<!-- doc/src/sgml/config.sgml -->

<chapter id="runtime-config">
  <title>Server Configuration</title>

  <indexterm>
   <primary>configuration</primary>
   <secondary>of the server</secondary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   There are many configuration parameters that affect the behavior of
   the database system. In the first section of this chapter, we
   describe how to set configuration parameters. The subsequent sections
   discuss each parameter in detail.
  </para>

  <sect1 id="config-setting">
   <title>Setting Parameters</title>

   <sect2 id="config-setting-names-values">
    <title>Parameter Names and Values</title>

    <para>
     All parameter names are case-insensitive. Every parameter takes a
     value of one of five types: Boolean, integer, floating point,
     string or enum. Boolean values can be written as <literal>on</literal>,
     <literal>off</literal>, <literal>true</literal>,
     <literal>false</literal>, <literal>yes</literal>,
     <literal>no</literal>, <literal>1</literal>, <literal>0</literal>
     (all case-insensitive) or any unambiguous prefix of these.
    </para>

    <para>
     Some settings specify a memory or time value.  Each of these has an
     implicit unit, which is either kilobytes, blocks (typically eight
     kilobytes), milliseconds, seconds, or minutes.  Default units can be
     found by referencing <structname>pg_settings</>.<structfield>unit</>.
     For convenience,
     a different unit can also be specified explicitly.  Valid memory units
     are <literal>kB</literal> (kilobytes), <literal>MB</literal>
     (megabytes), and <literal>GB</literal> (gigabytes); valid time units
     are <literal>ms</literal> (milliseconds), <literal>s</literal>
     (seconds), <literal>min</literal> (minutes), <literal>h</literal>
     (hours), and <literal>d</literal> (days).  Note that the multiplier
     for memory units is 1024, not 1000.
    </para>

    <para>
     Parameters of type <quote>enum</> are specified in the same way as string
     parameters, but are restricted to a limited set of values.  The allowed
     values can be found
     from <structname>pg_settings</>.<structfield>enumvals</>.
     Enum parameter values are case-insensitive.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2 id="config-setting-configuration-file">
    <title>Setting Parameters via the Configuration File</title>

    <para>
     One way to set these parameters is to edit the file
     <filename>postgresql.conf</><indexterm><primary>postgresql.conf</></>,
     which is normally kept in the data directory.  (A default copy is
     installed there when the database cluster directory is
     initialized.)  An example of what this file might look like is:
<programlisting>
# This is a comment
log_connections = yes
log_destination = 'syslog'
search_path = '"$user", public'
shared_buffers = 128MB
</programlisting>
     One parameter is specified per line. The equal sign between name and
     value is optional. Whitespace is insignificant and blank lines are
     ignored. Hash marks (<literal>#</literal>) designate the remainder of the
     line as a comment.  Parameter values that are not simple identifiers or
     numbers must be single-quoted.  To embed a single quote in a parameter
     value, write either two quotes (preferred) or backslash-quote.
    </para>

    <para>
     <indexterm>
      <primary><literal>include</></primary>
      <secondary>in configuration file</secondary>
     </indexterm>
     In addition to parameter settings, the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
     file can contain <firstterm>include directives</>, which specify
     another file to read and process as if it were inserted into the
     configuration file at this point.  This feature allows a configuration
     file to be divided into physically separate parts.
     Include directives simply look like:
<programlisting>
include 'filename'
</programlisting>
     If the file name is not an absolute path, it is taken as relative to
     the directory containing the referencing configuration file.
     Inclusions can be nested.
    </para>

    <para>
     <indexterm>
      <primary><literal>include_if_exists</></primary>
      <secondary>in configuration file</secondary>
     </indexterm>
     There is also an <literal>include_if_exists</> directive, which acts
     the same as the <literal>include</> directive, except for the behavior
     when the referenced file does not exist or cannot be read.  A regular
     <literal>include</> will consider this an error condition, but
     <literal>include_if_exists</> merely logs a message and continues
     processing the referencing configuration file.
    </para>

    <para>
     <indexterm>
      <primary>SIGHUP</primary>
     </indexterm>
     The configuration file is reread whenever the main server process
     receives a <systemitem>SIGHUP</> signal;  this is most easily done by
     running <literal>pg_ctl reload</> from the command-line or by calling
     the SQL function <function>pg_reload_conf()</function>. The main
     server process
     also propagates this signal to all currently running server
     processes so that existing sessions also get the new
     value. Alternatively, you can send the signal to a single server
     process directly.  Some parameters can only be set at server start;
     any changes to their entries in the configuration file will be ignored
     until the server is restarted.  Invalid parameter settings in the
     configuration file are likewise ignored (but logged) during
     <systemitem>SIGHUP</> processing.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2 id="config-setting-other-methods">
    <title>Other Ways to Set Parameters</title>

    <para>
     A second way to set these configuration parameters is to give them
     as a command-line option to the <command>postgres</command> command,
     such as:
<programlisting>
postgres -c log_connections=yes -c log_destination='syslog'
</programlisting>
     Command-line options override any conflicting settings in
     <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>.  Note that this means you won't
     be able to change the value on-the-fly by editing
     <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>, so while the command-line
     method might be convenient, it can cost you flexibility later.
    </para>

    <para>
     Occasionally it is useful to give a command line option to
     one particular session only. The environment variable
     <envar>PGOPTIONS</envar> can be used for this purpose on the
     client side:
<programlisting>
env PGOPTIONS='-c geqo=off' psql
</programlisting>
     (This works for any <application>libpq</>-based client application, not
     just <application>psql</application>.) Note that this won't work for
     parameters that are fixed when the server is started or that must be
     specified in <filename>postgresql.conf</filename>.
    </para>

    <para>
     Furthermore, it is possible to assign a set of parameter settings to
     a user or a database.  Whenever a session is started, the default
     settings for the user and database involved are loaded.  The
     commands <xref linkend="sql-alterrole">
     and <xref linkend="sql-alterdatabase">,
     respectively, are used to configure these settings.  Per-database
     settings override anything received from the
     <command>postgres</command> command-line or the configuration
     file, and in turn are overridden by per-user settings; both are
     overridden by per-session settings.
    </para>

    <para>
     Some parameters can be changed in individual <acronym>SQL</acronym>
     sessions with the <xref linkend="SQL-SET">
     command, for example:
<screen>
SET ENABLE_SEQSCAN TO OFF;
</screen>
     If <command>SET</> is allowed, it overrides all other sources of
     values for the parameter. Some parameters cannot be changed via
     <command>SET</command>: for example, if they control behavior that
     cannot be changed without restarting the entire
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server.  Also, some parameters
     require superuser permission to change via <command>SET</command> or
     <command>ALTER</>.
    </para>
   </sect2>

   <sect2 id="config-setting-examining">
    <title>Examining Parameter Settings</title>

    <para>
     The <xref linkend="SQL-SHOW">
     command allows inspection of the current values of all parameters.
    </para>

    <para>
     The virtual table <structname>pg_settings</structname> also allows
     displaying and updating session run-time parameters;  see <xref
     linkend="view-pg-settings"> for details and a description of the
     different variable types and when they can be changed.
     <structname>pg_settings</structname> is equivalent to <command>SHOW</>
     and <command>SET</>, but can be more convenient
     to use because it can be joined with other tables, or selected from using
     any desired selection condition. It also contains more information about
     each parameter than is available from <command>SHOW</>.
    </para>

   </sect2>
  </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-file-locations">
    <title>File Locations</title>

     <para>
      In addition to the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> file
      already mentioned, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses
      two other manually-edited configuration files, which control
      client authentication (their use is discussed in <xref
      linkend="client-authentication">).  By default, all three
      configuration files are stored in the database cluster's data
      directory.  The parameters described in this section allow the
      configuration files to be placed elsewhere.  (Doing so can ease
      administration.  In particular it is often easier to ensure that
      the configuration files are properly backed-up when they are
      kept separate.)
     </para>

     <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-data-directory" xreflabel="data_directory">
      <term><varname>data_directory</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>data_directory</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Specifies the directory to use for data storage.
         This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-config-file" xreflabel="config_file">
      <term><varname>config_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>config_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Specifies the main server configuration file
         (customarily called <filename>postgresql.conf</>).
         This parameter can only be set on the <command>postgres</command> command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-hba-file" xreflabel="hba_file">
      <term><varname>hba_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>hba_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Specifies the configuration file for host-based authentication
         (customarily called <filename>pg_hba.conf</>).
         This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ident-file" xreflabel="ident_file">
      <term><varname>ident_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ident_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Specifies the configuration file for
         <xref linkend="auth-username-maps"> user name mapping
         (customarily called <filename>pg_ident.conf</>).
         This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-external-pid-file" xreflabel="external_pid_file">
      <term><varname>external_pid_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>external_pid_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the name of an additional process-ID (PID) file that the
        server should create for use by server administration programs.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>

     <para>
      In a default installation, none of the above parameters are set
      explicitly.  Instead, the
      data directory is specified by the <option>-D</option> command-line
      option or the <envar>PGDATA</envar> environment variable, and the
      configuration files are all found within the data directory.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you wish to keep the configuration files elsewhere than the
      data directory, the <command>postgres</command> <option>-D</option>
      command-line option or <envar>PGDATA</envar> environment variable
      must point to the directory containing the configuration files,
      and the <varname>data_directory</> parameter must be set in
      <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> (or on the command line) to show
      where the data directory is actually located.  Notice that
      <varname>data_directory</> overrides <option>-D</option> and
      <envar>PGDATA</envar> for the location
      of the data directory, but not for the location of the configuration
      files.
     </para>

     <para>
      If you wish, you can specify the configuration file names and locations
      individually using the parameters <varname>config_file</>,
      <varname>hba_file</> and/or <varname>ident_file</>.
      <varname>config_file</> can only be specified on the
      <command>postgres</command> command line, but the others can be
      set within the main configuration file.  If all three parameters plus
      <varname>data_directory</> are explicitly set, then it is not necessary
      to specify <option>-D</option> or <envar>PGDATA</envar>.
     </para>

     <para>
      When setting any of these parameters, a relative path will be interpreted
      with respect to the directory in which <command>postgres</command>
      is started.
     </para>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-connection">
    <title>Connections and Authentication</title>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-connection-settings">
     <title>Connection Settings</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-listen-addresses" xreflabel="listen_addresses">
      <term><varname>listen_addresses</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>listen_addresses</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         Specifies the TCP/IP address(es) on which the server is
         to listen for connections from client applications.
         The value takes the form of a comma-separated list of host names
         and/or numeric IP addresses.  The special entry <literal>*</>
         corresponds to all available IP interfaces.  The entry
         <literal>0.0.0.0</> allows listening for all IPv4 addresses and
         <literal>::</> allows listening for all IPv6 addresses.
         If the list is empty, the server does not listen on any IP interface
         at all, in which case only Unix-domain sockets can be used to connect
         to it.
         The default value is <systemitem class="systemname">localhost</>,
         which allows only local TCP/IP <quote>loopback</> connections to be
         made.  While client authentication (<xref
         linkend="client-authentication">) allows fine-grained control
         over who can access the server, <varname>listen_addresses</varname>
         controls which interfaces accept connection attempts, which
         can help prevent repeated malicious connection requests on
         insecure network interfaces.  This parameter can only be set
         at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-port" xreflabel="port">
      <term><varname>port</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>port</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The TCP port the server listens on; 5432 by default.  Note that the
        same port number is used for all IP addresses the server listens on.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-connections" xreflabel="max_connections">
      <term><varname>max_connections</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_connections</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Determines the maximum number of concurrent connections to the
        database server. The default is typically 100 connections, but
        might be less if your kernel settings will not support it (as
        determined during <application>initdb</>).  This parameter can
        only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        When running a standby server, you must set this parameter to the
        same or higher value than on the master server. Otherwise, queries
        will not be allowed in the standby server.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-superuser-reserved-connections"
     xreflabel="superuser_reserved_connections">
      <term><varname>superuser_reserved_connections</varname>
      (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>superuser_reserved_connections</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Determines the number of connection <quote>slots</quote> that
        are reserved for connections by <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        superusers.  At most <xref linkend="guc-max-connections">
        connections can ever be active simultaneously.  Whenever the
        number of active concurrent connections is at least
        <varname>max_connections</> minus
        <varname>superuser_reserved_connections</varname>, new
        connections will be accepted only for superusers, and no
        new replication connections will be accepted.
       </para>

       <para>
        The default value is three connections. The value must be less
        than the value of <varname>max_connections</varname>. This
        parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-unix-socket-directories" xreflabel="unix_socket_directories">
      <term><varname>unix_socket_directories</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>unix_socket_directories</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the directory of the Unix-domain socket(s) on which the
        server is to listen for connections from client applications.
        Multiple sockets can be created by listing multiple directories
        separated by commas.  Whitespace between entries is
        ignored; surround a directory name with double quotes if you need
        to include whitespace or commas in the name.
        An empty value
        specifies not listening on any Unix-domain sockets, in which case
        only TCP/IP sockets can be used to connect to the server.
        The default value is normally
        <filename>/tmp</filename>, but that can be changed at build time.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        In addition to the socket file itself, which is named
        <literal>.s.PGSQL.<replaceable>nnnn</></literal> where
        <replaceable>nnnn</> is the server's port number, an ordinary file
        named <literal>.s.PGSQL.<replaceable>nnnn</>.lock</literal> will be
        created in each of the <varname>unix_socket_directories</> directories.
        Neither file should ever be removed manually.
       </para>

       <para>
        This parameter is irrelevant on Windows, which does not have
        Unix-domain sockets.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-unix-socket-group" xreflabel="unix_socket_group">
      <term><varname>unix_socket_group</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>unix_socket_group</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the owning group of the Unix-domain socket(s).  (The owning
        user of the sockets is always the user that starts the
        server.)  In combination with the parameter
        <varname>unix_socket_permissions</varname> this can be used as
        an additional access control mechanism for Unix-domain connections.
        By default this is the empty string, which uses the default
        group of the server user.  This parameter can only be set at
        server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        This parameter is irrelevant on Windows, which does not have
        Unix-domain sockets.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-unix-socket-permissions" xreflabel="unix_socket_permissions">
      <term><varname>unix_socket_permissions</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>unix_socket_permissions</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the access permissions of the Unix-domain socket(s).  Unix-domain
        sockets use the usual Unix file system permission set.
        The parameter value is expected to be a numeric mode
        specified in the format accepted by the
        <function>chmod</function> and <function>umask</function>
        system calls.  (To use the customary octal format the number
        must start with a <literal>0</literal> (zero).)
       </para>

       <para>
        The default permissions are <literal>0777</literal>, meaning
        anyone can connect. Reasonable alternatives are
        <literal>0770</literal> (only user and group, see also
        <varname>unix_socket_group</varname>) and <literal>0700</literal>
        (only user). (Note that for a Unix-domain socket, only write
        permission matters, so there is no point in setting or revoking
        read or execute permissions.)
       </para>

       <para>
        This access control mechanism is independent of the one
        described in <xref linkend="client-authentication">.
       </para>

       <para>
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        This parameter is irrelevant on Windows, which does not have
        Unix-domain sockets.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-bonjour" xreflabel="bonjour">
      <term><varname>bonjour</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>bonjour</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables advertising the server's existence via
        <productname>Bonjour</productname>.  The default is off.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-bonjour-name" xreflabel="bonjour_name">
      <term><varname>bonjour_name</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>bonjour_name</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the <productname>Bonjour</productname> service
        name.  The computer name is used if this parameter is set to the
        empty string <literal>''</> (which is the default).  This parameter is
        ignored if the server was not compiled with
        <productname>Bonjour</productname> support.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-tcp-keepalives-idle" xreflabel="tcp_keepalives_idle">
      <term><varname>tcp_keepalives_idle</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>tcp_keepalives_idle</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the number of seconds before sending a keepalive packet on
        an otherwise idle connection.  A value of 0 uses the system default.
        This parameter is supported only on systems that support the
        <symbol>TCP_KEEPIDLE</> or <symbol>TCP_KEEPALIVE</> symbols, and on
        Windows; on other systems, it must be zero. This parameter is ignored
        for connections made via a Unix-domain socket.
       </para>
       <note>
        <para>
         On Windows, a value of 0 will set this parameter to 2 hours,
         since Windows does not provide a way to read the system default value.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-tcp-keepalives-interval" xreflabel="tcp_keepalives_interval">
      <term><varname>tcp_keepalives_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>tcp_keepalives_interval</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the number of seconds between sending keepalives on an
        otherwise idle connection.  A value of 0 uses the system default.
        This parameter is supported only on systems that support the
        <symbol>TCP_KEEPINTVL</> symbol, and on Windows; on other systems, it
        must be zero. This parameter is ignored for connections made via a
        Unix-domain socket.
       </para>
       <note>
        <para>
         On Windows, a value of 0 will set this parameter to 1 second,
         since Windows does not provide a way to read the system default value.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-tcp-keepalives-count" xreflabel="tcp_keepalives_count">
      <term><varname>tcp_keepalives_count</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>tcp_keepalives_count</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the number of keepalive packets to send on an otherwise idle
        connection.  A value of 0 uses the system default.  This parameter is
        supported only on systems that support the <symbol>TCP_KEEPCNT</>
        symbol; on other systems, it must be zero. This parameter is ignored
        for connections made via a Unix-domain socket.
       </para>
       <note>
        <para>
         This parameter is not supported on Windows, and must be zero.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
     </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-connection-security">
     <title>Security and Authentication</title>

