

PostgreSQL Installation Guide
by The PostgreSQL Development Team

Edited by Thomas Lockhart

PostgreSQL is copyright (C) 1998
by the Postgres Global Development Group.

Table of Contents

       Summary                                            
       1. Introduction                                    
       2. Ports                                           
          Currently Supported Platforms                   
          Unsupported Platforms                           
       3. Installation                                    
          Requirements to Run Postgres                    
          Installation Procedure                          
          Playing with Postgres                           
          The Next Step                                   
          Porting Notes                                   
             Ultrix4.x                                    
             Linux                                        
                 Linux ELF                                
                 Linux a.out                              
             BSD/OS                                       
             NeXT                                         
       4. Configuration Options                           
          Parameters for Configuration (configure)        
          Parameters for Building (make)                  
          Locale Support                                  
             What are the Benefits?                       
             What are the Drawbacks?                      
          Kerberos Authentication                         
             Availability                                 
             Installation                                 
             Operation                                    
       5. Release Notes                                   
          Release 6.4                                     
             Migration to v6.4                            
             Detailed Change List                         

List of Tables

       2-1. Supported Platforms                          
       2-2. Possibly Incompatible Platforms              
       4-1. Kerberos Parameter Examples                  

Summary

       Postgres, developed originally in the UC Berkeley 
       Computer Science Department, pioneered many of the 
       object-relational concepts now becoming available in 
       some commercial databases. It provides SQL92/SQL3 
       language support, transaction integrity, and type 
       extensibility. PostgreSQL is a public-domain, open 
       source descendant of this original Berkeley code.

Chapter 1. Introduction

       This installation procedure makes some assumptions 
       about the desired configuration and runtime 
       environment for your system. This may be adequate for 
       many installations, and is almost certainly adequate 
       for a first installation. But you may want to do an 
       initial installation up to the point of unpacking the 
       source tree and installing documentation, and then 
       print or browse the Administrator's Guide.

Chapter 2. Ports

       This manual describes version 6.4 of Postgres. The 
       Postgres developer community has compiled and tested 
       Postgres on a number of platforms. Check the web site 
       for the latest information.

Currently Supported Platforms

       At the time of publication, the following platforms 
       have been tested: 

       Table 2-1. Supported Platforms
       OS             Processor     Version  Reported     Remarks
       AIX 4.2.1      RS6000        v6.4     1998-10-27   (Andreas Zeugswetter)
       BSDI           x86           v6.4     1998-10-25   (Bruce Momjian
       FreeBSD        x86           v6.4     1998-10-26   (Tatsuo Ishii, Marc 
       2.2.x-3.x                                          Fournier)
       DGUX 5.4R4.11  m88k          v6.3     1998-03-01   v6.4 probably OK. Needs 
                                                          new maintainer. (Brian E 
                                                          Gallew)
       Digital Unix   Alpha         v6.4     1998-10-29   Minor patchable problems 
       4.0                                                (Pedro J. Lobo)
       HPUX           PA-RISC       v6.4     1998-10-25   Both 9.0x and 10.20 
                                                          (Tom Lane, Stan Brown)
       IRIX 6.x       MIPS          v6.3     1998-03-01   5.x is different (Andrew 
                                                          Martin)
       linux 2.0.x    Alpha         v6.3.2   1998-04-16   Mostly successful. Needs 
                                                          work for v6.4. (Ryan 
                                                          Kirkpatrick)
       linux 2.0.x    x86           v6.4     1998-10-27   (Thomas Lockhart)
       linux          x86           v6.4     1998-10-25   (Oliver Elphick, Taral)
       2.0.x/glibc2
       linux 2.0.x    Sparc         v6.4     1998-10-25   (Tom Szybist)
       linuxPPC       PPC603e       v6.4     1998-10-26   Powerbook 2400c (Tatsuo 
       2.1.24                                             Ishii)
       mklinux DR3    PPC750        v6.4     1998-09-16   PowerMac 7600 (Tatsuo 
                                                          Ishii)
       NetBSD/i386    x86           v6.4     1998-10-25   (Brook Milligan)
       1.3.2
       NetBSD-        NS32532       v6.4     1998-10-27   (small problems in 
       current                                            date/time math 
                                                          (Jon Buller)
       NetBSD/sparc   Sparc         v6.4     1998-10-27   (Tom I Helbekkmo)
       1.3H
       NetBSD 1.3     VAX           v6.3     1998-03-01   (Tom I Helbekkmo)
       SCO UnixWare   x86           v6.3     1998-03-01   aka UNIVEL (Billy G. 
       2.x                                                Allie)
       SCO UnixWare   x86           v6.4     1998-10-04   (Billy G. Allie)
       7
       Solaris        x86           v6.4     1998-10-28   (Marc Fournier)
       Solaris        Sparc         v6.4     1998-10-28   (Tom Szybist, Frank 
       2.6-2.7                                            Ridderbusch)
       SunOS 4.1.4    Sparc         v6.3     1998-03-01   patches submitted (Tatsuo 
                                                          Ishii)
       SVR4           MIPS          v6.4     1998-10-28   no 64-bit int support 
                                                          (Frank Ridderbusch)
       SVR4 4.4       m88k          v6.2.1   1998-03-01   confirmed with patching 
                                                          (Doug Winterburn)
       Windows NT     x86           v6.4     1998-10-08   Mostly working with the 
                                                          Cygwin library. No DLLs 
                                                          yet. (Horak Daniel) 


       Platforms listed for v6.3.x should also work with 
       v6.4, but we did not receive confirmation of such at 
       the time this list was compiled. 

         Note: For Windows NT, the server-side port of 
         Postgres has recently been accomplished. Check the 
         Askesis Postgres Home Page for up to date 
         information. You may also want to look for 
         possible patches on the Postgres web site.

Unsupported Platforms

       There are a few platforms which have been attempted 
       and which have been reported to not work with the 
       standard distribution. Others listed here do not 
       provide sufficient library support for an attempt. 

       Table 2-2. Possibly Incompatible Platforms
       OS        Processor  Version  Reported      Remarks
       MacOS     all        v6.3     1998-03-01    not library compatible; 
                                                   use ODBC/JDBC
       NetBSD    arm32      v6.3     1998-03-01    not yet working (Dave 
                                                   Millen)
       NetBSD    m68k       v6.3     1998-03-01    Amiga, HP300, Mac; not 
                                                   yet working (Henry Hotz)
       NextStep  x86        v6.x     1998-03-01    client-only support; 
                                                   v1.0.9 worked with 
                                                   patches (David Wetzel)
       Ultrix    MIPS,VAX?  v6.x     1998-03-01    no recent reports; 
                                                   obsolete?
       Windows   x86        v6.3     1998-03-01    not library compatible; 
                                                   client side maybe; use 
                                                   ODBC/JDBC


       Note that Windows ports of the frontend are 
       apparently possible using third-party Posix porting 
       tools and libraries.

