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$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/trigger.sgml,v 1.28 2003/04/11 18:41:20 petere Exp $
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 <chapter id="triggers">
  <title>Triggers</title>

  <para>
   This chapter describes how to write trigger functions.  In
   particular, it describes the C-language interface for trigger
   functions.  The trigger interfaces in most procedural languages
   work analogously.  (Trigger functions cannot be written in SQL.)
  </para>

  <para>
   A trigger function can execute before or after a
   <command>INSERT</command>, <command>UPDATE</command>, or
   <command>DELETE</command>, either once per modified row, or once
   per <acronym>SQL</acronym> statement.
  </para>

  <sect1 id="trigger-definition">
   <title>Trigger Definition</title>

   <para>
    If a trigger event occurs, the trigger manager is called by the
    executor.  It sets up an information structure of type
    <structname>TriggerData</> (described below) and calls the trigger
    function to handle the event.
   </para>

   <para>
    The trigger function must be defined before the trigger itself can be
    created.  The trigger function must be declared as a 
    function taking no arguments and returning type <literal>trigger</>.
    (The trigger function receives its input through a <structname>TriggerData</>
    structure, not in the form of ordinary function arguments.)
    If the function is written in C, it must use the <quote>version 1</>
    function manager interface.
   </para>

   <para>
    The syntax for creating triggers is described in <xref linkend="reference">.
   </para>

   <para>
    Trigger functions return a value of type <structname>HeapTuple</>,
    which represents a table row, to the calling executor.  The return
    value is ignored for triggers fired after an operation, but a
    triggers fired before an operation has the following choices:

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       It can return a <symbol>NULL</> pointer to skip the operation
       for the current row (and so the row will not be
       inserted/updated/deleted).
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       For <command>INSERT</command> and <command>UPDATE</command>
       triggers only, the returned row becomes the row that will
       be inserted or will replace the row being updated.  This
       allows the trigger function to modify the row being inserted or
       updated.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    A before trigger that does not intend to cause either of these
    behaviors must be careful to return the same row that was passed
    in as the new row (see below).
   </para>

   <para>
    If more than one trigger is defined for the same event on the same
    relation, the triggers will be fired in alphabetical order by
    name.  In the case of before triggers, the possibly-modified row
    returned by each trigger becomes the input to the next trigger.
    If any before trigger returns a <symbol>NULL</> pointer, the
    operation is abandoned and subsequent triggers are not fired.
   </para>

   <para>
    If a trigger function executes SQL commands (using SPI) then these
    commands may fire triggers again. This is known as cascading
    triggers.  There is no direct limitation on the number of cascade
    levels.  It is possible for cascades to cause a recursive invocation
    of the same trigger; for example, an <command>INSERT</command>
    trigger might execute a command that inserts an additional row
    into the same table, causing the <command>INSERT</command> trigger
    to be fired again.  It is the trigger programmer's responsibility
    to avoid infinite recursion in such scenarios.
   </para>

   <para>
    When a trigger is being defined, arguments can be specified for
    it.  The purpose of including arguments in the trigger definition
    is to allow different triggers with similar requirements to call
    the same function.  As an example, there could be a generalized
    trigger function that takes as its arguments two column names and
    puts the current user in one and the current time stamp in the
    other.  Properly written, this trigger function would be
    independent of the specific table it is triggering on.  So the
    same function could be used for <command>INSERT</command> events
    on any table with suitable columns, to automatically track creation
    of records in a transaction table for example. It could also be
    used to track last-update events if defined as an
    <command>UPDATE</command> trigger.
   </para>

  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="trigger-manager">
   <title>Interaction with the Trigger Manager</title>

   <para>
    This section describes the low-level details of the interface to a
    trigger function.  This information is only needed when writing a
    trigger function in C.  If you are using a higher-level
    language then these details are handled for you.
   </para>

   <para>
    When a function is called by the trigger manager, it is not passed
    any normal arguments, but it is passed a <quote>context</>
    pointer pointing to a <structname>TriggerData</> structure.  C
    functions can check whether they were called from the trigger
    manager or not by executing the macro
<programlisting>
CALLED_AS_TRIGGER(fcinfo)
</programlisting>
    which expands to
<programlisting>
((fcinfo)->context != NULL && IsA((fcinfo)->context, TriggerData))
</programlisting>
    If this returns true, then it is safe to cast
    <literal>fcinfo->context</> to type <literal>TriggerData
    *</literal> and make use of the pointed-to
    <structname>TriggerData</> structure.  The function must
    <emphasis>not</emphasis> alter the <structname>TriggerData</>
    structure or any of the data it points to.
   </para>

