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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml,v 1.25 2001/12/08 03:24:35 thomas Exp $
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<refentry id="SQL-CREATETYPE">
 <refmeta>
  <refentrytitle id="sql-createtype-title">
   CREATE TYPE
  </refentrytitle>
  <refmiscinfo>SQL - Language Statements</refmiscinfo>
 </refmeta>
 <refnamediv>
  <refname>
   CREATE TYPE
  </refname>
  <refpurpose>
   define a new data type
  </refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>
 <refsynopsisdiv>
  <refsynopsisdivinfo>
   <date>1999-07-20</date>
  </refsynopsisdivinfo>
  <synopsis>
CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">typename</replaceable> ( INPUT = <replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable>, OUTPUT = <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable>
      , INTERNALLENGTH = { <replaceable
      class="parameter">internallength</replaceable> | VARIABLE }
    [ , EXTERNALLENGTH = { <replaceable class="parameter">externallength</replaceable> | VARIABLE } ]
    [ , DEFAULT = <replaceable class="parameter">default</replaceable> ]
    [ , ELEMENT = <replaceable class="parameter">element</replaceable> ] [ , DELIMITER = <replaceable class="parameter">delimiter</replaceable> ]
    [ , SEND = <replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable> ] [ , RECEIVE = <replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable> ]
    [ , PASSEDBYVALUE ]
    [ , ALIGNMENT = <replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable> ]
    [ , STORAGE = <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable> ]
)
  </synopsis>
  
  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATETYPE-1">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>1998-09-21</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Inputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">typename</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a type to be created.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A literal value, which specifies the internal length of
	the new type.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">externallength</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A literal value, which specifies the external (displayed) length of
	the new type.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a function, created by
	<command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>, which
	converts data from its external form to the type's
	internal form.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a function, created by
	<command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>, which
	converts data from its internal form to a form suitable
	for display.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">element</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The type being created is an array; this specifies
	the type of the array elements.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">delimiter</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The delimiter character to be used between values in arrays made
	of this type.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">default</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The default value for the data type.  Usually this is omitted,
	so that the default is NULL.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a function, created by <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>, which
	converts data of this type into a form suitable for
	transmission to another machine.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	The name of a function, created by <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command>, which
	converts data of this type from a form suitable for
	transmission from another machine to internal form.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Storage alignment requirement of the data type.  If specified, must
	be <literal>char</literal>, <literal>int2</literal>,
	<literal>int4</literal>, or <literal>double</literal>;
	the default is <literal>int4</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Storage technique for the data type.  If specified, must
	be <literal>plain</literal>, <literal>external</literal>,
	<literal>extended</literal>, or <literal>main</literal>;
	the default is <literal>plain</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>

  <refsect2 id="R2-SQL-CREATETYPE-2">
   <refsect2info>
    <date>1998-09-21</date>
   </refsect2info>
   <title>
    Outputs
   </title>
   <para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><computeroutput>
CREATE
       </computeroutput></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Message returned if the type is successfully created.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsynopsisdiv>

 <refsect1 id="R1-SQL-CREATETYPE-1">
  <refsect1info>
   <date>1998-09-21</date>
  </refsect1info>
  <title>
   Description
  </title>

  <para>
   <command>CREATE TYPE</command>  allows  the user to register a new user data
   type with PostgreSQL for use in the current data base.   The
   user  who  defines  a type becomes its owner.
   <replaceable class="parameter">typename</replaceable> is
   the name of the new type and must  be  unique  within  the
   types defined for this database.
  </para>

  <para>
   <command>CREATE TYPE</command>  requires  the  registration of two functions
   (using CREATE FUNCTION) before defining the type.   The
   representation  of  a  new  base  type  is  determined  by
   <replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable>, which
   converts the type's external  representation  to  an  internal
   representation  usable by the
   operators and functions defined for the type.   Naturally,
   <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable>
   performs the reverse transformation.  The input function may be
   declared as taking one argument of type <type>opaque</type>,
   or as taking three arguments of types
   <type>opaque</type>, <type>OID</type>, <type>int4</type>.
   (The first argument is the input text as a C string, the second
   argument is the element type in case this is an array type,
   and the third is the typmod of the destination column, if known.)
   The output function may be
   declared as taking one argument of type <type>opaque</type>,
   or as taking two arguments of types
   <type>opaque</type>, <type>OID</type>.
   (The first argument is actually of the datatype itself, but since the
   output function must be declared first, it's easier to declare it as
   accepting type <type>opaque</type>.  The second argument is again
   the array element type for array types.)
  </para>

  <para>
   New  base  data  types  can be fixed length, in which case
   <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable> is a
   positive integer, or variable  length, indicated by setting
   <replaceable class="parameter">internallength</replaceable>
   to <option>VARIABLE</option>.  (Internally, this is represented
   by setting typlen to -1.)  The internal representation of all
   variable-length types must start with an integer giving the total
   length of this value of the type.
  </para>

  <para>
   The external representation length is  similarly specified using the
   <replaceable class="parameter">externallength</replaceable>
   keyword.  (This value is not presently used, and is typically omitted,
   letting it default to <option>VARIABLE</option>.)
  </para>

  <para>
   To indicate that a type is an array,
   specify the type  of  the  array
   elements using the <option>ELEMENT</> keyword.  For example, to define
   an array of 4-byte integers ("int4"), specify
   <programlisting>ELEMENT = int4</programlisting>
   More details about array types appear below.
  </para>

  <para>
   To indicate the delimiter to be used between values in the external
   representation of arrays of this type, <replaceable
   class="parameter">delimiter</replaceable> can be
   set to a specific character.  The default delimiter is the comma
   ('<literal>,</literal>').  Note that the delimiter is associated
   with the array element type, not the array type itself.
  </para>

