
   PostgreSQL(ݥȥ쥹塼)ˤĤƤ褯Ȥβ(FAQ)
                                       
   ʸǽ: Mon Mar 17 11:32:59 EST 2003
   
   ߤΰݻ: Bruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
   Maintainer of Japanese Translation: Jun Kuwamura (juk@PostgreSQL.jp)
   
   ʸκǿǤ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/FAQ.html
   Ǹ뤳ȤǤޤ
   
   ץåȥۡͤμˤĤƤ:
   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/index.html
   ˲ޤ
   
(ʲԤˤ [  ] ȤǰϤǵޤ)
[
        ܸˤĤƤΥϺǸذưޤ

        ܸǤΤʸ ܲ "Docs"   "Frequently Asked Questions" 
        Ȥ "Japanese FAQ" ȤФǤޤޤʲΥȤˤ
        ޤ
                http://www.PostgreSQL.jp/subcommittee/jpugdoc/
                http://www.rccm.co.jp/~juk/pgsql/
                http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/

        ˤĤƤŤ(juk@PostgreSQL.jp)ޤǥ᡼Ǥ󤻲


                                                2003ǯ0410    ¼ 
]
     _________________________________________________________________
   
                                Ūʼ
                                      
   1.1) PostgreSQLȤϲǤ ɤߤޤ
   1.2) PostgreSQLϤɤʤäƤޤ
   1.3) PostgreSQLưUnixץåȥۡϡ
   1.4) UnixʳΰܿǤǻȤΤϡ
   1.5) PostgreSQLϤɤǤޤ
   1.6) ݡȤϤɤǼޤ
   1.7) ǿǤϤɤǤ
   1.8) ɤΤ褦ʸ񤬤ޤ
   1.9) ΤΥХ̵̤ǽϤɤäƸĤޤ
   1.10) SQLϤɤгؤ٤ޤ
   1.11) PostgreSQL2000ǯ(Y2K)бƤޤ
   1.12) ȯˤϤɤΤ褦˻äޤ
   1.13) ХݡȤϤɤΤ褦ȯޤ
   1.14) ¾DBMSΤ٤PostgreSQLϤɤʤΤǤ
   1.15) PostgreSQL̤ǱˤϤɤФ褤Ǥ
   
                        桼饤Ȥμ
                                      
   2.1) PostgreSQL  ODBC ɥ饤СϤޤ
   2.2) PostgreSQL  Web
   ڡϢȤˤϤɤʥġ뤬ޤ
   2.3) PostgreSQL ˥ե롦桼󥿡եϤޤ
   2.4) ɤΤ褦ʸ PostgreSQL ̿Ǥ
   
                                μ
                                      
   3.1) ɤΤ褦ˤ /usr/local/pgsql ʳξ˥󥹥ȡǤ
   ޤ
   3.2) postmaster 餻ȡ Bad System Call
   ȤפȤΥåФޤʤǤ
   3.3) postmaster 餻褦Ȥȡ IpcMemoryCreate
   顼ФޤʤǤ
   3.4) postmaster餻褦Ȥȡ IpcSemaphoreCreate
   顼ФޤʤǤ
   3.5) ¾ΥۥȤ³ϤɤΤ褦椷ޤ
   3.6) ɤ
   ǽ뤿ˤϡǡ١󥸥ɤΤ褦ĴɤǤ
   
   3.7) ɤΤ褦ʥǥХǽȤޤ
   3.8) ³褦ȤȤ 'Sorry, too many clients'
   ФΤϤʤǤ
   3.9) pgsql_tmp ǥ쥯ȥˤϲޤ
   3.10)
   PostgreSQLΥ᥸㡼꡼򥢥åץǡȤΤ˥פȥꥹȥ
   ʤƤϤʤʤΤϤʤǤ
   
                                μ
                                      
   4.1) Хʥꡦ̾參Ȥΰ㤤ϲǤ
   4.2) ǽοΤߤ select ˤϤɤޤ
   4.3) ơ֥䤽¾ξΥꥹȤ psql ǸˤϤɤޤ
   4.4) ơ֥뤫饫κϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ
   4.5) ơ֥롢ǡ١κ祵ϡ
   4.6) Ūʥƥ
   ȥե뤫ǡ¸ˤϡǡ١Υǥ̤Ϥɤ
   餤ɬפǤ
   4.7)
   줿ơ֥롢ǥåǡ١ӡ桼ɤΤ
   ˤƸĤФޤ
   4.8)
   䤤碌٤ǥåȤäƤͻҤޤ󡣤ʤ
   
   4.9)
   䤤碌֥ƥޥɤΤ褦䤤碌ɾ뤫򸫤ˤϤ
   ޤ
   4.10) R-tree ǥåȤϲǤ
   4.11) Ū䤤碌ŬȤϲǤ
   4.12)
   ɽǤθʸȾʸȤ̤ʤɽϤɤΤ褦
   ¸ޤʸȾʸȤ̤ʤΤΥǥåϤ
   Τ褦˻Ȥޤ
   4.13) 䤤碌ǡեɤ NULL
   Ǥ뤳Ȥ򸡽ФˤϤɤޤ
   4.14) ʸΤ줾ΰ㤤ϲǤ
   4.15.1) (serial)ưʬեɤϤɤΤ褦ˤĤޤ
   4.15.2) SERIALǡͤϡɤޤ
   4.15.3) ¾Υ桼Ȥζ֤򤱤뤿ˤϡcurrval()  nextval()
   ϻȤʤۤ褤ΤǤ礦
   4.15.4) ȥ󥶥ǤȤ
   ˤ⤦ɥֹ椬ȤʤΤϤʤǤ󥹡SERI
   AL˶ΤϤʤǤ
   4.16) OID ȤϲǤ TID ȤϲǤ
   4.17) PostgreSQL ǻȤ뤤ĤѸΰ̣ϲǤ
   4.18) 顼å "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
   AllocSetAlloc()"ФΤϤʤǤ
   4.19) ɤΥС PostgreSQL
   餻ƤΤĴ٤ˤϤɤޤ
   4.20) 顼֥Ȥǡinvalid large obj
   descriptorȽФΤϤʤǤ
   4.21)
   ߤλ郎ǥեȤȤʤ褦ʥϤɤΤ褦ˤĤޤ
   4.22) ʤINȤ䤤碌ȤƤ٤ΤǤ
   4.23) (outer join)ϤɤΤ褦˼¸ޤ?
   4.24) ʣΥǡ١Ȥ䤤碌ϤɤΤ褦ˤФǤޤ
   4.25) ؿʣΥޤϥ֤ˤϤɤޤ
   4.26) ʤPL/PgSQL ؿ椫ơ֥μ¤ create/drop
   뤳ȤǤʤΤǤ礦
   4.27) ɤΤ褦ʥץꥱ󥪥ץѤǤޤ?
   4.28) ɤΤ褦ʰŹ沽ץѤǤޤ?
   
                       PostgreSQLγĥˤĤƤμ
                                      
   5.1) ʬǽ񤤤桼ؿ psql
   Ǽ¹ԤȥפƤޤΤϤʤǤ
   5.2) PostgreSQL
   Ѥ˽񤤤äŨʿؿ󶡤ƥץȤ˹׸
   ΤǤ
   5.3) ץ֤ CδؿϤɤΤ褦˽ޤ
   5.4)
   եѹޤƥѥ뤷ƤѲʤΤ
   ʤǤ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
                                Ūʼ
                                      
    1.1) PostgreSQL ȤϲǤ ɤߤޤ
    
   Post-Gres-Q-L.(ݥ - 쥹 - 塼 - ) ȯޤ
   
   PostgreSQL ϼ DBMS ѤΥץȥפǤä POSTGRES
   ǡ١ƥβǤǤPostgreSQL  POSTGRES
   ζϤʥǡǥ˭
   ٤ʥǡ()ݻʤ顢POSTGRES ǻȤ줿 PostQuel
   䤤碌򡢳ĥ SQL Υ֥åȤ֤
   ƤޤPostgreSQL ̵ǴʥѤǤޤ
   
   PostgreSQL γȯϡPostgreSQL
   ȯ᡼󥰥ꥹȤ˻äƤ볫ȯãΥǤ٤ƹԤʤƤ
   ޤߤκĹ Marc G. Fournier (scrappy@PostgreSQL.org
   )Ǥ(1.6˻äλޤ)ߡΥब
   PostgreSQL ȯΤ٤ƤݤߤƤޤ
   
   Postgres95-1.01 濴ŪʳȯԤ Andrew Yu  Jolly Chen
   Ǥ¾ο͡ΥɤΰܿƥȡǥХӡ
   ɤ˻äޤPostgreSQL ɤǤ POSTGRES
   ϥե˥إС쥤ˤơ Michael Stonebraker
   λشΤȡ¿γ´ܿΥץޤϤˤ
   ޤ
   
   С쥤ˤ뤳ΥեȥΤȤ̾ Postgres
   ǤSQL εǽɲä줿 1995 ǯˤ̾ Postgres95
   ѹ졢1996 ǯνˤ̾ PostgreSQL ѹޤ
   
    1.2) PostgreSQL ϤɤʤäƤޤ
    
   PostgreSQL ϲ˽ޤ
    [
        ʸϱѸǤͤȤơʸʻǺܤޤ
    ]

   PostgreSQL Data Base Management System
   
   Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
   Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California
   
   Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
   documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written
   agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
   and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all
   copies.
   
   IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY
   FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
   INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND
   ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN
   ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   
   THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
   INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE
   PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF
   CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,
   UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.
        POSTGRESQL ǡ١ƥ

        ʬŪ (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQLݳȯ
        ʬŪ (c) 1994-6 ե˥ܹ


          ܥեȥӤʸ켰Ͼ嵤ɽȡʸ
        Ӥ³ĤƤʣźդƤ¤ˤ
        ơѡʣդεĤ򡢤ʤŪǤä⡢̵
        ǤƱս̵˹Ԥʤ뤳Ȥ򤳤ǧޤ
        
          ե˥ؤϡʤԤˤƤ⡢פβ
        ޤࡢľŪŪ̡뤤ɬŪˤ餺
        »ˤĤơȤե˥ؤ»ˤĤ
        ƤȤƤ⡢ڤǤ餤ޤ
        
          ե˥ؤϡŪˤۤݾڤȡŪ
        Ŭ˴ؤƤϤȤꡢ˸¤餺ʤݾڤ
        뤳ȤޤʲѰդ줿եȥϡ֤Τޤޡפ
        ܸȤե˥ؤϤݻٱ硢ɤ
        뤤Ͻ̳餤ޤ

    [
        ˴ؤʸϾ嵤αѸˤɽǤܸϤޤ
        ͤǤ
    ]

   嵤BSD饤󥹤ǸŤץ󥽡Υ饤󥹤Ǥ
   ɤΤ褦˻Ȥ褦Ȥ¤ޤ󡣹ޤȤʤΤǡ桹⤽
    ѤĤϤޤ
   
    1.3) PostgreSQL ưĶϡ
    
   ŪˡǶUnixߴץåȥۡʤPostgreSQLϤ餻
   ϤǤ꡼λǼºݤ˥ƥȤԤʤäȤ𤬤ʤ줿
   åȥۡˤĤƤϥ󥹥ȡ󤷤Ƥޤ
   
    1.4) UnixʳΰܿǤǻȤΤϡ
    
   饤
   
   MS Windows ץåȥۡ뤿ˡlibpq C
   饤֥ꡢpsql¾Υ󥿡եӡ饤ȥץ
   򥳥ѥ뤹뤳ȤϲǽǤξ硢饤Ȥ MS
   Windows 餻ơTCP/IP ͳǥݡȤƤ Unix
   ץåȥۡ륵Ф̿ޤ
   
   Win32 libpq 饤֥ psql 뤿ˡwin32.mak
   ۤ˴ޤޤƤޤPostgreSQL ODBC 饤ȤȤ̿Ǥޤ
   
   
   
   ߡCygnus Unix/NT ܿ饤֥ Cygwin ȤäơPostgreSQL
   ǡ١Ф Windows NT  Win2k
   ǲƯƤޤۤ˴ޤޤpgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN뤤ϡhttp:
   //www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faqs/faq-mswin.htmlˤ MS Windows FAQ
   
   
   MS Win NT/2000/XP ͥƥǤؤΰܿ߿ʹǤ
   [
   
        Win32ͥƥ(Win32 Native version)
        
          Windows-Native С & 饤ȥѥåƣˤ
        ݻƤޤ
            http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA023283/PostgreSQL.html
        (Windows-Native Server&Client Package for PostgreSQL by Hiroshi Saito)
            http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA023283/PostgreSQLe.html

   ]
   
    1.5) PostgreSQL ϤɤǤޤ
    
   PostgreSQL 縵 anonymous ftp Ȥ
   ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/ Ǥ
   ߥ顼ȤˤĤƤϡ桹Υᥤ Web ڡ
    [:

        ʲܤΥߥ顼ȤǤ:

       Japan: ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/PostgreSQL/pub/
       Japan: ftp://ring.ip-kyoto.ad.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.crl.go.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.saitama-u.ac.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.astem.or.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.exp.fujixerox.co.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.jah.ne.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.etl.go.jp.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.asahi-net.or.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.so-net.ne.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
       Japan: ftp://ring.aist.go.jp/pub/misc/db/PostgreSQL/
    ]

    1.6) ݡȤϤɤǼޤ
    
   פʥ᡼󥰡ꥹȤ:
   pgsql-general@PostgreSQL.orgǤPostgreSQL
   ˴ؤ뤳ȤǤеǤ
   ޤΥꥹȤؤλäΤϡŻҥ᡼ʸ(Subject
   ԤǤϤޤ)˼ΣԤ񤤤ơ
        subscribe
        end

   pgsql-general-request@PostgreSQL.org äƲ
   
   ǤΥ᡼󥰡ꥹȤ⤢ޤΥꥹȤؤλä
   "ʸ"ˡ
        subscribe
        end

   Ƚ񤤤 pgsql-general-digest-request@PostgreSQL.org
   Żҥ᡼äƲ
   
   ǤϡᥤꥹȤǼå 30k
   ί˥ǥꥹȤΥСդޤ
   
   ХݡѤΥ᡼󥰥ꥹȤ⤢ޤΥꥹȤؤλä
   "ʸ"Ȥäˡ bugs-request@PostgreSQL.org
   Żҥ᡼äƲ
   
   ȯԤεΤΥ᡼󥰥ꥹȤѤǤ
   ޤΥꥹȤؤλäŻҥ᡼ʸˡ
        subscribe
        end

   Ƚ񤤤ơpgsql-hackers-request@PostgreSQL.orgŻҥ᡼äƲ
   
   
   http://www.PostgreSQL.org
   
   EFNet  #PostgreSQL Ȥ IRC ͥ⤢ޤ UNIX
   ޥɤirc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net Ȥޤ
   
    [:
          1999ǯ723PostgreSQL桼(ˤۤ ݤȤ줹 桼
)άJPUGΩޤ
        JPUG ȿǡPostgreSQLѤã߶ϤξǤ
        β̵ǤβȲѶŪʹ׸αĤ
Ƥޤ
        ܤϡJPUG Web :
                http://www.PostgreSQL.jp/
        ϿǽȤʤäƤޤ
          1990ǯ椴ꡢݥȥ쥹ܸ᡼󥰡ꥹȤа ã
󤬼ŤƤޤܺ٤ϡ
                http://www.sra.co.jp/people/t-ishii/PostgreSQL/ML/info.html
        ֤򡢤襤ꤵpgsql-jp MLƥ
                http://datula.mio.org/~iwakiri/pgsql_jp/
        Ǹ뤳ȤǤޤ
        ]

   ѥݡȲҤΥꥹȤhttp://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/co
   mmercial-support.htmlˤޤ
   
    [:
         ܤǤϡSRA Inc. ץ󥷥ƥ ˤƾѥݡȤԤʤ
ޤ
        ߥ饯롦ʥå  "Miracle Linux for PostgreSQL" 
ݡȤ
        Ϥޤ
    ]

    1.7) ǿǤϤɤǤ
    
   PostgreSQL κǿǤϥС 7.3.2 Ǥ
   
   桹ϡ4˥᥸㡼꡼ԤʤȤײ褷Ƥޤ
   
    1.8) ɤΤ褦ʸ񤬤ޤ
    
   դˡĤΥޥ˥奢ȥ饤󡦥ޥ˥奢(ޥ˥奢롦
   ڡ)ӤĤξʥƥ꤬ޤޤޤ/doc
   ǥ쥯ȥޤޥ˥奢ϡ
   http://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/
   ǥ饤ǤǤޤ
    [:
        ʳSRAܥݥȥ쥹桼졢
        PostgreSQL եޥ˥奢
        ȤƽǤƤޤ
    ]

   饤ǻȤǤ PostgreSQL
   ܤ2ޤhttp://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html
    [:
        ܥݥȥ쥹桼    PostgreSQL Bookʬʲ
        ˤޤ
    ]

   ӡ http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/ Ǥ
   ǽʽҤϿϡhttp://www.jp.PostgreSQL.org/books/
   ˤޤ PostgreSQL Ѿ⡢http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/
   ˤޤ
   