   <para>
    <structname>struct TriggerData</structname> is defined in
    <filename>commands/trigger.h</filename>:

<programlisting>
typedef struct TriggerData
{
    NodeTag       type;
    TriggerEvent  tg_event;
    Relation      tg_relation;
    HeapTuple     tg_trigtuple;
    HeapTuple     tg_newtuple;
    Trigger      *tg_trigger;
} TriggerData;
</programlisting>

    where the members are defined as follows:

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry>
      <term><structfield>type</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Always <literal>T_TriggerData</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><structfield>tg_event</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	Describes the event for which the function is called. You may use the
	following macros to examine <literal>tg_event</literal>:

	<variablelist>
	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger fired before the operation.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_AFTER(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger fired after the operation.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_ROW(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger fired for a row-level event.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_FOR_STATEMENT(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger fired for a statement-level event.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_INSERT(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger was fired by an <command>INSERT</command> command.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger was fired by an <command>UPDATE</command> command.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>

	 <varlistentry>
	  <term><literal>TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(tg_event)</literal></term>
	  <listitem>
	   <para>
	    Returns true if the trigger was fired by a <command>DELETE</command> command.
	   </para>
	  </listitem>
	 </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><structfield>tg_relation</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A pointer to a structure describing the relation that the trigger fired for.
	Look at <filename>utils/rel.h</> for details about
	this structure.  The most interesting things are
	<literal>tg_relation->rd_att</> (descriptor of the relation
	tuples) and <literal>tg_relation->rd_rel->relname</>
	(relation name; the type is not <type>char*</> but
	<type>NameData</>; use
	<literal>SPI_getrelname(tg_relation)</> to get a <type>char*</> if you
	need a copy of the name).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><structfield>tg_trigtuple</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A pointer to the row for which the trigger was fired. This is
	the row being inserted, updated, or deleted.  If this trigger
	was fired for an <command>INSERT</command> or
	<command>DELETE</command> then this is what you should return
	to from the function if you don't want to replace the row with
	a different one (in the case of <command>INSERT</command>) or
	skip the operation.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><structfield>tg_newtuple</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A pointer to the new version of the row, if the trigger was
	fired for an <command>UPDATE</command>, and <symbol>NULL</> if
	it is for an <command>INSERT</command> or a
	<command>DELETE</command>. This is what you have to return
	from the function if the event is an <command>UPDATE</command>
	and you don't want to replace this row by a different one or
	skip the operation.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><structfield>tg_trigger</></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
	A pointer to a structure of type <structname>Trigger</>,
	defined in <filename>utils/rel.h</>:

<programlisting>
typedef struct Trigger
{
    Oid         tgoid;
    char       *tgname;
    Oid         tgfoid;
    int16       tgtype;
    bool        tgenabled;
    bool        tgisconstraint;
    Oid         tgconstrrelid;
    bool        tgdeferrable;
    bool        tginitdeferred;
    int16       tgnargs;
    int16       tgattr[FUNC_MAX_ARGS];
    char      **tgargs;
} Trigger;
</programlisting>

       where <structfield>tgname</> is the trigger's name,
       <structfield>tgnargs</> is number of arguments in
       <structfield>tgargs</>, and <structfield>tgargs</> is an array of
       pointers to the arguments specified in the <command>CREATE
       TRIGGER</command> statement. The other members are for internal use
       only.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="trigger-datachanges">
   <title>Visibility of Data Changes</title>

   <para>
    If you are using the SPI interface to execute SQL commands in your
    trigger functions written in C (or you are using a different
    language and execute SQL commands in some way, which internally
    goes through SPI as well), be sure to read <xref
    linkend="spi-visibility"> so that you know which data is visible
    at which point during the execution of a trigger.  For triggers,
    the most important consequences of the data visibility rules are:

    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The row being inserted (<structfield>tg_trigtuple</>) is
       <emphasis>not</emphasis> visible to SQL commands executed in a
       before trigger.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       The row being inserted (<structfield>tg_trigtuple</>)
       <emphasis>is</emphasis> visible to SQL commands executed in an
       after trigger (because it was just inserted).
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       A just-inserted row is visible to all SQL commands executed
       within any trigger that is fired later in the execution of the
       outer command (e.g., for the next row).
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>

   <para>
    The next section contains a demonstration of these rules applied.
   </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="trigger-example">
   <title>A Complete Example</title>

   <para>
    Here is a very simple example of a trigger function written in C.
    The function <function>trigf</> reports the number of rows in the
    table <literal>ttest</> and skips the actual operation if the
    command attempts to insert a null value into the column
    <literal>x</>. (So the trigger acts as a not-null constraint but
    doesn't abort the transaction.)
   </para>

