link> (Simon Riggs, Fujii Masao)
      </para>

      <para>
       This allows the primary server to wait for a standby to write a
       transaction's information to disk before acknowledging the commit.
       One standby at a time can take the role of the synchronous standby,
       as controlled by the
       <link linkend="guc-synchronous-standby-names"><varname>synchronous_standby_names</varname></link>
       setting.  Synchronous replication can be enabled or disabled on a
       per-transaction basis using the
       <link linkend="guc-synchronous-commit"><varname>synchronous_commit</></link>
       setting.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add protocol support for sending file system backups to standby servers
       using the streaming replication network connection (Magnus Hagander,
       Heikki Linnakangas)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids the requirement of manually transferring a file
       system backup when setting up a standby server.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add
       <varname>replication_timeout</>
       setting (Fujii Masao, Heikki Linnakangas)
      </para>

      <para>
       Replication connections that are idle for more than the
       <varname>replication_timeout</> interval will be terminated
       automatically.  Formerly, a failed connection was typically not
       detected until the TCP timeout elapsed, which is inconveniently
       long in many situations.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add command-line tool <link
       linkend="app-pgbasebackup"><application>pg_basebackup</></link>
       for creating a new standby server or database backup (Magnus
       Hagander)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add a <link linkend="SQL-CREATEROLE">replication permission</link>
       for roles (Magnus Hagander)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is a read-only permission used for streaming replication.
       It allows a non-superuser role to be used for replication connections.
       Previously only superusers could initiate replication
       connections; superusers still have this permission by default.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Replication Monitoring</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add system view <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_replication</></link>
        which displays activity of <acronym>WAL</> sender processes (Itagaki
        Takahiro, Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reports the status of all connected standby servers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add monitoring function <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-info-table"><function>pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()</></link>
        (Fujii Masao)
       </para>

       <para>
        This returns the time at which the primary generated the most
        recent commit or abort record applied on the standby.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Hot Standby</title>

     <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add configuration parameter <link
       linkend="guc-hot-standby-feedback"><varname>hot_standby_feedback</></link>
       to enable standbys to postpone cleanup of old row versions on the
       primary (Simon Riggs)
      </para>

      <para>
       This helps avoid canceling long-running queries on the standby.
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_database_conflicts</></link>
        system view to show queries that have been canceled and the
        reason (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        Cancellations can occur because of dropped tablespaces, lock
        timeouts, old snapshots, pinned buffers, and deadlocks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <structfield>conflicts</> count to <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><structname>pg_stat_database</></link>
        (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is the number of conflicts that occurred in the database.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Increase the maximum values for
        <link linkend="guc-max-standby-archive-delay"><varname>max_standby_archive_delay</varname></link> and
        <link linkend="guc-max-standby-streaming-delay"><varname>max_standby_streaming_delay</varname></link>
       </para>

       <para>
        The maximum value for each of these parameters was previously
        only about 35 minutes.  Much larger values are now allowed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="errcodes-table"><literal>ERRCODE_T_R_DATABASE_DROPPED</></link>
        error code to report recovery conflicts due to dropped databases
        (Tatsuo Ishii)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is useful for connection pooling software.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Recovery Control</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions to control streaming replication replay (Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new functions are <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-control-table"><function>pg_xlog_replay_pause()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-control-table"><function>pg_xlog_replay_resume()</></link>,
        and the status function <link
        linkend="functions-recovery-control-table"><function>pg_is_xlog_replay_paused()</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>recovery.conf</> setting <link
        linkend="pause-at-recovery-target"><varname>pause_at_recovery_target</></link>
        to pause recovery at target (Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows a recovery server to be queried to check whether
        the recovery point is the one desired.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the ability to create named restore points using <link
        linkend="functions-admin-backup-table"><function>pg_create_restore_point()</></link>
        (Jaime Casanova)
       </para>