   [:
   ʸϡܥݥȥ쥹桼http://www.postgresql.jp/docum
   ent/ 򤴤󲼤 ]
   
   psql
   ⡢黻ҡؿ󡢤¾ξ򤪸롢Ĥ
    \d ޥɤޤ
   
   桹 Web Ȥˤϡäʸ񤬤ޤ
   
    1.9) ΤΥХ̵̤ǽϤɤäƸĤޤ
    
   PostgreSQLϳĥ줿SQL-92Υ֥åȤ򥵥ݡȤޤ
   桹Υڡ TODO ꥹȤˡΤΥХǽ侭
   ײˤĤƤεҤޤ
   
  1.10) SQL Ϥɤгؤ٤ޤ
  
   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html ˤPostgreSQLܤ SQL
   򶵤Ƥޤ
    [:
        ܥݥȥ쥹桼    PostgreSQL Bookʬʲ
        ˤǤƤޤ
    ]

   ¾ˤ PostgreSQLܤȤơhttp://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook
   ޤ
   餷ϡhttp://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm,
   http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM,
   ơhttp://sqlcourse.com ˤޤ
   
   ¾Ǥϡ "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition" 
   http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htmˤޤ
   
   ¿Υ桼ˡ The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman Judith S. et al.,
   Addison-Wesley ɾǤ ¾ˡThe Complete Reference SQL,
   Groff et al., McGraw-Hill Τ褦ʤΤ⤢ޤ
   
    [:
         аã׻ˤܸλʸξҲڡ
                http://www.SRA.co.jp/people/t-ishii/PostgreSQL/doc-jp/index.htm
l
        ޤ
         ƣľʸΡֽ鿴ԸΣģ߷硦ӣѣ绲ͽҲפΥʡ
                http://www.shonan.ne.jp/~nkon/ipsql/books_SQL.html
        ޤ
         ѱѻΡPostgreSQLܸޥ˥奢
                http://www.net-newbie.com/
        Ǥϥ饤ޥ˥奢θǤޤ
         ݻ׻UNIX ǡ١
                http://www.wakhok.ac.jp/DB/DB.html
        ⥪饤ɤळȤǤޤ
    ]

    1.11) PostgreSQL2000ǯ(Y2K)бƤޤ
    
   бƤޤ2000ǯդ⡢2000ǯդ⡢
   ñ˰ޤ
   
    1.12) ȯˤϤɤΤ褦˻äޤ
    
   ޤǽ()ˡǿΥɤ桹 Web
   Ȥۤ˴ޤޤƤPostgreSQL Developersʸɤߤޤ
   ܤˡpgsql-hackers  pgsql-patches
   ᡼󥰡ꥹȤ(subscribe)ޤ
   ܤˡʼΥѥåpgsql-patchesȯޤ
   
   褽ͤäȤοãPostgreSQL
   CVS֤˥ߥåȤ븢¤äƤޤ
   Τ줾οãιʼʥѥåȯΤǡߥߥå
   ȤʤäƤãϤɤդΤѤǤ桹餬ߥåȤ
   ѥåϹʼǤȳοƤޤ
   
    1.13) ХݡȤϤɤΤ褦ȯޤ
    
   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.phpPostgreSQL BugTool
   (Хġ)ΥڡˬƤߤƲ
   ХݡȤФˤĤƤμȻؿˤޤ
   
    http://PostgreSQL.orgˤǿ FAQ åƲ
   
   Ʊ ftp 
   ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/ǡäȿС PostgreSQL
   뤤ϥѥå򤵤ƤߤƲ
   
    1.14) ¾DBMSΤ٤PostgreSQLϤɤʤΤǤ
    
   եȥפˡˤϤĤޤǽǽȿ
   ȥݡȤȲʤǤ
   
   ǽ(Features)
          PostgreSQLϡȥ󥶥䤤碌ȥꥬӥ塼
          
          ȡӡ줿åʤɡ絬ϾDBMSĵ
          ۤȤɻäƤޤ
          PostgreSQLϡ桼Ѿ롼롢줫顢å
          ̾ޥСƱ
          ʤɡDBMS碌ʤ褦ʵǽ򤤤Ĥ
          Ƥޤ
          
   ǽ(Performance)
          PostgreSQL¾ξѤ뤤ϥץ󥽡Υǡ١ȸ߳Ѥ
          
          ǽޤ̤ǤϤᤫäꡢ̤ۤǤϤ٤ä
          ꤷޤMySQLʤɤòǡ١ƥˤ٤ơP
          ostgreSQL٤Τϡȥ󥶥ˤ륪С
          إåɤ뤫ǤMySQLˤϾ嵭
          Features˼褦ʵǽϤޤäޤ󡣲桹ϡPos
          tgreSQL˽ȵǽ
          Ȥ߹ߤʤ⡢䤨ץե顼˳ݤ꥽
          ɤϤꤷơǽβ³ƤޤPostgreSQL  MySQL
          ȤӤƤ Web
          ڡhttp://openacs.org/philosophy/why-not-mysql.htmlˤ
          ޤ
          PostgreSQLϡUnixץư뤳Ȥˤ桼³
          ޤʣΥХåɡץåʤǡ
          Хåեͭ
          ޤޥCPUǤϡñʣΥХåɤ򤽤줾CPU
          餻뤳ȤǤޤ
          
   (Reliability)
          桹ϡDBMSο
          ⤯ʤƤϤβ̵ͤȤ򤷤ƤޤʬƥȤơ
          ꤷɤХǾˤƤ꡼褦˶ФƤ
          줾Υ꡼ϾʤȤ1ʾΥ١ƥȤ
          ʤޤǤΥ꡼򤬡ǤȤưꤷǤʥ
          ꡼Ǥ뤳ȤʪäƤޤʬǤϡ¾Υǡ١
          ٤Ƥ½ʤȤ˼äƤޤ
          
   ݡ(Support)
          桹Υ᡼󥰥ꥹȤϡ뤤ʤˤĤƤؤ
          μ򤷤Ƥ롢ȯԤ桼礭
          ʽޤؤ󶡤Ƥޤ桹βݾڤ뤳
          ȤϤǤ
          ޤ󤬡ѥǡ١ǤäƤ˲褵櫓ǤϤ
          ޤ󡣳ȯԤ䡢桼ߥ˥ƥޥ˥奢ࡢˡ
          ɤʤɤľܥǤ
          뤳ȤäơPostgreSQLΥݡȤϡ¾DBMSݡȤͥ
          줿ΤȤʤäƤޤ˾ơξѥݡȤʤ
          ⤢ޤFAQ1.6ˡ
          
   (Price)
          PostgreSQLѤϡѤǤѤǤ⡢٤̵Ǥ嵭
          ˼ƤBSDλѵ˳ʤ¤ꡢPostgreSQLΥ
          ɤ̵ǾʤȤ߹ळȤǤޤ
          
    1.15) PostgreSQL̤ǱˤϤɤФ褤Ǥ
    
   PostgreSQLϡ桹Ϥ᤿
   1996ǯ衢ǹ⥯饹ξפäƤޤϤ٤ơMarc
   FournieΤǡϤδפǯˤ錄ä¤Ƥ
   ޤ
   
   ɤפϥץ󥽡ץȤˤȤäƤϤȤƤڤʤΤ
   ʤ򼺤ץȤʬ򤷤ޤ
   
   󡢤δפϰ¤ΤǤϤޤ󡣰ݻ³뤿ˤ
   뤤ϰη񤬤ޤ⤷ʤ䤢ʤβҤˡ
   ϤΤλ뤿˻ܤȤǤ
   褦Ǥ顢https://store.pgsql.com/shopping/դ򤪴ꤤޤ
   
   
   ޤWebڡˤ PostgreSQL,Inc
   Ȥޤ"(contributions)"ƥ PostgreSQL
   ץȤ򥵥ݡȤ뤿Τǡ褷βҤΤλ
   ΤǤϤޤ󡣤⤷(check)Թ礬褱Ϣν
   ؤ겼
     _________________________________________________________________
   
                        桼饤Ȥμ
                                      
    2.1) PostgreSQL Τ ODBC ɥ饤СϤޤ
    
   PsqlODBC  OpenLink ODBC Ĥ ODBC ɥ饤СѲǽǤ
   
   PsqlODBC ϼξ꤫ɤǤޤ
   http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php
    [:
        ǿǤϰʤΥȤˤޤ
        http://w2422.nsk.ne.jp/~inoue/indexj.html
    ]

   OpenLink ODBC  http://www.openlinksw.com/ǤޤɸŪ
   ODBC
   饤ȡեȥǻȤޤΤǡٱ礷Ƥ뤹٤ƤΥץå
   ۡ(Win, Mac, Unix, VMS) PostgreSQL  ODBC ѤǤޤ
   
   ֤ϡʼΥݡȤɬפʿ͡äƤȻפޤ
   ե꡼ǤϤĤǤǽΤ褦Ǥϡpostgres95@openlin
   k.co.uk äƲ
   Programmer's Guide  ODBC ξϤ⤴
   