     <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-authentication-timeout" xreflabel="authentication_timeout">
      <term><varname>authentication_timeout</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm><primary>timeout</><secondary>client authentication</></indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>client authentication</><secondary>timeout during</></indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>authentication_timeout</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Maximum time to complete client authentication, in seconds. If a
        would-be client has not completed the authentication protocol in
        this much time, the server closes the connection. This prevents
        hung clients from occupying a connection indefinitely.
        The default is one minute (<literal>1m</>).
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl" xreflabel="ssl">
      <term><varname>ssl</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables <acronym>SSL</> connections. Please read
        <xref linkend="ssl-tcp"> before using this. The default
        is <literal>off</>. This parameter can only be set at server
        start.  <acronym>SSL</> communication is only possible with
        TCP/IP connections.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl-ca-file" xreflabel="ssl_ca_file">
      <term><varname>ssl_ca_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl_ca_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server certificate
        authority (CA).  The default is empty, meaning no CA file is loaded,
        and client certificate verification is not performed.  (In previous
        releases of PostgreSQL, the name of this file was hard-coded
        as <filename>root.crt</filename>.)  Relative paths are relative to the
        data directory.  This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl-cert-file" xreflabel="ssl_cert_file">
      <term><varname>ssl_cert_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl_cert_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server certificate.
        The default is <filename>server.crt</filename>.  Relative paths are
        relative to the data directory.  This parameter can only be set at
        server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl-crl-file" xreflabel="ssl_crl_file">
      <term><varname>ssl_crl_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl_crl_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server certificate
        revocation list (CRL).  The default is empty, meaning no CRL file is
        loaded.  (In previous releases of PostgreSQL, the name of this file was
        hard-coded as <filename>root.crl</filename>.)  Relative paths are
        relative to the data directory.  This parameter can only be set at
        server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl-key-file" xreflabel="ssl_key_file">
      <term><varname>ssl_key_file</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl_key_file</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server private key.
        The default is <filename>server.key</filename>.  Relative paths are
        relative to the data directory.  This parameter can only be set at
        server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl-renegotiation-limit" xreflabel="ssl_renegotiation_limit">
      <term><varname>ssl_renegotiation_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl_renegotiation_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies how much data can flow over an <acronym>SSL</>-encrypted
        connection before renegotiation of the session keys will take
        place. Renegotiation decreases an attacker's chances of doing
        cryptanalysis when large amounts of traffic can be examined, but it
        also carries a large performance penalty. The sum of sent and received
        traffic is used to check the limit. If this parameter is set to 0,
        renegotiation is disabled. The default is <literal>512MB</>.
       </para>
       <note>
        <para>
         SSL libraries from before November 2009 are insecure when using SSL
         renegotiation, due to a vulnerability in the SSL protocol. As a
         stop-gap fix for this vulnerability, some vendors shipped SSL
         libraries incapable of doing renegotiation. If any such libraries
         are in use on the client or server, SSL renegotiation should be
         disabled.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ssl-ciphers" xreflabel="ssl_ciphers">
      <term><varname>ssl_ciphers</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>ssl_ciphers</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies a list of <acronym>SSL</> ciphers that are allowed to be
        used on secure connections. See the <application>openssl</>
        manual page for a list of supported ciphers.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-password-encryption" xreflabel="password_encryption">
      <term><varname>password_encryption</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>password_encryption</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When a password is specified in <xref
        linkend="sql-createuser"> or
        <xref linkend="sql-alterrole">
        without writing either <literal>ENCRYPTED</> or
        <literal>UNENCRYPTED</>, this parameter determines whether the
        password is to be encrypted. The default is <literal>on</>
        (encrypt the password).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-krb-server-keyfile" xreflabel="krb_server_keyfile">
      <term><varname>krb_server_keyfile</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>krb_server_keyfile</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the location of the Kerberos server key file. See
        <xref linkend="kerberos-auth"> or <xref linkend="gssapi-auth">
        for details. This parameter can only be set in the
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-krb-srvname" xreflabel="krb_srvname">
      <term><varname>krb_srvname</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>krb_srvname</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the Kerberos service name. See <xref linkend="kerberos-auth">
        for details. This parameter can only be set in the
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-krb-caseins-users" xreflabel="krb_caseins_users">
      <term><varname>krb_caseins_users</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>krb_caseins_users</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets whether Kerberos and GSSAPI user names should be treated
        case-insensitively.
        The default is <literal>off</> (case sensitive). This parameter can only be
        set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-db-user-namespace" xreflabel="db_user_namespace">
      <term><varname>db_user_namespace</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>db_user_namespace</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This parameter enables per-database user names.  It is off by default.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>

       <para>
        If this is on, you should create users as <literal>username@dbname</>.
        When <literal>username</> is passed by a connecting client,
        <literal>@</> and the database name are appended to the user
        name and that database-specific user name is looked up by the
        server. Note that when you create users with names containing
        <literal>@</> within the SQL environment, you will need to
        quote the user name.
       </para>

       <para>
        With this parameter enabled, you can still create ordinary global
        users.  Simply append <literal>@</> when specifying the user
        name in the client, e.g. <literal>joe@</>.  The <literal>@</>
        will be stripped off before the user name is looked up by the
        server.
       </para>

       <para>
        <varname>db_user_namespace</> causes the client's and
        server's user name representation to differ.
        Authentication checks are always done with the server's user name
        so authentication methods must be configured for the
        server's user name, not the client's.  Because
        <literal>md5</> uses the user name as salt on both the
        client and server, <literal>md5</> cannot be used with
        <varname>db_user_namespace</>.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         This feature is intended as a temporary measure until a
         complete solution is found.  At that time, this option will
         be removed.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-resource">
    <title>Resource Consumption</title>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-resource-memory">
     <title>Memory</title>

     <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-shared-buffers" xreflabel="shared_buffers">
      <term><varname>shared_buffers</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>shared_buffers</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the amount of memory the database server uses for shared
        memory buffers.  The default is typically 32 megabytes
        (<literal>32MB</>), but might be less if your kernel settings will
        not support it (as determined during <application>initdb</>).
        This setting must be at least 128 kilobytes.  (Non-default
        values of <symbol>BLCKSZ</symbol> change the minimum.)  However,
        settings significantly higher than the minimum are usually needed
        for good performance.  This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        If you have a dedicated database server with 1GB or more of RAM, a
        reasonable starting value for <varname>shared_buffers</varname> is 25%
        of the memory in your system.  There are some workloads where even
        large settings for <varname>shared_buffers</varname> are effective, but
        because <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> also relies on the
        operating system cache, it is unlikely that an allocation of more than
        40% of RAM to <varname>shared_buffers</varname> will work better than a
        smaller amount.  Larger settings for <varname>shared_buffers</varname>
        usually require a corresponding increase in
        <varname>checkpoint_segments</varname>, in order to spread out the
        process of writing large quantities of new or changed data over a
        longer period of time.
       </para>

       <para>
        On systems with less than 1GB of RAM, a smaller percentage of RAM is
        appropriate, so as to leave adequate space for the operating system.
        Also, on Windows, large values for <varname>shared_buffers</varname>
        aren't as effective.  You may find better results keeping the setting
        relatively low and using the operating system cache more instead.  The
        useful range for <varname>shared_buffers</varname> on Windows systems
        is generally from 64MB to 512MB.
       </para>

      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-temp-buffers" xreflabel="temp_buffers">
      <term><varname>temp_buffers</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>temp_buffers</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the maximum number of temporary buffers used by each database
        session.  These are session-local buffers used only for access to
        temporary tables.  The default is eight megabytes
        (<literal>8MB</>).  The setting can be changed within individual
        sessions, but only before the first use of temporary tables
        within the session; subsequent attempts to change the value will
        have no effect on that session.
       </para>

       <para>
        A session will allocate temporary buffers as needed up to the limit
        given by <varname>temp_buffers</>.  The cost of setting a large
        value in sessions that do not actually need many temporary
        buffers is only a buffer descriptor, or about 64 bytes, per
        increment in <varname>temp_buffers</>.  However if a buffer is
        actually used an additional 8192 bytes will be consumed for it
        (or in general, <symbol>BLCKSZ</symbol> bytes).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-prepared-transactions" xreflabel="max_prepared_transactions">
      <term><varname>max_prepared_transactions</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_prepared_transactions</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the maximum number of transactions that can be in the
        <quote>prepared</> state simultaneously (see <xref
        linkend="sql-prepare-transaction">).
        Setting this parameter to zero (which is the default)
        disables the prepared-transaction feature.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        If you are not planning to use prepared transactions, this parameter
        should be set to zero to prevent accidental creation of prepared
        transactions.  If you are using prepared transactions, you will
        probably want <varname>max_prepared_transactions</varname> to be at
        least as large as <xref linkend="guc-max-connections">, so that every
        session can have a prepared transaction pending.
       </para>

       <para>
        When running a standby server, you must set this parameter to the
        same or higher value than on the master server. Otherwise, queries
        will not be allowed in the standby server.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-work-mem" xreflabel="work_mem">
      <term><varname>work_mem</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>work_mem</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the amount of memory to be used by internal sort operations
        and hash tables before writing to temporary disk files. The value
        defaults to one megabyte (<literal>1MB</>).
        Note that for a complex query, several sort or hash operations might be
        running in parallel; each operation will be allowed to use as much memory
        as this value specifies before it starts to write data into temporary
        files. Also, several running sessions could be doing such operations
        concurrently.  Therefore, the total memory used could be many
        times the value of <varname>work_mem</varname>; it is necessary to
        keep this fact in mind when choosing the value. Sort operations are
        used for <literal>ORDER BY</>, <literal>DISTINCT</>, and
        merge joins.
        Hash tables are used in hash joins, hash-based aggregation, and
        hash-based processing of <literal>IN</> subqueries.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-maintenance-work-mem" xreflabel="maintenance_work_mem">
      <term><varname>maintenance_work_mem</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>maintenance_work_mem</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by maintenance
        operations, such as <command>VACUUM</command>, <command>CREATE
        INDEX</>, and <command>ALTER TABLE ADD FOREIGN KEY</>.  It defaults
        to 16 megabytes (<literal>16MB</>).  Since only one of these
        operations can be executed at a time by a database session, and
        an installation normally doesn't have many of them running
        concurrently, it's safe to set this value significantly larger
        than <varname>work_mem</varname>.  Larger settings might improve
        performance for vacuuming and for restoring database dumps.
       </para>
       <para>
        Note that when autovacuum runs, up to
        <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-max-workers"> times this memory may be
        allocated, so be careful not to set the default value too high.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-stack-depth" xreflabel="max_stack_depth">
      <term><varname>max_stack_depth</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_stack_depth</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the maximum safe depth of the server's execution stack.
        The ideal setting for this parameter is the actual stack size limit
        enforced by the kernel (as set by <literal>ulimit -s</> or local
        equivalent), less a safety margin of a megabyte or so.  The safety
        margin is needed because the stack depth is not checked in every
        routine in the server, but only in key potentially-recursive routines
        such as expression evaluation.  The default setting is two
        megabytes (<literal>2MB</>), which is conservatively small and
        unlikely to risk crashes.  However, it might be too small to allow
        execution of complex functions.  Only superusers can change this
        setting.
       </para>

       <para>
        Setting <varname>max_stack_depth</> higher than
        the actual kernel limit will mean that a runaway recursive function
        can crash an individual backend process.  On platforms where
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> can determine the kernel limit,
        the server will not allow this variable to be set to an unsafe
        value.  However, not all platforms provide the information,
        so caution is recommended in selecting a value.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
     </sect2>

     <sect2 id="runtime-config-resource-disk">
     <title>Disk</title>

     <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-temp-file-limit" xreflabel="temp_file_limit">
      <term><varname>temp_file_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>temp_file_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the maximum amount of disk space that a session can use
        for temporary files, such as sort and hash temporary files, or the
        storage file for a held cursor.  A transaction attempting to exceed
        this limit will be cancelled.
        The value is specified in kilobytes, and <literal>-1</> (the
        default) means no limit.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
       <para>
        This setting constrains the total space used at any instant by all
        temporary files used by a given <productname>PostgreSQL</> session.
        It should be noted that disk space used for explicit temporary
        tables, as opposed to temporary files used behind-the-scenes in query
        execution, does <emphasis>not</emphasis> count against this limit.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
     </sect2>

     <sect2 id="runtime-config-resource-kernel">
     <title>Kernel Resource Usage</title>

     <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-max-files-per-process" xreflabel="max_files_per_process">
      <term><varname>max_files_per_process</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_files_per_process</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the maximum number of simultaneously open files allowed to each
        server subprocess. The default is one thousand files. If the kernel is enforcing
        a safe per-process limit, you don't need to worry about this setting.
        But on some platforms (notably, most BSD systems), the kernel will
        allow individual processes to open many more files than the system
        can actually support if many processes all try to open
        that many files. If you find yourself seeing <quote>Too many open
        files</> failures, try reducing this setting.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-shared-preload-libraries" xreflabel="shared_preload_libraries">
      <term><varname>shared_preload_libraries</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>shared_preload_libraries</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This variable specifies one or more shared libraries
        to be preloaded at server start. For example,
        <literal>'$libdir/mylib'</literal> would cause
        <literal>mylib.so</> (or on some platforms,
        <literal>mylib.sl</>) to be preloaded from the installation's
        standard library directory.
        All library names are converted to lower case unless double-quoted.
        If more than one library is to be loaded, separate their names
        with commas.  This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> procedural language
        libraries can be preloaded in this way, typically by using the
        syntax <literal>'$libdir/plXXX'</literal> where
        <literal>XXX</literal> is <literal>pgsql</>, <literal>perl</>,
        <literal>tcl</>, or <literal>python</>.
       </para>

       <para>
        By preloading a shared library, the library startup time is avoided
        when the library is first used.  However, the time to start each new
        server process might increase slightly, even if that process never
        uses the library.  So this parameter is recommended only for
        libraries that will be used in most sessions.
       </para>

     <note>
      <para>
        On Windows hosts, preloading a library at server start will not reduce
        the time required to start each new server process; each server process
        will re-load all preload libraries.  However, <varname>shared_preload_libraries
        </varname> is still useful on Windows hosts because some shared libraries may
        need to perform certain operations that only take place at postmaster start
        (for example, a shared library may need to reserve lightweight locks
        or shared memory and you can't do that after the postmaster has started).
       </para>
      </note>
       <para>
        If a specified library is not found,
        the server will fail to start.
       </para>

       <para>
        Every  PostgreSQL-supported library has a <quote>magic
        block</> that is checked to guarantee compatibility.
        For this reason, non-PostgreSQL libraries cannot be
        loaded in this way.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-resource-vacuum-cost">
     <title>Cost-based Vacuum Delay</title>

     <para>
      During the execution of <xref linkend="sql-vacuum">
      and <xref linkend="sql-analyze">
      commands, the system maintains an
      internal counter that keeps track of the estimated cost of the
      various I/O operations that are performed.  When the accumulated
      cost reaches a limit (specified by
      <varname>vacuum_cost_limit</varname>), the process performing
      the operation will sleep for a short period of time, as specified by
      <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname>. Then it will reset the
      counter and continue execution.
     </para>

     <para>
      The intent of this feature is to allow administrators to reduce
      the I/O impact of these commands on concurrent database
      activity. There are many situations where it is not
      important that maintenance commands like
      <command>VACUUM</command> and <command>ANALYZE</command> finish
      quickly; however, it is usually very important that these
      commands do not significantly interfere with the ability of the
      system to perform other database operations. Cost-based vacuum
      delay provides a way for administrators to achieve this.
     </para>

     <para>
      This feature is disabled by default for manually issued
      <command>VACUUM</command> commands. To enable it, set the
      <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname> variable to a nonzero
      value.
     </para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-cost-delay" xreflabel="vacuum_cost_delay">
       <term><varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>vacuum_cost_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The length of time, in milliseconds, that the process will sleep
         when the cost limit has been exceeded.
         The default value is zero, which disables the cost-based vacuum
         delay feature.  Positive values enable cost-based vacuuming.
         Note that on many systems, the effective resolution
         of sleep delays is 10 milliseconds; setting
         <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname> to a value that is
         not a multiple of 10 might have the same results as setting it
         to the next higher multiple of 10.
        </para>

        <para>
         When using cost-based vacuuming, appropriate values for
         <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</> are usually quite small, perhaps
         10 or 20 milliseconds.  Adjusting vacuum's resource consumption
         is best done by changing the other vacuum cost parameters.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-cost-page-hit" xreflabel="vacuum_cost_page_hit">
       <term><varname>vacuum_cost_page_hit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>vacuum_cost_page_hit</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The estimated cost for vacuuming a buffer found in the shared buffer
         cache. It represents the cost to lock the buffer pool, lookup
         the shared hash table and scan the content of the page. The
         default value is one.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-cost-page-miss" xreflabel="vacuum_cost_page_miss">
       <term><varname>vacuum_cost_page_miss</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>vacuum_cost_page_miss</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The estimated cost for vacuuming a buffer that has to be read from
         disk.  This represents the effort to lock the buffer pool,
         lookup the shared hash table, read the desired block in from
         the disk and scan its content. The default value is 10.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-cost-page-dirty" xreflabel="vacuum_cost_page_dirty">
       <term><varname>vacuum_cost_page_dirty</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>vacuum_cost_page_dirty</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The estimated cost charged when vacuum modifies a block that was
         previously clean. It represents the extra I/O required to
         flush the dirty block out to disk again. The default value is
         20.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-cost-limit" xreflabel="vacuum_cost_limit">
       <term><varname>vacuum_cost_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>vacuum_cost_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The accumulated cost that will cause the vacuuming process to sleep.
         The default value is 200.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>

     <note>
      <para>
       There are certain operations that hold critical locks and should
       therefore complete as quickly as possible.  Cost-based vacuum
       delays do not occur during such operations.  Therefore it is
       possible that the cost accumulates far higher than the specified
       limit.  To avoid uselessly long delays in such cases, the actual
       delay is calculated as <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname> *
       <varname>accumulated_balance</varname> /
       <varname>vacuum_cost_limit</varname> with a maximum of
       <varname>vacuum_cost_delay</varname> * 4.
      </para>
     </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-resource-background-writer">
     <title>Background Writer</title>