Chapter 3. Installation

       Complete installation instructions for Postgres v6.4.
       Before installing Postgres, you may wish to visit 
       www.postgresql.org for up to date information, 
       patches, etc.
       These installation instructions assume: 
       o Commands are Unix-compatible. See note below.
       o Defaults are used except where noted.
       o User postgres is the Postgres superuser.
       o The source path is /usr/src/pgsql (other paths are possible).
       o The runtime path is /usr/local/pgsql (other paths are possible).
       Commands were tested on RedHat Linux version 4.2 
       using the tcsh shell. Except where noted, they will 
       probably work on most systems. Commands like ps and 
       tar may vary wildly between platforms on what options 
       you should use. Use common sense before typing in 
       these commands.
       Our Makefiles require GNU make (called ?gmake? in this 
       document). They will not work with non-GNU make 
       programs. If you have GNU make installed under the 
       name ?make? instead of ?gmake?, then you will use the 
       command make instead. That's OK, but you need to have 
       the GNU form of make to succeed with an installation.

Requirements to Run Postgres

       Up to date information on supported platforms is at 
       http://www.postgresql.org/docs/admin/install.htm. In 
       general, most Unix-compatible platforms with modern 
       libraries should be able to run Postgres.
       Although the minimum required memory for running 
       Postgres is as little as 8MB, there are noticable 
       improvements in runtimes for the regression tests 
       when expanding memory up to 96MB on a relatively fast 
       dual-processor system running X-Windows. The rule is 
       you can never have too much memory.
       Check that you have sufficient disk space. You will 
       need about 30 Mbytes for /usr/src/pgsql, about 5 
       Mbytes for /usr/local/pgsql (excluding your database) 
       and 1 Mbyte for an empty database. The database will 
       temporarily grow to about 20 Mbytes during the 
       regression tests. You will also need about 3 Mbytes 
       for the distribution tar file.
       We therefore recommend that during installation and 
       testing you have well over 20 Mbytes free under 
       /usr/local and another 25 Mbytes free on the disk 
       partition containing your database. Once you delete 
       the source files, tar file and regression database, 
       you will need 2 Mbytes for /usr/local/pgsql, 1 Mbyte 
       for the empty database, plus about five times the 
       space you would require to store your database data 
       in a flat file.
       To check for disk space, use 

       $ df -k

Installation Procedure

       Procedure 3.1. Postgres Installation

       For a fresh install or upgrading from previous 
       releases of Postgres:

       1. Read any last minute information and platform 
         specific porting notes. There are some platform 
         specific notes at the end of this file for 
         Ultrix4.x, Linux, BSD/OS and NeXT. There are other 
         files in directory /usr/src/pgsql/doc, including 
         files FAQ-Irix and FAQ-Linux. Also look in 
         directory ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub. If there 
         is a file called INSTALL in this directory then 
         this file will contain the latest installation 
         information.
         Please note that a "tested" platform in the list 
         given earlier simply means that someone went to 
         the effort at some point of making sure that a 
         Postgres distribution would compile and run on 
         this platform without modifying the code. Since 
         the current developers will not have access to all 
         of these platforms, some of them may not compile 
         cleanly and pass the regression tests in the 
         current release due to minor problems. Any such 
         known problems and their solutions will be posted 
         in ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/INSTALL.

       2. Create the Postgres superuser account (postgres is 
         commonly used) if it does not already exist. 
         The owner of the Postgres files can be any 
         unprivileged user account. It must not be root, 
         bin, or any other account with special access 
         rights, as that would create a security risk.

       3. Log in to the Postgres superuser account. Most of 
         the remaining steps in the installation will 
         happen in this account. 

       4. Ftp file 
         ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/postgresql-v6.4.tar.gz
         from the Internet. Store it in your home directory.

       5. Some platforms use flex. If your system uses flex 
         then make sure you have a good version. To check, 
         type 
         $ flex --version

         If the flex command is not found then you probably 
         do not need it. If the version is 2.5.2 or 2.5.4 
         or greater then you are okay. If it is 2.5.3 or 
         before 2.5.2 then you will have to upgrade flex. 
         You may get it at 
         ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/flex-2.5.4.tar.gz.
         If you need flex and don't have it or have the 
         wrong version, then you will be told so when you 
         attempt to compile the program. Feel free to skip 
         this step if you aren't sure you need it. If you 
         do need it then you will be told to 
         install/upgrade flex when you try to compile 
         Postgres.
         You may want to do the entire flex installation 
         from the root account, though that is not 
         absolutely necessary. Assuming that you want the 
         installation to place files in the usual default 
         areas, type the following: 
         $ su -
         $ cd /usr/local/src
         ftp prep.ai.mit.edu
         ftp> cd /pub/gnu/
         ftp> binary
         ftp> get flex-2.5.4.tar.gz
         ftp> quit
         $ gunzip -c flex-2.5.4.tar.gz | tar xvf -
         $ cd flex-2.5.4
         $ configure --prefix=/usr
         $ gmake
         $ gmake check
         # You must be root when typing the next line:
         $ gmake install
         $ cd /usr/local/src
         $ rm -rf flex-2.5.4
         This will update files /usr/man/man1/flex.1, 
         /usr/bin/flex, /usr/lib/libfl.a, 
         /usr/include/FlexLexer.h and will add a link 
         /usr/bin/flex++ which points to flex.

       6. If you are not upgrading an existing system then 
         skip to  step 9. If you are upgrading an existing 
         system then back up your database. For alpha- and 
         beta-level releases, the database format is liable 
         to change, often every few weeks, with no notice 
         besides a quick comment in the HACKERS mailing 
         list. Full releases always require a dump/reload 
         from previous releases. It is therefore a bad idea 
         to skip this step. 

         Tip: Do not use the pg_dumpall script from v6.0 or 
            everything will be owned by the Postgres super 
            user.

         To dump your fairly recent post-v6.0 database 
         installation, type 
         $ pg_dumpall -z > db.out
         To use the latest pg_dumpall script on your 
         existing older database before upgrading Postgres, 
         pull the most recent version of pg_dumpall from 
         the new distribution: 
         $ cd
         $ gunzip -c postgresql-v6.4.tar.gz \
             | tar xvf - src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
         $ chmod a+x src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall
         $ src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall -z > db.out
         $ rm -rf src
         If you wish to preserve object id's (oids), then 
         use the -o option when running pg_dumpall. 
         However, unless you have a special reason for 
         doing this (such as using OIDs as keys in tables), 
         don't do it.
         If the pg_dumpall command seems to take a long 
         time and you think it might have died, then, from 
         another terminal, type 
         $ ls -l db.out
          several times to see if the size of the file is 
         growing.
         Please note that if you are upgrading from a 
         version prior to Postgres95 v1.09 then you must 
         back up your database, install Postgres95 v1.09, 
         restore your database, then back it up again. You 
         should also read the release notes which should 
         cover any release-specific issues.

                                 Caution
              You must make sure that your database is not 
              updated in the middle of your backup. If 
              necessary, bring down postmaster, edit the 
              permissions in file 
              /usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf to allow 
              only you on, then bring postmaster back up.



       7. If you are upgrading an existing system then kill 
         the postmaster. Type 
         $ ps -ax | grep postmaster
          This should list the process numbers for a number 
         of processes. Type the following line, with pid 
         replaced by the process id for process postmaster. 
         (Do not use the id for process "grep postmaster".) 