    2.2) PostgreSQL  Web ڡϢȤˤϤɤʥġ뤬ޤ
    
   ǡ١΢˻ Web ڡˤĤƤ餷Ҳ𤬡
   http://www.webreview.comˤޤ
   
   Web ؤγĥΤˤϡPHP
   ۤ󥿡եȤʤäƤޤhttp://www.php.net/ˤޤ
   
    [:
          PHP˴ؤܸξϡ2000ǯ419ȯ¤PHP桼Υ

                http://www.php.gr.jp/
        뤤ϡע वΥ
                http://www.geocities.jp/rui_hirokawa/php/
        ˤʤޤȤƤޤ
    ]

   ʣʾ硢¿οͤ Perl 󥿡ե CGI.pm 
   mod_perl Ȥޤ
    [:
        WDB ϡWeb  DataBase ؤ Perl  Interface Ǥ
        wdb-p95 ؤΥ󥯤ڤƤޤäƤޤ餯Perl DBI ͳ DBD
::Pg ѤǽȻפޤ
        ߡWDBI Ȥ̾ˤʤäƤ
                http://www.egroups.com/list/wdb-users/
        ȡWDB̾ΤޤޤΤ
                http://www.i-con.dk/wdb/
        ȤޤηаޤϤ褯狼ޤ
    ]

    2.3) PostgreSQL ˥ե롦桼󥿡եϤޤ
    
   PostgreSQL
   ؤΥե륤󥿡եĤޤ PgAccess
   http://www.pgaccess.com ޤޤޤ PgAdmin II
   (http://www.pgadmin.org Win32-only)⤢ޤ RHDB Admin
   (http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/ ) Rekall (
   http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/, proprietary)⤢ 
   PHPPgAdmin ( http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/ )
   PostgreSQLؤWeb١ 󥿡ե󶡤ޤ
   
   PgAccess
   ȸƤФ餷ե롦桼󥿡եꡢ
   ۤȶ˽в٤ޤPgAccess
   ˤϥݡȡͥ졼⤢ޤWeb
   ڡhttp://www.pgaccess.org/Ǥ
   
   ܺ٤ʥꥹȤˤĤƤϡhttp://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUIT
   ools 
   
    2.4) ɤΤ褦ʸ PostgreSQL ̿Ǥ
    
   ͵ΤۤȤɤθPostgreSQLؤΥ󥿡եäƤޤ
   
   ʤȤץߥ󥰸γĥ⥸塼ΥꥹȤƤߤƤ
   
   
   ʲΥ󥿡եPostgreSQLۤ˴ޤޤƤޤ
     * C (libpq, libpgeasy)
     * C (ecpg)
     * Java (jdbc)
     * Python (PyGreSQL)
     * TCL (libpgtcl)
       
   ¾Ѳǽʥ󥿡ե
   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/interfaces.html ӡ
   http://gborg.postgresql.org
   Drivers/InterfacesΥˤޤ
    [
        ʰ¸ˤ Palm Ǥ libpq ȯޤ
                http://www.snaga.org/libpq/
    ]
     _________________________________________________________________
   
                                μ
                                      
    3.1) ɤΤ褦ˤ /usr/local/pgsql ʳξ˥󥹥ȡǤޤ
    
   ñˡϡ configure 餻Ȥ --prefix
   ץꤹ뤳ȤǤ
   
    3.2) postmaster 餻ȡBad System Call
    ȤפȤΥåФޤʤǤ
    
   ޤޤ꤬ͤޤޤǽˤʤΥͥ System V
   IPC γĥ󥹥ȡ뤵Ƥ뤫ǧƸƤPostgreSQL
   ϥͥˤ붦ͥ꡼ȥޥեΥݡȤɬפȤޤ
   
    3.3) postmaster 餻褦ȤȡIpcMemoryCreate
    顼ФޤʤǤ
    
   ͥ뤬ͭ
   ꡼ˤʤäƤʤäǤʤСͥФƻ
   붦ͥ꡼礤礤ꤹɬפޤŪ礭
   ϡȤäƤ륢ƥpostmaster 餻Ȥ
   ꤹХåեοȥХåɥץ˰¸ޤۤȤɤΥ
   ƥǤϡͤΥХåեΤޤޤǡʤȤ1MBɬפǤ
    PostgreSQL Administrator's Gide ˶ͭ
   ꡼ȥޥեˤĤƤξξܺ٤ޤ
   
    3.4) postmaster餻褦ȤȡIpcSemaphoreCreate
    顼ФޤʤǤ
    
   ⤷顼åIpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space left
   on
   device)ǤСͥ뤬ʬʥޥեȤ褦˹Ƥޤ
   PostgresŪʥХåɥץ˰ĤΥޥեɬפȤ
   ޤȤꤢβpostmasterưȤ
   ˡХåɥץο꾯ʤ¤򤹤뤳ȤǤͤ32
   꾮ʿΥѥ᡼-NǻȤޤ깱Ūʲϡͥ
   SEMMNS  SEMMNI ѥ᡼䤹ȤǤ
   
   ǽΥޥե٤ʥǡ١δ֤˥å
   ǽޤ
   
   ⤷顼åʤˤ¾ΤΤǤСͥιǤޤä
   ޥեΥݡȤ򤷤Ƥʤ⤷ޤ PostgreSQL
   Administrator's Gide ˶ͭ
   ꡼ȥޥեˤĤƤξξܺ٤ޤ
   
    3.5) ¾ΥۥȤ³ϤɤΤ褦椷ޤ
    
   ͤǤϡPostgreSQL  unix
   ɥᥤ󥽥åȤȤޥ󤫤³ޤpostmast
   er ư -i եåä$PGDATA/pg_hba.conf
   եŬڤľơۥȼƳǧڤȤʤ¾Υޥ
   ³ǤʤǤ礦ˤTCP/IP³ǽˤʤޤ
   
   ǽʥޥե٤Υǡ١˥å
   Ȥޤ
   
    3.6) ɤ
    ǽ뤿ˤϡǡ١󥸥ɤΤ褦ĴɤǤ
    
   Τ˥ǥå䤤碌®٤ޤEXPLAINޥɤ
   PostgreSQL
   ɤΤ褦ˤʤ䤤碌Ƥ뤫򸫤뤳ȤǤ
   ơɤΥǥåȤƤ뤫򸫤뤳ȤǤޤ
   
   ⤷ INSERT ¿ѤƤϡCOPY ޥɤȤä礭
   ʥХåǤԤʤȤƤƲϡINSERT
   ̡˹Ԥʤäȹ®ǤˡBEGIN WORK/COMMIT
   Υȥ󥶥󡦥֥å̵ʸϡ鼫Ȥ줾Υȥ
   󥶥äƤȸʤޤĤʸĤΥȥ󥶥
   󡦥֥åǹԤʤȤͤƲˤȥ󥶥
   ΥСإåɤޤޤ礭
   ʥǡѹԤʤݤϥǥåٳơľȤͤ
   ƤߤƲ
   
   塼˥󥰤Υץ󤬤Ĥޤpostmaster  -o -F
   ץǵư뤳Ȥˤäơfsync() ̵ˤ뤳ȤǤ
   ޤˤäơƥȥ󥶥 fsync()
   ǥǥ򹹿Τߤᤵޤ
   
   postmaster -B
   ץȤäƥХåɡץˤȤ붦ͭ
   ꡼Хåե礤뤳ȤǤ
   ޤ⤷Υѥ᡼⤯ȡͥζͭ
   ꡼֤ͤۤƤޤä postmaster
   ʤʤǤ礦ͤǤϡ줾ΥХåե礤 8K
   ǡХåե 64 Ǥ
   
   Хåɤ -S
   ץȤäơ줾ΥХåɡץŪ¤ؤ
   ˤäƻȤ꡼κ祵䤹ȤǤޤ  -S
   ͤϥХñ̤ǡͤ 512 (ʤ512K)Ǥ
   
   ޤCLUSTER
   ޥɤȤäơơ֥Υǡ򥤥ǥå˹碌뤿˥롼
   ײ뤳ȤǤޤܤϡ饤ޥ˥奢 CLUSTER
   򸫤Ʋ
   
    3.7) ɤΤ褦ʥǥХǽȤޤ
    
   PostgreSQL
   ϡǥХΤ˰̣Τ롢־𤹤뤤Ĥεǽ
   
   
   ޤ--enable-cassert ץ configure
   餻ޤƥѥ뤹뤳Ȥˤꡢ assert()
   ХåɤοĽƻ뤷ͽ̤Ȥ
   ȥץߤ褦ˤʤޤ
   
   postmaster  postgres
   ξǤĤΥǥХץѤǤޤޤΤ褦
   postmaster ưȤ
   ϤĤǤ⡢ɸϤȥ顼Ϥե褦ˤƤ뤳
   ȤΤƲ
        cd /usr/local/pgsql
        ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &

   ˤ PostgreSQL κǾΥǥ쥯ȥ server.log
   ե뤬֤ޤΥեϥС䥨顼ˤ
   ѤʾޤߤޤPostmaster Ϲ˾ܺ٤ʾ𤹤뤿
   -d ץޤ -d
   ץϡǥХ٥ꤷޤ⤤ǥХ٥Ǥϡ礭
   ʥե뤳ȤդʤƤϤʤޤ
   
   ⤷postmasteräƤʤСpostgresХåɤ򥳥ޥɹԤ
   餻뤳ȤǤľSQLʸ򥿥פ뤳ȤǤ
   ޤΤ꤫ϡǥХŪΤȤ
   ᤷޤߥǤϤʤԤ䤤碌νˤʤ뤳
   դƤ⤷ǥХܥƥѥ뤷ƤС
   ǥХåȤäƲƤ뤫򸫤뤳ȤǤޤpostmaster
   Хåɤ򳫻Ϥ櫓ǤϤʤΤǡΩʴĶ
   äƤΤǤϤʤåХåɤȤä꤬ʣ뤳
   Ϥޤ
   
   ⤷postmasteräƤС륦ɥ
   psql򳫻Ϥȡpsql ǻȤ postgres ץ
   PIDĤޤǥХåȤä
   postgresPID˥å(attach)ޤǥХ
   椫֥졼ݥȤ򥻥åȤpsql 䤤碌ȯ
   ޤǥХΤpostgresưϡPGOPTIONS="-W n"
   Ǥ줫顢psql 򳫻Ϥޤˤꡢn 
   Ϥ٤餻ϤʤΤǡǥХåǥץ˥åơ֥졼
    ȤꤷϤɤäƸƤ椯ȤǤޤ
   
   PostgreSQL ץˤϡǥХǽ¬ˤȤƤΩ -s -A
   -t Υץ󤬤ޤ
   
   ȤؿɤΤ餤¹Ի֤򿩤äƤ뤫򸫤뤿ˡץե
   󥰡ʥץեդ
   ˤǥѥ뤹뤳ȤǽǤΥХåɤΥץե롦ե
    pgsql/data/base/dbname
   ǥ쥯ȥ˳ǼǤ礦饤ȤΥץեϥ饤
   Ȥθԥǥ쥯ȥ֤Ǥ礦Linux
   ǤޤȤʥץե󥰤Ԥˤ -DLINUX_PROFILE
   ǥѥ뤹ɬפޤ
   
    3.8) ³褦ȤȤ 'Sorry, too many clients' ФΤϤʤǤ
    
   postmasterƱưǤ
   ХåɥץФ¿䤹ɬפޤ
   
   κץ32ץǤ-NŬڤͤˤpostmaster
   Ƶư뤫PostgreSQL.conf
   뤳Ȥˤäơͤ䤹ȤǤޤ
   ιǤ-NϺ1024ޤǤ
   ޤ⤷äɬפǤinclude/config.hMAXBACKENDSä
   ƹۤޤ⤷˾ʤconfigure
   --with-maxbackendsؤȤäơ-NδͤǤޤ
   
   ⤷-N  32礤ΤǤС-B64礭
   ͤäʤƤϤʤʤ-B ϾʤȤ -N
   2ܤϤʤƤϤʤ餺餯ǹǽ˾ʤФ礭
   ͤɬפʤϤǤХåɥץ򤿤ˤȡ
   Unixͥ빽ѥ᡼䤹Ȥɬפˤʤ뤫⤷ޤ
   ͥ꡼֥åκ(SHMMAX)
   ޥեκ(SEMMNSSEMMNI) ץκ(NPROC)
   桼κץ(MAXUPRC) եκ(NFILENINODE
   ǧ˴ޤޤޤ
   PostgreSQL˵ХåɤΥץ¤ƤΤϡ
   ƥΥ꥽Ȥ̤ƤޤȤ򤱤뤿Ǥ
   
    3.9) pgsql_tmp ǥ쥯ȥˤϲޤ
    
   䤤碌¹ԥ⥸塼ˤä줿Ūʥե뤬Υǥ
   쥯ȥ˴ޤޤޤ㤨С⤷ ORDER BY
   ˥Хåɤ -S ѥ᡼ǵĤͤ礭
   ʥڡȤκݤɬפȤȡ줿ǡݻ뤿˰
   Ūʥե뤬Ĥޤ
   
   ŪʥեϼưŪ˾äϤǤ⤷Ȥ
   Хåɤå夷ƤޤȤϤʤޤpostmaster
   ȥꥹȤǤΥեϥǥ쥯ȥ꤫äޤ
    [
         SYSLOGD ͳǥϤˤϡޤconfigure  --enable-syslog
        դ餻塢ѥȥ󥹥ȡԤʤޤ
         ˡsyslog.conf  local?.*  ꤷ(Ķѿѹǽ)
        syslogd  HUP ʥäƽƤޤơ
        $PGDATA/pg_options  syslog=2 äơ postmaster  -S
        ץդˤƥХ⡼ɤǵưޤ(С 7.1 
        pg_options  PostgreSQL.conf ˤʤäƤޤ)
    ]

    3.10)
    PostgreSQLΥ᥸㡼꡼򥢥åץǡȤΤ˥פȥꥹȥ򤷤ʤ
    ƤϤʤʤΤϤʤǤ
    
   PostgreSQLϥޥʡ꡼ǤϾѹԤʤޤΤǡ
   7.2  7.2.1
   ؤΥåץ졼ɤˤϥפȥꥹȥɬפϤޤ󡣤᥸
   㡼꡼(ȤС7.27.3ؤΤ褦)Ǥϡƥơ֥
   եեޥåȤѹ򤷤ФйԤʤޤѹ
   ϤƤʣǡΤ桹ϥǡեΤθߴ
   ݻ뤳ȤǤ
   ޤ󡣥פѥեޥåȤǥǡϤ򿷤ե
   ޥåȤɤ߹ळȤǤޤ
   
   Ʊ꡼ǤϥǥǤΥեޥåȤѹϤʤΤǡåץ
   ɤˤϥסꥹȥǤϤʤpg_upgrade
   ץȤȤȤǤޤ꡼ΡȤˤϡpg_upgrade
   Ѳǽʥ꡼ɤƤޤ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
                                μ
                                      
    4.1) Хʥꡦ̾參Ȥθ̩ʰ㤤ϲǤ
    
   ܽҤϡ饤ޥ˥奢 DECLARE 򸫤Ʋ
   
    4.2) ǽοΤߤ SELECT ˤϤɤޤ
    
   饤ޥ˥奢FETCH򸫤Ƥ뤤ϡSELECT ...
   LIMIT....ȤäƤߤƲ
   
   ȤߤΤϺǽοǤ⡢٤Ƥ䤤碌ɾʤ
   ƤϤʤʤ⤷ޤORDER BY
   ä䤤碌ȤȤͤƤߤƲ ⤷ORDER
   BY˹äǥåȤ
   PostgreSQL׵ᤵ줿ǽοɾǤ
   뤫⤷ޤ󤬡ǤʤСPostgreSQL
   ϰտޤޤǤ٤ƤΥɾʤФʤʤ
   ޤ
   
    4.3) ơ֥䤽¾ξΥꥹȤ psql ǸˤϤɤޤ
    
   psqlΥɤȤƽ񤫤줿 pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c
   եɤळȤǤ
   ˤϡpsqlΥХåå女ޥɤˤϤΤSQLޥɤ
   ޤޤƤޤ psql  -E
   ץĤƵưСͿޥɤ¹Ԥ뤿䤤碌
   Ϥޤ
   
    4.4) ơ֥뤫饫κϤɤΤ褦ˤޤ
    
   εǽϡALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN Ȥƥ꡼7.3
   äޤޤǤΥСǤϡˤޤ:
        BEGIN;
        LOCK TABLE old_table;
        SELECT ...  -- ʳΥ򤹤٤򤷤ޤ
        INTO TABLE new_table
        FROM old_table;
        DROP TABLE old_table;
        ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
        COMMIT;

   [ɲä ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN ǹԤޤ]
   
    4.5) ơ֥롢ǡ١κ祵ϡ
    
   ¤ϰʲΤȤǤ
ǡ١κ祵?       ̵ (4 TB Υǡ١¸ߤޤ)
ơ֥κ祵?           16TB
κ祵?               1.6TB
եɤκ祵?         1GB
ơ֥Ǥκ?       ̵
ơ֥Ǥκ祫?     ηˤ250-1600
ơ֥Ǥκ祤ǥ? ̵