     <para>
      There is a separate server
      process called the <firstterm>background writer</>, whose function
      is to issue writes of <quote>dirty</> (new or modified) shared
      buffers.  It writes shared buffers so server processes handling
      user queries seldom or never need to wait for a write to occur.
      However, the background writer does cause a net overall
      increase in I/O load, because while a repeatedly-dirtied page might
      otherwise be written only once per checkpoint interval, the
      background writer might write it several times as it is dirtied
      in the same interval.  The parameters discussed in this subsection
      can be used to tune the behavior for local needs.
     </para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry id="guc-bgwriter-delay" xreflabel="bgwriter_delay">
       <term><varname>bgwriter_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>bgwriter_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Specifies the delay between activity rounds for the
         background writer.  In each round the writer issues writes
         for some number of dirty buffers (controllable by the
         following parameters).  It then sleeps for <varname>bgwriter_delay</>
         milliseconds, and repeats.  When there are no dirty buffers in the
         buffer pool, though, it goes into a longer sleep regardless of
         <varname>bgwriter_delay</>.  The default value is 200
         milliseconds (<literal>200ms</>). Note that on many systems, the
         effective resolution of sleep delays is 10 milliseconds; setting
         <varname>bgwriter_delay</> to a value that is not a multiple of 10
         might have the same results as setting it to the next higher multiple
         of 10.  This parameter can only be set in the
         <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-bgwriter-lru-maxpages" xreflabel="bgwriter_lru_maxpages">
       <term><varname>bgwriter_lru_maxpages</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>bgwriter_lru_maxpages</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         In each round, no more than this many buffers will be written
         by the background writer.  Setting this to zero disables
         background writing.  (Note that checkpoints, which are managed by
         a separate, dedicated auxiliary process, are unaffected.)
         The default value is 100 buffers.
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
         file or on the server command line.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-bgwriter-lru-multiplier" xreflabel="bgwriter_lru_multiplier">
       <term><varname>bgwriter_lru_multiplier</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>bgwriter_lru_multiplier</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The number of dirty buffers written in each round is based on the
         number of new buffers that have been needed by server processes
         during recent rounds.  The average recent need is multiplied by
         <varname>bgwriter_lru_multiplier</> to arrive at an estimate of the
         number of buffers that will be needed during the next round.  Dirty
         buffers are written until there are that many clean, reusable buffers
         available.  (However, no more than <varname>bgwriter_lru_maxpages</>
         buffers will be written per round.)
         Thus, a setting of 1.0 represents a <quote>just in time</> policy
         of writing exactly the number of buffers predicted to be needed.
         Larger values provide some cushion against spikes in demand,
         while smaller values intentionally leave writes to be done by
         server processes.
         The default is 2.0.
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
         file or on the server command line.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>

     <para>
      Smaller values of <varname>bgwriter_lru_maxpages</varname> and
      <varname>bgwriter_lru_multiplier</varname> reduce the extra I/O load
      caused by the background writer, but make it more likely that server
      processes will have to issue writes for themselves, delaying interactive
      queries.
     </para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-resource-async-behavior">
     <title>Asynchronous Behavior</title>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry id="guc-effective-io-concurrency" xreflabel="effective_io_concurrency">
       <term><varname>effective_io_concurrency</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>effective_io_concurrency</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Sets the number of concurrent disk I/O operations that
         <productname>PostgreSQL</> expects can be executed
         simultaneously.  Raising this value will increase the number of I/O
         operations that any individual <productname>PostgreSQL</> session
         attempts to initiate in parallel.  The allowed range is 1 to 1000,
         or zero to disable issuance of asynchronous I/O requests. Currently,
         this setting only affects bitmap heap scans.
        </para>

        <para>
         A good starting point for this setting is the number of separate
         drives comprising a RAID 0 stripe or RAID 1 mirror being used for the
         database.  (For RAID 5 the parity drive should not be counted.)
         However, if the database is often busy with multiple queries issued in
         concurrent sessions, lower values may be sufficient to keep the disk
         array busy.  A value higher than needed to keep the disks busy will
         only result in extra CPU overhead.
        </para>

        <para>
         For more exotic systems, such as memory-based storage or a RAID array
         that is limited by bus bandwidth, the correct value might be the
         number of I/O paths available.  Some experimentation may be needed
         to find the best value.
        </para>

        <para>
         Asynchronous I/O depends on an effective <function>posix_fadvise</>
         function, which some operating systems lack.  If the function is not
         present then setting this parameter to anything but zero will result
         in an error.  On some operating systems (e.g., Solaris), the function
         is present but does not actually do anything.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-wal">
    <title>Write Ahead Log</title>

   <para>
    See also <xref linkend="wal-configuration"> for details on WAL
    and checkpoint tuning.
   </para>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-wal-settings">
     <title>Settings</title>
     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-level" xreflabel="wal_level">
      <term><varname>wal_level</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_level</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <varname>wal_level</> determines how much information is written
        to the WAL. The default value is <literal>minimal</>, which writes
        only the information needed to recover from a crash or immediate
        shutdown. <literal>archive</> adds logging required for WAL archiving,
        and <literal>hot_standby</> further adds information required to run
        read-only queries on a standby server.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
       <para>
        In <literal>minimal</> level, WAL-logging of some bulk
        operations can be safely skipped, which can make those
        operations much faster (see <xref linkend="populate-pitr">).
        Operations in which this optimization can be applied include:
        <simplelist>
         <member><command>CREATE TABLE AS</></member>
         <member><command>CREATE INDEX</></member>
         <member><command>CLUSTER</></member>
         <member><command>COPY</> into tables that were created or truncated in the same
         transaction</member>
        </simplelist>
        But minimal WAL does not contain
        enough information to reconstruct the data from a base backup and the
        WAL logs, so either <literal>archive</> or <literal>hot_standby</>
        level must be used to enable
        WAL archiving (<xref linkend="guc-archive-mode">) and streaming
        replication.
       </para>
       <para>
        In <literal>hot_standby</> level, the same information is logged as
        with <literal>archive</>, plus information needed to reconstruct
        the status of running transactions from the WAL. To enable read-only
        queries on a standby server, <varname>wal_level</> must be set to
        <literal>hot_standby</> on the primary, and
        <xref linkend="guc-hot-standby"> must be enabled in the standby. It is
        thought that there is
        little measurable difference in performance between using
        <literal>hot_standby</> and <literal>archive</> levels, so feedback
        is welcome if any production impacts are noticeable.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-fsync" xreflabel="fsync">
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>fsync</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <term><varname>fsync</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If this parameter is on, the <productname>PostgreSQL</> server
        will try to make sure that updates are physically written to
        disk, by issuing <function>fsync()</> system calls or various
        equivalent methods (see <xref linkend="guc-wal-sync-method">).
        This ensures that the database cluster can recover to a
        consistent state after an operating system or hardware crash.
       </para>

       <para>
        While turning off <varname>fsync</varname> is often a performance
        benefit, this can result in unrecoverable data corruption in
        the event of a power failure or system crash.  Thus it
        is only advisable to turn off <varname>fsync</varname> if
        you can easily recreate your entire database from external
        data.
       </para>

       <para>
        Examples of safe circumstances for turning off
        <varname>fsync</varname> include the initial loading of a new
        database cluster from a backup file, using a database cluster
        for processing a batch of data after which the database
        will be thrown away and recreated,
        or for a read-only database clone which
        gets recreated frequently and is not used for failover.  High
        quality hardware alone is not a sufficient justification for
        turning off <varname>fsync</varname>.
       </para>

       <para>
        In many situations, turning off <xref linkend="guc-synchronous-commit">
        for noncritical transactions can provide much of the potential
        performance benefit of turning off <varname>fsync</varname>, without
        the attendant risks of data corruption.
       </para>

       <para>
        <varname>fsync</varname> can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        If you turn this parameter off, also consider turning off
        <xref linkend="guc-full-page-writes">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-synchronous-commit" xreflabel="synchronous_commit">
      <term><varname>synchronous_commit</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>synchronous_commit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies whether transaction commit will wait for WAL records
        to be written to disk before the command returns a <quote>success</>
        indication to the client.  Valid values are <literal>on</>,
        <literal>remote_write</>, <literal>local</>, and <literal>off</>.
        The default, and safe, setting
        is <literal>on</>.  When <literal>off</>, there can be a delay between
        when success is reported to the client and when the transaction is
        really guaranteed to be safe against a server crash.  (The maximum
        delay is three times <xref linkend="guc-wal-writer-delay">.)  Unlike
        <xref linkend="guc-fsync">, setting this parameter to <literal>off</>
        does not create any risk of database inconsistency: an operating
        system or database crash might
        result in some recent allegedly-committed transactions being lost, but
        the database state will be just the same as if those transactions had
        been aborted cleanly.  So, turning <varname>synchronous_commit</> off
        can be a useful alternative when performance is more important than
        exact certainty about the durability of a transaction.  For more
        discussion see <xref linkend="wal-async-commit">.
       </para>
       <para>
        If <xref linkend="guc-synchronous-standby-names"> is set, this
        parameter also controls whether or not transaction commits will wait
        for the transaction's WAL records to be replicated to the standby
        server.
        When set to <literal>on</>, commits will wait until a reply
        from the current synchronous standby indicates it has received
        the commit record of the transaction and flushed it to disk.  This
        ensures the transaction will not be lost unless both primary and
        standby suffer corruption of their database storage.
        When set to <literal>remote_write</>, commits will wait
        until a reply from the current synchronous standby indicates it has
        received the commit record of the transaction and written it out to
        the standby's operating system, but the data has not necessarily
        reached stable storage on the standby. This setting is sufficient to
        ensure data preservation even if the standby instance of
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> were to crash, but not if the standby
        suffers an operating-system-level crash.
       </para>
       <para>
        When synchronous
        replication is in use, it will normally be sensible either to wait
        for both local flush to disk and replication of WAL records, or
        to allow the transaction to commit asynchronously.  However, the
        setting <literal>local</> is available for transactions that
        wish to wait for local flush to disk, but not synchronous replication.
        If <varname>synchronous_standby_names</> is not set, the settings
        <literal>on</>, <literal>remote_write</> and <literal>local</> all
        provide the same synchronization level: transaction commits only wait
        for local flush to disk.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter can be changed at any time; the behavior for any
        one transaction is determined by the setting in effect when it
        commits.  It is therefore possible, and useful, to have some
        transactions commit synchronously and others asynchronously.
        For example, to make a single multistatement transaction commit
        asynchronously when the default is the opposite, issue <command>SET
        LOCAL synchronous_commit TO OFF</> within the transaction.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-sync-method" xreflabel="wal_sync_method">
      <term><varname>wal_sync_method</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_sync_method</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Method used for forcing WAL updates out to disk.
        If <varname>fsync</varname> is off then this setting is irrelevant,
        since WAL file updates will not be forced out at all.
        Possible values are:
       </para>
       <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
        <para>
         <literal>open_datasync</> (write WAL files with <function>open()</> option <symbol>O_DSYNC</>)
        </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
        <para>
         <literal>fdatasync</> (call <function>fdatasync()</> at each commit)
        </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
        <para>
         <literal>fsync</> (call <function>fsync()</> at each commit)
        </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
        <para>
         <literal>fsync_writethrough</> (call <function>fsync()</> at each commit, forcing write-through of any disk write cache)
        </para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
        <para>
         <literal>open_sync</> (write WAL files with <function>open()</> option <symbol>O_SYNC</>)
        </para>
        </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
       <para>
        The <literal>open_</>* options also use <literal>O_DIRECT</> if available.
        Not all of these choices are available on all platforms.
        The default is the first method in the above list that is supported
        by the platform, except that <literal>fdatasync</> is the default on
        Linux.  The default is not necessarily ideal; it might be
        necessary to change this setting or other aspects of your system
        configuration in order to create a crash-safe configuration or
        achieve optimal performance.
        These aspects are discussed in <xref linkend="wal-reliability">.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-full-page-writes" xreflabel="full_page_writes">
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>full_page_writes</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <term><varname>full_page_writes</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When this parameter is on, the <productname>PostgreSQL</> server
        writes the entire content of each disk page to WAL during the
        first modification of that page after a checkpoint.
        This is needed because
        a page write that is in process during an operating system crash might
        be only partially completed, leading to an on-disk page
        that contains a mix of old and new data.  The row-level change data
        normally stored in WAL will not be enough to completely restore
        such a page during post-crash recovery.  Storing the full page image
        guarantees that the page can be correctly restored, but at the price
        of increasing the amount of data that must be written to WAL.
        (Because WAL replay always starts from a checkpoint, it is sufficient
        to do this during the first change of each page after a checkpoint.
        Therefore, one way to reduce the cost of full-page writes is to
        increase the checkpoint interval parameters.)
       </para>

       <para>
        Turning this parameter off speeds normal operation, but
        might lead to either unrecoverable data corruption, or silent
        data corruption, after a system failure. The risks are similar to turning off
        <varname>fsync</varname>, though smaller, and it should be turned off
        only based on the same circumstances recommended for that parameter.
       </para>

       <para>
        Turning off this parameter does not affect use of
        WAL archiving for point-in-time recovery (PITR)
        (see <xref linkend="continuous-archiving">).
       </para>

       <para>
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-buffers" xreflabel="wal_buffers">
      <term><varname>wal_buffers</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_buffers</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The amount of shared memory used for WAL data that has not yet been
        written to disk.  The default setting of -1 selects a size equal to
        1/32nd (about 3%) of <xref linkend="guc-shared-buffers">, but not less
        than <literal>64kB</literal> nor more than the size of one WAL
        segment, typically <literal>16MB</literal>.  This value can be set
        manually if the automatic choice is too large or too small,
        but any positive value less than <literal>32kB</literal> will be
        treated as <literal>32kB</literal>.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        The contents of the WAL buffers are written out to disk at every
        transaction commit, so extremely large values are unlikely to
        provide a significant benefit.  However, setting this value to at
        least a few megabytes can improve write performance on a busy
        server where many clients are committing at once.  The auto-tuning
        selected by the default setting of -1 should give reasonable
        results in most cases.
       </para>

      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-writer-delay" xreflabel="wal_writer_delay">
      <term><varname>wal_writer_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_writer_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the delay between activity rounds for the WAL writer.
        In each round the writer will flush WAL to disk. It then sleeps for
        <varname>wal_writer_delay</> milliseconds, and repeats.  The default
        value is 200 milliseconds (<literal>200ms</>).  Note that on many
        systems, the effective resolution of sleep delays is 10 milliseconds;
        setting <varname>wal_writer_delay</> to a value that is not a multiple
        of 10 might have the same results as setting it to the next higher
        multiple of 10. This parameter can only be set in the
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-commit-delay" xreflabel="commit_delay">
      <term><varname>commit_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>commit_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <varname>commit_delay</varname> adds a time delay, set in
        microseconds, before a WAL flush is initiated.  This can improve
        group commit throughput by allowing a larger number of transactions
        to commit via a single WAL flush, if system load is high enough
        that additional transactions become ready to commit within the
        given interval.  However, it also increases latency by up to
        <varname>commit_delay</varname> microseconds for each WAL
        flush.  Because the delay is just wasted if no other transactions
        become ready to commit, it is only performed if at least
        <varname>commit_siblings</varname> other transactions are active
        immediately before a flush would otherwise have been initiated.
        In <productname>PostgreSQL</> releases prior to 9.3,
        <varname>commit_delay</varname> behaved differently and was much
        less effective: it affected only commits, rather than all WAL flushes,
        and waited for the entire configured delay even if the WAL flush
        was completed sooner.  Beginning in <productname>PostgreSQL</> 9.3,
        the first process that becomes ready to flush waits for the configured
        interval, while subsequent processes wait only until the leader
        completes the flush.  The default <varname>commit_delay</> is zero
        (no delay).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-commit-siblings" xreflabel="commit_siblings">
      <term><varname>commit_siblings</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>commit_siblings</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Minimum number of concurrent open transactions to require
        before performing the <varname>commit_delay</> delay. A larger
        value makes it more probable that at least one other
        transaction will become ready to commit during the delay
        interval. The default is five transactions.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
     </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-wal-checkpoints">
     <title>Checkpoints</title>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-checkpoint-segments" xreflabel="checkpoint_segments">
      <term><varname>checkpoint_segments</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>checkpoint_segments</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Maximum number of log file segments between automatic WAL
        checkpoints (each segment is normally 16 megabytes). The default
        is three segments.  Increasing this parameter can increase the
        amount of time needed for crash recovery.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-checkpoint-timeout" xreflabel="checkpoint_timeout">
      <term><varname>checkpoint_timeout</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>checkpoint_timeout</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Maximum time between automatic WAL checkpoints, in
        seconds. The default is five minutes (<literal>5min</>).
        Increasing this parameter can increase the amount of time needed
        for crash recovery.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-checkpoint-completion-target" xreflabel="checkpoint_completion_target">
      <term><varname>checkpoint_completion_target</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>checkpoint_completion_target</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the target of checkpoint completion, as a fraction of
        total time between checkpoints. The default is 0.5.

