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<sect2 id="dfunc">
 <title id="dfunc-title">Compiling and Linking Dynamically-Loaded Functions</title>

 <para>
  Before you are able to use your
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> extension functions written in
  C, they must be compiled and linked in a special way to produce a file
  that can be dynamically loaded by the server.  To be
  precise, a <firstterm>shared library</firstterm> needs to be created.
 </para>

 <para>
  For more information you should read the documentation of your
  operating system, in particular the manual pages for the C compiler,
  <command>cc</command>, and the link editor, <command>ld</command>.
  In addition, the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source code
  contains several working examples in the
  <filename>contrib</filename> directory.  If you rely on these
  examples you will make your modules dependent on the availability
  of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source code, however.
 </para>

 <para>
  <indexterm><primary>PIC</></>
  Creating shared libraries is generally analogous to linking
  executables:  first the source files are compiled into object files,
  then the object files are linked together.  The object files need to
  be created as <firstterm>position-independent code</firstterm>
  (<acronym>PIC</acronym>), which conceptually means that they can be
  placed at an arbitrary location in memory when they are loaded by the
  executable.  (Object files intended for executables are usually not compiled
  that way.)  The command to link a shared library contains special
  flags to distinguish it from linking an executable. --- At least
  this is the theory.  On some systems the practice is much uglier.
 </para>

 <para>
  In the following examples we assume that your source code is in a
  file <filename>foo.c</filename> and we will create a shared library
  <filename>foo.so</filename>.  The intermediate object file will be
  called <filename>foo.o</filename> unless otherwise noted.  A shared
  library can contain more than one object file, but we only use one
  here.
 </para>

 <para>

<!--
  Note:  Reading GNU Libtool sources is generally a good way of figuring out
  this information.  The methods used within
 <productname>PostgreSQL</> source code are not
  necessarily ideal.
-->

  <variablelist>
   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">BSD/OS</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>BSD/OS</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
      <option>-fpic</option>.  The linker flag to create shared
      libraries is <option>-shared</option>.
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
      This is applicable as of version 4.0 of
      <systemitem class="osname">BSD/OS</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>FreeBSD</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
      <option>-fpic</option>.  To create shared libraries the compiler
      flag is <option>-shared</option>.
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
gcc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
      This is applicable as of version 3.0 of
      <systemitem class="osname">FreeBSD</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">HP-UX</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>HP-UX</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag of the system compiler to create
      <acronym>PIC</acronym> is <option>+z</option>.  When using
      <application>GCC</application> it's <option>-fpic</option>. The
      linker flag for shared libraries is <option>-b</option>.  So
<programlisting>
cc +z -c foo.c
</programlisting>
      or
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
</programlisting>
      and then
<programlisting>
ld -b -o foo.sl foo.o
</programlisting>
      <systemitem class="osname">HP-UX</> uses the extension
      <filename>.sl</filename> for shared libraries, unlike most other
      systems.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">IRIX</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>IRIX</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <acronym>PIC</acronym> is the default, no special compiler
      options are necessary.  The linker option to produce shared
      libraries is <option>-shared</option>.
<programlisting>
cc -c foo.c
ld -shared -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">Linux</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>Linux</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
      <option>-fpic</option>.  On some platforms in some situations
      <option>-fPIC</option> must be used if <option>-fpic</option>
      does not work.  Refer to the GCC manual for more information.
      The compiler flag to create a shared library is
      <option>-shared</option>.  A complete example looks like this:
<programlisting>
cc -fpic -c foo.c
cc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">MacOS X</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>MacOS X</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      Here is a sample.  It assumes the developer tools are installed.
<programlisting>
cc -c foo.c 
cc -bundle -flat_namespace -undefined suppress -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>NetBSD</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
      <option>-fpic</option>.  For <acronym>ELF</acronym> systems, the
      compiler with the flag <option>-shared</option> is used to link
      shared libraries.  On the older non-ELF systems, <literal>ld
      -Bshareable</literal> is used.
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
gcc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">OpenBSD</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>OpenBSD</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
      <option>-fpic</option>.  <literal>ld -Bshareable</literal> is
      used to link shared libraries.
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
ld -Bshareable -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">Solaris</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>Solaris</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is
      <option>-KPIC</option> with the Sun compiler and
      <option>-fpic</option> with <application>GCC</>.  To
      link shared libraries, the compiler option is
      <option>-G</option> with either compiler or alternatively
      <option>-shared</option> with <application>GCC</>.
<programlisting>
cc -KPIC -c foo.c
cc -G -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
      or
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
gcc -G -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">Tru64 UNIX</></term>   
    <indexterm><primary>Tru64 UNIX</></>
    <indexterm><primary>Digital UNIX</><see>Tru64 UNIX</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <acronym>PIC</acronym> is the default, so the compilation command
      is the usual one.  <command>ld</command> with special options is
      used to do the linking:
<programlisting>
cc -c foo.c
ld -shared -expect_unresolved '*' -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
      The same procedure is used with GCC instead of the system
      compiler; no special options are required.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

   <varlistentry>
    <term><systemitem class="osname">UnixWare</></term>
    <indexterm><primary>UnixWare</></>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      The compiler flag to create <acronym>PIC</acronym> is <option>-K
      PIC</option> with the SCO compiler and <option>-fpic</option>
      with <productname>GCC</productname>.  To link shared libraries,
      the compiler option is <option>-G</option> with the SCO compiler
      and <option>-shared</option> with
      <productname>GCC</productname>.
<programlisting>
cc -K PIC -c foo.c
cc -G -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
      or
<programlisting>
gcc -fpic -c foo.c
gcc -shared -o foo.so foo.o
</programlisting>
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>
 </para>

 <tip>
  <para>
   If you want to package your extension modules for wide distribution
   you should consider using <ulink
   url="http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/"><productname>GNU
   Libtool</productname></ulink> for building shared libraries.  It
   encapsulates the platform differences into a general and powerful
   interface.  Serious packaging also requires considerations about
   library versioning, symbol resolution methods, and other issues.
  </para>
 </tip>

 <para>
  The resulting shared library file can then be loaded into
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.  When specifying the file name
  to the <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> command, one must give it
  the name of the shared library file, not the intermediate object file.
  Note that the system's standard shared-library extension (usually
  <literal>.so</literal> or <literal>.sl</literal>) can be omitted from
  the <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> command, and normally should
  be omitted for best portability.
 </para>

 <para>
  Refer back to <xref linkend="xfunc-c-dynload"> about where the
  server expects to find the shared library files.
 </para>

<!--
Under AIX, object files are compiled normally but building the shared
library requires a couple of steps.  First, create the object file:
.nf
cc <other flags> -c foo.c
.fi
You must then create a symbol \*(lqexports\*(rq file for the object
file:
.nf
mkldexport foo.o `pwd` > foo.exp
.fi
Finally, you can create the shared library:
.nf
ld <other flags> -H512 -T512 -o foo.so -e _nostart \e
   -bI:.../lib/postgres.exp -bE:foo.exp foo.o \e
   -lm -lc 2>/dev/null
.fi
You should look at the <citetitle>PostgreSQL User's Manual</>
for an explanation of this
procedure.

  -->

</sect2>

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