   󡢤ϼºݤ̵¤ǤϤʤǥ̤ȥ꡼䥹
   ץڡ礤ˤ¤ޤǽϤͤȤΤۤ礭
   ʻޤ
   
   ơ֥륵16TBϥڥ졼ƥ󥰥ƥˤե
   ݡȤɬפȤޤ󡣵ʥơ֥ʣ1GBΥեʬ
   ¸ޤΤǡե륷ƥ¤ϽפǤϤޤ
   
   ǥեȤΥ֥å32kˤȺơ֥륵Ⱥ祫
   Ȥäޤ
   
    4.6) Ūʥƥ
    ȥե뤫ǡ¸ˤϡǡ١Υǥ̤ϤɤΤ
    ɬפǤ
    
   ̤Υƥȥե PostgreSQL
   Υǡ١¸ˤϡ5ܤΥǥ̤ɬפȤޤ
   
   
   ȤơƹԤȥƥȵҤ 100,000ԤΥեͤ
   Ƥߤޤ礦ƥ
   ȤʸʿĹ20ХȤȲꤹȡեå ե礭
   2.8MB ǤΥǡޤ PostgreSQL ǡ١
   ե礤ϼΤ褦6.4MBȸѤ뤳ȤǤޤ
    36 bytes: ƥΥإå()
    24 bytes: (int)եɤȥƥ(text)ե
   + 4 bytes: ڡΥåץؤΥݥ
   ----------------------------------------
   64 bytes per row

   PostgreSQL Υǡڡ 8192Х(8KB)ʤΤ:

   8192 bytes per page
   -------------------   =  128 rows per database page (ڤ夲)
     64 bytes per row

   100000 data rows
   --------------------  =  782 database pages
      128 rows per page

782 database pages * 8192 bytes per page  =  6,406,144 bytes (6.4 MB)

   ǥåϡۤɤΥХإåɤ׵ᤷޤ󤬡ǥå
   ǡޤʾ塢ʤ礤ʤޤ
   
   NULLϥӥåȥޥåפ¸Ƥơ餬鷺˥ڡȤޤ
   
   
    4.7)
    줿ơ֥롢ǥåǡ١ӡ桼ɤΤ褦ˤ
    ƸĤФޤ
    
   psql
   ˤϤʥХåå塦ޥɤꡢɽ
   Хåå塦ޥɤμ򸫤ˤ \? ȤäƲ
   
   ޤpgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source
   ե餻ƤߤƲϡ SELECT
   ʸˤɬפʾǡ١Υƥࡦơ֥뤫Ф㼨
   Ƥޤޤpg_ ǻϤޤ륷ƥơ֥ˤ⵭
   ҤƤޤˡpsql -l
   Ϥ٤ƤΥǡ١ꥹɽޤ
   
    4.8)
    䤤碌٤ǥåȤäƤͻҤޤ󡣤ʤǤ
    
    
   ǥåϼưŪˤ٤Ƥ䤤碌ǻȤ櫓ǤϤޤ
   ơ ֥뤬Ǿ礭
   䤤碌ǤΤ鷺ʥѡơΥ
   򤹤ǥåϻȤޤϥǥå
   ˤ
   굯ʥǥϡơ֥򥹥ȥ졼Ȥɤ
    ٤ʤ뤳Ȥ뤫Ǥ
   
   ǥåȤꤹ뤿ˡPostgreSQL ϥơ֥ˤĤ
   Ƥ׾ʤФʤޤ󡣤׾ϡVACUUM
   ANALYZEޤϡñ ANALYZE ȤäƼ뤳 Ǥ
   ޤ׾Ȥäƥ֥ƥޥϥơ֥ˤ
   ꡢǥåȤ٤ΤηǤޤ׾ϺŬ
   ʷˡǤ⵮ŤʤΤ⤢ޤ׾μ
    ơ֥Ƥ˷֤ʤ٤Ǥ
   
   ǥåϡ̾ ORDER BY Ԥ
   ˤϻȤޤ󡣽缡
   ³ŪȤϡʥơ֥ Υǥå
   ̤Ϲ®Ǥ
   ORDER BYȤ߹蘆줿LIMIT
   ϡơ֥ξʬ֤ˤӤӥǥåȤǤ礦
    ºݡMAX()  MIN()
   ǥåȤʤȤƤ⡢Τ褦ͤ ORDER BY  LIMIT
   ȤäƥǥåȤäƼФȤǽǤ:
    SELECT col
    FROM tab
    ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
    LIMIT 1;

   ⤷ץƥޥְäƥ󥷥륹
   򤷤Ȥ˵ʤСSET enable_seqscan TO
   'off'Ȥäƥǥ
   Ǥޤʤ®ʤäƤ뤫ƥȤ򤷤ƤߤƤ
   
   LIKE 뤤 ~ Τ褦ʥ磻ɥɱ黻 Ҥ̤ʴĶ
   ǤȤޤ
     * ʸʸκǽˤޤȤС
       
     * LIKE ѥ%ǻϤޤʤ
     * ~ (ɽ) ѥ^ǻϤޤʤФʤʤ
       
     ʸʸ饹Ϥ뤳ȤϤǤޤ󡣤ȤС[a-e]
   
     ILIKE  ~* Τ褦ʸȾʸ̤
   ʤϻȤޤ󡣤ΤꡢFAQ4.12ؿΥ
   ǥåȤޤ
   
     initdb ˤƤϡǥեȤC뤬ȤʤƤϤʤޤ
   
   [ Ū˥ǥåȤˤ SET enable_seqscan = off
   ¹Ԥޤ ]
   
    4.9)
    䤤碌֥ƥޥɤΤ褦䤤碌ɾΤ򸫤ˤϤɤ
    ޤ
    
   饤ޥ˥奢 EXPLAIN 򸫤Ʋ
   
  4.10) R-tree ǥåȤϲǤ
  
   R-tree
   ǥå϶Ūʥǡ˥ǥåդ뤿˻Ȥޤ
   å奤ǥåǤϰϤθǤޤ󡣤ޤB-tree
   ǥåǤϡǤϰϤθǤޤR-tree
   ǥåǤ¿Υǡ򰷤ޤȤС⤷ R-tree
   ǥå point °դ뤳ȤǤ
   ȤȥƥϡĹ˰Ϥޤ줿򤹤٤򤹤פȤ褦
   䤤碌ˡΨɤޤ
   
   R-Tree ߷פθŵȤʤ븢Ҥʸ:
   
   Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
   Searching." Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of
   Data, 45-57.
   
   ʸϡStonebraker  "Readings in Database Systems"
   Ǥ夲Ƥޤ
   
    [
          ü¼R-TreeطʸҲ𤷤ĺޤ
        ܸ Postgres ML Υ֤ "Subject: [postgres95 801] spatial
data structures"
                http://www.sra.co.jp/people/t-ishii/PostgreSQL/mhonarc/pgsql-jp
/1996Oct/msg00007.html
        
    ]

   ȹߤ R-Tree ǥݥꥴܥåǤޤŪˤR-Tree
   Ϥäȹ⤤褦ˤĥǤޤ¼ŪˤϡR-Tree
   γĥˤϤäȤȤɬפǤơߡ桹ϤɤΤ褦ˤ
   뤫ˤĤƤʸäƤޤ
   
    [
          󥿡Ҳ¿֥ȤؤγĥǤ
ܤϡ
        http://www.interwiz.koganei.tokyo.jp/software/geometric/index.html
        
    ]

    4.11) Ū䤤碌ŬȤϲǤ
    
   GEQO ⥸塼ϡΥơ֥礹Ȥ
   ˡŪ르ꥺ(GA)碌®ޤˤꡢ
   Ĥ֤õԤʤʤƤ⡢礤ʷ(join queries)򰷤ȤǤ
   褦ˤʤޤ
   
    4.12)
    ɽǤθʸȾʸȤ̤ʤɽϤɤΤ褦˼¸
    ޤʸȾʸȤ̤ʤΤΥǥåϤɤΤ褦˻
    ޤ
    
   ~黻ҤɽȹԤʤ~*
   ʸȾʸ̤ʤ(case-insensitive)ɽȹԤޤ
   ʸȾʸ̤ʤ LIKE 黻Ҥ ILIKE Ȥޤ
   
   ʸȾʸ̤ʤӼΤ褦ɽǤ롧
    SELECT *
    FROM tab
    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';

   ɸ।ǥåǤϻȤ줺ʤ顢⤷ؿǥå
   äʤ餽줬ȤǤ礦
   CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));

        WHERE lower(textfield) LIKE lower(pattern)

    4.13) 䤤碌ǡեɤ NULL
    Ǥ뤳Ȥ򸡽ФˤϤɤޤ
    
    IS NULL  IS NOT NULL ȤǻƤߤޤ
   
    4.14) ͡ʸΤ줾ΰ㤤ϲǤ
    
Type            Internal Name   Notes
--------------------------------------------------
CHAR(n)         bpchar          ꤵ줿ĹȤʤ褦˶򤬵ͤ
"char"          char            ʸ
VARCHAR(n)      varchar         ĹΥꤹ롢ͤʪ̵
TEXT            text            Ĺ˾¤̵ƥ
BYTEA           bytea           ĹΥХ(null-byte safe)