       <para>
        These named restore points can be specified as recovery
        targets using the new <filename>recovery.conf</> setting
        <link linkend="recovery-target-name"><varname>recovery_target_name</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow standby recovery to switch to a new timeline automatically
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Now standby servers scan the archive directory for new
        timelines periodically.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="guc-restart-after-crash"><varname>restart_after_crash</></link>
        setting which disables automatic server restart after a backend
        crash (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows external cluster management software to control
        whether the database server restarts or not.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="recovery-config"><filename>recovery.conf</></link>
        to use the same quoting behavior as <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        (Dimitri Fontaine)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously all values had to be quoted.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a true <link
        linkend="xact-serializable">serializable isolation level</link>
        (Kevin Grittner, Dan Ports)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, asking for serializable isolation guaranteed only that a
        single MVCC snapshot would be used for the entire transaction, which
        allowed certain documented anomalies.  The old snapshot isolation
        behavior is still available by requesting the <link
        linkend="xact-repeatable-read"><literal>REPEATABLE READ</></link>
        isolation level.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow data-modification commands
        (<command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>) in
        <link linkend="queries-with"><literal>WITH</></link> clauses
        (Marko Tiikkaja, Hitoshi Harada)
       </para>

       <para>
        These commands can use <literal>RETURNING</> to pass data up to the
        containing query.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="queries-with"><literal>WITH</></link>
        clauses to be attached to <command>INSERT</>, <command>UPDATE</>,
        <command>DELETE</> statements (Marko Tiikkaja, Hitoshi Harada)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow non-<link linkend="queries-group"><literal>GROUP
        BY</></link> columns in the query target list when the primary
        key is specified in the <literal>GROUP BY</> clause (Peter
        Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        The SQL standard allows this behavior, and
        because of the primary key, the result is unambiguous.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow use of the key word <literal>DISTINCT</> in <link
        linkend="queries-union"><literal>UNION</>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</></link>
        clauses (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>DISTINCT</> is the default behavior so use of this
        key word is redundant, but the SQL standard allows it.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix ordinary queries with rules to use the same snapshot behavior
        as <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> (Marko Tiikkaja)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> used slightly different
        snapshot timing for queries involving rules.  The
        <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> behavior was judged to be more logical.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Strings</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add per-column <link
        linkend="collation">collation</link> support
        (Peter Eisentraut, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously collation (the sort ordering of text strings) could only be
        chosen at database creation.
        Collation can now be set per column, domain, index, or
        expression, via the SQL-standard <literal>COLLATE</> clause.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Manipulation</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="extend-extensions">extensions</link> which
        simplify packaging of additions to <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        (Dimitri Fontaine, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Extensions are controlled by the new <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATEEXTENSION"><command>CREATE</></link>/<link
        linkend="SQL-ALTEREXTENSION"><command>ALTER</></link>/<link
        linkend="SQL-DROPEXTENSION"><command>DROP EXTENSION</></link>
        commands.  This replaces ad-hoc methods of grouping objects that
        are added to a <productname>PostgreSQL</> installation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <link linkend="SQL-CREATEFOREIGNTABLE">foreign
        tables</link> (Shigeru Hanada, Robert Haas, Jan Urbanski,
        Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows data stored outside the database to be used like
        native <productname>PostgreSQL</>-stored data.  Foreign tables
        are currently read-only, however.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
         Allow new values to be added to an existing enum type via
         <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTYPE"><command>ALTER TYPE</></link> (Andrew
         Dunstan)
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTYPE"><command>ALTER TYPE ...
        ADD/DROP/ALTER/RENAME ATTRIBUTE</></link> (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows modification of composite types.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><command>ALTER</> Object</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>RESTRICT</>/<literal>CASCADE</> to <link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERTYPE"><command>ALTER TYPE</></link> operations
        on typed tables (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This controls
        <literal>ADD</>/<literal>DROP</>/<literal>ALTER</>/<literal>RENAME
        ATTRIBUTE</> cascading behavior.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>ALTER TABLE <replaceable>name</> {OF | NOT OF}
        <replaceable>type</></literal>
        (Noah Misch)
       </para>

       <para>
        This syntax allows a standalone table to be made into a typed table,
        or a typed table to be made standalone.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for more object types in <command>ALTER ... SET
        SCHEMA</> commands (Dimitri Fontaine)
       </para>