        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-checkpoint-warning" xreflabel="checkpoint_warning">
      <term><varname>checkpoint_warning</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>checkpoint_warning</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Write a message to the server log if checkpoints caused by
        the filling of checkpoint segment files happen closer together
        than this many seconds (which suggests that
        <varname>checkpoint_segments</> ought to be raised).  The default is
        30 seconds (<literal>30s</>).  Zero disables the warning.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
     </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-wal-archiving">
     <title>Archiving</title>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-archive-mode" xreflabel="archive_mode">
      <term><varname>archive_mode</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>archive_mode</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When <varname>archive_mode</> is enabled, completed WAL segments
        are sent to archive storage by setting
        <xref linkend="guc-archive-command">.
        <varname>archive_mode</> and <varname>archive_command</> are
        separate variables so that <varname>archive_command</> can be
        changed without leaving archiving mode.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
        <varname>archive_mode</> cannot be enabled when
        <varname>wal_level</> is set to <literal>minimal</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-archive-command" xreflabel="archive_command">
      <term><varname>archive_command</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>archive_command</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The shell command to execute to archive a completed WAL file
        segment.  Any <literal>%p</> in the string is
        replaced by the path name of the file to archive, and any
        <literal>%f</> is replaced by only the file name.
        (The path name is relative to the working directory of the server,
        i.e., the cluster's data directory.)
        Use <literal>%%</> to embed an actual <literal>%</> character in the
        command.  It is important for the command to return a zero
        exit status only if it succeeds. For more information see
        <xref linkend="backup-archiving-wal">.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.  It is ignored unless
        <varname>archive_mode</> was enabled at server start.
        If <varname>archive_command</> is an empty string (the default) while
        <varname>archive_mode</> is enabled, WAL archiving is temporarily
        disabled, but the server continues to accumulate WAL segment files in
        the expectation that a command will soon be provided.  Setting
        <varname>archive_command</> to a command that does nothing but
        return true, e.g. <literal>/bin/true</> (<literal>REM</> on
        Windows), effectively disables
        archiving, but also breaks the chain of WAL files needed for
        archive recovery, so it should only be used in unusual circumstances.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-archive-timeout" xreflabel="archive_timeout">
      <term><varname>archive_timeout</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>archive_timeout</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The <xref linkend="guc-archive-command"> is only invoked for
        completed WAL segments. Hence, if your server generates little WAL
        traffic (or has slack periods where it does so), there could be a
        long delay between the completion of a transaction and its safe
        recording in archive storage.  To limit how old unarchived
        data can be, you can set <varname>archive_timeout</> to force the
        server to switch to a new WAL segment file periodically.  When this
        parameter is greater than zero, the server will switch to a new
        segment file whenever this many seconds have elapsed since the last
        segment file switch, and there has been any database activity,
        including a single checkpoint.  (Increasing
        <varname>checkpoint_timeout</> will reduce unnecessary
        checkpoints on an idle system.)
        Note that archived files that are closed early
        due to a forced switch are still the same length as completely full
        files.  Therefore, it is unwise to use a very short
        <varname>archive_timeout</> &mdash; it will bloat your archive
        storage.  <varname>archive_timeout</> settings of a minute or so are
        usually reasonable.  You should consider using streaming replication,
        instead of archiving, if you want data to be copied off the master
        server more quickly than that.
        This parameter can only be set in the
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>

   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-replication">
    <title>Replication</title>

    <para>
     These settings control the behavior of the built-in
     <firstterm>streaming replication</> feature (see
     <xref linkend="streaming-replication">).  Servers will be either a
     Master or a Standby server.  Masters can send data, while Standby(s)
     are always receivers of replicated data.  When cascading replication
     (see <xref linkend="cascading-replication">) is used, Standby server(s)
     can also be senders, as well as receivers.
     Parameters are mainly for Sending and Standby servers, though some
     parameters have meaning only on the Master server.  Settings may vary
     across the cluster without problems if that is required.
    </para>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-replication-sender">
     <title>Sending Server(s)</title>

     <para>
      These parameters can be set on any server that is
      to send replication data to one or more standby servers.
      The master is always a sending server, so these parameters must
      always be set on the master.
      The role and meaning of these parameters does not change after a
      standby becomes the master.
     </para>

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry id="guc-max-wal-senders" xreflabel="max_wal_senders">
       <term><varname>max_wal_senders</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>max_wal_senders</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the maximum number of concurrent connections from
        standby servers or streaming base backup clients (i.e., the
        maximum number of simultaneously running WAL sender
        processes). The default is zero, meaning replication is
        disabled. WAL sender processes count towards the total number
        of connections, so the parameter cannot be set higher than
        <xref linkend="guc-max-connections">.  This parameter can only
        be set at server start. <varname>wal_level</> must be set
        to <literal>archive</> or <literal>hot_standby</> to allow
        connections from standby servers.
       </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="guc-wal-keep-segments" xreflabel="wal_keep_segments">
       <term><varname>wal_keep_segments</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
       <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>wal_keep_segments</> configuration parameter</primary>
       </indexterm>
       <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the minimum number of past log file segments kept in the
        <filename>pg_xlog</>
        directory, in case a standby server needs to fetch them for streaming
        replication. Each segment is normally 16 megabytes. If a standby
        server connected to the sending server falls behind by more than
        <varname>wal_keep_segments</> segments, the sending server might remove
        a WAL segment still needed by the standby, in which case the
        replication connection will be terminated.  Downstream connections
        will also eventually fail as a result.  (However, the standby
        server can recover by fetching the segment from archive, if WAL
        archiving is in use.)
       </para>

       <para>
        This sets only the minimum number of segments retained in
        <filename>pg_xlog</>; the system might need to retain more segments
        for WAL archival or to recover from a checkpoint. If
        <varname>wal_keep_segments</> is zero (the default), the system
        doesn't keep any extra segments for standby purposes, so the number
        of old WAL segments available to standby servers is a function of
        the location of the previous checkpoint and status of WAL
        archiving.
        This parameter can only be set in the
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-replication-timeout" xreflabel="replication_timeout">
      <term><varname>replication_timeout</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>replication_timeout</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Terminate replication connections that are inactive longer
        than the specified number of milliseconds. This is useful for
        the sending server to detect a standby crash or network outage.
        A value of zero disables the timeout mechanism.  This parameter
        can only be set in
        the <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
        The default value is 60 seconds.
       </para>
       <para>
        To prevent connections from being terminated prematurely,
        <xref linkend="guc-wal-receiver-status-interval">
        must be enabled on the standby, and its value must be less than the
        value of <varname>replication_timeout</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-replication-master">
     <title>Master Server</title>

     <para>
      These parameters can be set on the master/primary server that is
      to send replication data to one or more standby servers.
      Note that in addition to these parameters,
      <xref linkend="guc-wal-level"> must be set appropriately on the master
      server, and optionally WAL archiving can be enabled as
      well (see <xref linkend="runtime-config-wal-archiving">).
      The values of these parameters on standby servers are irrelevant,
      although you may wish to set them there in preparation for the
      possibility of a standby becoming the master.
     </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-synchronous-standby-names" xreflabel="synchronous_standby_names">
      <term><varname>synchronous_standby_names</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>synchronous_standby_names</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies a comma-separated list of standby names that can support
        <firstterm>synchronous replication</>, as described in
        <xref linkend="synchronous-replication">.
        At any one time there will be at most one active synchronous standby;
        transactions waiting for commit will be allowed to proceed after
        this standby server confirms receipt of their data.
        The synchronous standby will be the first standby named in this list
        that is both currently connected and streaming data in real-time
        (as shown by a state of <literal>streaming</literal> in the
        <link linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table">
        <literal>pg_stat_replication</></link> view).
        Other standby servers appearing later in this list represent potential
        synchronous standbys.
        If the current synchronous standby disconnects for whatever reason,
        it will be replaced immediately with the next-highest-priority standby.
        Specifying more than one standby name can allow very high availability.
       </para>
       <para>
        The name of a standby server for this purpose is the
        <varname>application_name</> setting of the standby, as set in the
        <varname>primary_conninfo</> of the standby's walreceiver.  There is
        no mechanism to enforce uniqueness. In case of duplicates one of the
        matching standbys will be chosen to be the synchronous standby, though
        exactly which one is indeterminate.
        The special entry <literal>*</> matches any
        <varname>application_name</>, including the default application name
        of <literal>walreceiver</>.
       </para>
       <para>
        If no synchronous standby names are specified here, then synchronous
        replication is not enabled and transaction commits will not wait for
        replication.  This is the default configuration.  Even when
        synchronous replication is enabled, individual transactions can be
        configured not to wait for replication by setting the
        <xref linkend="guc-synchronous-commit"> parameter to
        <literal>local</> or <literal>off</>.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-defer-cleanup-age" xreflabel="vacuum_defer_cleanup_age">
      <term><varname>vacuum_defer_cleanup_age</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>vacuum_defer_cleanup_age</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the number of transactions by which <command>VACUUM</> and
        <acronym>HOT</> updates will defer cleanup of dead row versions. The
        default is zero transactions, meaning that dead row versions can be
        removed as soon as possible, that is, as soon as they are no longer
        visible to any open transaction.  You may wish to set this to a
        non-zero value on a primary server that is supporting hot standby
        servers, as described in <xref linkend="hot-standby">.  This allows
        more time for queries on the standby to complete without incurring
        conflicts due to early cleanup of rows.  However, since the value
        is measured in terms of number of write transactions occurring on the
        primary server, it is difficult to predict just how much additional
        grace time will be made available to standby queries.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        You should also consider setting <varname>hot_standby_feedback</>
        on standby server(s) as an alternative to using this parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-replication-standby">
     <title>Standby Servers</title>

     <para>
      These settings control the behavior of a standby server that is
      to receive replication data.  Their values on the master server
      are irrelevant.
     </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-hot-standby" xreflabel="hot_standby">
      <term><varname>hot_standby</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>hot_standby</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies whether or not you can connect and run queries during
        recovery, as described in <xref linkend="hot-standby">.
        The default value is <literal>off</literal>.
        This parameter can only be set at server start. It only has effect
        during archive recovery or in standby mode.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-standby-archive-delay" xreflabel="max_standby_archive_delay">
      <term><varname>max_standby_archive_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_standby_archive_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When Hot Standby is active, this parameter determines how long the
        standby server should wait before canceling standby queries that
        conflict with about-to-be-applied WAL entries, as described in
        <xref linkend="hot-standby-conflict">.
        <varname>max_standby_archive_delay</> applies when WAL data is
        being read from WAL archive (and is therefore not current).
        The default is 30 seconds. Units are milliseconds if not specified.
        A value of -1 allows the standby to wait forever for conflicting
        queries to complete.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        Note that <varname>max_standby_archive_delay</> is not the same as the
        maximum length of time a query can run before cancellation; rather it
        is the maximum total time allowed to apply any one WAL segment's data.
        Thus, if one query has resulted in significant delay earlier in the
        WAL segment, subsequent conflicting queries will have much less grace
        time.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-standby-streaming-delay" xreflabel="max_standby_streaming_delay">
      <term><varname>max_standby_streaming_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_standby_streaming_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When Hot Standby is active, this parameter determines how long the
        standby server should wait before canceling standby queries that
        conflict with about-to-be-applied WAL entries, as described in
        <xref linkend="hot-standby-conflict">.
        <varname>max_standby_streaming_delay</> applies when WAL data is
        being received via streaming replication.
        The default is 30 seconds. Units are milliseconds if not specified.
        A value of -1 allows the standby to wait forever for conflicting
        queries to complete.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        Note that <varname>max_standby_streaming_delay</> is not the same as
        the maximum length of time a query can run before cancellation; rather
        it is the maximum total time allowed to apply WAL data once it has
        been received from the primary server.  Thus, if one query has
        resulted in significant delay, subsequent conflicting queries will
        have much less grace time until the standby server has caught up
        again.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-receiver-status-interval" xreflabel="wal_receiver_status_interval">
      <term><varname>wal_receiver_status_interval</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_receiver_status_interval</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
      <para>
       Specifies the minimum frequency for the WAL receiver
       process on the standby to send information about replication progress
       to the primary or upstream standby, where it can be seen using the
       <link linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table">
       <literal>pg_stat_replication</></link> view.  The standby will report
       the last transaction log position it has written, the last position it
       has flushed to disk, and the last position it has applied.
       This parameter's
       value is the maximum interval, in seconds, between reports.  Updates are
       sent each time the write or flush positions change, or at least as
       often as specified by this parameter.  Thus, the apply position may
       lag slightly behind the true position.  Setting this parameter to zero
       disables status updates completely.  This parameter can only be set in
       the <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       The default value is 10 seconds.
      </para>
      <para>
       When <xref linkend="guc-replication-timeout"> is enabled on a sending server,
       <varname>wal_receiver_status_interval</> must be enabled, and its value
       must be less than the value of <varname>replication_timeout</>.
      </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-hot-standby-feedback" xreflabel="hot_standby">
      <term><varname>hot_standby_feedback</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>hot_standby_feedback</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies whether or not a hot standby will send feedback to the primary
        or upstream standby
        about queries currently executing on the standby. This parameter can
        be used to eliminate query cancels caused by cleanup records, but
        can cause database bloat on the primary for some workloads.
        Feedback messages will not be sent more frequently than once per
        <varname>wal_receiver_status_interval</>. The default value is
        <literal>off</literal>. This parameter can only be set in the
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        If cascaded replication is in use the feedback is passed upstream
        until it eventually reaches the primary.  Standbys make no other use
        of feedback they receive other than to pass upstream.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-query">
    <title>Query Planning</title>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-query-enable">
     <title>Planner Method Configuration</title>

      <para>
       These configuration parameters provide a crude method of
       influencing the query plans chosen by the query optimizer. If
       the default plan chosen by the optimizer for a particular query
       is not optimal, a <emphasis>temporary</> solution is to use one
       of these configuration parameters to force the optimizer to
       choose a different plan.
       Better ways to improve the quality of the
       plans chosen by the optimizer include adjusting the planer cost
       constants (see <xref linkend="runtime-config-query-constants">),
       running <xref linkend="sql-analyze"> manually, increasing
       the value of the <xref
       linkend="guc-default-statistics-target"> configuration parameter,
       and increasing the amount of statistics collected for
       specific columns using <command>ALTER TABLE SET
       STATISTICS</command>.
      </para>

     <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-bitmapscan" xreflabel="enable_bitmapscan">
      <term><varname>enable_bitmapscan</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>bitmap scan</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_bitmapscan</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of bitmap-scan plan
        types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-hashagg" xreflabel="enable_hashagg">
      <term><varname>enable_hashagg</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_hashagg</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of hashed
        aggregation plan types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-hashjoin" xreflabel="enable_hashjoin">
      <term><varname>enable_hashjoin</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_hashjoin</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of hash-join plan
        types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-indexscan" xreflabel="enable_indexscan">
      <term><varname>enable_indexscan</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>index scan</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_indexscan</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of index-scan plan
        types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-indexonlyscan" xreflabel="enable_indexonlyscan">
      <term><varname>enable_indexonlyscan</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>index-only scan</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_indexonlyscan</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of index-only-scan plan
        types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-material" xreflabel="enable_material">
      <term><varname>enable_material</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_material</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of materialization.
        It is impossible to suppress materialization entirely,
        but turning this variable off prevents the planner from inserting
        materialize nodes except in cases where it is required for correctness.
        The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-mergejoin" xreflabel="enable_mergejoin">
      <term><varname>enable_mergejoin</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_mergejoin</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of merge-join plan
        types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-nestloop" xreflabel="enable_nestloop">
      <term><varname>enable_nestloop</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_nestloop</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of nested-loop join
        plans. It is impossible to suppress nested-loop joins entirely,
        but turning this variable off discourages the planner from using
        one if there are other methods available. The default is
        <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-seqscan" xreflabel="enable_seqscan">
      <term><varname>enable_seqscan</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>sequential scan</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_seqscan</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of sequential scan
        plan types. It is impossible to suppress sequential scans
        entirely, but turning this variable off discourages the planner
        from using one if there are other methods available. The
        default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-sort" xreflabel="enable_sort">
      <term><varname>enable_sort</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_sort</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of explicit sort
        steps. It is impossible to suppress explicit sorts entirely,
        but turning this variable off discourages the planner from
        using one if there are other methods available. The default
        is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-enable-tidscan" xreflabel="enable_tidscan">
      <term><varname>enable_tidscan</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>enable_tidscan</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables the query planner's use of <acronym>TID</>
        scan plan types. The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
     </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-query-constants">
     <title>Planner Cost Constants</title>

    <para>
     The <firstterm>cost</> variables described in this section are measured
     on an arbitrary scale.  Only their relative values matter, hence
     scaling them all up or down by the same factor will result in no change
     in the planner's choices.  By default, these cost variables are based on
     the cost of sequential page fetches; that is,
     <varname>seq_page_cost</> is conventionally set to <literal>1.0</>
     and the other cost variables are set with reference to that.  But
     you can use a different scale if you prefer, such as actual execution
     times in milliseconds on a particular machine.
    </para>

   <note>
    <para>
     Unfortunately, there is no well-defined method for determining ideal
     values for the cost variables.  They are best treated as averages over
     the entire mix of queries that a particular installation will receive.  This
     means that changing them on the basis of just a few experiments is very
     risky.
    </para>
   </note>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-seq-page-cost" xreflabel="seq_page_cost">
      <term><varname>seq_page_cost</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>seq_page_cost</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's estimate of the cost of a disk page fetch
        that is part of a series of sequential fetches.  The default is 1.0.
        This value can be overridden for tables and indexes in a particular
        tablespace by setting the tablespace parameter of the same name
        (see <xref linkend="sql-altertablespace">).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-random-page-cost" xreflabel="random_page_cost">
      <term><varname>random_page_cost</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>random_page_cost</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's estimate of the cost of a
        non-sequentially-fetched disk page.  The default is 4.0.
        This value can be overridden for tables and indexes in a particular
        tablespace by setting the tablespace parameter of the same name
        (see <xref linkend="sql-altertablespace">).
       </para>

       <para>
        Reducing this value relative to <varname>seq_page_cost</>
        will cause the system to prefer index scans; raising it will
        make index scans look relatively more expensive.  You can raise
        or lower both values together to change the importance of disk I/O
        costs relative to CPU costs, which are described by the following
        parameters.
       </para>