   ̾ˤܤˤΤϡƥࡦĴ٤Ȥ
   䡢顼åȤǤ
   
   嵤ηΤǽΣĤη "varlena"
   Ǥ(ʤǥκǽΣХȤǡĹǡθ˼ºݤ
   Υǡ³ޤ)Τ褦˼ºݤζ֤줿礤⾯礭
   ʤޤΥǡTOASTˤ갵̤줿ʣ
   Ϥä¸줿ꤷơǥζ֤ϻפä꾮ʤޤ
   
   VARCHAR(n) ϲĹʸ¸Τ˺ŬǤ¸Ǥ
   ʸĹ¤ޤTEXT
   Ĺ¤̵ʸ¸ΤΤǡ 1ХȤǤ
   CHAR(n)ϡVARCHAR(n)Ϳ줿ʸ¸ΤФ֥󥯤
   ͤǤĤƱĹʸ¸Τ˺ŬǤBYTEAϡʬ
   ŪNULL
   ΥХȤޤХʥǡ¸뤿ΤΤǤΥפ
   Ʊ餤ǽޤ
   
    4.15.1) (serial)ưʬեɤϤɤΤ褦ˤĤޤ
    
   PostgreSQL  SERIAL
   ǡ򥵥ݡȤޤ֤ȥǥåưޤ
   ȤС
        CREATE TABLE person (
                id   SERIAL,
                name TEXT
        );

   ϼưŪ˼Τ褦ޤ:
        CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
        CREATE TABLE person (
                id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
                name TEXT
        );
        CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );

   ֤ˤĤƤΤäȾܤϡ饤ޥ˥奢
   create_sequence 
   
   ޤƥOIDեɤͤȤƻȤȤǤ
   ޤʤ顢⤷ǡ١פƤɤɬפ
   ϡOID¸뤿pg_dump 
   -oץȤޤϡCOPY WITH
   OIDSץȤɬפޤ Bruce Momjian
   (http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/aw_pgsql_book) Numbering
   RowsξϤˤꤢޤ
   
    4.15.2) SERIALǡͤϡɤޤ
    
   ҤȤĤˡϡnextval() ؿȤäƤͤ(before)
   SEQUENCE ֥Ȥ鼡 SERIAL
   ͤФ줫ºݤ򤹤뤳ȤǤ4.15.1
   Υơ֥ȤȤȡǤϤΤ褦ˤʤޤ
        new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
        execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')
");

   ơnew_id ¸ͤ¾䤤碌(ȤСperson
   ơ֥Ф볰(foreign
   key)Τ褦)ȤȤ褤Ǥ礦ưŪ˺줿SEQUENCE֥Ȥ
   ̾ϡ<table>_<serialcolumn>_seq Τ褦ˤʤꡢΤtable 
   serialcolumn Ϥ줾ơ֥̾SERIAL̾Ǥ
   
   뤤ϡͿ줿SERIALͤ򡢤줬ͤȤ줿(after
   ) currval() ؿȤäƼФȤǤޤȤС
        execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
        new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");

   ǸˡINSERTʸ֤OIDȤäơͤߤĤ뤳ȤǤ
   ޤϺǤܿ㤤Ǥ礦PerlDBI
   Edmund Mergl κä DBD::Pg ⥸塼ȤС$sth->execute()
   θ $sth->{pg_oid_status} ͳƤ OID
   ͤȤ褦ˤ뤳ȤϤǤޤ
   
    4.15.3) ¾Υ桼Ȥζ֤򤱤뤿ˤϡcurrval()  nextval()
    ϻȤʤۤ褤ΤǤ礦
    
   Ϥޤcurrval()
   ϡ٤ƤΥ桼ǤϤޤ󤬡ʤΥХåɤͿ줿
   ߤ֤ͤޤ
   
    4.15.4) ȥ󥶥ǤȤ
    ˤ⤦ɥֹ椬ȤʤΤϤʤǤ󥹡SERIAL
    ˶ΤϤʤǤ
    
   Ʊ
   뤿ˡ¹Υȥ󥶥ˡɬפǥȥ󥶥
   λޤǥåʤͤͿƤޤΤȥ
   ǤֹƤ˥åפޤ
   
    4.16) OID ȤϲǤ TID ȤϲǤ
    
   OID ȤϰդΥID Ф PostgreSQL ǤPostgreSQL
   ǤĤ뤹٤ƤΥϰդ OID ޤinitdb ȯ
   OID Ϥ٤ 16384 (include/access/transam.h
   )꾮ͤǤinitdb Τ٤Ƥ OID
   (桼)Ϥʾͤˤʤޤ Ǥϡ餹٤Ƥ
   OIDϰĤΥǡ֥ǡ١αޤ餺PostgreSQL
   󥹥ȥ졼ΤǰդǤ
   
   PostgreSQL
   ϥơ֥֤ΥӤĤ뤿ˡΥƥơ֥ OID
   Ȥޤ OID
   Υ桼Υ̤뤿ǻȤ뤳ȤǤ
   ޤOID ͤ¸뤿ˤ OID
   򥫥˻ȤȤ򾩤ޤ®뤿 OID
   եɤ˥ǥå뤳ȤǤޤ OID
   ϡƤΥǡ١ǻȤΰ褫顢Ƥο˳
   ƤޤOID ¾βѤ뤤ϸ OID
   ơ֥Ȱ˥ԡΤʤ顢ǤʤϤޤ
        CREATE TABLE new (old_oid oid, mycol int);
        SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
        COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
        DELETE FROM new;
        COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';

   OID
   ϡ4ХȤȤ¸ƤΤǡ40ۤȰƤޤ
   Ǥ礦ï⤳줬
   𤷤ƤͤϤޤǤʤˤ¤
   Ȥײ褷Ƥޤ
   
   TID
   ʪ򤽤Υ֥åȥեåͤǼ̤뤿˻Ȥޤ
   TID ϥ줿ƥɤѤޤ TID
   ϡʪؤ˥ǥåܤǻȤޤ
   
    4.17) PostgreSQL ǻȤ뤤ĤѸΰ̣ϲǤ
    
   ĤΥɤŤʸˤϡ줾ʬǤä
   Ū˻ȤѸ줬ȤƤޤ
     * ơ֥(table)ط(relation)饹(class)
     * (row)쥳(record)åץ(tuple)
     * (column)ե(field)°(attribute)
     * (retrieve)(select)
     * ִ(replace)(update)
     * ɲ(append)(insert)
     * OID, Ϣ(serial value)
     * ݡ(portal), (cursor)
     * ΰѿ(range variable)ơ֥̾(table
       name)ơ֥̾(table alias)
       
   Ūʥǡ١ѸΥꥹȤϡhttp://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/sim
   ul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html ǸĤޤ
   
    4.18) 顼å "ERROR: Memory exhausted in
    AllocSetAlloc()"ФΤϤʤǤ
    
   餯ƥβۥ꡼ƻȤ̤ƤޤäƤǽ
   뤫ͥ뤬꥽ˤĤƤͤ㤹ǽ
   ޤ postmaster ưˤƤߤƲ
        ulimit -d 262144
        limit datasize 256m

   ˤäơɤ餫ҤȤĤǤ礦ϥץΥ
   ¤⤯ꤷ֤䤤碌뤹褦ˤ
   Ǥ礦ΥޥɤϸԤΥץȡΥޥɤ餻
   ƤΥ֥ץˤĤŬѤޤХåɤȤƤ¿
   Υǡ֤SQL
   饤Ȥ꤬³ƤΤǤС饤Ȥ򳫻Ϥˤ
   ƤߤƤ
   
    4.19) ɤΥС PostgreSQL
    餻Ƥ뤫Ĵ٤ˤϤɤޤ
    
   psql  SELECT version(); 򥿥פޤ
   
    4.20) 顼֥Ȥinvalid large obj descriptor
    ޤʤǤ礦
    
   顼֥򤹤ȤϡBEGIN
   WORKCOMMITդɬפޤʤlo_open ...
   lo_closeϤ߹ߤޤ
   
   ߤϡPostgreSQLΥȥ󥶥ΥߥåȻ˥顼֥
   ϥɥĤ뤳Ȥˤꡢlo_openޥɤλľ˶Ū˥
   롼¹ԤޤΤᡢǽ˥ϥɥФƲ򤷤褦Ȥ
   ȡinvalid large obj descriptor(顼֥Ȥε
   һҤ)Ȥʤޤǡ⤷ȥ󥶥ȤΤ˺
   ȡʾʤȤۤȤɤλ֡ƯƤɤ顼åФ
   ΤǤ
   
   ⤷ODBCΤ褦ʥ饤ȥ󥿡ե򤪻Ȥʤ顢auto-commi
   t offꤹɬפ뤫⤷ޤ
   
    4.21) ߤλ郎ǥեȤȤʤ褦ʥϤɤΤ褦ˤĤޤ
    
   CURRENT_TIMESTAMPȤޤ:
        CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT >CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

    4.22) ʤINȤ䤤碌ȤƤ٤ΤǤ
    
   ߡ䤤碌γƥˤĤ䤤碌η̤֤˥
   󤹤뤳Ȥˤꡢ䤤碌䤤碌˷礷Ƥޤ⤷
   䤤碌Ԥ֤䤤碌ιԤ֤ʤ顢
   ̤INEXISTS֤뤳ȤǤ
        SELECT *
        FROM tab
        WHERE col1 IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab)

   ֤ơ
        SELECT *
        FROM tab
        WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col)

   Ȥޤ 줬üᤤǤsubcolϺդǤ٤
   Ǥ Ǽ7.4ǽޤ
   
    4.23) (outer join)ϤɤΤ褦˼¸ޤ?
    