       <para>
        This command is now supported for conversions, operators, operator
        classes, operator families, text search configurations, text search
        dictionaries, text search parsers, and text search templates.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE/ALTER TABLE</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <command>ALTER TABLE ...
        ADD UNIQUE/PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX</command>
        (Gurjeet Singh)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows a primary key or unique constraint to be defined using an
        existing unique index, including a concurrently created unique index.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE</>
        to add foreign keys without validation (Simon Riggs)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new option is called <literal>NOT VALID</>.  The constraint's
        state can later be modified to <literal>VALIDATED</> and validation
        checks performed. Together these allow you to add a foreign key
        with minimal impact on read and write operations.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER TABLE
        ... SET DATA TYPE</command></link> to avoid table rewrites in
        appropriate cases (Noah Misch, Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        For example, converting a <type>varchar</> column to
        <type>text</> no longer requires a rewrite of the table.
        However, increasing the length constraint on a
        <type>varchar</> column still requires a table rewrite.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE TABLE IF
        NOT EXISTS</></link> syntax (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows table creation without causing an error if the
        table already exists.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix possible <quote>tuple concurrently updated</quote> error
        when two backends attempt to add an inheritance
        child to the same table at the same time (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        <link linkend="sql-altertable"><command>ALTER TABLE</command></link>
        now takes a stronger lock on the parent table, so that the sessions
        cannot try to update it simultaneously.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Object Permissions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a <link linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY
        LABEL</></link> command (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows security labels to be assigned to objects.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Operations</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add transaction-level <link linkend="advisory-locks">advisory
       locks</link> (Marko Tiikkaja)
      </para>

      <para>
       These are similar to the existing session-level advisory locks,
       but such locks are automatically released at transaction end.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Make <link linkend="SQL-TRUNCATE"><command>TRUNCATE ... RESTART
       IDENTITY</></link> restart sequences transactionally (Steve
       Singer)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously the counter could have been left out of sync if a
       backend crashed between the on-commit truncation activity and
       commit completion.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>ENCODING</> option to <link
        linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY TO/FROM</></link> (Hitoshi
        Harada, Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the encoding of the <command>COPY</> file to be
        specified separately from client encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add bidirectional <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link>
        protocol support (Fujii Masao)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is currently only used by streaming replication.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"><command>EXPLAIN</></link></title>

      <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <command>EXPLAIN VERBOSE</> show the function call expression
        in a <literal>FunctionScan</literal> node (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add additional details to the output of <link
        linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM FULL VERBOSE</></link>
        and <link linkend="SQL-CLUSTER"><command>CLUSTER VERBOSE</></link>
        (Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>

       <para>
        New information includes the live and dead tuple count and
        whether <command>CLUSTER</> is using an index to rebuild.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <link linkend="autovacuum">autovacuum</link> from
        waiting if it cannot acquire a table lock (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        It will try to vacuum that table later.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="SQL-CLUSTER"><command>CLUSTER</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>CLUSTER</> to sort the table rather than scanning
        the index when it seems likely to be cheaper (Leonardo Francalanci)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Indexes</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add nearest-neighbor (order-by-operator) searching to <link
        linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</> indexes</link> (Teodor Sigaev, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows <acronym>GiST</> indexes to quickly return the
        <replaceable>N</> closest values in a query with <literal>LIMIT</>.
        For example
<programlisting><![CDATA[
SELECT * FROM places ORDER BY location <-> point '(101,456)' LIMIT 10;
]]>
</programlisting>
        finds the ten places closest to a given target point.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</> indexes</link> to index null
        and empty values (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows full <acronym>GIN</> index scans, and fixes various
        corner cases in which GIN scans would fail.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</> indexes</link> to
        better recognize duplicate search entries (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This reduces the cost of index scans, especially in cases where
        it avoids unnecessary full index scans.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</> indexes</link> to be fully
        crash-safe (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously there were rare cases where a <command>REINDEX</>
        would be required (you would be informed).
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <type>numeric</> to use a more compact, two-byte header
       in common cases (Robert Haas)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously all <type>numeric</> values had four-byte headers;
       this change saves on disk storage.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add support for dividing <type>money</> by <type>money</>
        (Andy Balholm)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow binary I/O on type <type>void</type> (Radoslaw Smogura)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve hypotenuse calculations for geometric operators (Paul Matthews)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids unnecessary overflows, and may also be more accurate.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Support hashing array values (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       This provides additional query optimization possibilities.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Don't treat a composite type as sortable unless all its column types
       are sortable (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids possible <quote>could not identify a comparison function</>
       failures at runtime, if it is possible to implement the query without
       sorting.  Also, <command>ANALYZE</> won't try to use inappropriate
       statistics-gathering methods for columns of such composite types.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Casting</title>

