<!-- $PostgreSQL: pgsql/doc/src/sgml/gin.sgml,v 2.20 2010/04/03 07:22:54 petere Exp $ -->

<chapter id="GIN">
<title>GIN Indexes</title>

   <indexterm>
    <primary>index</primary>
    <secondary>GIN</secondary>
   </indexterm>

<sect1 id="gin-intro">
 <title>Introduction</title>

 <para>
   <acronym>GIN</acronym> stands for Generalized Inverted Index.  It is
   an index structure storing a set of (key, posting list) pairs, where
   a <quote>posting list</> is a set of rows in which the key occurs. Each
   indexed value can contain many keys, so the same row ID can appear in
   multiple posting lists.
 </para>

 <para>
   It is generalized in the sense that a <acronym>GIN</acronym> index
   does not need to be aware of the operation that it accelerates.
   Instead, it uses custom strategies defined for particular data types.
 </para>

 <para>
  One advantage of <acronym>GIN</acronym> is that it allows the development
  of custom data types with the appropriate access methods, by
  an expert in the domain of the data type, rather than a database expert.
  This is much the same advantage as using <acronym>GiST</acronym>.
 </para>

 <para>
  The <acronym>GIN</acronym>
  implementation in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is primarily
  maintained by Teodor Sigaev and Oleg Bartunov. There is more
  information about <acronym>GIN</acronym> on their
  <ulink url="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/wiki/Gin">website</ulink>.
 </para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="gin-extensibility">
 <title>Extensibility</title>

 <para>
   The <acronym>GIN</acronym> interface has a high level of abstraction,
   requiring the access method implementer only to implement the semantics of
   the data type being accessed.  The <acronym>GIN</acronym> layer itself
   takes care of concurrency, logging and searching the tree structure.
 </para>

 <para>
   All it takes to get a <acronym>GIN</acronym> access method working is to
   implement four (or five) user-defined methods, which define the behavior of
   keys in the tree and the relationships between keys, indexed values,
   and indexable queries. In short, <acronym>GIN</acronym> combines
   extensibility with generality, code reuse, and a clean interface.
 </para>

 <para>
   The four methods that an operator class for
   <acronym>GIN</acronym> must provide are:
 </para>

 <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>int compare(Datum a, Datum b)</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Compares keys (not indexed values!) and returns an integer less than
       zero, zero, or greater than zero, indicating whether the first key is
       less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Datum *extractValue(Datum inputValue, int32 *nkeys)</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Returns an array of keys given a value to be indexed.  The
       number of returned keys must be stored into <literal>*nkeys</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Datum *extractQuery(Datum query, int32 *nkeys,
        StrategyNumber n, bool **pmatch, Pointer **extra_data)</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Returns an array of keys given a value to be queried; that is,
       <literal>query</> is the value on the right-hand side of an
       indexable operator whose left-hand side is the indexed column.
       <literal>n</> is the strategy number of the operator within the
       operator class (see <xref linkend="xindex-strategies">).
       Often, <function>extractQuery</> will need
       to consult <literal>n</> to determine the data type of
       <literal>query</> and the key values that need to be extracted.
       The number of returned keys must be stored into <literal>*nkeys</>.
       If the query contains no keys then <function>extractQuery</>
       should store 0 or -1 into <literal>*nkeys</>, depending on the
       semantics of the operator.  0 means that every
       value matches the <literal>query</> and a full-index scan should be
       performed (but see <xref linkend="gin-limit">).
       -1 means that nothing can match the <literal>query</>, and
       so the index scan can be skipped entirely.
       <literal>pmatch</> is an output argument for use when partial match
       is supported.  To use it, <function>extractQuery</> must allocate
       an array of <literal>*nkeys</> booleans and store its address at
       <literal>*pmatch</>.  Each element of the array should be set to TRUE
       if the corresponding key requires partial match, FALSE if not.
       If <literal>*pmatch</> is set to NULL then GIN assumes partial match
       is not required.  The variable is initialized to NULL before call,
       so this argument can simply be ignored by operator classes that do
       not support partial match.
       <literal>extra_data</> is an output argument that allows
       <function>extractQuery</> to pass additional data to the
       <function>consistent</> and <function>comparePartial</> methods.
       To use it, <function>extractQuery</> must allocate
       an array of <literal>*nkeys</> Pointers and store its address at
       <literal>*extra_data</>, then store whatever it wants to into the
       individual pointers.  The variable is initialized to NULL before
       call, so this argument can simply be ignored by operator classes that
       do not require extra data.  If <literal>*extra_data</> is set, the
       whole array is passed to the <function>consistent</> method, and
       the appropriate element to the <function>comparePartial</> method.
      </para>

