This is an implementation of RD-tree data structure using GiST interface
of PostgreSQL. It has built-in lossy compression.

Current implementation provides index support for one-dimensional array of
int4's - gist__int_ops, suitable for small and medium size of arrays (used on
default), and gist__intbig_ops for indexing large arrays (we use superimposed
signature with length of 4096 bits to represent sets).

All work was done by Teodor Sigaev (teodor@stack.net) and Oleg Bartunov
(oleg@sai.msu.su). See http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist
for additional information. Andrey Oktyabrski did a great work on 
adding new functions and operations.


FUNCTIONS:

  int   icount(int[]) - the number of elements in intarray

test=# select icount('{1,2,3}'::int[]);   
 icount 
--------
      3
(1 row)

  int[] sort(int[], 'asc' | 'desc') - sort intarray

test=# select sort('{1,2,3}'::int[],'desc');
  sort   
---------
 {3,2,1}
(1 row)

  int[] sort(int[]) - sort in ascending order
  int[] sort_asc(int[]),sort_desc(int[]) - shortcuts for sort 

  int[] uniq(int[]) - returns unique elements

test=# select uniq(sort('{1,2,3,2,1}'::int[]));
  uniq   
---------
 {1,2,3}
(1 row)

  int   idx(int[], int item) - returns index of first intarray matching element to item, or
                              '0' if matching failed.

test=# select idx('{1,2,3,2,1}'::int[],2);
 idx 
-----
   2
(1 row)


  int[] subarray(int[],int START [, int LEN]) - returns part of intarray starting from
                                                element number START (from 1) and length LEN. 

test=# select subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::int[],2,3);
 subarray 
----------
 {2,3,2}
(1 row)

  int[] intset(int4) - casting int4 to int[]

test=# select intset(1);
 intset 
--------
 {1}
(1 row)

OPERATIONS:

  int[] && int[]  - overlap - returns TRUE if arrays has at least one common elements.
  int[] @  int[]  - contains - returns TRUE if left array contains right array
  int[] ~ int[]   - contained - returns TRUE if left array is contained in right array
  # int[]         - return the number of elements in array
  int[] + int     - push element to array ( add to end of array)
  int[] + int[]   - merge of arrays (right array added to the end of left one)
  int[] - int     - remove entries matched by right argument from array
  int[] - int[]   - remove right array from left
  int[] | int     - returns intarray - union of arguments
  int[] | int[]   - returns intarray as a union of two arrays
  int[] & int[]   - returns intersection of arrays
  int[] @@ query_int  - returns TRUE if array satisfies query (like '1&(2|3)') 
  query_int ~~ int[]  - -/-

CHANGES:

August 6, 2002
   1. Reworked patch from Andrey Oktyabrski (ano@spider.ru) with
      functions: icount, sort, sort_asc, uniq, idx, subarray
      operations: #, +, -, |, &
October 1, 2001
   1. Change search method in array to binary
September 28, 2001
   1. gist__int_ops now is without lossy
   2. add sort entry in picksplit
September 21, 2001
   1. Added support for boolean query (indexable operator @@, looks like
      a @@ '1|(2&3)', perfomance is better in any case )
   2. Done some small optimizations
March 19, 2001
   1. Added support for toastable keys
   2. Improved split algorithm for intbig (selection speedup is about 30%)

INSTALLATION:

  gmake
  gmake install
  -- load functions
  psql <database> < _int.sql 

REGRESSION TEST:

   gmake installcheck

EXAMPLE USAGE:

  create table message (mid int not null,sections int[]);
  create table message_section_map (mid int not null,sid int not null);

  -- create indices
CREATE unique index message_key on message ( mid );
CREATE unique index message_section_map_key2 on message_section_map (sid, mid );
CREATE INDEX message_rdtree_idx on message using gist ( sections gist__int_ops);

  -- select some messages with section in 1 OR 2 - OVERLAP operator
  select message.mid from message where message.sections && '{1,2}';  

  -- select messages contains in sections 1 AND 2 - CONTAINS operator
  select message.mid from message where message.sections @ '{1,2}';
  -- the same, CONTAINED operator
  select message.mid from message where '{1,2}' ~ message.sections;

BENCHMARK:

  subdirectory bench contains benchmark suite.
  cd ./bench
  1. createdb TEST
  2. psql TEST < ../_int.sql
  3. ./create_test.pl | psql TEST
  4. ./bench.pl - perl script to benchmark queries, supports OR, AND queries
                  with/without RD-Tree. Run script without arguments to 
                  see availbale options.

     a)test without RD-Tree (OR)
       ./bench.pl -d TEST -c -s 1,2 -v
     b)test with RD-Tree 
       ./bench.pl -d TEST -c -s 1,2 -v -r

BENCHMARKS:

Size of table <message>: 200000
Size of table <message_section_map>: 269133 

Distribution of messages by sections:

section 0: 74377 messages
section 1: 16284 messages
section 50: 1229 messages
section 99: 683 messages

old - without RD-Tree support,
new - with RD-Tree

+----------+---------------+----------------+
|Search set|OR, time in sec|AND, time in sec|
|          +-------+-------+--------+-------+
|          |  old  |  new  |   old  |  new  |
+----------+-------+-------+--------+-------+
|         1|  0.625|  0.101|       -|      -|
+----------+-------+-------+--------+-------+
|        99|  0.018|  0.017|       -|      -|
+----------+-------+-------+--------+-------+
|       1,2|  0.766|  0.133|   0.628|  0.045|
+----------+-------+-------+--------+-------+
| 1,2,50,65|  0.794|  0.141|   0.030|  0.006|
+----------+-------+-------+--------+-------+