         Type 
         $ kill pid
         to actually stop the process. 

         Tip: On systems which have Postgres started at 
            boot time, there is probably a startup file 
            which will accomplish the same thing. For 
            example, on my Linux system I can type 
            $ /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgres.init stop
            to halt Postgres.

       8. If you are upgrading an existing system then move 
         the old directories out of the way. If you are 
         short of disk space then you may have to back up 
         and delete the directories instead. If you do 
         this, save the old database in the 
         /usr/local/pgsql/data directory tree. At a 
         minimum, save file 
         /usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf.
         Type the following: 
         $ su -
         $ cd /usr/src
         $ mv pgsql pgsql_6_0
         $ cd /usr/local
         $ mv pgsql pgsql_6_0
         $ exit
         If you are not using /usr/local/pgsql/data as your 
         data directory (check to see if environment 
         variable PGDATA is set to something else) then you 
         will also want to move this directory in the same 
         manner.

       9. Make new source and install directories. The 
         actual paths can be different for your 
         installation but you must be consistant throughout 
         this procedure. 

         Note: There are two places in this installation 
            procedure where you will have an opportunity to 
            specify installation locations for programs, 
            libraries, documentation, and other files. 
            Usually it is sufficient to specify these at the 
            make install stage of installation.

         Type 
         $ su
         $ cd /usr/src
         $ mkdir pgsql
         $ chown postgres:postgres pgsql
         $ cd /usr/local
         $ mkdir pgsql
         $ chown postgres:postgres pgsql
         $ exit
       10.     Unzip and untar the new source file. Type 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql
         $ gunzip -c ~/postgresql-v6.4.tar.gz | tar xvf -
       11.     Configure the source code for your system. It 
         is this step at which you can specify your actual 
         installation path for the build process (see the 
         --prefix option below). Type 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
         $ ./configure [ options ]
            a. Among other chores, the configure script 
              selects a system-specific "template" file 
              from the files provided in the template 
              subdirectory. If it cannot guess which one to 
              use for your system, it will say so and exit. 
              In that case you'll need to figure out which 
              one to use and run configure again, this time 
              giving the --with-template=TEMPLATE option to 
              make the right file be chosen. 

               Please Report Problems: If your system is not 
                 automatically recognized by configure and 
                 you have to do this, please send email to 
                 scrappy@hub.org with the output of the 
                 program ./config.guess. Indicate what the 
                 template file should be.

            b. Choose configuration options. Check  
              Configuration Options for details. However, 
              for a plain-vanilla first installation with 
              no extra options like multi-byte character 
              support or locale collation support it may be 
              adequate to have chosen the installation 
              areas and to run configure without extra 
              options specified. The configure script 
              accepts many additional options that you can 
              use if you don't like the default 
              configuration. To see them all, type 
                   ./configure --help
               Some of the more commonly used ones are: 
                     --prefix=BASEDIR   Selects a different base directory
                                        The default is /usr/local/pgsql.
                     --with-template=TEMPLATE
                                        Use template file TEMPLATE - the template
                                        files are assumed to be in the directory
                                        src/template, so look there for proper values.
                     --with-tcl         Build interface libraries and programs requiring
                                        Tcl/Tk, including libpgtcl, pgtclsh, and pgtksh.
                     --with-perl        Build the Perl interface library.
                     --with-odbc        Build the ODBC driver package.
                     --enable-hba       Enables Host Based Authentication (DEFAULT)
                     --disable-hba      Disables Host Based Authentication
                     --enable-locale    Enables USE_LOCALE
                     --enable-cassert   Enables 
              ASSERT_CHECKING
                     --with-CC=compiler
                                        Use a specific C compiler that the configure
                                        script cannot find.
                     --with-CXX=compiler
                     --without-CXX
                                        Use a specific C++ compiler that the configure
                                        script cannot find, or exclude C++ compilation
                                        altogether.   (This only affects libpq++ at
                                        present.)
            c. Here is the configure script used on a Sparc Solaris 2.5 system with /opt/postgres 
              specified as the installation base directory: 
              $ ./configure --prefix=/opt/postgres \
                  --with-template=sparc_solaris-gcc 
              --with-pgport=5432 \
                  --enable-hba --disable-locale

               Tip: Of course, you may type these three 
                 lines all on the same line.

       12.     Install the HTML documentation. Type 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/doc
         $ gmake install
         The documentation is also available in Postscript 
         format. Look for files ending with .ps.gz in the 
         same directory.

       13.     Install the man page documentation. Type 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/doc
         $ gmake man

       14.     Compile the program. Type 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
         $ gmake all >& make.log &
         $ tail -f make.log
         The last line displayed will hopefully be 
         All of PostgreSQL is successfully made. Ready to 
         install.
          At this point, or earlier if you wish, type 
         control-C to get out of tail. (If you have 
         problems later on you may wish to examine file 
         make.log for warning and error messages.) 

            Note: You will probably find a number of warning 
            messages in make.log. Unless you have problems 
            later on, these messages may be safely ignored.

         If the compiler fails with a message stating that 
         the flex command cannot be found then install flex 
         as described earlier. Next, change directory back 
         to this directory, type 
         $ make clean
         then recompile again.
         Compiler options, such as optimization and 
         debugging, may be specified on the command line 
         using the COPT variable. For example, typing 
         $ gmake COPT="-g" all >& make.log &
          would invoke your compiler's -g option in all 
         steps of the build. See src/Makefile.global.in for 
         further details.

       15.     Install the program. Type 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src
         $ gmake install >& make.install.log &
         $ tail -f make.install.log
         The last line displayed will be 
         gmake[1]: Leaving directory 
         `/usr/src/pgsql/src/man'
         At this point, or earlier if you wish, type 
         control-C to get out of tail.

       16.     If necessary, tell your system how to find 
         the new shared libraries. You can do one of the 
         following, preferably the first: 
            a. As root, edit file /etc/ld.so.conf. Add a 
              line 
              /usr/local/pgsql/lib
              to the file. Then run command /sbin/ldconfig.
            b. In a bash shell, type 
                  export 
              LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
            c. In a csh shell, type 
                  setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH 
              /usr/local/pgsql/lib
         Please note that the above commands may vary 
         wildly for different operating systems. Check the 
         platform specific notes, such as those for 
         Ultrix4.x or and for non-ELF Linux.
         If, when you create the database, you get the 
         message 
         pg_id: can't load library 'libpq.so'
          then the above step was necessary. Simply do this 
         step, then try to create the database again.

       17.     If you used the --with-perl option to 
         configure, check the install log to see whether 
         the Perl module was actually installed. If you've 
         followed our advice to make the Postgres files be 
         owned by an unprivileged userid, then the Perl 
         module won't have been installed, for lack of 
         write privileges on the Perl library directories. 
         You can complete its installation, either now or 
         later, by becoming the user that does own the Perl 
         library (often root) (via su) and doing 
         $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/interfaces/perl5
         $ gmake install

       18.     If it has not already been done, then prepare 
         account postgres for using Postgres. Any account 
         that will use Postgres must be similarly prepared. 
         There are several ways to influence the runtime 
         environment of the Postgres server. Refer to the 
         Administrator's Guide for more information. 