     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>bool consistent(bool check[], StrategyNumber n, Datum query,
                           int32 nkeys, Pointer extra_data[], bool *recheck)</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Returns TRUE if the indexed value satisfies the query operator with
       strategy number <literal>n</> (or might satisfy, if the recheck
       indication is returned).  The <literal>check</> array has length
       <literal>nkeys</>, which is the same as the number of keys previously
       returned by <function>extractQuery</> for this <literal>query</> datum.
       Each element of the
       <literal>check</> array is TRUE if the indexed value contains the
       corresponding query key, ie, if (check[i] == TRUE) the i-th key of the
       <function>extractQuery</> result array is present in the indexed value.
       The original <literal>query</> datum (not the extracted key array!) is
       passed in case the <function>consistent</> method needs to consult it.
       <literal>extra_data</> is the extra-data array returned by
       <function>extractQuery</>, or NULL if none.
       On success, <literal>*recheck</> should be set to TRUE if the heap
       tuple needs to be rechecked against the query operator, or FALSE if
       the index test is exact.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>

 <para>
  Optionally, an operator class for
  <acronym>GIN</acronym> can supply a fifth method:
 </para>

  <variablelist>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>int comparePartial(Datum partial_key, Datum key, StrategyNumber n,
                              Pointer extra_data)</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Compare a partial-match query to an index key.  Returns an integer
       whose sign indicates the result: less than zero means the index key
       does not match the query, but the index scan should continue; zero
       means that the index key does match the query; greater than zero
       indicates that the index scan should stop because no more matches
       are possible.  The strategy number <literal>n</> of the operator
       that generated the partial match query is provided, in case its
       semantics are needed to determine when to end the scan.  Also,
       <literal>extra_data</> is the corresponding element of the extra-data
       array made by <function>extractQuery</>, or NULL if none.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

  </variablelist>

 <para>
  To support <quote>partial match</> queries, an operator class must
  provide the <function>comparePartial</> method, and its
  <function>extractQuery</> method must set the <literal>pmatch</>
  parameter when a partial-match query is encountered.  See
  <xref linkend="gin-partial-match"> for details.
 </para>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="gin-implementation">
 <title>Implementation</title>

 <para>
  Internally, a <acronym>GIN</acronym> index contains a B-tree index
  constructed over keys, where each key is an element of the indexed value
  (a member of an array, for example) and where each tuple in a leaf page is
  either a pointer to a B-tree over heap pointers (PT, posting tree), or a
  list of heap pointers (PL, posting list) if the list is small enough.
 </para>

 <sect2 id="gin-fast-update">
  <title>GIN fast update technique</title>

  <para>
   Updating a <acronym>GIN</acronym> index tends to be slow because of the
   intrinsic nature of inverted indexes: inserting or updating one heap row
   can cause many inserts into the index (one for each key extracted
   from the indexed value). As of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.4,
   <acronym>GIN</> is capable of postponing much of this work by inserting
   new tuples into a temporary, unsorted list of pending entries.
   When the table is vacuumed, or if the pending list becomes too large
   (larger than <xref linkend="guc-work-mem">), the entries are moved to the
   main <acronym>GIN</acronym> data structure using the same bulk insert
   techniques used during initial index creation.  This greatly improves
   <acronym>GIN</acronym> index update speed, even counting the additional
   vacuum overhead.  Moreover the overhead can be done by a background
   process instead of in foreground query processing.
  </para>

  <para>
   The main disadvantage of this approach is that searches must scan the list
   of pending entries in addition to searching the regular index, and so
   a large list of pending entries will slow searches significantly.
   Another disadvantage is that, while most updates are fast, an update
   that causes the pending list to become <quote>too large</> will incur an
   immediate cleanup cycle and thus be much slower than other updates.
   Proper use of autovacuum can minimize both of these problems.
  </para>

  <para>
   If consistent response time is more important than update speed,
   use of pending entries can be disabled by turning off the
   <literal>FASTUPDATE</literal> storage parameter for a
   <acronym>GIN</acronym> index.  See <xref linkend="sql-createindex">
   for details.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2 id="gin-partial-match">
  <title>Partial match algorithm</title>

  <para>
   GIN can support <quote>partial match</> queries, in which the query
   does not determine an exact match for one or more keys, but the possible
   matches fall within a reasonably narrow range of key values (within the
   key sorting order determined by the <function>compare</> support method).
   The <function>extractQuery</> method, instead of returning a key value
   to be matched exactly, returns a key value that is the lower bound of
   the range to be searched, and sets the <literal>pmatch</> flag true.
   The key range is then searched using the <function>comparePartial</>
   method.  <function>comparePartial</> must return zero for an actual
   match, less than zero for a non-match that is still within the range
   to be searched, or greater than zero if the index key is past the range
   that could match.
  </para>
 </sect2>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="gin-tips">
<title>GIN tips and tricks</title>

 <variablelist>
  <varlistentry>
   <term>Create vs insert</term>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     Insertion into a <acronym>GIN</acronym> index can be slow
     due to the likelihood of many keys being inserted for each value.
     So, for bulk insertions into a table it is advisable to drop the GIN
     index and recreate it after finishing bulk insertion.
    </para>