     <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add support for casting between <type>money</> and <type>numeric</>
        (Andy Balholm)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add support for casting from <type>int4</> and <type>int8</>
       to <type>money</> (Joey Adams)
      </para>
     </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow casting a table's row type to the table's supertype if
        it's a typed table (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is analogous to the existing facility that allows casting a row
        type to a supertable's row type.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="functions-xml"><acronym>XML</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>XML</> function <link
        linkend="xml-exists"><literal>XMLEXISTS</></link> and <link
        linkend="xml-exists"><function>xpath_exists()</></link>
        functions (Mike Fowler)
       </para>

       <para>
        These are used for XPath matching.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>XML</> functions <link
        linkend="xml-is-well-formed"><function>xml_is_well_formed()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="xml-is-well-formed"><function>xml_is_well_formed_document()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="xml-is-well-formed"><function>xml_is_well_formed_content()</></link>
        (Mike Fowler)
       </para>

       <para>
        These check whether the input is properly-formed <acronym>XML</>.
        They provide functionality that was previously available only in
        the deprecated <filename>contrib/xml2</filename> module.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add SQL function <link
        linkend="format"><function>format(text, ...)</></link>, which
        behaves analogously to C's <function>printf()</> (Pavel Stehule,
        Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        It currently supports formats for strings, SQL literals, and
        SQL identifiers.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add string functions <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>concat()</></link>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>concat_ws()</></link>,
        <link linkend="functions-string-other"><function>left()</></link>,
        <link linkend="functions-string-other"><function>right()</></link>,
        and <link
        linkend="functions-string-other"><function>reverse()</></link>
        (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        These improve compatibility with other database products.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add function <link
         linkend="functions-admin-genfile"><function>pg_read_binary_file()</></link>
         to read binary files (Dimitri Fontaine, Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add a single-parameter version of function <link
         linkend="functions-admin-genfile"><function>pg_read_file()</></link>
         to read an entire file (Dimitri Fontaine, Itagaki Takahiro)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add three-parameter forms of <link
         linkend="array-functions-table"><function>array_to_string()</></link>
         and <link
         linkend="array-functions-table"><function>string_to_array()</></link>
         for null value processing control (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Object Information Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the <link
        linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>pg_describe_object()</></link>
        function (Alvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This function is used to obtain a human-readable string describing
        an object, based on the <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-class"><structname>pg_class</structname></link>
        OID, object OID, and sub-object ID.  It can be used to help
        interpret the contents of <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-depend"><structname>pg_depend</structname></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Update comments for built-in operators and their underlying
         functions (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        Functions that are meant to be used via an associated operator
        are now commented as such.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add variable <link
        linkend="guc-quote-all-identifiers"><varname>quote_all_identifiers</></link>
        to force the quoting of all identifiers in <command>EXPLAIN</>
        and in system catalog functions like <link
        linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>pg_get_viewdef()</></link>
        (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This makes exporting schemas to tools and other databases with
        different quoting rules easier.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add columns to the <link
        linkend="infoschema-sequences"><structname>information_schema.sequences</></link>
        system view (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, though the view existed, the columns about the
        sequence parameters were unimplemented.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>public</> as a pseudo-role name in <link
        linkend="functions-info-access-table"><function>has_table_privilege()</></link>
        and related functions (Alvaro Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows checking for public permissions.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Function and Trigger Creation</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <link linkend="SQL-CREATETRIGGER"><literal>INSTEAD
        OF</></link> triggers on views (Dean Rasheed)
       </para>

       <para>
        This feature can be used to implement fully updatable views.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server-Side Languages</title>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="plpgsql-foreach-array"><command>FOREACH IN
        ARRAY</></link> to PL/pgSQL
        (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is more efficient and readable than previous methods of
        iterating through the elements of an array value.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>RAISE</command> without parameters to be caught in
        the same places that could catch a <command>RAISE ERROR</command>
        from the same location (Piyush Newe)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous coding threw the error
        from the block containing the active exception handler.
        The new behavior is more consistent with other DBMS products.
       </para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plperl">PL/Perl</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow generic record arguments to PL/Perl functions (Andrew
        Dunstan)
       </para>

       <para>
        PL/Perl functions can now be declared to accept type <type>record</>.
        The behavior is the same as for any named composite type.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Convert PL/Perl array arguments to Perl arrays (Alexey Klyukin,
        Alex Hunsaker)
       </para>

       <para>
        String representations are still available.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Convert PL/Perl composite-type arguments to Perl hashes
        (Alexey Klyukin, Alex Hunsaker)
       </para>