            Note: The following instructions are for a 
            bash/sh shell. Adapt accordingly for other 
            shells.

            a. Add the following lines to your login 
              environment: shell, ~/.bash_profile: 
              PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin
              MANPATH=$MANPATH:/usr/local/pgsql/man
              PGLIB=/usr/local/pgsql/lib
              PGDATA=/usr/local/pgsql/data
              export PATH MANPATH PGLIB PGDATA
            b. Several regression tests could failed if the 
              user's locale collation scheme is different 
              from that of standard C locale. 
              If you configure and compile Postgres with 
              the --enable-locale option then set locale 
              environment to C (or unset all LC_* 
              variables) by putting these additional lines 
              to your login environment before starting 
              postmaster: 
              LC_COLLATE=C
              LC_CTYPE=C
              LC_COLLATE=C
              export LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE
            c. Make sure that you have defined these 
              variables before continuing with the 
              remaining steps. The easiest way to do this 
              is to type: 
              $ source ~/.bash_profile

       19.     Create the database installation from your 
         Postgres superuser account (typically account 
         postgres). Do not do the following as root! This 
         would be a major security hole. Type 
         $ initdb

       20.     Set up permissions to access the database 
         system. Do this by editing file 
         /usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf. The 
         instructions are included in the file. (If your 
         database is not located in the default location, 
         i.e. if PGDATA is set to point elsewhere, then the 
         location of this file will change accordingly.) 
         This file should be made read only again once you 
         are finished. If you are upgrading from v6.0 or 
         later you can copy file pg_hba.conf from your old 
         database on top of the one in your new database, 
         rather than redoing the file from scratch.

       21.     Briefly test that the backend will start and 
         run by running it from the command line. 
            a. Start the postmaster daemon running in the 
              background by typing 
              $ cd
              $ postmaster -i
            b. Create a database by typing 
              $ createdb
            c. Connect to the new database: 
              $ psql
            d. And run a sample query: 
              postgres=> SELECT datetime 'now';
            e. Exit psql: 
              postgres=> \q
            f. Remove the test database (unless you will 
              want to use it later for other tests): 
              $ destroydb

       22.     Run postmaster in the background from your 
         Postgres superuser account (typically account 
         postgres). Do not run postmaster from the root 
         account! 
         Usually, you will want to modify your computer so 
         that it will automatically start postmaster 
         whenever it boots. It is not required; the 
         Postgres server can be run successfully from 
         non-privileged accounts without root intervention.
         Here are some suggestions on how to do this, 
         contributed by various users.
         Whatever you do, postmaster must be run by the 
         Postgres superuser (postgres?) and not by root. 
         This is why all of the examples below start by 
         switching user (su) to postgres. These commands 
         also take into account the fact that environment 
         variables like PATH and PGDATA may not be set 
         properly. The examples are as follows. Use them 
         with extreme caution. 
         o  If you are installing from a non-privileged 
           account and have no root access, then start the 
           postmaster and send it to the background: 
           $ cd
           $ nohup postmaster > regress.log 2>&1 &
         o  Edit file rc.local on NetBSD or file rc2.d on 
           SPARC Solaris 2.5.1 to contain the following 
           single line: 
           su postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster 
           -S -D /usr/local/pgsql/data"
         o  In FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE edit 
           /usr/local/etc/rc.d/pgsql.sh to contain the 
           following lines and make it chmod 755 and chown 
           root:bin. 
           #!/bin/sh
           [ -x /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster ] && {
               su -l pgsql -c 'exec 
           /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster
                   -D/usr/local/pgsql/data
                   -S -o -F > /usr/local/pgsql/errlog' &
               echo -n ' pgsql'
           }
            You may put the line breaks as shown above. The 
           shell is smart enough to keep parsing beyond 
           end-of-line if there is an expression unfinished. 
           The exec saves one layer of shell under the 
           postmaster process so the parent is init. 
         o  In RedHat Linux add a file 
           /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgres.init which is based on 
           the example in contrib/linux/. Then make a 
           softlink to this file from 
           /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/S98postgres.init. 
         o  In RedHat Linux edit file /etc/inittab to add the 
           following as a single line: 
           pg:2345:respawn:/bin/su - postgres -c 
               "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D/usr/local/pgsql/data
               >> /usr/local/pgsql/server.log 2>&1 </dev/null"

            (The author of this example says this example 
           will revive the postmaster if it dies, but he 
           doesn't know if there are other side effects.) 

       23.     Run the regression tests. The file 
         /usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress/README has 
         detailed instructions for running and interpreting 
         the regression tests. A short version follows 
         here:
            a. Type 
              $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress
              $ gmake clean
              $ gmake all runtest
              You do not need to type gmake clean if this 
              is the first time you are running the tests.
              You should get on the screen (and also 
              written to file ./regress.out) a series of 
              statements stating which tests passed and 
              which tests failed. Please note that it can 
              be normal for some tests to "fail" on some 
              platforms. The script says a test has failed 
              if there is any difference at all between the 
              actual output of the test and the expected 
              output. Thus, tests may "fail" due to minor 
              differences in wording of error messages, 
              small differences in floating-point roundoff, 
              etc, between your system and the regression 
              test reference platform. "Failures" of this 
              type do not indicate a problem with Postgres. 
              The file ./regression.diffs contains the 
              textual differences between the actual test 
              output on your machine and the "expected" 
              output (which is simply what the reference 
              system produced). You should carefully 
              examine each difference listed to see whether 
              it appears to be a significant issue.
              For example, 
              o   For a i686/Linux-ELF platform, no tests 
                failed since this is the v6.4 regression 
                testing reference platform.
              o   For the SPARC/Linux-ELF platform, using the 
                970525 beta version of Postgres v6.2 the 
                following tests "failed": float8 and 
                geometry "failed" due to minor precision 
                differences in floating point numbers. 
                select_views produces massively different 
                output, but the differences are due to minor 
                floating point differences.
              Even if a test result clearly indicates a 
              real failure, it may be a localized problem 
              that will not affect you. An example is that 
              the int8 test will fail, producing obviously 
              incorrect output, if your machine and C 
              compiler do not provide a 64-bit integer data 
              type (or if they do but configure didn't 
              discover it). This is not something to worry 
              about unless you need to store 64-bit 
              integers.
              Conclusion? If you do see failures, try to 
              understand the nature of the differences and 
              then decide if those differences will affect 
              your intended use of Postgres. The regression 
              tests are a helpful tool, but they may 
              require some study to be useful.
              After running the regression tests, type 
              $ destroydb regression
              $ cd /usr/src/pgsql/src/test/regress
              $ gmake clean
               to recover the disk space used for the 
              tests. (You may want to save the 
              regression.diffs file in another place before 
              doing this.)

       24.     If you haven't already done so, this would be 
         a good time to modify your computer to do regular 
         maintainence. The following should be done at 
         regular intervals: 

         Procedure 3.2. Minimal Backup Procedure
         1.    Run the SQL command VACUUM. This will clean 
            up your database. 
         2.    Back up your system. (You should probably 
            keep the last few backups on hand.) Preferably, 
            no one else should be using the system at the 
            time. 

