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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_function.sgml,v 1.15 2000/07/22 04:30:27 momjian Exp $
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<refentry id="SQL-CREATEFUNCTION">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle id="sql-createfunction-title">
   CREATE FUNCTION
  </refentrytitle>
  <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>
 <refnamediv>
  <refname>
   CREATE FUNCTION
  </refname>
  <refpurpose>
   Defines a new function
  </refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>
 <refsynopsisdiv>
  <refsynopsisdivinfo>
   <date>2000-03-25</date>
  </refsynopsisdivinfo>
  <synopsis>
CREATE FUNCTION <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">ftype</replaceable> [, ...] ] )
    RETURNS <replaceable class="parameter">rtype</replaceable>
    AS <replaceable class="parameter">definition</replaceable>   
    LANGUAGE '<replaceable class="parameter">langname</replaceable>'
    [ WITH ( <replaceable class="parameter">attribute</replaceable> [, ...] ) ]
CREATE FUNCTION <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> ( [ <replaceable class="parameter">ftype</replaceable> [, ...] ] )
    RETURNS <replaceable class="parameter">rtype</replaceable>
    AS <replaceable class="parameter">obj_file</replaceable> , <replaceable class="parameter">link_symbol</replaceable>  
    LANGUAGE 'C'
    [ WITH ( <replaceable class="parameter">attribute</replaceable> [, ...] ) ]
  </synopsis>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-1">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>2000-03-25</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a function to create.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">ftype</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The data type of function arguments.
	The input types may be base or complex types, or
	<firstterm>opaque</firstterm>.
	<literal>opaque</literal> indicates that the function
	accepts arguments of an invalid type such as <type>char *</type>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">rtype</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The return data type.
	The output type may be specified as a base type, complex type, 
	<literal>setof <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable></literal>,
	or <literal>opaque</literal>.
	The <literal>setof</literal>
	modifier indicates that the function will return a set of items,
	rather than a single item.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">attribute</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        An optional piece of information about the function, used for
	optimization.  The only attribute currently supported is
	<literal>iscachable</literal>.
	<literal>iscachable</literal> indicates that the function always
	returns the same result when given the same input values (i.e.,
	it does not do database lookups or otherwise use information not
	directly present in its parameter list).  The optimizer uses
	<literal>iscachable</literal> to know whether it is safe to
	pre-evaluate a call of the function.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">definition</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A string defining the function; the meaning depends on the language.
	It may be an internal function name, the path to an object file,
	an SQL query, or text in a procedural language.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">obj_file</replaceable> , <replaceable class="parameter">link_symbol</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	This form of the <command>AS</command> clause is used for
	dynamically-linked, C language functions when the function name in
	the C language source code is not the same as the name of the SQL
	function. The string <replaceable
	class="parameter">obj_file</replaceable> is the name of the file
	containing the dynamically loadable object, and <replaceable
	class="parameter">link_symbol</replaceable>, is the object's link
	symbol which is the same as the name of the function in the C
	language source code.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">langname</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	may be '<literal>C</literal>', '<literal>sql</literal>',
	'<literal>internal</literal>'
	or '<replaceable class="parameter">plname</replaceable>',
	where '<replaceable class="parameter">plname</replaceable>'
	is the name of a created procedural language. See
	<xref linkend="sql-createlanguage-title" endterm="sql-createlanguage-title">
	for details.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-2">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>2000-03-25</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Outputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
CREATE
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	This is returned if the command completes successfully.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsynopsisdiv>

 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-1">
  <refsect1info>
   <date>2000-03-25</date>
  </refsect1info>
  <title>
   Description
  </title>
  <para>
   <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> allows a
   <productname>Postgres</productname> user
   to register a function
   with a database. Subsequently, this user is considered the
   owner of the function.
  </para>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-3">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>2000-03-25</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Notes
   </title>

   <para>
    Refer to the chapter in the
    <citetitle>PostgreSQL Programmer's Guide</citetitle>
    on the topic of extending
    <productname>Postgres</productname> via functions 
    for further information on writing external functions.
   </para>

   <para>
    Use <command>DROP FUNCTION</command>
    to remove user-defined functions.
   </para>

   <para>
    <productname>Postgres</productname> allows function "overloading";
    that is, the same name can be used for several different functions
    so long as they have distinct argument types.  This facility must
    be used with caution for <literal>internal</literal> and
    C-language functions, however.    
   </para>