       <para>
        Random access to mechanical disk storage is normally much more expensive
        than four-times sequential access.  However, a lower default is used
        (4.0) because the majority of random accesses to disk, such as indexed
        reads, are assumed to be in cache.  The default value can be thought of
        as modeling random access as 40 times slower than sequential, while
        expecting 90% of random reads to be cached.
       </para>

       <para>
        If you believe a 90% cache rate is an incorrect assumption
        for your workload, you can increase random_page_cost to better
        reflect the true cost of random storage reads. Correspondingly,
        if your data is likely to be completely in cache, such as when
        the database is smaller than the total server memory, decreasing
        random_page_cost can be appropriate.  Storage that has a low random
        read cost relative to sequential, e.g. solid-state drives, might
        also be better modeled with a lower value for random_page_cost.
       </para>

       <tip>
        <para>
         Although the system will let you set <varname>random_page_cost</> to
         less than <varname>seq_page_cost</>, it is not physically sensible
         to do so.  However, setting them equal makes sense if the database
         is entirely cached in RAM, since in that case there is no penalty
         for touching pages out of sequence.  Also, in a heavily-cached
         database you should lower both values relative to the CPU parameters,
         since the cost of fetching a page already in RAM is much smaller
         than it would normally be.
        </para>
       </tip>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-cpu-tuple-cost" xreflabel="cpu_tuple_cost">
      <term><varname>cpu_tuple_cost</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>cpu_tuple_cost</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's estimate of the cost of processing
        each row during a query.
        The default is 0.01.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-cpu-index-tuple-cost" xreflabel="cpu_index_tuple_cost">
      <term><varname>cpu_index_tuple_cost</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>cpu_index_tuple_cost</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's estimate of the cost of processing
        each index entry during an index scan.
        The default is 0.005.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-cpu-operator-cost" xreflabel="cpu_operator_cost">
      <term><varname>cpu_operator_cost</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>cpu_operator_cost</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's estimate of the cost of processing each
        operator or function executed during a query.
        The default is 0.0025.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-effective-cache-size" xreflabel="effective_cache_size">
      <term><varname>effective_cache_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>effective_cache_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's assumption about the effective size of the
        disk cache that is available to a single query.  This is
        factored into estimates of the cost of using an index; a
        higher value makes it more likely index scans will be used, a
        lower value makes it more likely sequential scans will be
        used. When setting this parameter you should consider both
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s shared buffers and the
        portion of the kernel's disk cache that will be used for
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> data files.  Also, take
        into account the expected number of concurrent queries on different
        tables, since they will have to share the available
        space.  This parameter has no effect on the size of shared
        memory allocated by <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, nor
        does it reserve kernel disk cache; it is used only for estimation
        purposes.  The system also does not assume data remains in
        the disk cache between queries.  The default is 128 megabytes
        (<literal>128MB</>).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>

    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-query-geqo">
     <title>Genetic Query Optimizer</title>

     <para>
      The genetic query optimizer (GEQO) is an algorithm that does query
      planning using heuristic searching.  This reduces planning time for
      complex queries (those joining many relations), at the cost of producing
      plans that are sometimes inferior to those found by the normal
      exhaustive-search algorithm.
      For more information see <xref linkend="geqo">.
     </para>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo" xreflabel="geqo">
      <indexterm>
       <primary>genetic query optimization</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>GEQO</primary>
       <see>genetic query optimization</see>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <term><varname>geqo</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables or disables genetic query optimization.
        This is on by default.  It is usually best not to turn it off in
        production; the <varname>geqo_threshold</varname> variable provides
        more granular control of GEQO.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo-threshold" xreflabel="geqo_threshold">
      <term><varname>geqo_threshold</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo_threshold</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use genetic query optimization to plan queries with at least
        this many <literal>FROM</> items involved. (Note that a
        <literal>FULL OUTER JOIN</> construct counts as only one <literal>FROM</>
        item.) The default is 12. For simpler queries it is usually best
        to use the regular, exhaustive-search planner, but for queries with
        many tables the exhaustive search takes too long, often
        longer than the penalty of executing a suboptimal plan.  Thus,
        a threshold on the size of the query is a convenient way to manage
        use of GEQO.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo-effort" xreflabel="geqo_effort">
      <term><varname>geqo_effort</varname>
      (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo_effort</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the trade-off between planning time and query plan
        quality in GEQO. This variable must be an integer in the
        range from 1 to 10. The default value is five. Larger values
        increase the time spent doing query planning, but also
        increase the likelihood that an efficient query plan will be
        chosen.
       </para>

       <para>
        <varname>geqo_effort</varname> doesn't actually do anything
        directly; it is only used to compute the default values for
        the other variables that influence GEQO behavior (described
        below). If you prefer, you can set the other parameters by
        hand instead.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo-pool-size" xreflabel="geqo_pool_size">
      <term><varname>geqo_pool_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo_pool_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the pool size used by GEQO, that is the
        number of individuals in the genetic population.  It must be
        at least two, and useful values are typically 100 to 1000.  If
        it is set to zero (the default setting) then a suitable
        value is chosen based on <varname>geqo_effort</varname> and
        the number of tables in the query.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo-generations" xreflabel="geqo_generations">
      <term><varname>geqo_generations</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo_generations</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the number of generations used by GEQO, that is
        the number of iterations of the algorithm.  It must
        be at least one, and useful values are in the same range as
        the pool size.  If it is set to zero (the default setting)
        then a suitable value is chosen based on
        <varname>geqo_pool_size</varname>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo-selection-bias" xreflabel="geqo_selection_bias">
      <term><varname>geqo_selection_bias</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo_selection_bias</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the selection bias used by GEQO. The selection bias
        is the selective pressure within the population. Values can be
        from 1.50 to 2.00; the latter is the default.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-geqo-seed" xreflabel="geqo_seed">
      <term><varname>geqo_seed</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>geqo_seed</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the initial value of the random number generator used
        by GEQO to select random paths through the join order search space.
        The value can range from zero (the default) to one.  Varying the
        value changes the set of join paths explored, and may result in a
        better or worse best path being found.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-query-other">
     <title>Other Planner Options</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-statistics-target" xreflabel="default_statistics_target">
      <term><varname>default_statistics_target</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_statistics_target</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the default statistics target for table columns without
        a column-specific target set via <command>ALTER TABLE
        SET STATISTICS</>.  Larger values increase the time needed to
        do <command>ANALYZE</>, but might improve the quality of the
        planner's estimates. The default is 100. For more information
        on the use of statistics by the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        query planner, refer to <xref linkend="planner-stats">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-constraint-exclusion" xreflabel="constraint_exclusion">
      <term><varname>constraint_exclusion</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>constraint exclusion</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>constraint_exclusion</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the query planner's use of table constraints to
        optimize queries.
        The allowed values of <varname>constraint_exclusion</> are
        <literal>on</> (examine constraints for all tables),
        <literal>off</> (never examine constraints), and
        <literal>partition</> (examine constraints only for inheritance child
        tables and <literal>UNION ALL</> subqueries).
        <literal>partition</> is the default setting.
        It is often used with inheritance and partitioned tables to
        improve performance.
      </para>

       <para>
        When this parameter allows it for a particular table, the planner
        compares query conditions with the table's <literal>CHECK</>
        constraints, and omits scanning tables for which the conditions
        contradict the constraints.  For example:

<programlisting>
CREATE TABLE parent(key integer, ...);
CREATE TABLE child1000(check (key between 1000 and 1999)) INHERITS(parent);
CREATE TABLE child2000(check (key between 2000 and 2999)) INHERITS(parent);
...
SELECT * FROM parent WHERE key = 2400;
</programlisting>

        With constraint exclusion enabled, this <command>SELECT</>
        will not scan <structname>child1000</> at all, improving performance.
       </para>

       <para>
        Currently, constraint exclusion is enabled by default
        only for cases that are often used to implement table partitioning.
        Turning it on for all tables imposes extra planning overhead that is
        quite noticeable on simple queries, and most often will yield no
        benefit for simple queries.  If you have no partitioned tables
        you might prefer to turn it off entirely.
       </para>

       <para>
        Refer to <xref linkend="ddl-partitioning-constraint-exclusion"> for
        more information on using constraint exclusion and partitioning.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-cursor-tuple-fraction" xreflabel="cursor_tuple_fraction">
      <term><varname>cursor_tuple_fraction</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>cursor_tuple_fraction</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the planner's estimate of the fraction of a cursor's rows that
        will be retrieved.  The default is 0.1.  Smaller values of this
        setting bias the planner towards using <quote>fast start</> plans
        for cursors, which will retrieve the first few rows quickly while
        perhaps taking a long time to fetch all rows.  Larger values
        put more emphasis on the total estimated time.  At the maximum
        setting of 1.0, cursors are planned exactly like regular queries,
        considering only the total estimated time and not how soon the
        first rows might be delivered.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-from-collapse-limit" xreflabel="from_collapse_limit">
      <term><varname>from_collapse_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>from_collapse_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The planner will merge sub-queries into upper queries if the
        resulting <literal>FROM</literal> list would have no more than
        this many items.  Smaller values reduce planning time but might
        yield inferior query plans.  The default is eight.
        For more information see <xref linkend="explicit-joins">.
       </para>

       <para>
        Setting this value to <xref linkend="guc-geqo-threshold"> or more
        may trigger use of the GEQO planner, resulting in non-optimal
        plans.  See <xref linkend="runtime-config-query-geqo">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-join-collapse-limit" xreflabel="join_collapse_limit">
      <term><varname>join_collapse_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>join_collapse_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The planner will rewrite explicit <literal>JOIN</>
        constructs (except <literal>FULL JOIN</>s) into lists of
        <literal>FROM</> items whenever a list of no more than this many items
        would result.  Smaller values reduce planning time but might
        yield inferior query plans.
       </para>

       <para>
        By default, this variable is set the same as
        <varname>from_collapse_limit</varname>, which is appropriate
        for most uses. Setting it to 1 prevents any reordering of
        explicit <literal>JOIN</>s. Thus, the explicit join order
        specified in the query will be the actual order in which the
        relations are joined. Because the query planner does not always choose
        the optimal join order, advanced users can elect to
        temporarily set this variable to 1, and then specify the join
        order they desire explicitly.
        For more information see <xref linkend="explicit-joins">.
       </para>

       <para>
        Setting this value to <xref linkend="guc-geqo-threshold"> or more
        may trigger use of the GEQO planner, resulting in non-optimal
        plans.  See <xref linkend="runtime-config-query-geqo">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-logging">
    <title>Error Reporting and Logging</title>

    <indexterm zone="runtime-config-logging">
     <primary>server log</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-logging-where">
     <title>Where To Log</title>

     <indexterm zone="runtime-config-logging-where">
      <primary>where to log</primary>
     </indexterm>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-destination" xreflabel="log_destination">
      <term><varname>log_destination</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_destination</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> supports several methods
         for logging server messages, including
         <systemitem>stderr</systemitem>, <systemitem>csvlog</systemitem> and
         <systemitem>syslog</systemitem>. On Windows,
         <systemitem>eventlog</systemitem> is also supported. Set this
         parameter to a list of desired log destinations separated by
         commas. The default is to log to <systemitem>stderr</systemitem>
         only.
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
         file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        If <systemitem>csvlog</> is included in <varname>log_destination</>,
        log entries are output in <quote>comma separated
        value</> (<acronym>CSV</>) format, which is convenient for
        loading logs into programs.
        See <xref linkend="runtime-config-logging-csvlog"> for details.
        <xref linkend="guc-logging-collector"> must be enabled to generate
        CSV-format log output.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         On most Unix systems, you will need to alter the configuration of
         your system's <application>syslog</application> daemon in order
         to make use of the <systemitem>syslog</systemitem> option for
         <varname>log_destination</>.  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
         can log to <application>syslog</application> facilities
         <literal>LOCAL0</> through <literal>LOCAL7</> (see <xref
         linkend="guc-syslog-facility">), but the default
         <application>syslog</application> configuration on most platforms
         will discard all such messages.  You will need to add something like:
<programlisting>
local0.*    /var/log/postgresql
</programlisting>
         to the  <application>syslog</application> daemon's configuration file
         to make it work.
        </para>
        <para>
         On Windows, when you use the <literal>eventlog</literal>
         option for <varname>log_destination</>, you should
         register an event source and its library with the operating
         system so that the Windows Event Viewer can display event
         log messages cleanly.
         See <xref linkend="event-log-registration"> for details.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-logging-collector" xreflabel="logging_collector">
      <term><varname>logging_collector</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>logging_collector</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         This parameter enables the <firstterm>logging collector</>, which
         is a background process that captures log messages
         sent to <systemitem>stderr</> and redirects them into log files.
         This approach is often more useful than
         logging to <application>syslog</>, since some types of messages
         might not appear in <application>syslog</> output.  (One common
         example is dynamic-linker failure messages; another is error messages
         produced by scripts such as <varname>archive_command</>.)
         This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         It is possible to log to <systemitem>stderr</> without using the
         logging collector; the log messages will just go to wherever the
         server's <systemitem>stderr</> is directed.  However, that method is
         only suitable for low log volumes, since it provides no convenient
         way to rotate log files.  Also, on some platforms not using the
         logging collector can result in lost or garbled log output, because
         multiple processes writing concurrently to the same log file can
         overwrite each other's output.
        </para>
       </note>

       <note>
        <para>
          The logging collector is designed to never lose messages.  This means
          that in case of extremely high load, server processes could be
          blocked while trying to send additional log messages when the
          collector has fallen behind.  In contrast, <application>syslog</>
          prefers to drop messages if it cannot write them, which means it
          may fail to log some messages in such cases but it will not block
          the rest of the system.
        </para>
       </note>