         Ideally, the above tasks should be done by a shell 
         script that is run nightly or weekly by cron. Look 
         at the man page for crontab for a starting point 
         on how to do this. (If you do it, please e-mail us 
         a copy of your shell script. We would like to set 
         up our own systems to do this too.)

       25.     If you are upgrading an existing system then 
         reinstall your old database. Type 
         $ cd
         $ psql -e template1 < db.out
          If your pre-v6.2 database uses either path or 
         polygon geometric data types, then you will need 
         to upgrade any columns containing those types. To 
         do so, type (from within psql) 
         UPDATE FirstTable SET PathCol = UpgradePath(PathCol);
         UPDATE SecondTable SET PathCol = UpgradePath(PathCol);
         ...
         VACUUM;
          UpgradePath() checks to see that a path value is 
         consistant with the old syntax, and will not 
         update a column which fails that examination. 
         UpgradePoly() cannot verify that a polygon is in 
         fact from an old syntax, but RevertPoly() is 
         provided to reverse the effects of a mis-applied 
         upgrade.

       26.     If you are a new user, you may wish to play 
         with Postgres as described below.

       27.     Clean up after yourself. Type 
         $ rm -rf /usr/src/pgsql_6_0
         $ rm -rf /usr/local/pgsql_6_0
         # Also delete old database directory tree if it is 
         not in
         #  /usr/local/pgsql_6_0/data
         $ rm ~/postgresql-v6.2.1.tar.gz

       28.     You will probably want to print out the 
         documentation. If you have a Postscript printer, 
         or have your machine already set up to accept 
         Postscript files using a print filter, then to 
         print the User's Guide simply type 
         $ cd /usr/local/pgsql/doc
         $ gunzip user.ps.tz | lpr
         Here is how you might do it if you have 
         Ghostscript on your system and are writing to a 
         laserjet printer. 
         $ alias gshp='gs -sDEVICE=laserjet -r300 -dNOPAUSE'
         $ export 
         GS_LIB=/usr/share/ghostscript:/usr/share/ghostscript/fonts
         $ gunzip user.ps.gz
         $ gshp -sOUTPUTFILE=user.hp user.ps
         $ gzip user.ps
         $ lpr -l -s -r manpage.hp

       29.     The Postgres team wants to keep Postgres 
         working on all of the supported platforms. We 
         therefore ask you to let us know if you did or did 
         not get Postgres to work on you system. Please 
         send a mail message to pgsql-ports@postgresql.org 
         telling us the following: 
         o  The version of Postgres (v6.4, 6.3.2, beta 981014, etc.). 
         o  Your operating system (i.e. RedHat v5.1 Linux v2.0.34). 
         o  Your hardware (SPARC, i486, etc.). 
         o  Did you compile, install and run the regression 
           tests cleanly? If not, what source code did you 
           change (i.e. patches you applied, changes you 
           made, etc.), what tests failed, etc. It is normal 
           to get many warning when you compile. You do not 
           need to report these. 
       30.     Now create, access and manipulate databases 
         as desired. Write client programs to access the 
         database server. In other words, enjoy!

Playing with Postgres

       After Postgres is installed, a database system is 
       created, a postmaster daemon is running, and the 
       regression tests have passed, you'll want to see 
       Postgres do something. That's easy. Invoke the 
       interactive interface to Postgres, psql: 

       % psql template1

       (psql has to open a particular database, but at this 
       point the only one that exists is the template1 
       database, which always exists. We will connect to it 
       only long enough to create another one and switch to 
       it.)
       The response from psql is: 

       Welcome to the POSTGRESQL interactive sql monitor:
         Please read the file COPYRIGHT for copyright terms 
       of POSTGRESQL

          type \? for help on slash commands
          type \q to quit
          type \g or terminate with semicolon to execute 
       query
        You are currently connected to the database: 
       template1

       template1=>

       Create the database foo: 

       template1=> create database foo;
       CREATEDB

       (Get in the habit of including those SQL semicolons. 
       Psql won't execute anything until it sees the 
       semicolon or a "\g" and the semicolon is required to 
       delimit multiple statements.)
       Now connect to the new database: 

       template1=> \c foo
       connecting to new database: foo

       ("slash" commands aren't SQL, so no semicolon. Use \? 
       to see all the slash commands.)
       And create a table: 

       foo=> create table bar (i int4, c char(16));
       CREATE

       Then inspect the new table: 

       foo=> \d bar

       Table    = bar
       +--------------+--------------+-------+
       |    Field     |    Type      | Length|
       +--------------+--------------+-------+
       | i            | int4         |     4 |
       | c            | (bp)char     |    16 |
       +--------------+--------------+-------+

       And so on. You get the idea.

The Next Step

       Questions? Bugs? Feedback? First, read the files in 
       directory /usr/src/pgsql/doc/. The FAQ in this 
       directory may be particularly useful.
       If Postgres failed to compile on your computer then 
       fill out the form in file 
       /usr/src/pgsql/doc/bug.template and mail it to the 
       location indicated at the top of the form.
       Check on the web site at http://www.postgresql.org 
       For more information on the various support mailing 
       lists.

Porting Notes

         Note: Check for any platform-specific FAQs in the 
         doc/ directory of the source distribution. For 
         some ports, the notes below may be out of date.

Ultrix4.x

         Note: There have been no recent reports of Ultrix 
         usage with Postgres.

       You need to install the libdl-1.1 package since 
       Ultrix 4.x doesn't have a dynamic loader. It's 
       available in 
       s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:pub/personal/andrew/libdl-1.-
       1.tar.Z

Linux

       Linux ELF
       The regression test reference machine is a 
       linux-2.0.30/libc-5.3.12/RedHat-4.2 installation 
       running on a dual processor i686. The linux-elf port 
       installs cleanly. See the Linux FAQ for more details.

       Linux a.out
       For non-ELF Linux, the dld library MUST be obtained 
       and installed on the system. It enables dynamic link 
       loading capability to the Postgres port. The dld 
       library can be obtained from the sunsite linux 
       distributions. The current name is dld-3.2.5. Jalon 
       Q. Zimmerman

BSD/OS

       For BSD/OS 2.0 and 2.01, you will need to get the GNU 
       dld library.

NeXT

       The NeXT port for v1.09 was supplied by Tom R. 
       Hageman. It requires a SysV IPC emulation library and 
       header files for shared libary and semaphore stuff. 
       Tom just happens to sell such a product so contact 
       him for information. He has also indicated that 
       binary releases of Postgres for NEXTSTEP will be made 
       available to the general public. Contact Info@RnA.nl 
       for information.
       We have no recent reports of successful NeXT 
       installations (as of v6.2.1). However, the 
       client-side libraries should work even if the backend 
       is not supported.