   <para>
    First, the table definition:
<programlisting>
CREATE TABLE ttest (
    x integer
);
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    This is the source code of the trigger function:
<programlisting>
#include "postgres.h"
#include "executor/spi.h"       /* this is what you need to work with SPI */
#include "commands/trigger.h"   /* ... and triggers */

extern Datum trigf(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);

PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(trigf);

Datum
trigf(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
    TriggerData *trigdata = (TriggerData *) fcinfo->context;
    TupleDesc   tupdesc;
    HeapTuple   rettuple;
    char       *when;
    bool        checknull = false;
    bool        isnull;
    int         ret, i;

    /* make sure it's called as a trigger at all */
    if (!CALLED_AS_TRIGGER(fcinfo))
        elog(ERROR, "trigf: not called by trigger manager");

    /* tuple to return to executor */
    if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_UPDATE(trigdata->tg_event))
        rettuple = trigdata->tg_newtuple;
    else
        rettuple = trigdata->tg_trigtuple;

    /* check for null values */
    if (!TRIGGER_FIRED_BY_DELETE(trigdata->tg_event)
        && TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(trigdata->tg_event))
        checknull = true;

    if (TRIGGER_FIRED_BEFORE(trigdata->tg_event))
        when = "before";
    else
        when = "after ";

    tupdesc = trigdata->tg_relation->rd_att;

    /* connect to SPI manager */
    if ((ret = SPI_connect()) < 0)
        elog(INFO, "trigf (fired %s): SPI_connect returned %d", when, ret);

    /* get number of rows in table */
    ret = SPI_exec("SELECT count(*) FROM ttest", 0);

    if (ret < 0)
        elog(NOTICE, "trigf (fired %s): SPI_exec returned %d", when, ret);

    /* count(*) returns int8, so be careful to convert */
    i = DatumGetInt64(SPI_getbinval(SPI_tuptable->vals[0],
                                    SPI_tuptable->tupdesc,
                                    1,
                                    &amp;isnull));

    elog (INFO, "trigf (fired %s): there are %d rows in ttest", when, i);

    SPI_finish();

    if (checknull)
    {
        SPI_getbinval(rettuple, tupdesc, 1, &amp;isnull);
        if (isnull)
            rettuple = NULL;
    }

    return PointerGetDatum(rettuple);
}
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    After you have compiled the source code, declare the function and
    the triggers:
<programlisting>
CREATE FUNCTION trigf() RETURNS trigger
    AS '<replaceable>filename</>'
    LANGUAGE C;

CREATE TRIGGER tbefore BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON ttest 
    FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigf();

CREATE TRIGGER tafter AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON ttest 
    FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigf();
</programlisting>
   </para>

   <para>
    Now you can test the operation of the trigger:
<screen>
=> INSERT INTO ttest VALUES (NULL);
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 0 rows in ttest
INSERT 0 0

-- Insertion skipped and AFTER trigger is not fired

=> SELECT * FROM ttest;
 x
---
(0 rows)

=> INSERT INTO ttest VALUES (1);
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 0 rows in ttest
INFO:  trigf (fired after ): there are 1 rows in ttest
                                       ^^^^^^^^
                             remember what we said about visibility.
INSERT 167793 1
vac=> SELECT * FROM ttest;
 x
---
 1
(1 row)

=> INSERT INTO ttest SELECT x * 2 FROM ttest;
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 1 rows in ttest
INFO:  trigf (fired after ): there are 2 rows in ttest
                                       ^^^^^^
                             remember what we said about visibility.
INSERT 167794 1
=> SELECT * FROM ttest;
 x
---
 1
 2
(2 rows)

=> UPDATE ttest SET x = NULL WHERE x = 2;
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 2 rows in ttest
UPDATE 0
=> UPDATE ttest SET x = 4 WHERE x = 2;
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 2 rows in ttest
INFO:  trigf (fired after ): there are 2 rows in ttest
UPDATE 1
vac=> SELECT * FROM ttest;
 x
---
 1
 4
(2 rows)

=> DELETE FROM ttest;
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 2 rows in ttest
INFO:  trigf (fired after ): there are 1 rows in ttest
INFO:  trigf (fired before): there are 1 rows in ttest
INFO:  trigf (fired after ): there are 0 rows in ttest
                                       ^^^^^^
                             remember what we said about visibility.
DELETE 2
=> SELECT * FROM ttest;
 x
---
(0 rows)
</screen>

   </para>

   <para>
    There are more complex examples in
    <filename>src/test/regress/regress.c</filename> and
    in <filename>contrib/spi</filename>.
   </para>
  </sect1>
 </chapter>

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