    <para>
     As of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.4, this advice is less
     necessary since delayed indexing is used (see <xref
     linkend="gin-fast-update"> for details).  But for very large updates
     it may still be best to drop and recreate the index.
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry>
   <term><xref linkend="guc-maintenance-work-mem"></term>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     Build time for a <acronym>GIN</acronym> index is very sensitive to
     the <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> setting; it doesn't pay to
     skimp on work memory during index creation.
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry>
   <term><xref linkend="guc-work-mem"></term>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     During a series of insertions into an existing <acronym>GIN</acronym>
     index that has <literal>FASTUPDATE</> enabled, the system will clean up
     the pending-entry list whenever it grows larger than
     <varname>work_mem</>.  To avoid fluctuations in observed response time,
     it's desirable to have pending-list cleanup occur in the background
     (i.e., via autovacuum).  Foreground cleanup operations can be avoided by
     increasing <varname>work_mem</> or making autovacuum more aggressive.
     However, enlarging <varname>work_mem</> means that if a foreground
     cleanup does occur, it will take even longer.
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry>
   <term><xref linkend="guc-gin-fuzzy-search-limit"></term>
   <listitem>
    <para>
     The primary goal of developing <acronym>GIN</acronym> indexes was
     to create support for highly scalable, full-text search in
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, and there are often situations when
     a full-text search returns a very large set of results.  Moreover, this
     often happens when the query contains very frequent words, so that the
     large result set is not even useful.  Since reading many
     tuples from the disk and sorting them could take a lot of time, this is
     unacceptable for production.  (Note that the index search itself is very
     fast.)
    </para>
    <para>
     To facilitate controlled execution of such queries
     <acronym>GIN</acronym> has a configurable soft upper limit on the
     number of rows returned, the
     <varname>gin_fuzzy_search_limit</varname> configuration parameter.
     It is set to 0 (meaning no limit) by default.
     If a non-zero limit is set, then the returned set is a subset of
     the whole result set, chosen at random.
    </para>
    <para>
     <quote>Soft</quote> means that the actual number of returned results
     could differ slightly from the specified limit, depending on the query
     and the quality of the system's random number generator.
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>
 </variablelist>

</sect1>

<sect1 id="gin-limit">
 <title>Limitations</title>

 <para>
  <acronym>GIN</acronym> doesn't support full index scans.  The reason for
  this is that <function>extractValue</> is allowed to return zero keys,
  as for example might happen with an empty string or empty array.  In such
  a case the indexed value will be unrepresented in the index.  It is
  therefore impossible for <acronym>GIN</acronym> to guarantee that a
  scan of the index can find every row in the table.
 </para>

 <para>
  Because of this limitation, when <function>extractQuery</function> returns
  <literal>nkeys = 0</> to indicate that all values match the query,
  <acronym>GIN</acronym> will emit an error.  (If there are multiple ANDed
  indexable operators in the query, this happens only if they all return zero
  for <literal>nkeys</>.)
 </para>

 <para>
  It is possible for an operator class to circumvent the restriction against
  full index scan.  To do that, <function>extractValue</> must return at least
  one (possibly dummy) key for every indexed value, and
  <function>extractQuery</function> must convert an unrestricted search into
  a partial-match query that will scan the whole index.  This is inefficient
  but might be necessary to avoid corner-case failures with operators such
  as <literal>LIKE</> or subset inclusion.
 </para>

 <para>
  <acronym>GIN</acronym> assumes that indexable operators are strict.
  This means that <function>extractValue</> will not be called at all on
  a NULL value (so the value will go unindexed), and
  <function>extractQuery</function> will not be called on a NULL comparison
  value either (instead, the query is presumed to be unmatchable).
 </para>

 <para>
  A possibly more serious limitation is that <acronym>GIN</acronym> cannot
  handle NULL keys &mdash; for example, an array containing a NULL cannot
  be handled except by ignoring the NULL.
 </para>
</sect1>

<sect1 id="gin-examples">
 <title>Examples</title>

 <para>
  The <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source distribution includes
  <acronym>GIN</acronym> operator classes for <type>tsvector</> and
  for one-dimensional arrays of all internal types.  Prefix searching in
  <type>tsvector</> is implemented using the <acronym>GIN</> partial match
  feature.
  The following <filename>contrib</> modules also contain
  <acronym>GIN</acronym> operator classes:
 </para>

 <variablelist>
  <varlistentry>
   <term>btree-gin</term>
   <listitem>
    <para>B-Tree equivalent functionality for several data types</para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry>
   <term>hstore</term>
   <listitem>
    <para>Module for storing (key, value) pairs</para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry>
   <term>intarray</term>
   <listitem>
    <para>Enhanced support for int4[]</para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>

  <varlistentry>
   <term>pg_trgm</term>
   <listitem>
    <para>Text similarity using trigram matching</para>
   </listitem>
  </varlistentry>
 </variablelist>
</sect1>

</chapter>