Chapter 4. Configuration Options

Parameters for Configuration (configure)

       The full set of parameters available in configure can 
       be obtained by typing 

       $ ./configure --help

       The following parameters may be of interest to 
       installers: 

       Directory and file names:
         --prefix=PREFIX         install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
                                 [/usr/local/pgsql]
         --bindir=DIR            user executables in DIR [EPREFIX/bin]
         --libdir=DIR            object code libraries in DIR [EPREFIX/lib]
         --includedir=DIR        C header files in DIR [PREFIX/include]
         --mandir=DIR            man documentation in DIR [PREFIX/man]
       Features and packages:
         --disable-FEATURE       do not include FEATURE (same as --enable-FEATURE=no)
         --enable-FEATURE[=ARG]  include FEATURE [ARG=yes]
         --with-PACKAGE[=ARG]    use PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
         --without-PACKAGE       do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no)
       --enable and --with options recognized:
         --with-template=template
                                 use operating system template file
                                     see template directory
         --with-includes=incdir  site header files for tk/tcl, etc in DIR
         --with-libs=incdir      also search for libraries in DIR
         --with-libraries=libdir also search for libraries in DIR
         --enable-locale         enable locale support
         --enable-recode         enable cyrillic recode 
       support
         --with-mb=encoding    enable multi-byte support
         --with-pgport=portnum change default startup port
         --with-tcl              use tcl
         --with-tclconfig=tcldir tclConfig.sh and tkConfig.sh are in DIR
         --with-perl             use perl
         --with-odbc             build ODBC driver package
         --with-odbcinst=odbcdir change default directory for odbcinst.ini
         --enable-cassert        enable assertion checks (debugging)
         --with-CC=compiler      use specific C compiler
         --with-CXX=compiler     use specific C++ compiler
         --without-CXX           do not build libpq++

       Some systems may have trouble building a specific 
       feature of Postgres. For example, systems with a 
       damaged C++ compiler may need to specify 
       --without-CXX to encourage the build procedure to 
       ignore the libpq++ construction.

Parameters for Building (make)

       Many installation-related parameters can be set in 
       the building stage of Postgres installation.
       In most cases, these parameters should be place in a 
       file, Makefile.custom, intended just for that 
       purpose. The default distribution does not contain 
       this optional file, so you will create it using a 
       text editor of your choice. When upgrading 
       installations, you can simply copy your old 
       Makefile.custom to the new installation before doing 
       the build. 

       make [ variable=value [,...] ]

       A few of the many variables which can be specified 
       are: 
       POSTGRESDIR 
         Top of the installation tree. 
       BINDIR 
         Location of applications and utilities. 
       LIBDIR 
         Location of object libraries, including shared 
         libraries. 
       HEADERDIR 
         Location of include files. 
       ODBCINST 
         Location of installation-wide psqlODBC (ODBC) 
         configuration file. 
       There are other optional parameters which are not as 
       commonly used. Many of those listed below are 
       appropriate when doing Postgres server code 
       development. 
       CFLAGS 
         Set flags for the C compiler. Should be assigned 
         with "+=" to retain relevant default parameters. 
       YFLAGS 
         Set flags for the yacc/bison parser. -v might be 
         used to help diagnose problems building a new 
         parser. Should be assigned with "+=" to retain 
         relevant default parameters. 
       USE_TCL 
         Enable Tcl interface building. 
       HSTYLE 
         DocBook HTML style sheets for building the 
         documentation from scratch. Not used unless you 
         are developing new documentation from the 
         DocBook-compatible SGML source documents in 
         doc/src/sgml/. 
       PSTYLE 
         DocBook style sheets for building printed 
         documentation from scratch. Not used unless you 
         are developing new documentation from the 
         DocBook-compatible SGML source documents in 
         doc/src/sgml/. 
       Here is an example Makefile.custom for a PentiumPro 
       Linux system: 

       # Makefile.custom
       # Thomas Lockhart 1998-03-01

       POSTGRESDIR= /opt/postgres/current
       CFLAGS+= -m486 # -g -O0

       # documentation

       HSTYLE= /home/tgl/SGML/db118.d/docbook/html
       PSTYLE= /home/tgl/SGML/db118.d/docbook/print

Locale Support

         Note: Written by Oleg Bartunov. See Oleg's web 
         page for additional information on locale and 
         Russian language support.

       While doing a project for a company in Moscow, 
       Russia, I encountered the problem that postgresql had 
       no support of national alphabets. After looking for 
       possible workarounds I decided to develop support of 
       locale myself. I'm not a C-programer but already had 
       some experience with locale programming when I work 
       with perl (debugging) and glimpse. After several days 
       of digging through the Postgres source tree I made 
       very minor corections to 
       src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c and 
       src/backend/main/main.c and got what I needed! I did 
       support only for LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE, but later 
       LC_MONETARY was added by others. I got many messages 
       from people about this patch so I decided to send it 
       to developers and (to my surprise) it was 
       incorporated into the Postgres distribution.
       People often complain that locale doesn't work for 
       them. There are several common mistakes: 

       o  Didn't properly configure postgresql before 
        compilation. You must run configure with 
        --enable-locale option to enable locale support. 
        Didn't setup environment correctly when starting 
        postmaster. You must define environment variables 
        LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE before running postmaster 
        because backend gets information about locale from 
        environment. I use following shell script 
        (runpostgres): 
             #!/bin/sh

             export LC_CTYPE=koi8-r
             export LC_COLLATE=koi8-r
             postmaster -B 1024 -S -D/usr/local/pgsql/data/ -o '-Fe'

         and run it from rc.local as 
             /bin/su - postgres -c "/home/postgres/runpostgres"

       o  Broken locale support in OS (for example, locale 
        support in libc under Linux several times has 
        changed and this caused a lot of problems). Latest 
        perl has also support of locale and if locale is 
        broken perl -v will complain something like: 
             8:17[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>setenv LC_CTYPE 
        not_exist
             8:18[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>perl -v
             perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
             perl: warning: Please check that your locale 
        settings:
                     LC_ALL = (unset),
                     LC_CTYPE = "not_exist",
                     LANG = (unset)
                 are supported and installed on your 
        system.
             perl: warning: Falling back to the standard 
        locale ("C").

       o  Wrong location of locale files! Possible locations 
        include: /usr/lib/locale (Linux, Solaris), 
        /usr/share/locale (Linux), /usr/lib/nls/loc (DUX 
        4.0). Check man locale to find the correct 
        location. Under Linux I did a symbolic link between 
        /usr/lib/locale and /usr/share/locale to be sure 
        that the next libc will not break my locale.

What are the Benefits?

       You can use ~* and order by operators for strings 
       contain characters from national alphabets. 
       Non-english users definitely need that. If you won't 
       use locale stuff just undefine the USE_LOCALE 
       variable.

What are the Drawbacks?

       There is one evident drawback of using locale - it's 
       speed! So, use locale only if you really need it.

Kerberos Authentication

       Kerberos is an industry-standard secure 
       authentication system suitable for distributed 
       computing over a public network.

Availability

       The Kerberos authentication system is not distributed 
       with Postgres. Versions of Kerberos are typically 
       available as optional software from operating system 
       vendors. In addition, a source code distribution may 
       be obtained through MIT Project Athena. 

         Note: You may wish to obtain the MIT version even 
         if your vendor provides a version, since some 
         vendor ports have been deliberately crippled or 
         rendered non-interoperable with the MIT version.