      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-directory" xreflabel="log_directory">
      <term><varname>log_directory</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_directory</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When <varname>logging_collector</> is enabled,
        this parameter determines the directory in which log files will be created.
        It can be specified as an absolute path, or relative to the
        cluster data directory.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-filename" xreflabel="log_filename">
      <term><varname>log_filename</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_filename</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When <varname>logging_collector</varname> is enabled,
        this parameter sets the file names of the created log files.  The value
        is treated as a <systemitem>strftime</systemitem> pattern,
        so <literal>%</literal>-escapes can be used to specify time-varying
        file names.  (Note that if there are
        any time-zone-dependent <literal>%</literal>-escapes, the computation
        is done in the zone specified
        by <xref linkend="guc-log-timezone">.)
        The supported <literal>%</literal>-escapes are similar to those
        listed in the Open Group's <ulink
        url="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strftime.html">strftime
        </ulink> specification.
        Note that the system's <systemitem>strftime</systemitem> is not used
        directly, so platform-specific (nonstandard) extensions do not work.
       </para>
       <para>
        If you specify a file name without escapes, you should plan to
        use a log rotation utility to avoid eventually filling the
        entire disk.  In releases prior to 8.4, if
        no <literal>%</literal> escapes were
        present, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> would append
        the epoch of the new log file's creation time, but this is no
        longer the case.
       </para>
       <para>
        If CSV-format output is enabled in <varname>log_destination</>,
        <literal>.csv</> will be appended to the timestamped
        log file name to create the file name for CSV-format output.
        (If <varname>log_filename</> ends in <literal>.log</>, the suffix is
        replaced instead.)
        In the case of the example above, the CSV
        file name will be <literal>server_log.1093827753.csv</literal>.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-file-mode" xreflabel="log_file_mode">
      <term><varname>log_file_mode</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_file_mode</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        On Unix systems this parameter sets the permissions for log files
        when <varname>logging_collector</varname> is enabled. (On Microsoft
        Windows this parameter is ignored.)
        The parameter value is expected to be a numeric mode
        specified in the format accepted by the
        <function>chmod</function> and <function>umask</function>
        system calls.  (To use the customary octal format the number
        must start with a <literal>0</literal> (zero).)
       </para>
       <para>
        The default permissions are <literal>0600</>, meaning only the
        server owner can read or write the log files.  The other commonly
        useful setting is <literal>0640</>, allowing members of the owner's
        group to read the files.  Note however that to make use of such a
        setting, you'll need to alter <xref linkend="guc-log-directory"> to
        store the files somewhere outside the cluster data directory.  In
        any case, it's unwise to make the log files world-readable, since
        they might contain sensitive data.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-rotation-age" xreflabel="log_rotation_age">
      <term><varname>log_rotation_age</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_rotation_age</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When <varname>logging_collector</varname> is enabled,
        this parameter determines the maximum lifetime of an individual log file.
        After this many minutes have elapsed, a new log file will
        be created.  Set to zero to disable time-based creation of
        new log files.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-rotation-size" xreflabel="log_rotation_size">
      <term><varname>log_rotation_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_rotation_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When <varname>logging_collector</varname> is enabled,
        this parameter determines the maximum size of an individual log file.
        After this many kilobytes have been emitted into a log file,
        a new log file will be created.  Set to zero to disable size-based
        creation of new log files.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-truncate-on-rotation" xreflabel="log_truncate_on_rotation">
      <term><varname>log_truncate_on_rotation</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_truncate_on_rotation</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When <varname>logging_collector</varname> is enabled,
        this parameter will cause <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to truncate (overwrite),
        rather than append to, any existing log file of the same name.
        However, truncation will occur only when a new file is being opened
        due to time-based rotation, not during server startup or size-based
        rotation.  When off, pre-existing files will be appended to in
        all cases.  For example, using this setting in combination with
        a <varname>log_filename</varname> like <literal>postgresql-%H.log</literal>
        would result in generating twenty-four hourly log files and then
        cyclically overwriting them.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        Example:  To keep 7 days of logs, one log file per day named
        <literal>server_log.Mon</literal>, <literal>server_log.Tue</literal>,
        etc, and automatically overwrite last week's log with this week's log,
        set <varname>log_filename</varname> to <literal>server_log.%a</literal>,
        <varname>log_truncate_on_rotation</varname> to <literal>on</literal>, and
        <varname>log_rotation_age</varname> to <literal>1440</literal>.
       </para>
       <para>
        Example: To keep 24 hours of logs, one log file per hour, but
        also rotate sooner if the log file size exceeds 1GB, set
        <varname>log_filename</varname> to <literal>server_log.%H%M</literal>,
        <varname>log_truncate_on_rotation</varname> to <literal>on</literal>,
        <varname>log_rotation_age</varname> to <literal>60</literal>, and
        <varname>log_rotation_size</varname> to <literal>1000000</literal>.
        Including <literal>%M</> in <varname>log_filename</varname> allows
        any size-driven rotations that might occur to select a file name
        different from the hour's initial file name.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-syslog-facility" xreflabel="syslog_facility">
      <term><varname>syslog_facility</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>syslog_facility</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When logging to <application>syslog</> is enabled, this parameter
        determines the <application>syslog</application>
        <quote>facility</quote> to be used.  You can choose
        from <literal>LOCAL0</>, <literal>LOCAL1</>,
        <literal>LOCAL2</>, <literal>LOCAL3</>, <literal>LOCAL4</>,
        <literal>LOCAL5</>, <literal>LOCAL6</>, <literal>LOCAL7</>;
        the default is <literal>LOCAL0</>. See also the
        documentation of your system's
        <application>syslog</application> daemon.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-syslog-ident" xreflabel="syslog_ident">
      <term><varname>syslog_ident</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>syslog_identity</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         When logging to <application>syslog</> is enabled, this parameter
         determines the program name used to identify
         <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> messages in
         <application>syslog</application> logs. The default is
         <literal>postgres</literal>.
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
         file or on the server command line.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-event-source" xreflabel="event_source">
      <term><varname>event_source</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>event_source</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When logging to <application>event log</> is enabled, this parameter
        determines the program name used to identify
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> messages in
        the log. The default is <literal>PostgreSQL</literal>.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>
    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-logging-when">
     <title>When To Log</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-client-min-messages" xreflabel="client_min_messages">
      <term><varname>client_min_messages</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>client_min_messages</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls which message levels are sent to the client.
        Valid values are <literal>DEBUG5</>,
        <literal>DEBUG4</>, <literal>DEBUG3</>, <literal>DEBUG2</>,
        <literal>DEBUG1</>, <literal>LOG</>, <literal>NOTICE</>,
        <literal>WARNING</>, <literal>ERROR</>, <literal>FATAL</>,
        and <literal>PANIC</>.  Each level
        includes all the levels that follow it.  The later the level,
        the fewer messages are sent.  The default is
        <literal>NOTICE</>.  Note that <literal>LOG</> has a different
        rank here than in <varname>log_min_messages</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-min-messages" xreflabel="log_min_messages">
      <term><varname>log_min_messages</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_min_messages</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls which message levels are written to the server log.
        Valid values are <literal>DEBUG5</>, <literal>DEBUG4</>,
        <literal>DEBUG3</>, <literal>DEBUG2</>, <literal>DEBUG1</>,
        <literal>INFO</>, <literal>NOTICE</>, <literal>WARNING</>,
        <literal>ERROR</>, <literal>LOG</>, <literal>FATAL</>, and
        <literal>PANIC</>.  Each level includes all the levels that
        follow it.  The later the level, the fewer messages are sent
        to the log.  The default is <literal>WARNING</>.  Note that
        <literal>LOG</> has a different rank here than in
        <varname>client_min_messages</>.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-min-error-statement" xreflabel="log_min_error_statement">
      <term><varname>log_min_error_statement</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_min_error_statement</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls which SQL statements that cause an error
        condition are recorded in the server log.  The current
        SQL statement is included in the log entry for any message of
        the specified severity or higher.
        Valid values are <literal>DEBUG5</literal>,
        <literal>DEBUG4</literal>, <literal>DEBUG3</literal>,
        <literal>DEBUG2</literal>, <literal>DEBUG1</literal>,
        <literal>INFO</literal>, <literal>NOTICE</literal>,
        <literal>WARNING</literal>, <literal>ERROR</literal>,
        <literal>LOG</literal>,
        <literal>FATAL</literal>, and <literal>PANIC</literal>.
        The default is <literal>ERROR</literal>, which means statements
        causing errors, log messages, fatal errors, or panics will be logged.
        To effectively turn off logging of failing statements,
        set this parameter to <literal>PANIC</literal>.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-min-duration-statement" xreflabel="log_min_duration_statement">
      <term><varname>log_min_duration_statement</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_min_duration_statement</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Causes the duration of each completed statement to be logged
         if the statement ran for at least the specified number of
         milliseconds.  Setting this to zero prints all statement durations.
         Minus-one (the default) disables logging statement durations.
         For example, if you set it to <literal>250ms</literal>
         then all SQL statements that run 250ms or longer will be
         logged.  Enabling this parameter can be helpful in tracking down
         unoptimized queries in your applications.
         Only superusers can change this setting.
        </para>

        <para>
         For clients using extended query protocol, durations of the Parse,
         Bind, and Execute steps are logged independently.
        </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         When using this option together with
         <xref linkend="guc-log-statement">,
         the text of statements that are logged because of
         <varname>log_statement</> will not be repeated in the
         duration log message.
         If you are not using <application>syslog</>, it is recommended
         that you log the PID or session ID using
         <xref linkend="guc-log-line-prefix">
         so that you can link the statement message to the later
         duration message using the process ID or session ID.
        </para>
       </note>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>

    <para>
     <xref linkend="runtime-config-severity-levels"> explains the message
     severity levels used by <productname>PostgreSQL</>.  If logging output
     is sent to <systemitem>syslog</systemitem> or Windows'
     <systemitem>eventlog</systemitem>, the severity levels are translated
     as shown in the table.
    </para>

    <table id="runtime-config-severity-levels">
     <title>Message Severity Levels</title>
     <tgroup cols="4">
      <thead>
       <row>
        <entry>Severity</entry>
        <entry>Usage</entry>
        <entry><systemitem>syslog</></entry>
        <entry><systemitem>eventlog</></entry>
       </row>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
       <row>
        <entry><literal>DEBUG1..DEBUG5</></entry>
        <entry>Provides successively-more-detailed information for use by
         developers.</entry>
        <entry><literal>DEBUG</></entry>
        <entry><literal>INFORMATION</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>INFO</></entry>
        <entry>Provides information implicitly requested by the user,
         e.g., output from <command>VACUUM VERBOSE</>.</entry>
        <entry><literal>INFO</></entry>
        <entry><literal>INFORMATION</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>NOTICE</></entry>
        <entry>Provides information that might be helpful to users, e.g.,
         notice of truncation of long identifiers.</entry>
        <entry><literal>NOTICE</></entry>
        <entry><literal>INFORMATION</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>WARNING</></entry>
        <entry>Provides warnings of likely problems, e.g., <command>COMMIT</>
         outside a transaction block.</entry>
        <entry><literal>NOTICE</></entry>
        <entry><literal>WARNING</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>ERROR</></entry>
        <entry>Reports an error that caused the current command to
         abort.</entry>
        <entry><literal>WARNING</></entry>
        <entry><literal>ERROR</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>LOG</></entry>
        <entry>Reports information of interest to administrators, e.g.,
         checkpoint activity.</entry>
        <entry><literal>INFO</></entry>
        <entry><literal>INFORMATION</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>FATAL</></entry>
        <entry>Reports an error that caused the current session to
         abort.</entry>
        <entry><literal>ERR</></entry>
        <entry><literal>ERROR</></entry>
       </row>

       <row>
        <entry><literal>PANIC</></entry>
        <entry>Reports an error that caused all database sessions to abort.</entry>
        <entry><literal>CRIT</></entry>
        <entry><literal>ERROR</></entry>
       </row>
      </tbody>
     </tgroup>
    </table>

    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-logging-what">
     <title>What To Log</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-application-name" xreflabel="application_name">
      <term><varname>application_name</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>application_name</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The <varname>application_name</varname> can be any string of less than
        <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</> characters (64 characters in a standard build).
        It is typically set by an application upon connection to the server.
        The name will be displayed in the <structname>pg_stat_activity</> view
        and included in CSV log entries.  It can also be included in regular
        log entries via the <xref linkend="guc-log-line-prefix"> parameter.
        Only printable ASCII characters may be used in the
        <varname>application_name</varname> value. Other characters will be
        replaced with question marks (<literal>?</literal>).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>debug_print_parse</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <term><varname>debug_print_rewritten</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <term><varname>debug_print_plan</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>debug_print_parse</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>debug_print_rewritten</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>debug_print_plan</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        These parameters enable various debugging output to be emitted.
        When set, they print the resulting parse tree, the query rewriter
        output, or the execution plan for each executed query.
        These messages are emitted at <literal>LOG</> message level, so by
        default they will appear in the server log but will not be sent to the
        client.  You can change that by adjusting
        <xref linkend="guc-client-min-messages"> and/or
        <xref linkend="guc-log-min-messages">.
        These parameters are off by default.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>debug_pretty_print</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>debug_pretty_print</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When set, <varname>debug_pretty_print</varname> indents the messages
        produced by <varname>debug_print_parse</varname>,
        <varname>debug_print_rewritten</varname>, or
        <varname>debug_print_plan</varname>.  This results in more readable
        but much longer output than the <quote>compact</> format used when
        it is off.  It is on by default.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-checkpoints" xreflabel="log_checkpoints">
      <term><varname>log_checkpoints</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_checkpoints</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Causes checkpoints and restartpoints to be logged in the server log.
        Some statistics are included in the log messages, including the number
        of buffers written and the time spent writing them.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line. The default is off.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-connections" xreflabel="log_connections">
      <term><varname>log_connections</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_connections</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Causes each attempted connection to the server to be logged,
        as well as successful completion of client authentication.
        This parameter cannot be changed after session start.
        The default is off.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         Some client programs, like <application>psql</>, attempt
         to connect twice while determining if a password is required, so
         duplicate <quote>connection received</> messages do not
         necessarily indicate a problem.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-disconnections" xreflabel="log_disconnections">
      <term><varname>log_disconnections</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_disconnections</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This outputs a line in the server log similar to
        <varname>log_connections</varname> but at session termination,
        and includes the duration of the session.  This is off by
        default.
        This parameter cannot be changed after session start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>


     <varlistentry id="guc-log-duration" xreflabel="log_duration">
      <term><varname>log_duration</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_duration</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Causes the duration of every completed statement to be logged.
        The default is <literal>off</>.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>

       <para>
        For clients using extended query protocol, durations of the Parse,
        Bind, and Execute steps are logged independently.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         The difference between setting this option and setting
         <xref linkend="guc-log-min-duration-statement"> to zero is that
         exceeding <varname>log_min_duration_statement</> forces the text of
         the query to be logged, but this option doesn't.  Thus, if
         <varname>log_duration</> is <literal>on</> and
         <varname>log_min_duration_statement</> has a positive value, all
         durations are logged but the query text is included only for
         statements exceeding the threshold.  This behavior can be useful for
         gathering statistics in high-load installations.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-error-verbosity" xreflabel="log_error_verbosity">
      <term><varname>log_error_verbosity</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_error_verbosity</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls the amount of detail written in the server log for each
        message that is logged.  Valid values are <literal>TERSE</>,
        <literal>DEFAULT</>, and <literal>VERBOSE</>, each adding more
        fields to displayed messages.  <literal>TERSE</> excludes
        the logging of <literal>DETAIL</>, <literal>HINT</>,
        <literal>QUERY</>, and <literal>CONTEXT</> error information.
        <literal>VERBOSE</> output includes the <symbol>SQLSTATE</> error
        code (see also <xref linkend="errcodes-appendix">) and the source code file name, function name,
        and line number that generated the error.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-hostname" xreflabel="log_hostname">
      <term><varname>log_hostname</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_hostname</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        By default, connection log messages only show the IP address of the
        connecting host. Turning this parameter on causes logging of the
        host name as well.  Note that depending on your host name resolution
        setup this might impose a non-negligible performance penalty.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-line-prefix" xreflabel="log_line_prefix">
      <term><varname>log_line_prefix</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_line_prefix</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
         This is a <function>printf</>-style string that is output at the
         beginning of each log line.
         <literal>%</> characters begin <quote>escape sequences</>
         that are replaced with status information as outlined below.
         Unrecognized escapes are ignored. Other
         characters are copied straight to the log line. Some escapes are
         only recognized by session processes, and are ignored by
         background processes such as the main server process.
         This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
         file or on the server command line. The default is an empty string.

         <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="3">
           <thead>
            <row>
             <entry>Escape</entry>
             <entry>Effect</entry>
             <entry>Session only</entry>
             </row>
            </thead>
           <tbody>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%a</literal></entry>
             <entry>Application name</entry>
             <entry>yes</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
             <entry>User name</entry>
             <entry>yes</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%d</literal></entry>
             <entry>Database name</entry>
             <entry>yes</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%r</literal></entry>
             <entry>Remote host name or IP address, and remote port</entry>
             <entry>yes</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
             <entry>Remote host name or IP address</entry>
             <entry>yes</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%p</literal></entry>
             <entry>Process ID</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%t</literal></entry>
             <entry>Time stamp without milliseconds</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%m</literal></entry>
             <entry>Time stamp with milliseconds</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%i</literal></entry>
             <entry>Command tag: type of session's current command</entry>
             <entry>yes</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%e</literal></entry>
             <entry>SQLSTATE error code</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%c</literal></entry>
             <entry>Session ID: see below</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%l</literal></entry>
             <entry>Number of the log line for each session or process, starting at 1</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%s</literal></entry>
             <entry>Process start time stamp</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%v</literal></entry>
             <entry>Virtual transaction ID (backendID/localXID)</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%x</literal></entry>
             <entry>Transaction ID (0 if none is assigned)</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%q</literal></entry>
             <entry>Produces no output, but tells non-session
             processes to stop at this point in the string; ignored by
             session processes</entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
            <row>
             <entry><literal>%%</literal></entry>
             <entry>Literal <literal>%</></entry>
             <entry>no</entry>
            </row>
           </tbody>
          </tgroup>
         </informaltable>

         The <literal>%c</> escape prints a quasi-unique session identifier,
         consisting of two 4-byte hexadecimal numbers (without leading zeros)
         separated by a dot.  The numbers are the process start time and the
         process ID, so <literal>%c</> can also be used as a space saving way
         of printing those items.  For example, to generate the session
         identifier from <literal>pg_stat_activity</>, use this query:
<programlisting>
SELECT to_hex(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM backend_start)::integer) || '.' ||
       to_hex(pid)
FROM pg_stat_activity;
</programlisting>

       </para>

       <tip>
        <para>
         If you set a nonempty value for <varname>log_line_prefix</>,
         you should usually make its last character be a space, to provide
         visual separation from the rest of the log line.  A punctuation
         character can be used too.
        </para>
       </tip>

       <tip>
        <para>
         <application>Syslog</> produces its own
         time stamp and process ID information, so you probably do not want to
         include those escapes if you are logging to <application>syslog</>.
        </para>
       </tip>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-lock-waits" xreflabel="log_lock_waits">
      <term><varname>log_lock_waits</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_lock_waits</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls whether a log message is produced when a session waits
        longer than <xref linkend="guc-deadlock-timeout"> to acquire a
        lock.  This is useful in determining if lock waits are causing
        poor performance.  The default is <literal>off</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-statement" xreflabel="log_statement">
      <term><varname>log_statement</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_statement</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls which SQL statements are logged. Valid values are
        <literal>none</> (off), <literal>ddl</>, <literal>mod</>, and
        <literal>all</> (all statements). <literal>ddl</> logs all data definition
        statements, such as <command>CREATE</>, <command>ALTER</>, and
        <command>DROP</> statements. <literal>mod</> logs all
        <literal>ddl</> statements, plus data-modifying statements
        such as <command>INSERT</>,
        <command>UPDATE</>, <command>DELETE</>, <command>TRUNCATE</>,
        and <command>COPY FROM</>.
        <command>PREPARE</>, <command>EXECUTE</>, and
        <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> statements are also logged if their
        contained command is of an appropriate type.  For clients using
        extended query protocol, logging occurs when an Execute message
        is received, and values of the Bind parameters are included
        (with any embedded single-quote marks doubled).
       </para>

       <para>
        The default is <literal>none</>. Only superusers can change this
        setting.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         Statements that contain simple syntax errors are not logged
         even by the <varname>log_statement</> = <literal>all</> setting,
         because the log message is emitted only after basic parsing has
         been done to determine the statement type.  In the case of extended
         query protocol, this setting likewise does not log statements that
         fail before the Execute phase (i.e., during parse analysis or
         planning).  Set <varname>log_min_error_statement</> to
         <literal>ERROR</> (or lower) to log such statements.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-temp-files" xreflabel="log_temp_files">
      <term><varname>log_temp_files</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_temp_files</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls logging of temporary file names and sizes.
        Temporary files can be
        created for sorts, hashes, and temporary query results.
        A log entry is made for each temporary file when it is deleted.
        A value of zero logs all temporary file information, while positive
        values log only files whose size is greater than or equal to
        the specified number of kilobytes.  The
        default setting is -1, which disables such logging.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-timezone" xreflabel="log_timezone">
      <term><varname>log_timezone</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_timezone</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the time zone used for timestamps written in the server log.
        Unlike <xref linkend="guc-timezone">, this value is cluster-wide,
        so that all sessions will report timestamps consistently.
        The built-in default is <literal>GMT</>, but that is typically
        overridden in <filename>postgresql.conf</>; <application>initdb</>
        will install a setting there corresponding to its system environment.
        See <xref linkend="datatype-timezones"> for more information.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-logging-csvlog">
     <title>Using CSV-Format Log Output</title>