       <para>
        String representations are still available.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="plpython">PL/Python</link> Server-Side Language</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add table function support for PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        PL/Python can now return multiple <literal>OUT</> parameters
        and record sets.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a validator to PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows PL/Python functions to be syntax-checked at function
        creation time.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow exceptions for SQL queries in PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows access to SQL-generated exception error codes from
        PL/Python exception blocks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add explicit subtransactions to PL/Python (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add PL/Python functions for quoting strings (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions are <link
        linkend="plpython-util"><literal>plpy.quote_ident</></link>,
        <link linkend="plpython-util"><literal>plpy.quote_literal</></link>,
        and <link
        linkend="plpython-util"><literal>plpy.quote_nullable</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add traceback information to PL/Python errors (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Report PL/Python errors from iterators with <literal>PLy_elog</> (Jan
         Urbanski)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix exception handling with Python 3 (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        Exception classes were previously not available in
        <literal>plpy</> under Python 3.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Client Applications</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Mark <link
        linkend="APP-CREATELANG"><application>createlang</></link>
        and <link linkend="APP-DROPLANG"><application>droplang</></link>
        as deprecated now that they just invoke extension commands (Tom
        Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>psql</> command <literal>\conninfo</>
         to show current connection information (David Christensen)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>psql</> command <literal>\sf</> to
         show a function's definition (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>psql</> command <literal>\dL</> to list
         languages (Fernando Ike)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add the <option>S</> (<quote>system</>) option to <application>psql</>'s
        <literal>\dn</> (list schemas) command (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        <literal>\dn</> without <literal>S</> now suppresses system
        schemas.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>psql</>'s <literal>\e</> and <literal>\ef</>
        commands to accept a line number to be used to position the
        cursor in the editor (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is passed to the editor according to the
        <envar>PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG</> environment variable.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>psql</> set the client encoding from the
        operating system locale by default (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This only happens if the <envar>PGCLIENTENCODING</> environment
        variable is not set.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>\d</literal> distinguish between unique
        indexes and unique constraints (Josh Kupershmidt)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <literal>\dt+</literal> report <function>pg_table_size</>
        instead of <function>pg_relation_size</> when talking to 9.0 or
        later servers (Bernd Helmle)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is a more useful measure of table size, but note that it is
        not identical to what was previously reported in the same display.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Additional tab completion support (Itagaki Takahiro, Pavel Stehule,
        Andrey Popp, Christoph Berg, David Fetter, Josh Kupershmidt)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link>
         and <link
         linkend="APP-PG-DUMPALL"><application>pg_dumpall</></link>
         option <option>--quote-all-identifiers</> to force quoting
         of all identifiers (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>directory</> format to <application>pg_dump</>
        (Joachim Wieland, Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is internally similar to the <literal>tar</>
        <application>pg_dump</> format.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="APP-PG-CTL"><application>pg_ctl</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Fix <application>pg_ctl</>
        so it no longer incorrectly reports that the server is not
        running (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously this could happen if the server was running but
        <application>pg_ctl</> could not authenticate.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve <application>pg_ctl</> start's <quote>wait</quote>
        (<option>-w</>) option (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        The wait mode is now significantly more robust.  It will not get
        confused by non-default postmaster port numbers, non-default
        Unix-domain socket locations, permission problems, or stale
        postmaster lock files.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <literal>promote</> option to <application>pg_ctl</> to
         switch a standby server to primary (Fujii Masao)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title><application>Development Tools</></title>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add a libpq connection option <link
        linkend="libpq-connect-client-encoding"><literal>client_encoding</></link>
        which behaves like the <envar>PGCLIENTENCODING</> environment
        variable (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        The value <literal>auto</> sets the client encoding based on
        the operating system locale.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="libpq-pqlibversion"><function>PQlibVersion()</></link>
        function which returns the libpq library version (Magnus
        Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        libpq already had <function>PQserverVersion()</> which returns
        the server version.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow libpq-using clients to
        check the user name of the server process
        when connecting via Unix-domain sockets, with the new <link
        linkend="libpq-connect-requirepeer"><literal>requirepeer</></link>
        connection option
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> already allowed servers to check
        the client user name when connecting via Unix-domain sockets.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="libpq-pqping"><function>PQping()</></link>
        and <link
        linkend="libpq-pqpingparams"><function>PQpingParams()</></link>
        to libpq (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        These functions allow detection of the server's status without
        trying to open a new session.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ECPG</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow ECPG to accept dynamic cursor names even in
        <literal>WHERE CURRENT OF</literal> clauses
        (Zoltan Boszormenyi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <application>ecpglib</> write <type>double</> values with a
        precision of 15 digits, not 14 as formerly (Akira Kurosawa)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Build Options</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use <literal>+Olibmerrno</> compile flag with HP-UX C compilers
        that accept it (Ibrar Ahmed)
       </para>