       Users located outside the United States of America 
       and Canada are warned that distribution of the actual 
       encryption code in Kerberos is restricted by U. S. 
       Government export regulations.
       Inquiries regarding your Kerberos should be directed 
       to your vendor or MIT Project Athena. Note that FAQLs 
       (Frequently-Asked Questions Lists) are periodically 
       posted to the Kerberos mailing list (send mail to 
       subscribe), and USENET news group.

Installation

       Installation of Kerberos itself is covered in detail 
       in the Kerberos Installation Notes . Make sure that 
       the server key file (the srvtab or keytab) is somehow 
       readable by the Postgres account.
       Postgres and its clients can be compiled to use 
       either Version 4 or Version 5 of the MIT Kerberos 
       protocols by setting the KRBVERS variable in the file 
       src/Makefile.global to the appropriate value. You can 
       also change the location where Postgres expects to 
       find the associated libraries, header files and its 
       own server key file.
       After compilation is complete, Postgres must be 
       registered as a Kerberos service. See the Kerberos 
       Operations Notes and related manual pages for more 
       details on registering services.

Operation

       After initial installation, Postgres should operate 
       in all ways as a normal Kerberos service. For details 
       on the use of authentication, see the PostgreSQL 
       User's Guide reference sections for postmaster and 
       psql.
       In the Kerberos Version 5 hooks, the following 
       assumptions are made about user and service naming: 
       o User principal names (anames) are assumed to 
        contain the actual Unix/Postgres user name in the 
        first component. 
       o The Postgres service is assumed to be have two 
        components, the service name and a hostname, 
        canonicalized as in Version 4 (i.e., with all 
        domain suffixes removed). 

       Table 4-1. Kerberos Parameter Examples
       Param-   Example
       eter
       user     frew@S2K.ORG
       user     aoki/HOST=miyu.S2K.Berkeley-
                .EDU@S2K.ORG
       host     postgres_dbms/ucbvax@S2K.ORG


       Support for Version 4 will disappear sometime after 
       the production release of Version 5 by MIT.

Chapter 5. Release Notes

Release 6.4

       There are many new features and improvements in this 
       release. Thanks to our developers and maintainers, 
       nearly every aspect of the system has received some 
       attention since the previous release. Here is a 
       brief, incomplete summary: 
       o Views and rules are now functional thanks to 
        extensive new code in the rewrite rules system from 
        Jan Wieck. He also wrote a chapter on it for the 
        Programmer's Guide. 
       o Jan also contributed a second procedural language, 
        PL/pgSQL, to go with the original PL/pgTCL 
        procedural language he contributed last release. 
       o We have optional multiple-byte character set 
        support from Tatsuo Iishi to complement our 
        existing locale support. 
       o Client/server communications has been cleaned up, 
        with better support for asynchronous messages and 
        interrupts thanks to Tom Lane. 
       o The parser will now perform automatic type coersion 
        to match arguments to available operators and 
        functions, and to match columns and expressions 
        with target columns. This uses a generic mechanism 
        which supports the type extensibility features of 
        Postgres. There is a new chapter in the User's 
        Guide which covers this topic. 
       o Three new data types have been added. Two types, 
        inet and cidr, support various forms of IP network, 
        subnet, and machine addressing. There is now an 
        8-byte integer type available on some platforms. 
        See the chapter on data types in the User's Guide 
        for details. A fourth type, serial, is now 
        supported by the parser as an amalgam of the int4 
        type, a sequence, and a unique index. 
       o Several more SQL92-compatible syntax features have 
        been added, including INSERT DEFAULT VALUES 
       o The automatic configuration and installation system 
        has received some attention, and should be more 
        robust for more platforms than it has ever been. 

Migration to v6.4

       A dump/restore using pg_dump or pg_dumpall is 
       required for those wishing to migrate data from any 
       previous release of Postgres.

Detailed Change List

       Bug Fixes
       ---------
       Fix for a tiny memory leak in PQsetdb/PQfinish(Bryan)
       Remove char2-16 data types, use char/varchar(Darren)
       Pqfn not handles a NOTICE message(Anders)
       Reduced busywaiting overhead for spinlocks with many 
       backends (dg)
       Stuck spinlock detection (dg)
       Fix up "ISO-style" timespan decoding and 
       encoding(Thomas)
       Fix problem with table drop after rollback of 
       transaction(Vadim)
       Change error message and remove non-functional update 
       message(Vadim)
       Fix for COPY array checking
       Fix for SELECT 1 UNION SELECT NULL
       Fix for buffer leaks in large object calls(Pascal)
       Change owner from oid to int4 type(Bruce)
       Fix a bug in the oracle compatibility functions 
       btrim() ltrim() and rtrim()
       Fix for shared invalidation cache overflow(Massimo)
       Prevent file descriptor leaks in failed COPY's(Bruce)
       Fix memory leak in libpgtcl's pg_select(Constantin)
       Fix problems with username/passwords over 8 
       characters(Tom)
       Fix problems with handling of asynchronous NOTIFY in 
       backend(Tom)
       Fix of many bad system table entries(Tom)