  <para>
   A default value may be specified, in case a user wants columns of the
   datatype to default to something other than NULL.
   Specify the default with the <option>DEFAULT</option> keyword.
   (Such a default may be overridden by an explicit <option>DEFAULT</option>
   clause attached to a particular column.)
  </para>

  <para>
   The optional arguments
   <replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable> and
   <replaceable class="parameter">receive_function</replaceable>
   are not currently used, and are usually omitted (allowing them
   to default to the 
   <replaceable class="parameter">output_function</replaceable> and
   <replaceable class="parameter">input_function</replaceable>
   respectively).  These functions may someday be resurrected for use
   in specifying machine-independent binary representations.
  </para>

  <para>
   The  optional flag,  <option>PASSEDBYVALUE</option>, indicates that
   values of this data type are passed
   by  value  rather  than by reference.  Note that you
   may not pass by value types whose internal representation is 
   longer than the width of the <type>Datum</> type (four bytes on
   most machines, eight bytes on a few).
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">alignment</replaceable> keyword
   specifies the storage alignment required for the datatype.  The
   allowed values equate to alignment on 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte boundaries.
   Note that variable-length types must have an alignment of at least
   4, since they necessarily contain an <type>int4</> as their first component.
  </para>

  <para>
   The <replaceable class="parameter">storage</replaceable> keyword
   allows selection of storage strategies for variable-length data types
   (only <literal>plain</literal> is allowed for fixed-length types).
   <literal>plain</literal> disables TOAST for the data type: it will always
   be stored in-line and not compressed.
   <literal>extended</literal> gives full TOAST capability: the system will
   first try to compress a long data value, and will move the value out of
   the main table row if it's still too long.
   <literal>external</literal> allows the value to be moved out of the main
   table, but the system will not try to compress it.
   <literal>main</literal> allows compression, but discourages moving the
   value out of the main table.  (Data items with this storage method may
   still be moved out of the main table if there is no other way to make
   a row fit, but they will be kept in the main table preferentially over
   <literal>extended</literal> and <literal>external</literal> items.)
  </para>

  <refsect2>
   <title>Array Types</title>

   <para>
    Whenever a user-defined datatype is created, 
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> automatically creates an
    associated array type, whose name consists of the base type's
    name prepended with an underscore.  The parser understands this
    naming convention, and translates requests for columns of type
    <literal>foo[]</> into requests for type <literal>_foo</>.
    The implicitly-created array type is variable length and uses the
    built-in input and output functions <literal>array_in</> and
    <literal>array_out</>.
   </para>

   <para>
    You might reasonably ask <quote>why is there an <option>ELEMENT</>
    option, if the system makes the correct array type automatically?</quote>
    The only case where it's useful to use <option>ELEMENT</> is when you are
    making a fixed-length type that happens to be internally an array of N
    identical things, and you want to allow the N things to be accessed
    directly by subscripting, in addition to whatever operations you plan
    to provide for the type as a whole.  For example, type <type>name</>
    allows its constitutent <type>char</>s to be accessed this way.
    A 2-D <type>point</> type could allow its two component floats to be
    accessed like <literal>point[0]</> and <literal>point[1]</>.
    Note that
    this facility only works for fixed-length types whose internal form
    is exactly a sequence of N identical fields.  A subscriptable
    variable-length type must have the generalized internal representation
    used by <literal>array_in</> and <literal>array_out</>.
    For historical reasons (i.e., this is clearly wrong but it's far too
    late to change it), subscripting of fixed-length array types starts from
    zero, rather than from one as for variable-length arrays.
   </para>
  </refsect2>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="SQL-CREATETYPE-notes">
  <title>Notes</title>

   <para>
    User-defined type names cannot begin with the underscore character
    (<quote><literal>_</literal></quote>) and can only be 30
    characters long (or in general <literal>NAMEDATALEN-2</>, rather than
    the <literal>NAMEDATALEN-1</> characters allowed for other names).
    Type names beginning with underscore are
    reserved for internally-created array type names.
   </para>
 </refsect1>
 
 <refsect1>
  <title>Examples</title>
  <para>
   This example creates the <type>box</type> data type and then uses the
   type in a table definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE box (INTERNALLENGTH = 16,
    INPUT = my_procedure_1, OUTPUT = my_procedure_2);
CREATE TABLE myboxes (id INT4, description box);
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   If <type>box</type>'s internal structure were an array of four
   <type>float4</>s, we might instead say
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE box (INTERNALLENGTH = 16,
    INPUT = my_procedure_1, OUTPUT = my_procedure_2,
    ELEMENT = float4);
</programlisting>
   which would allow a box value's component floats to be accessed
   by subscripting.  Otherwise the type behaves the same as before.
  </para>

  <para>
   This example creates a large object type and uses it in
   a table definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TYPE bigobj (INPUT = lo_filein, OUTPUT = lo_fileout,
    INTERNALLENGTH = VARIABLE);
CREATE TABLE big_objs (id int4, obj bigobj);
</programlisting>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="SQL-CREATETYPE-compatibility">
  <title>Compatibility</title>

  <para>
   This <command>CREATE TYPE</command> command is a
   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extension.  There is a
   <command>CREATE TYPE</command> statement in SQL99 that is rather
   different in detail.
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 id="SQL-CREATETYPE-see-also">
  <title>See Also</title>

  <simplelist type="inline">
   <member><xref linkend="sql-createfunction"></member>
   <member><xref linkend="sql-droptype"></member>
   <member><citetitle>PostgreSQL Programmer's Guide</citetitle></member>
  </simplelist>
 </refsect1>

</refentry>


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