   <para>
    The full <acronym>SQL92</acronym> type syntax is allowed for
    input arguments and return value. However, some details of the
    type specification (e.g. the precision field for
    <type>numeric</type> types) are the responsibility of the
    underlying function implementation and are silently swallowed
    (e.g. not recognized or
    enforced) by the <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> command.
   </para>

   <para>
    Two <literal>internal</literal>
    functions cannot have the same C name without causing
    errors at link time.  To get around that, give them different C names
    (for example, use the argument types as part of the C names), then
    specify those names in the AS clause of <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>.
    If the AS clause is left empty then <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>
    assumes the C name of the function is the same as the SQL name.
   </para>

   <para>
    When overloading SQL functions with C-language functions, give
    each C-language instance of the function a distinct name, and use
    the alternative form of the <command>AS</command> clause in the
    <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> syntax to ensure that
    overloaded SQL functions names are resolved to the correct
    dynamically linked objects.
   </para>


   <para>
    A C function cannot return a set of values.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>
  
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-2">
  <title>
   Usage
  </title>
  <para>
   To create a simple SQL function:

   <programlisting>
CREATE FUNCTION one() RETURNS int4
    AS 'SELECT 1 AS RESULT'
    LANGUAGE 'sql';
SELECT one() AS answer;

    <computeroutput>
 answer 
--------
      1
    </computeroutput>
   </programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   This example creates a C function by calling a routine from a user-created
   shared library.  This particular routine calculates a check
   digit and returns TRUE if the check digit in the function parameters
   is correct. It is intended for use in a CHECK contraint.
  </para>
  <programlisting>
CREATE FUNCTION ean_checkdigit(bpchar, bpchar) RETURNS bool
    AS '/usr1/proj/bray/sql/funcs.so' LANGUAGE 'c';
    
CREATE TABLE product (
    id        char(8) PRIMARY KEY,
    eanprefix char(8) CHECK (eanprefix ~ '[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{5}')
                      REFERENCES brandname(ean_prefix),
    eancode   char(6) CHECK (eancode ~ '[0-9]{6}'),
    CONSTRAINT ean    CHECK (ean_checkdigit(eanprefix, eancode))
);
  </programlisting>


  <para>
   This example creates a function that does type conversion between the
   user defined type complex, and the internal type point.  The
   function is implemented by a dynamically loaded object that was
   compiled from C source. For <productname>Postgres</productname> to
   find a type conversion function automatically, the sql function has
   to have the same name as the return type, and overloading is
   unavoidable.  The function name is overloaded by using the second
   form of the <command>AS</command> clause in the SQL definition:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
CREATE FUNCTION point(complex) RETURNS point
    AS '/home/bernie/pgsql/lib/complex.so', 'complex_to_point'
    LANGUAGE 'c';
  </programlisting>
  <para>
  The C declaration of the function is:
  </para>
  <programlisting>
Point * complex_to_point (Complex *z)
{
	Point *p;

	p = (Point *) palloc(sizeof(Point));
	p->x = z->x;
	p->y = z->y;
		
	return p;
}
  </programlisting>

    
 </refsect1>
 
 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-4">
  <title>
   Compatibility
  </title>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-4">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>2000-03-25</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    SQL92
   </title>

   <para>
    <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> is
    a <productname>Postgres</productname> language extension.
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATEFUNCTION-5">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>2000-03-25</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    SQL/PSM
   </title>
   <para>

    <note>
     <para>
      PSM stands for Persistent Stored Modules. It is a procedural
      language and it was originally hoped that PSM would be ratified
      as an official standard by late 1996. As of mid-1998, this
      has not yet happened, but it is hoped that PSM will
      eventually become a standard.
     </para>
    </note>

    SQL/PSM <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> has the following syntax:
    <synopsis>
CREATE FUNCTION <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
    ( [ [ IN | OUT | INOUT ] <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable> [, ...] ] )
     RETURNS <replaceable class="parameter">rtype</replaceable>
     LANGUAGE '<replaceable class="parameter">langname</replaceable>'
     ESPECIFIC <replaceable class="parameter">routine</replaceable>
     <replaceable class="parameter">SQL-statement</replaceable>
    </synopsis>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>
</refentry>

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