       <para>
        Including <literal>csvlog</> in the <varname>log_destination</> list
        provides a convenient way to import log files into a database table.
        This option emits log lines in comma-separated-values
        (<acronym>CSV</>) format,
        with these columns:
        time stamp with milliseconds,
        user name,
        database name,
        process ID,
        client host:port number,
        session ID,
        per-session line number,
        command tag,
        session start time,
        virtual transaction ID,
        regular transaction ID,
        error severity,
        SQLSTATE code,
        error message,
        error message detail,
        hint,
        internal query that led to the error (if any),
        character count of the error position therein,
        error context,
        user query that led to the error (if any and enabled by
        <varname>log_min_error_statement</>),
        character count of the error position therein,
        location of the error in the PostgreSQL source code
        (if <varname>log_error_verbosity</> is set to <literal>verbose</>),
        and application name.
        Here is a sample table definition for storing CSV-format log output:

<programlisting>
CREATE TABLE postgres_log
(
  log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,
  user_name text,
  database_name text,
  process_id integer,
  connection_from text,
  session_id text,
  session_line_num bigint,
  command_tag text,
  session_start_time timestamp with time zone,
  virtual_transaction_id text,
  transaction_id bigint,
  error_severity text,
  sql_state_code text,
  message text,
  detail text,
  hint text,
  internal_query text,
  internal_query_pos integer,
  context text,
  query text,
  query_pos integer,
  location text,
  application_name text,
  PRIMARY KEY (session_id, session_line_num)
);
</programlisting>
       </para>

       <para>
        To import a log file into this table, use the <command>COPY FROM</>
        command:

<programlisting>
COPY postgres_log FROM '/full/path/to/logfile.csv' WITH csv;
</programlisting>
       </para>

       <para>
       There are a few things you need to do to simplify importing CSV log
       files:

       <orderedlist>
         <listitem>
           <para>
            Set <varname>log_filename</varname> and
            <varname>log_rotation_age</> to provide a consistent,
            predictable naming scheme for your log files.  This lets you
            predict what the file name will be and know when an individual log
            file is complete and therefore ready to be imported.
         </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
           <para>
            Set <varname>log_rotation_size</varname> to 0 to disable
            size-based log rotation, as it makes the log file name difficult
            to predict.
           </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
           Set <varname>log_truncate_on_rotation</varname> to <literal>on</> so
           that old log data isn't mixed with the new in the same file.
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>
           The table definition above includes a primary key specification.
           This is useful to protect against accidentally importing the same
           information twice.  The <command>COPY</> command commits all of the
           data it imports at one time, so any error will cause the entire
           import to fail.  If you import a partial log file and later import
           the file again when it is complete, the primary key violation will
           cause the import to fail.  Wait until the log is complete and
           closed before importing.  This procedure will also protect against
           accidentally importing a partial line that hasn't been completely
           written, which would also cause <command>COPY</> to fail.
          </para>
        </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </para>

    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-statistics">
    <title>Run-time Statistics</title>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-statistics-collector">
     <title>Query and Index Statistics Collector</title>

     <para>
      These parameters control server-wide statistics collection features.
      When statistics collection is enabled, the data that is produced can be
      accessed via the <structname>pg_stat</structname> and
      <structname>pg_statio</structname> family of system views.
      Refer to <xref linkend="monitoring"> for more information.
     </para>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-track-activities" xreflabel="track_activities">
      <term><varname>track_activities</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>track_activities</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables the collection of information on the currently
        executing command of each session, along with the time when
        that command began execution. This parameter is on by
        default. Note that even when enabled, this information is not
        visible to all users, only to superusers and the user owning
        the session being reported on, so it should not represent a
        security risk.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-track-activity-query-size" xreflabel="track_activity_query_size">
      <term><varname>track_activity_query_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>track_activity_query_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
       Specifies the number of bytes reserved to track the currently
       executing command for each active session, for the
       <structname>pg_stat_activity</>.<structfield>query</> field.
       The default value is 1024. This parameter can only be set at server
       start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-track-counts" xreflabel="track_counts">
      <term><varname>track_counts</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>track_counts</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables collection of statistics on database activity.
        This parameter is on by default, because the autovacuum
        daemon needs the collected information.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-track-io-timing" xreflabel="track_io_timing">
      <term><varname>track_io_timing</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>track_io_timing</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables timing of database I/O calls.  This parameter is off by
        default, because it will repeatedly query the operating system for
        the current time, which may cause significant overhead on some
        platforms.  You can use the <xref linkend="pgtesttiming"> tool to
        measure the overhead of timing on your system.
        I/O timing information is
        displayed in <xref linkend="pg-stat-database-view">, in the output of
        <xref linkend="sql-explain"> when the <literal>BUFFERS</> option is
        used, and by <xref linkend="pgstatstatements">.  Only superusers can
        change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-track-functions" xreflabel="track_functions">
      <term><varname>track_functions</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>track_functions</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables tracking of function call counts and time used. Specify
        <literal>pl</literal> to track only procedural-language functions,
        <literal>all</literal> to also track SQL and C language functions.
        The default is <literal>none</literal>, which disables function
        statistics tracking.  Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>

       <note>
        <para>
         SQL-language functions that are simple enough to be <quote>inlined</>
         into the calling query will not be tracked, regardless of this
         setting.
        </para>
       </note>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-update-process-title" xreflabel="update_process_title">
      <term><varname>update_process_title</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>update_process_title</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables updating of the process title every time a new SQL command
        is received by the server.  The process title is typically viewed
        by the <command>ps</> command,
        or in Windows by using the <application>Process Explorer</>.
        Only superusers can change this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-stats-temp-directory" xreflabel="stats_temp_directory">
      <term><varname>stats_temp_directory</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>stats_temp_directory</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the directory to store temporary statistics data in. This can be
        a path relative to the data directory or an absolute path. The default
        is <filename>pg_stat_tmp</filename>. Pointing this at a RAM-based
        file system will decrease physical I/O requirements and can lead to
        improved performance.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-statistics-monitor">
     <title>Statistics Monitoring</title>
     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>log_statement_stats</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <term><varname>log_parser_stats</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <term><varname>log_planner_stats</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <term><varname>log_executor_stats</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_statement_stats</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_parser_stats</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_planner_stats</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_executor_stats</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        For each query, output performance statistics of the respective
        module to the server log. This is a crude profiling
        instrument, similar to the Unix <function>getrusage()</> operating
        system facility.  <varname>log_statement_stats</varname> reports total
        statement statistics, while the others report per-module statistics.
        <varname>log_statement_stats</varname> cannot be enabled together with
        any of the per-module options.  All of these options are disabled by
        default.   Only superusers can change these settings.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>

    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-autovacuum">
    <title>Automatic Vacuuming</title>

    <indexterm>
     <primary>autovacuum</primary>
     <secondary>configuration parameters</secondary>
    </indexterm>

     <para>
      These settings control the behavior of the <firstterm>autovacuum</>
      feature.  Refer to <xref linkend="autovacuum"> for
      more information.
     </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum" xreflabel="autovacuum">
      <term><varname>autovacuum</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls whether the server should run the
        autovacuum launcher daemon.  This is on by default; however,
        <xref linkend="guc-track-counts"> must also be enabled for
        autovacuum to work.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
       <para>
        Note that even when this parameter is disabled, the system
        will launch autovacuum processes if necessary to
        prevent transaction ID wraparound.  See <xref
        linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-log-autovacuum-min-duration" xreflabel="log_autovacuum_min_duration">
      <term><varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Causes each action executed by autovacuum to be logged if it ran for at
        least the specified number of milliseconds.  Setting this to zero logs
        all autovacuum actions. Minus-one (the default) disables logging
        autovacuum actions.  For example, if you set this to
        <literal>250ms</literal> then all automatic vacuums and analyzes that run
        250ms or longer will be logged.  In addition, when this parameter is
        set to any value other than <literal>-1</literal>, a message will be
        logged if an autovacuum action is skipped due to the existence of a
        conflicting lock.  Enabling this parameter can be helpful
        in tracking autovacuum activity.  This setting can only be set in
        the <filename>postgresql.conf</> file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-max-workers" xreflabel="autovacuum_max_workers">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_max_workers</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_max_workers</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the maximum number of autovacuum processes (other than the
        autovacuum launcher) which may be running at any one time.  The default
        is three.  This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-naptime" xreflabel="autovacuum_naptime">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_naptime</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_naptime</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the minimum delay between autovacuum runs on any given
        database.  In each round the daemon examines the
        database and issues <command>VACUUM</> and <command>ANALYZE</> commands
        as needed for tables in that database.  The delay is measured
        in seconds, and the default is one minute (<literal>1min</>).
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-threshold" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_threshold">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_threshold</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_threshold</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the minimum number of updated or deleted tuples needed
        to trigger a <command>VACUUM</> in any one table.
        The default is 50 tuples.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        This setting can be overridden for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-analyze-threshold" xreflabel="autovacuum_analyze_threshold">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_analyze_threshold</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_analyze_threshold</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the minimum number of inserted, updated or deleted tuples
        needed to trigger an <command>ANALYZE</> in any one table.
        The default is 50 tuples.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        This setting can be overridden for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-scale-factor" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
        <varname>autovacuum_vacuum_threshold</varname>
        when deciding whether to trigger a <command>VACUUM</>.
        The default is 0.2 (20% of table size).
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        This setting can be overridden for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-analyze-scale-factor" xreflabel="autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor</varname> (<type>floating point</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies a fraction of the table size to add to
        <varname>autovacuum_analyze_threshold</varname>
        when deciding whether to trigger an <command>ANALYZE</>.
        The default is 0.1 (10% of table size).
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        This setting can be overridden for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-freeze-max-age" xreflabel="autovacuum_freeze_max_age">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_freeze_max_age</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_freeze_max_age</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the maximum age (in transactions) that a table's
        <structname>pg_class</>.<structfield>relfrozenxid</> field can
        attain before a <command>VACUUM</> operation is forced
        to prevent transaction ID wraparound within the table.
        Note that the system will launch autovacuum processes to
        prevent wraparound even when autovacuum is otherwise disabled.
       </para>

       <para>
        Vacuum also allows removal of old files from the
        <filename>pg_clog</> subdirectory, which is why the default
        is a relatively low 200 million transactions.
        This parameter can only be set at server start, but the setting
        can be reduced for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
        For more information see <xref linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-cost-delay" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the cost delay value that will be used in automatic
        <command>VACUUM</> operations.  If -1 is specified, the regular
        <xref linkend="guc-vacuum-cost-delay"> value will be used.
        The default value is 20 milliseconds.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        This setting can be overridden for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-autovacuum-vacuum-cost-limit" xreflabel="autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit">
      <term><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the cost limit value that will be used in automatic
        <command>VACUUM</> operations.  If -1 is specified (which is the
        default), the regular
        <xref linkend="guc-vacuum-cost-limit"> value will be used.  Note that
        the value is distributed proportionally among the running autovacuum
        workers, if there is more than one, so that the sum of the limits of
        each worker never exceeds the limit on this variable.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
        This setting can be overridden for individual tables by
        changing storage parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-client">
    <title>Client Connection Defaults</title>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-client-statement">
     <title>Statement Behavior</title>
     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-search-path" xreflabel="search_path">
      <term><varname>search_path</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>search_path</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>path</><secondary>for schemas</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This variable specifies the order in which schemas are searched
        when an object (table, data type, function, etc.) is referenced by a
        simple name with no schema specified.  When there are objects of
        identical names in different schemas, the one found first
        in the search path is used.  An object that is not in any of the
        schemas in the search path can only be referenced by specifying
        its containing schema with a qualified (dotted) name.
       </para>

       <para>
        The value for <varname>search_path</varname> must be a comma-separated
        list of schema names.  Any name that is not an existing schema, or is
        a schema for which the user does not have <literal>USAGE</>
        permission, is silently ignored.
       </para>

       <para>
        If one of the list items is the special name
        <literal>$user</literal>, then the schema having the name returned by
        <function>SESSION_USER</> is substituted, if there is such a schema
        and the user has <literal>USAGE</> permission for it.
        (If not, <literal>$user</literal> is ignored.)
       </para>

       <para>
        The system catalog schema, <literal>pg_catalog</>, is always
        searched, whether it is mentioned in the path or not.  If it is
        mentioned in the path then it will be searched in the specified
        order.  If <literal>pg_catalog</> is not in the path then it will
        be searched <emphasis>before</> searching any of the path items.
       </para>

       <para>
        Likewise, the current session's temporary-table schema,
        <literal>pg_temp_<replaceable>nnn</></>, is always searched if it
        exists.  It can be explicitly listed in the path by using the
        alias <literal>pg_temp</>.  If it is not listed in the path then
        it is searched first (even before <literal>pg_catalog</>).  However,
        the temporary schema is only searched for relation (table, view,
        sequence, etc) and data type names.  It is never searched for
        function or operator names.
       </para>

       <para>
        When objects are created without specifying a particular target
        schema, they will be placed in the first valid schema named in
        <varname>search_path</varname>.  An error is reported if the search
        path is empty.
       </para>

       <para>
        The default value for this parameter is
        <literal>"$user", public</literal>.
        This setting supports shared use of a database (where no users
        have private schemas, and all share use of <literal>public</>),
        private per-user schemas, and combinations of these.  Other
        effects can be obtained by altering the default search path
        setting, either globally or per-user.
       </para>

       <para>
        The current effective value of the search path can be examined
        via the <acronym>SQL</acronym> function
        <function>current_schemas</>
        (see <xref linkend="functions-info">).
        This is not quite the same as
        examining the value of <varname>search_path</varname>, since
        <function>current_schemas</> shows how the items
        appearing in <varname>search_path</varname> were resolved.
       </para>

       <para>
        For more information on schema handling, see <xref linkend="ddl-schemas">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-tablespace" xreflabel="default_tablespace">
      <term><varname>default_tablespace</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_tablespace</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>tablespace</><secondary>default</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This variable specifies the default tablespace in which to create
        objects (tables and indexes) when a <command>CREATE</> command does
        not explicitly specify a tablespace.
       </para>

       <para>
        The value is either the name of a tablespace, or an empty string
        to specify using the default tablespace of the current database.
        If the value does not match the name of any existing tablespace,
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> will automatically use the default
        tablespace of the current database.  If a nondefault tablespace
        is specified, the user must have <literal>CREATE</> privilege
        for it, or creation attempts will fail.
       </para>

       <para>
        This variable is not used for temporary tables; for them,
        <xref linkend="guc-temp-tablespaces"> is consulted instead.
       </para>

       <para>
        This variable is also not used when creating databases.
        By default, a new database inherits its tablespace setting from
        the template database it is copied from.
       </para>

       <para>
        For more information on tablespaces,
        see <xref linkend="manage-ag-tablespaces">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-temp-tablespaces" xreflabel="temp_tablespaces">
      <term><varname>temp_tablespaces</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>temp_tablespaces</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>tablespace</><secondary>temporary</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This variable specifies tablespaces in which to create temporary
        objects (temp tables and indexes on temp tables) when a
        <command>CREATE</> command does not explicitly specify a tablespace.
        Temporary files for purposes such as sorting large data sets
        are also created in these tablespaces.
       </para>

       <para>
        The value is a list of names of tablespaces.  When there is more than
        one name in the list, <productname>PostgreSQL</> chooses a random
        member of the list each time a temporary object is to be created;
        except that within a transaction, successively created temporary
        objects are placed in successive tablespaces from the list.
        If the selected element of the list is an empty string,
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> will automatically use the default
        tablespace of the current database instead.
       </para>

       <para>
        When <varname>temp_tablespaces</> is set interactively, specifying a
        nonexistent tablespace is an error, as is specifying a tablespace for
        which the user does not have <literal>CREATE</> privilege.  However,
        when using a previously set value, nonexistent tablespaces are
        ignored, as are tablespaces for which the user lacks
        <literal>CREATE</> privilege.  In particular, this rule applies when
        using a value set in <filename>postgresql.conf</>.
       </para>

       <para>
        The default value is an empty string, which results in all temporary
        objects being created in the default tablespace of the current
        database.
       </para>

       <para>
        See also <xref linkend="guc-default-tablespace">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-check-function-bodies" xreflabel="check_function_bodies">
      <term><varname>check_function_bodies</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>check_function_bodies</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This parameter is normally on. When set to <literal>off</>, it
        disables validation of the function body string during <xref
        linkend="sql-createfunction">. Disabling validation is
        occasionally useful to avoid problems such as forward references
        when restoring function definitions from a dump.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-transaction-isolation" xreflabel="default_transaction_isolation">
      <indexterm>
       <primary>transaction isolation level</primary>
       <secondary>setting default</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_transaction_isolation</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <term><varname>default_transaction_isolation</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Each SQL transaction has an isolation level, which can be
        either <quote>read uncommitted</quote>, <quote>read
        committed</quote>, <quote>repeatable read</quote>, or
        <quote>serializable</quote>.  This parameter controls the
        default isolation level of each new transaction. The default
        is <quote>read committed</quote>.
       </para>

       <para>
        Consult <xref linkend="mvcc"> and <xref
        linkend="sql-set-transaction"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-transaction-read-only" xreflabel="default_transaction_read_only">
      <indexterm>
       <primary>read-only transaction</primary>
       <secondary>setting default</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_transaction_read_only</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <term><varname>default_transaction_read_only</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        A read-only SQL transaction cannot alter non-temporary tables.
        This parameter controls the default read-only status of each new
        transaction. The default is <literal>off</> (read/write).
       </para>