       <para>
        This avoids possible misbehavior of math library calls on recent
        HP platforms.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Makefiles</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improved parallel make support (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows for faster compiles.  Also, <literal>make -k</>
        now works more consistently.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Require <acronym>GNU</> <link
         linkend="install-requirements"><application>make</></link>
         3.80 or newer (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is necessary because of the parallel-make improvements.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>make maintainer-check</> target
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        This target performs various source code checks that are not
        appropriate for either the build or the regression tests.  Currently:
        duplicate_oids, SGML syntax and tabs check, NLS syntax check.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Support <literal>make check</> in <filename>contrib</>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Formerly only <literal>make installcheck</> worked, but now
        there is support for testing in a temporary installation.
        The top-level <literal>make check-world</> target now includes
        testing <filename>contrib</> this way.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Windows</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         On Windows, allow <link
         linkend="app-pg-ctl"><application>pg_ctl</></link> to register
         the service as auto-start or start-on-demand (Quan Zongliang)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for collecting <link linkend="windows-crash-dumps">crash
        dumps</link> on Windows (Craig Ringer, Magnus Hagander)
       </para>

       <para>
        <productname>minidumps</> can now be generated by non-debug
        Windows binaries and analyzed by standard debugging tools.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enable building with the MinGW64 compiler (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows building 64-bit Windows binaries even on non-Windows
        platforms via cross-compiling.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Revise the API for GUC variable assign hooks (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous functions of assign hooks are now split between check
        hooks and assign hooks, where the former can fail but the latter
        shouldn't.  This change will impact add-on modules that define custom
        GUC parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add latches to the source code to support waiting for events (Heikki
        Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Centralize data modification permissions-checking logic
         (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add missing <function>get_<replaceable>object</>_oid()</function> functions, for consistency
         (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve ability to use C++ compilers for <link
         linkend="xfunc-c">compiling add-on modules</link> by removing
         conflicting key words (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add support for DragonFly <acronym>BSD</> (Rumko)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Expose <function>quote_literal_cstr()</> for backend use
         (Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Run <link linkend="build">regression tests</link> in the
        default encoding (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Regression tests were previously always run with
        <literal>SQL_ASCII</> encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <application>src/tools/git_changelog</> to replace
         <application>cvs2cl</> and <application>pgcvslog</> (Robert
         Haas, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>git-external-diff</> script to
        <filename>src/tools</> (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is used to generate context diffs from git.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve support for building with
         <application>Clang</application> (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Server Hooks</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add source code hooks to check permissions (Robert Haas,
         Stephen Frost)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add post-object-creation function hooks for use by security
         frameworks (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add a client authentication hook (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Contrib</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Modify <filename>contrib</> modules and procedural
       languages to install via the new <link
       linkend="extend-extensions">extension</link> mechanism (Tom Lane,
       Dimitri Fontaine)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="file-fdw"><filename>contrib/file_fdw</></link>
       foreign-data wrapper (Shigeru Hanada)
      </para>

      <para>
       Foreign tables using this foreign data wrapper can read flat files
       in a manner very similar to <command>COPY</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add nearest-neighbor search support to <link
        linkend="pgtrgm"><filename>contrib/pg_trgm</></link> and <link
        linkend="btree-gist"><filename>contrib/btree_gist</></link>
        (Teodor Sigaev)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="btree-gist"><filename>contrib/btree_gist</></link>
        support for searching on not-equals (Jeff Davis)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Fix <link
        linkend="fuzzystrmatch"><filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</></link>'s
        <function>levenshtein()</> function to handle multibyte characters
        (Alexander Korotkov)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Add <function>ssl_cipher()</> and <function>ssl_version()</>
        functions to <link
        linkend="sslinfo"><filename>contrib/sslinfo</></link> (Robert
        Haas)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>
       and <link linkend="hstore"><filename>contrib/hstore</></link>
       to give consistent results with indexed empty arrays (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously an empty-array query that used an index might return
       different results from one that used a sequential scan.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>
       to work properly on multidimensional arrays (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In
       <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>,
       avoid errors complaining about the presence of nulls in cases where no
       nulls are actually present (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In
       <link linkend="intarray"><filename>contrib/intarray</></link>,
       fix behavior of containment operators with respect to empty arrays
       (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       Empty arrays are now correctly considered to be contained in any other
       array.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Remove <link linkend="xml2"><filename>contrib/xml2</></link>'s
       arbitrary limit on the number of
       <replaceable>parameter</>=<replaceable>value</> pairs that can be
       handled by <function>xslt_process()</> (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>