   PostgreSQL  SQL
   ɸ๽ʸȤ(祤)򥵥ݡȤޤ
   2Ĥ꤬ޤ
        SELECT *
        FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);

   뤤
        SELECT *
        FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);

   ξħŪ䤤碌Ǥ t1.col  t2.col ȷ礷ơt1
   η礵ʤä(t2 Ȱפʤä)֤ƤޤRIGHT
    t2 η礵ʤääǤ礦FULL
   ϡפ t1  t2
   Ϸ礵ʤä֤Ǥ礦OUTER
   Ȥդϥץ LEFT, RIGHT, ޤ FULL
   ʤɤηꤵƤޤ Υ꡼Ǥϳ(outer
   join)UNION  NOT IN Ȥäƥߥ졼ȤǤޤ ȤСtab1 
   tab2 礹Ȥϡ䤤碌ĤΥơ֥礷ޤ
        SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
        FROM tab1, tab2
        WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
        UNION ALL
        SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
        FROM tab1
        WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
        ORDER BY col1

    4.24) ʣΥǡ١Ȥ䤤碌ϤɤΤ褦ˤФǤޤ
    
   ԤΥǡ١ʳؤ䤤碌ˡϤޤ󡣤ȤΤPostgr
   eSQLǡ١ͤΥƥ५ɤ߹िǡˤϡ
   ȤΤդ򤹤ˤǡ١ۤ䤤碌򤹤뤹
   ޤ
   
   contrib/dblink
   ϥǡ١(cross-database)䤤碌ؿƽФˤޤ
   󡢥饤ȤƱ³̤Υǡ١ؤĥʤƤ
   ʤ餺̤򥯥饤¦ǥޡʤƤϤʤޤ
   
    4.25) ؿʣΥޤϥ֤ˤϤɤޤ
    
   ⤷PL/pgSQL ؿrefcursorsȤȷ̤Ȥ֤ȤǤޤ
   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html 
   23.7.3.3 
   
    4.26)ʤPL/PgSQL ؿ椫ơ֥μ¤ create/drop
    뤳ȤǤʤΤǤ礦
    
   PL/PgSQL ϴؿƤå夷ԹѤΤᡢ⤷
   PL/PgSQL
   ؿơ֥˥ȡΥơ֥ϤȤǥɥåפ
   ޤؿƤӸƤӽФȡ
   å夵Ƥ뤽δؿƤϤޤŤơ֥Ȥƻؤ
   Ƥ뤫Ǥϡ PL/PgSQL  EXECUTE
   ơ֥륢Τ˻ȤȤǤǡ󥯥꡼Υѡ
   ľ򵯤Ǥ礦
   
    4.27) ɤΤ褦ʥץꥱ󥪥ץѤǤޤ?
    
   ޥ졼֤Υץꥱ󥪥ץ󤬤ĤѲǽǤ
   ΥץǤϥޥΤߤǡ١ѹǤ
   졼֤ϥǡ١ɤǤ
   http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research
   κǸˤˤƤޤ
   ޥ-ޥΥץꥱˤ륽塼
   http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php
   ˤƺȤʤƤޤ [ JPUG
   ʬȥ󥶥ȯʬʲǤϡʰ¸ˤ濴ˣ
   ߥåȤμԤʤäƤޤ
   http://www.postgresql.jp/subcommittee/dt/index.html
   http://www.snaga.org/jpug-dt/
   ëƤˤץꥱPGReplicate
   http://www.csra.co.jp/~mitani/jpug/pgreplicate/ ]
   
    4.28) ɤΤ褦ʰŹ沽ץѤǤޤ?
    
     * contrib/pgcrypto
       SQL䤤碌ǻȤΰŹ沽ޤߤޤ
     * 饤Ȥ饵СؤžŹ沽ͣˡpg_hba.c
       onfhostsslȤȤˤޤ
     * С7.3
       Ǥϥǡ١桼Υѥɤ¸˼ưŪ˰Ź沽
       ޤ
       ΥСǤpostgresql.confPASSWORD_ENCRYPTION
       ͸ˤɬפޤ
     * СϰŹ沽ե륷ƥȤä뤳ȤǤޤ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
                       PostgreSQLγĥˤĤƤμ
                                      
    5.1) ʬǽ񤤤桼ؿ psql
    Ǽ¹ԤȥפƤޤΤϤʤǤ
    
   Ͽȹͤޤޤǽˡ桼ؿñȤ
   ƥȥץˤƻƤߤƲ
   
    5.2) PostgreSQL
    Ѥ˽񤤤äŨʿؿ󶡤ƥץȤ˹׸Τ
    Ǥ
    
   ιԤʤäĥpgsql-hackers
   ᡼󥰡ꥹȤäƤơ椯椯Ϥĥ
   contrib/ ֥ǥ쥯ȥ뤳ȤˤʤǤ礦
   
    5.3) ץ֤ CδؿϤɤΤ褦˽ޤ
    
   С7.3ʹߤPostgreSQLǤϡơ֥֤ؿ C,
   PL/PgSQL SQL
   ˤƴ˥ݡȤޤܤϥץޥɤξ򸫤Ƥ
   C줿ɽ֤ؿ꤬contrib/tablefuncˤޤ
   
    5.4)
    եѹޤƥѥ뤷ƤѲʤΤϤʤ
    Ǥ
    
   Ĥ Makefile
   󥯥롼ɡեФŬڤʰ¸طäƤޤmake
   clean 򤷤Ƥ⤦ make ԤʤʤƤϤʤޤ󡣤⤷GCC
   򤪻ȤǤ configure  --enable-depend
   ץȤäơѥ˰¸طưŪĴ٤뤳ȤǤ
   ޤ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
[
  ܸǤˤĤƤϰʲ̤Ǥ

  ǽ:   2003ǯ0410
  :       ¼  (Jun Kuwamura <juk@PostgreSQL.jp>)

  FAQκˤ궨Ϥ򤷤Ƥä(ɾΤάƤޤ
):

                 (Minoru TANAKA <Tanaka.Minoru at keiken.co.jp>)
                а ã(Tatsuo ISHII <t-ishii at sra.co.jp>)
                ƣ ο(Tomohito SAITOH <tomos at elelab.nsc.co.jp>)
                Ͼ  ȥ(Hajime BABA <baba at kusastro.kyoto-u.ac.jp>)
                 칬(Kazuyuki OKAMOTO <kokamoto at itg.hitachi.co.jp>)
                 (Shoichi Kosuge <s-kosuge at str.hitachi.co.jp>)
                 Ƿ(Yoshiyuki YAMASHITA <dica at eurus.dti.ne.jp>)
                 Ϻ(Sintaro SAKAI <s_sakai at mxn.mesh.ne.jp>)
                 (Masami OGOSHI <ogochan at zetabits.com>)
                 ӹ(Toshiyuki ISHIKAWA <tosiyuki at gol.com>)
                 й(Shigehiro HONDA <fwif0083 at mb.infoweb.ne.jp>)
                 (Jun SESE <sesejun at linet.gr.jp>)
                ë ѹ(Hidetaka KAMIYA <hkamiya at catvmics.ne.jp>)
                 (
Atsushi SUGAWARA <asugawar at f3.dion.ne.jp>)

  Ϥᡢݥȥ쥹˴ؤ٤ܸݥȥ쥹᡼󥰥ꥹȡ
  ΤääƤ줿 JF(Linux Japanese FAQ Mailing List)ץȡ
¾
  ľܤ뤤ϴŪˤäƤ뤹٤ƤΥץ󥽡ߥ˥ƥ
  ˴դޤ

  ܸǤΤʸϡʲ⤿ɤޤ
        http://www.rccm.co.jp/~juk/pgsql/(FAQ PostgreSQL ˤĤƤ褯
)
        http://www.PostgreSQL.jp/subcommittee/jpugdoc/JPUGʸ񡦽ҴϢʬʲ
        http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/Linux JFץ

  ʤ˴ؤ뤴ո(juk@PostgreSQL.jp)ޤǤ󤻲
]