       Enhancements
       ------------
       Upgrade ecpg and ecpglib,see 
       src/interfaces/ecpc/ChangeLog(Michael)
       Show the index used in an EXPLAIN(Zeugswetter)
       EXPLAIN  invokes  rule system and shows plan(s) for rewritten queries(Jan)
       Multi-byte awareness of many data types and functions, via configure(Tatsuo)
       New configure --with-mb option(Tatsuo)
       New initdb --pgencoding option(Tatsuo)
       New createdb -E multibyte option(Tatsuo)
       Select version(); now returns PostgreSQL version(Jeroen)
       Libpq now allows asynchronous clients(Tom)
       Allow cancel from client of backend query(Tom)
       Psql now cancels query with Control-C(Tom)
       Libpq users need not issue dummy queries to get NOTIFY messages(Tom)
       NOTIFY now sends sender's PID, so you can tell whether it was your own(Tom)
       PGresult struct now includes associated error message, if any(Tom)
       Define "tz_hour" and "tz_minute" arguments to date_part()(Thomas)
       Add routines to convert between varchar and bpchar(Thomas)
       Add routines to allow sizing of varchar and bpchar into target columns(Thomas)
       Add bit flags to support timezonehour and minute in data retrieval(Thomas)
       Allow more variations on valid floating point numbers (e.g. ".1", "1e6")(Thomas)
       Fixes for unary minus parsing with leading spaces(Thomas)
       Implement TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
       Check for and properly ignore FOREIGN KEY column constraints(Thomas)
       Define USER as synonym for CURRENT_USER per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
       Enable HAVING clause but no fixes elsewhere yet.
       Make "char" type a synonym for "char(1)" (actually implemented as bpchar)(Thomas)
       Save string type if specified for DEFAULT clause handling(Thomas)
       Coerce operations involving different data types(Thomas)
       Allow some index use for columns of different types(Thomas)
       Add capabilities for automatic type conversion(Thomas)
       Cleanups for large objects, so file is truncated on open(Peter)
       Readline cleanups(Tom)
       Allow psql  \f \ to make spaces as delimiter(Bruce)
       Pass pg_attribute.atttypmod to the frontend for column field lengths(Tom,Bruce)
       Msql compatibility library in /contrib(Aldrin)
       Remove the requirement that ORDER/GROUP BY clause identifiers be 
       included in the target list(David)
       Convert columns to match columns in UNION clauses(Thomas)
       Remove fork()/exec() and only do fork()(Bruce)
       Jdbc cleanups(Peter)
       Show backend status on ps command line(only works on some platforms)(Bruce)
       Pg_hba.conf now has a sameuser option in the database field
       Make lo_unlink take oid param, not int4
       New DISABLE_COMPLEX_MACRO for compilers that can't handle our macros(Bruce)
       Libpgtcl now handles NOTIFY as a Tcl event, need not send dummy queries(Tom)
       libpgtcl cleanups(Tom)
       Add -error option to libpgtcl's pg_result command(Tom)
       New locale patch, see docs/README/locale(Oleg)
       Fix for pg_dump so CONSTRAINT and CHECK syntax is correct(ccb)
       New contrib/lo code for large object orphan removal(Peter)
       New psql command "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'encoding'" for multi-bytes
       feature, see /doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
       /contrib/noupdate code to revoke update permission on a column
       Libpq can now be compiled on win32(Magnus)
       Add PQsetdbLogin() in libpq
       New 8-byte integer type, checked by configure for OS support(Thomas)
       Better support for quoted table/column names(Thomas)
       Surround table and column names with double-quotes in pg_dump(Thomas)
       PQreset() now works with passwords(Tom)
       Handle case of GROUP BY target list column number out of range(David)
       Allow UNION in subselects
       Add auto-size to screen to \d? commands(Bruce)
       Use UNION to show all \d? results in one query(Bruce)
       Add \d? field search feature(Bruce)
       Pg_dump issues fewer \connect requests(Tom)
       Make pg_dump -z flag work better, document it in manual page(Tom)
       Add HAVING clause with full support for subselects 
       and unions(Stephan)
       Full text indexing routines in contrib/fulltextindex(Maarten)
       Transaction ids now stored in shared memory(Vadim)
       New PGCLIENTENCODING when issuing COPY command(Tatsuo)
       Support for SQL92 syntax "SET NAMES"(Tatsuo)
       Support for LATIN2-5(Tatsuo)
       Add UNICODE regression test case(Tatsuo)
       Lock manager cleanup, new locking modes for LLL(Vadim)
       Allow index use with OR clauses(Bruce)
       Allows "SELECT NULL ORDER BY 1;"
       Explain VERBOSE prints the plan, and now pretty-prints the plan to
       the postmaster log file(Bruce)
       Add Indices display to \d command(Bruce)
       Allow GROUP BY on functions(David)
       New pg_class.relkind for large objects(Bruce)
       New way to send libpq NOTICE messages to a different location(Tom)
       New \w write command to psql(Bruce)
       New /contrib/findoidjoins scans oid columns to find join relationships(Bruce)
       Allow binary-compatible indices to be considered when checking for valid
       indices for restriction clauses containing a constant(Thomas)
       New ISBN/ISSN code in /contrib/isbn_issn
       Allow NOT LIKE, IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, and NOT BETWEEN constraint(Thomas)
       New rewrite system fixes many problems with rules and views(Jan)
               * Rules on relations work
               * Event qualifications on insert/update/delete work
               * New OLD variable to reference CURRENT, CURRENT will be remove in future
               * Update rules can reference NEW and OLD in rule qualifications/actions
               * Insert/update/delete rules on views work
               * Multiple rule actions are now supported, surrounded by parentheses
               * Regular users can create views/rules on tables they have RULE permits
               * Rules and views inherit the permissions on the creator
               * No rules at the column level
               * No UPDATE NEW/OLD rules
               * New pg_tables, pg_indexes, pg_rules and pg_views system views
               * Only a single action on SELECT rules
               * Total rewrite overhaul, perhaps for 6.5
               * handle subselects
               * handle aggregates on views
               * handle insert into select from view works
       System indexes are now multi-key(Bruce)
       Oidint2, oidint4, and oidname types are removed(Bruce)
       Use system cache for more system table lookups(Bruce)
       New backend programming language PL/pgSQL in backend/pl(Jan)
       New SERIAL data type, auto-creates sequence/index(Thomas)
       Enable assert checking without a recompile(Massimo)
       User lock enhancements(Massimo)
       New setval() command to set sequence value(Massimo)
       Auto-remove unix socket file on startup if no postmaster running(Massimo)
       Conditional trace package(Massimo)
       New UNLISTEN command(Massimo)
       Psql and libpq now compile under win32 using win32.mak(Magnus)
       Lo_read no longer stores trailing NULL(Bruce)
       Identifiers are now truncated to 31 characters internally(Bruce)
       Createuser options now availble on the command line
       Code for 64-bit integer supported added, configure tested, int8 type(Thomas)
       Prevent file descriptor leaf from failed COPY(Bruce)
       New pg_upgrade command(Bruce)
       Updated /contrib directories(Massimo)
       New CREATE TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
       New INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
       New DECLARE and FETCH feature(Thomas)
       libpq's internal structures now not exported(Tom)
       Allow up to 8 key indexes(Bruce)
       Remove ARCHIVE keyword, that is no longer used(Thomas)
       pg_dump -n flag to supress quotes around indentifiers
       disable system columns for views(Jan)
       new INET and CIDR types for network addresses(TomH, Paul)
       no more double quotes in psql output pg_dump now dumps views(Terry)
       new SET QUERY_LIMIT(Tatsuo,Jan)

       Source Tree Changes
       -------------------
       /contrib cleanup(Jun)
       Inline some small functions called for every row(Bruce)
       Alpha/linux fixes
       Hp/UX cleanups(Tom)
       Multi-byte regression tests(Soonmyung.)
       Remove --disabled options from configure
       Define PGDOC to use POSTGRESDIR by default
       Make regression optional
       Remove extra braces code to pgindent(Bruce)
       Add bsdi shared library support(Bruce)
       New --without-CXX support configure option(Brook)
       New FAQ_CVS
       Update backend flowchart in tools/backend(Bruce)
       Change atttypmod from int16 to int32(Bruce, Tom)
       Getrusage() fix for platforms that do not have it(Tom)
       Add PQconnectdb, PGUSER, PGPASSWORD to libpq man page
       NS32K platform fixes(Phil Nelson, John Buller)
       Sco 7/UnixWare 2.x fixes(Billy,others)
       Sparc/Solaris 2.5 fixes(Ryan)
       Pgbuiltin.3 is obsolete, move to doc files(Thomas)
       Even more documention(Thomas)
       Nextstep support(Jacek)
       Aix support(David)
       pginterface manual page(Bruce)
       shared libraries all have version numbers
       merged all OS-specific shared library defines into one file
       smarter TCL/TK configuration checking(Billy)
       smarter perl configuration(Brook)
       configure uses supplied install-sh if no install script found(Tom)
       new Makefile.shlib for shared library configuration(Tom)