      <para>
       The previous limit was 10.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       In <link linkend="pageinspect"><filename>contrib/pageinspect</></link>,
       fix heap_page_item to return infomasks as 32-bit values (Alvaro Herrera)
      </para>

      <para>
       This avoids returning negative values, which was confusing.  The
       underlying value is a 16-bit unsigned integer.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>Security</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="sepgsql"><filename>contrib/sepgsql</></link>
        to interface permission checks with <acronym>SELinux</> (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This uses the new <link
        linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY LABEL</></link>
        facility.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add contrib module <link
        linkend="auth-delay"><filename>auth_delay</></link> (KaiGai
        Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This causes the server to pause before returning authentication
        failure;  it is designed to make brute force password attacks
        more difficult.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <filename>dummy_seclabel</>
        contrib module (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is used for permission regression testing.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Performance</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add support for <literal>LIKE</> and <literal>ILIKE</> index
         searches to <link
         linkend="pgtrgm"><filename>contrib/pg_trgm</></link> (Alexander
         Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add <function>levenshtein_less_equal()</> function to <link
         linkend="fuzzystrmatch"><filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</></link>,
         which is optimized for small distances (Alexander Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve performance of index lookups on <link
        linkend="seg"><filename>contrib/seg</></link> columns (Alexander
        Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Improve performance of <link
         linkend="pgupgrade"><application>pg_upgrade</></link> for
         databases with many relations (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add flag to <link
         linkend="pgbench"><filename>contrib/pgbench</></link> to
         report per-statement latencies (Florian Pflug)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Fsync Testing</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Move <filename>src/tools/test_fsync</> to <link
         linkend="pgtestfsync"><filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</></link>
         (Bruce Momjian, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>O_DIRECT</> support to <link
        linkend="pgtestfsync"><filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</></link>
        (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>

       <para>
        This matches the use of <literal>O_DIRECT</> by <link
        linkend="guc-wal-sync-method"><varname>wal_sync_method</></link>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
         Add new tests to <link
         linkend="pgtestfsync"><filename>contrib/pg_test_fsync</></link>
         (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Documentation</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Extensive <link linkend="ecpg"><application>ECPG</></link>
        documentation improvements (Satoshi Nagayasu)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
        Extensive proofreading and documentation improvements
        (Thom Brown, Josh Kupershmidt, Susanne Ebrecht)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add documentation for <link
       linkend="guc-exit-on-error"><varname>exit_on_error</></link>
       (Robert Haas)
      </para>

      <para>
       This parameter causes sessions to exit on any error.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add documentation for <link
       linkend="functions-info-catalog-table"><function>pg_options_to_table()</></link>
       (Josh Berkus)
      </para>

      <para>
       This function shows table storage options in a readable form.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Document that it is possible to access all composite type
       fields using <link
       linkend="field-selection"><literal>(compositeval).*</></link>
       syntax (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Document that <link
       linkend="functions-string-other"><function>translate()</></link>
       removes characters in <literal>from</> that don't have a
       corresponding <literal>to</> character (Josh Kupershmidt)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Merge documentation for <command>CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER</> and <link
       linkend="SQL-CREATETRIGGER"><command>CREATE TRIGGER</></link>
       (Alvaro Herrera)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Centralize <link linkend="ddl-priv">permission</link> and <link
       linkend="upgrading">upgrade</link> documentation (Bruce Momjian)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="sysvipc-parameters">kernel tuning
       documentation</link> for Solaris 10 (Josh Berkus)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously only Solaris 9 kernel tuning was documented.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Handle non-ASCII characters consistently in <filename>HISTORY</> file
       (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>

      <para>
       While the <filename>HISTORY</> file is in English, we do have to deal
       with non-ASCII letters in contributor names.  These are now
       transliterated so that they are reasonably legible without assumptions
       about character set.
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

  </sect2>
 </sect1>