       <para>
        Consult <xref linkend="sql-set-transaction"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-transaction-deferrable" xreflabel="default_transaction_deferrable">
      <indexterm>
       <primary>deferrable transaction</primary>
       <secondary>setting default</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_transaction_deferrable</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <term><varname>default_transaction_deferrable</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When running at the <literal>serializable</> isolation level,
        a deferrable read-only SQL transaction may be delayed before
        it is allowed to proceed.  However, once it begins executing
        it does not incur any of the overhead required to ensure
        serializability; so serialization code will have no reason to
        force it to abort because of concurrent updates, making this
        option suitable for long-running read-only transactions.
        </para>

        <para>
        This parameter controls the default deferrable status of each
        new transaction.  It currently has no effect on read-write
        transactions or those operating at isolation levels lower
        than <literal>serializable</>. The default is <literal>off</>.
       </para>

       <para>
        Consult <xref linkend="sql-set-transaction"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>


     <varlistentry id="guc-session-replication-role" xreflabel="session_replication_role">
      <term><varname>session_replication_role</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>session_replication_role</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Controls firing of replication-related triggers and rules for the
        current session.  Setting this variable requires
        superuser privilege and results in discarding any previously cached
        query plans.  Possible values are <literal>origin</> (the default),
        <literal>replica</> and <literal>local</>.
        See <xref linkend="sql-altertable"> for
        more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-statement-timeout" xreflabel="statement_timeout">
      <term><varname>statement_timeout</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>statement_timeout</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Abort any statement that takes over the specified number of
        milliseconds, starting from the time the command arrives at the server
        from the client.  If <varname>log_min_error_statement</> is set to
        <literal>ERROR</> or lower, the statement that timed out will also be
        logged.  A value of zero (the default) turns this off.
       </para>

       <para>
        Setting <varname>statement_timeout</> in
        <filename>postgresql.conf</> is not recommended because it
        affects all sessions.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-freeze-table-age" xreflabel="vacuum_freeze_table_age">
      <term><varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>vacuum_freeze_table_age</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        <command>VACUUM</> performs a whole-table scan if the table's
        <structname>pg_class</>.<structfield>relfrozenxid</> field has reached
        the age specified by this setting.  The default is 150 million
        transactions.  Although users can set this value anywhere from zero to
        one billion, <command>VACUUM</> will silently limit the effective value
        to 95% of <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-freeze-max-age">, so that a
        periodical manual <command>VACUUM</> has a chance to run before an
        anti-wraparound autovacuum is launched for the table. For more
        information see
        <xref linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-vacuum-freeze-min-age" xreflabel="vacuum_freeze_min_age">
      <term><varname>vacuum_freeze_min_age</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>vacuum_freeze_min_age</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Specifies the cutoff age (in transactions) that <command>VACUUM</>
        should use to decide whether to replace transaction IDs with
        <literal>FrozenXID</> while scanning a table.
        The default is 50 million transactions.  Although
        users can set this value anywhere from zero to one billion,
        <command>VACUUM</> will silently limit the effective value to half
        the value of <xref linkend="guc-autovacuum-freeze-max-age">, so
        that there is not an unreasonably short time between forced
        autovacuums.  For more information see <xref
        linkend="vacuum-for-wraparound">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-bytea-output" xreflabel="bytea_output">
      <term><varname>bytea_output</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>bytea_output</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the output format for values of type <type>bytea</type>.
        Valid values are <literal>hex</literal> (the default)
        and <literal>escape</literal> (the traditional PostgreSQL
        format).  See <xref linkend="datatype-binary"> for more
        information.  The <type>bytea</type> type always
        accepts both formats on input, regardless of this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-xmlbinary" xreflabel="xmlbinary">
      <term><varname>xmlbinary</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>xmlbinary</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets how binary values are to be encoded in XML.  This applies
        for example when <type>bytea</type> values are converted to
        XML by the functions <function>xmlelement</function> or
        <function>xmlforest</function>.  Possible values are
        <literal>base64</literal> and <literal>hex</literal>, which
        are both defined in the XML Schema standard.  The default is
        <literal>base64</literal>.  For further information about
        XML-related functions, see <xref linkend="functions-xml">.
       </para>

       <para>
        The actual choice here is mostly a matter of taste,
        constrained only by possible restrictions in client
        applications.  Both methods support all possible values,
        although the hex encoding will be somewhat larger than the
        base64 encoding.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-xmloption" xreflabel="xmloption">
      <term><varname>xmloption</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>xmloption</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>SET XML OPTION</></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>XML option</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets whether <literal>DOCUMENT</literal> or
        <literal>CONTENT</literal> is implicit when converting between
        XML and character string values.  See <xref
        linkend="datatype-xml"> for a description of this.  Valid
        values are <literal>DOCUMENT</literal> and
        <literal>CONTENT</literal>.  The default is
        <literal>CONTENT</literal>.
       </para>

       <para>
        According to the SQL standard, the command to set this option is
<synopsis>
SET XML OPTION { DOCUMENT | CONTENT };
</synopsis>
        This syntax is also available in PostgreSQL.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-client-format">
     <title>Locale and Formatting</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-datestyle" xreflabel="DateStyle">
      <term><varname>DateStyle</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>DateStyle</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the display format for date and time values, as well as the
        rules for interpreting ambiguous date input values. For
        historical reasons, this variable contains two independent
        components: the output format specification (<literal>ISO</>,
        <literal>Postgres</>, <literal>SQL</>, or <literal>German</>)
        and the input/output specification for year/month/day ordering
        (<literal>DMY</>, <literal>MDY</>, or <literal>YMD</>). These
        can be set separately or together. The keywords <literal>Euro</>
        and <literal>European</> are synonyms for <literal>DMY</>; the
        keywords <literal>US</>, <literal>NonEuro</>, and
        <literal>NonEuropean</> are synonyms for <literal>MDY</>. See
        <xref linkend="datatype-datetime"> for more information. The
        built-in default is <literal>ISO, MDY</>, but
        <application>initdb</application> will initialize the
        configuration file with a setting that corresponds to the
        behavior of the chosen <varname>lc_time</varname> locale.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-intervalstyle" xreflabel="IntervalStyle">
      <term><varname>IntervalStyle</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>IntervalStyle</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the display format for interval values.
        The value <literal>sql_standard</> will produce
        output matching <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard interval literals.
        The value <literal>postgres</> (which is the default) will produce
        output matching <productname>PostgreSQL</> releases prior to 8.4
        when the <xref linkend="guc-datestyle">
        parameter was set to <literal>ISO</>.
        The value <literal>postgres_verbose</> will produce output
        matching <productname>PostgreSQL</> releases prior to 8.4
        when the <varname>DateStyle</>
        parameter was set to non-<literal>ISO</> output.
        The value <literal>iso_8601</> will produce output matching the time
        interval <quote>format with designators</> defined in section
        4.4.3.2 of ISO 8601.
       </para>
       <para>
        The <varname>IntervalStyle</> parameter also affects the
        interpretation of ambiguous interval input.  See
        <xref linkend="datatype-interval-input"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-timezone" xreflabel="TimeZone">
      <term><varname>TimeZone</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>TimeZone</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>time zone</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the time zone for displaying and interpreting time stamps.
        The built-in default is <literal>GMT</>, but that is typically
        overridden in <filename>postgresql.conf</>; <application>initdb</>
        will install a setting there corresponding to its system environment.
        See <xref linkend="datatype-timezones"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-timezone-abbreviations" xreflabel="timezone_abbreviations">
      <term><varname>timezone_abbreviations</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>timezone_abbreviations</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>time zone names</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the collection of time zone abbreviations that will be accepted
        by the server for datetime input.  The default is <literal>'Default'</>,
        which is a collection that works in most of the world; there are
        also <literal>'Australia'</literal> and <literal>'India'</literal>, and other collections can be defined
        for a particular installation.  See <xref
        linkend="datetime-appendix"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-extra-float-digits" xreflabel="extra_float_digits">
      <indexterm>
       <primary>significant digits</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>floating-point</primary>
       <secondary>display</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>extra_float_digits</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <term><varname>extra_float_digits</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This parameter adjusts the number of digits displayed for
        floating-point values, including <type>float4</>, <type>float8</>,
        and geometric data types.  The parameter value is added to the
        standard number of digits (<literal>FLT_DIG</> or <literal>DBL_DIG</>
        as appropriate).  The value can be set as high as 3, to include
        partially-significant digits; this is especially useful for dumping
        float data that needs to be restored exactly.  Or it can be set
        negative to suppress unwanted digits.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-client-encoding" xreflabel="client_encoding">
      <term><varname>client_encoding</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>client_encoding</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>character set</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the client-side encoding (character set).
        The default is to use the database encoding.
        The character sets supported by the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
        server are described in <xref linkend="multibyte-charset-supported">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lc-messages" xreflabel="lc_messages">
      <term><varname>lc_messages</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lc_messages</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the language in which messages are displayed.  Acceptable
        values are system-dependent; see <xref linkend="locale"> for
        more information.  If this variable is set to the empty string
        (which is the default) then the value is inherited from the
        execution environment of the server in a system-dependent way.
       </para>

       <para>
        On some systems, this locale category does not exist.  Setting
        this variable will still work, but there will be no effect.
        Also, there is a chance that no translated messages for the
        desired language exist.  In that case you will continue to see
        the English messages.
       </para>

       <para>
        Only superusers can change this setting, because it affects the
        messages sent to the server log as well as to the client, and
        an improper value might obscure the readability of the server
        logs.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lc-monetary" xreflabel="lc_monetary">
      <term><varname>lc_monetary</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lc_monetary</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the locale to use for formatting monetary amounts, for
        example with the <function>to_char</function> family of
        functions.  Acceptable values are system-dependent; see <xref
        linkend="locale"> for more information.  If this variable is
        set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value
        is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a
        system-dependent way.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lc-numeric" xreflabel="lc_numeric">
      <term><varname>lc_numeric</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lc_numeric</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the locale to use for formatting numbers, for example
        with the <function>to_char</function> family of
        functions. Acceptable values are system-dependent; see <xref
        linkend="locale"> for more information.  If this variable is
        set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value
        is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a
        system-dependent way.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lc-time" xreflabel="lc_time">
      <term><varname>lc_time</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lc_time</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Sets the locale to use for formatting dates and times, for example
        with the <function>to_char</function> family of
        functions. Acceptable values are system-dependent; see <xref
        linkend="locale"> for more information.  If this variable is
        set to the empty string (which is the default) then the value
        is inherited from the execution environment of the server in a
        system-dependent way.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-text-search-config" xreflabel="default_text_search_config">
      <term><varname>default_text_search_config</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_text_search_config</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Selects the text search configuration that is used by those variants
        of the text search functions that do not have an explicit argument
        specifying the configuration.
        See <xref linkend="textsearch"> for further information.
        The built-in default is <literal>pg_catalog.simple</>, but
        <application>initdb</application> will initialize the
        configuration file with a setting that corresponds to the
        chosen <varname>lc_ctype</varname> locale, if a configuration
        matching that locale can be identified.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>

    </sect2>
     <sect2 id="runtime-config-client-other">
     <title>Other Defaults</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-dynamic-library-path" xreflabel="dynamic_library_path">
      <term><varname>dynamic_library_path</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>dynamic_library_path</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>dynamic loading</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If a dynamically loadable module needs to be opened and the
        file name specified in the <command>CREATE FUNCTION</command> or
        <command>LOAD</command> command
        does not have a directory component (i.e., the
        name does not contain a slash), the system will search this
        path for the required file.
       </para>

       <para>
        The value for <varname>dynamic_library_path</varname> must be a
        list of absolute directory paths separated by colons (or semi-colons
        on Windows).  If a list element starts
        with the special string <literal>$libdir</literal>, the
        compiled-in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> package
        library directory is substituted for <literal>$libdir</literal>; this
        is where the modules provided by the standard
        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> distribution are installed.
        (Use <literal>pg_config --pkglibdir</literal> to find out the name of
        this directory.) For example:
<programlisting>
dynamic_library_path = '/usr/local/lib/postgresql:/home/my_project/lib:$libdir'
</programlisting>
        or, in a Windows environment:
<programlisting>
dynamic_library_path = 'C:\tools\postgresql;H:\my_project\lib;$libdir'
</programlisting>
       </para>

       <para>
        The default value for this parameter is
        <literal>'$libdir'</literal>. If the value is set to an empty
        string, the automatic path search is turned off.
       </para>

       <para>
        This parameter can be changed at run time by superusers, but a
        setting done that way will only persist until the end of the
        client connection, so this method should be reserved for
        development purposes. The recommended way to set this parameter
        is in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> configuration
        file.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-gin-fuzzy-search-limit" xreflabel="gin_fuzzy_search_limit">
      <term><varname>gin_fuzzy_search_limit</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>gin_fuzzy_search_limit</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Soft upper limit of the size of the set returned by GIN index scans. For more
        information see <xref linkend="gin-tips">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-local-preload-libraries" xreflabel="local_preload_libraries">
      <term><varname>local_preload_libraries</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>local_preload_libraries</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><filename>$libdir/plugins</></primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This variable specifies one or more shared libraries that are
        to be preloaded at connection start.  If more than one library
        is to be loaded, separate their names with commas.  All library
        names are converted to lower case unless double-quoted.
        This parameter cannot be changed after the start of a particular
        session.
       </para>

       <para>
        Because this is not a superuser-only option, the libraries
        that can be loaded are restricted to those appearing in the
        <filename>plugins</> subdirectory of the installation's
        standard library directory.  (It is the database administrator's
        responsibility to ensure that only <quote>safe</> libraries
        are installed there.)  Entries in <varname>local_preload_libraries</>
        can specify this directory explicitly, for example
        <literal>$libdir/plugins/mylib</literal>, or just specify
        the library name &mdash; <literal>mylib</literal> would have
        the same effect as <literal>$libdir/plugins/mylib</literal>.
       </para>

       <para>
        Unlike <xref linkend="guc-shared-preload-libraries">, there is no
        performance advantage to loading a library at session
        start rather than when it is first used.  Rather, the intent of
        this feature is to allow debugging or performance-measurement
        libraries to be loaded into specific sessions without an explicit
        <command>LOAD</> command being given.  For example, debugging could
        be enabled for all sessions under a given user name by setting
        this parameter with <command>ALTER ROLE SET</>.
       </para>

       <para>
        If a specified library is not found,
        the connection attempt will fail.
       </para>

       <para>
        Every  PostgreSQL-supported library has a <quote>magic
        block</> that is checked to guarantee compatibility.
        For this reason, non-PostgreSQL libraries cannot be
        loaded in this way.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-locks">
    <title>Lock Management</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-deadlock-timeout" xreflabel="deadlock_timeout">
      <indexterm>
       <primary>deadlock</primary>
       <secondary>timeout during</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary>timeout</primary>
       <secondary>deadlock</secondary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>deadlock_timeout</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <term><varname>deadlock_timeout</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This is the amount of time, in milliseconds, to wait on a lock
        before checking to see if there is a deadlock condition. The
        check for deadlock is relatively expensive, so the server doesn't run
        it every time it waits for a lock. We optimistically assume
        that deadlocks are not common in production applications and
        just wait on the lock for a while before checking for a
        deadlock. Increasing this value reduces the amount of time
        wasted in needless deadlock checks, but slows down reporting of
        real deadlock errors. The default is one second (<literal>1s</>),
        which is probably about the smallest value you would want in
        practice. On a heavily loaded server you might want to raise it.
        Ideally the setting should exceed your typical transaction time,
        so as to improve the odds that a lock will be released before
        the waiter decides to check for deadlock.  Only superusers can change
        this setting.
       </para>

       <para>
        When <xref linkend="guc-log-lock-waits"> is set,
        this parameter also determines the length of time to wait before
        a log message is issued about the lock wait.  If you are trying
        to investigate locking delays you might want to set a shorter than
        normal <varname>deadlock_timeout</varname>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-locks-per-transaction" xreflabel="max_locks_per_transaction">
      <term><varname>max_locks_per_transaction</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_locks_per_transaction</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The shared lock table tracks locks on
        <varname>max_locks_per_transaction</varname> * (<xref
        linkend="guc-max-connections"> + <xref
        linkend="guc-max-prepared-transactions">) objects (e.g.,  tables);
        hence, no more than this many distinct objects can be locked at
        any one time.  This parameter controls the average number of object
        locks allocated for each transaction;  individual transactions
        can lock more objects as long as the locks of all transactions
        fit in the lock table.  This is <emphasis>not</> the number of
        rows that can be locked; that value is unlimited.  The default,
        64, has historically proven sufficient, but you might need to
        raise this value if you have clients that touch many different
        tables in a single transaction. This parameter can only be set at
        server start.
       </para>

       <para>
        When running a standby server, you must set this parameter to the
        same or higher value than on the master server. Otherwise, queries
        will not be allowed in the standby server.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-pred-locks-per-transaction" xreflabel="max_pred_locks_per_transaction">
      <term><varname>max_pred_locks_per_transaction</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_pred_locks_per_transaction</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The shared predicate lock table tracks locks on
        <varname>max_pred_locks_per_transaction</varname> * (<xref
        linkend="guc-max-connections"> + <xref
        linkend="guc-max-prepared-transactions">) objects (e.g., tables);
        hence, no more than this many distinct objects can be locked at
        any one time.  This parameter controls the average number of object
        locks allocated for each transaction;  individual transactions
        can lock more objects as long as the locks of all transactions
        fit in the lock table.  This is <emphasis>not</> the number of
        rows that can be locked; that value is unlimited.  The default,
        64, has generally been sufficient in testing, but you might need to
        raise this value if you have clients that touch many different
        tables in a single serializable transaction. This parameter can
        only be set at server start.
       </para>

      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-compatible">
    <title>Version and Platform Compatibility</title>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-compatible-version">
     <title>Previous PostgreSQL Versions</title>

     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-array-nulls" xreflabel="array_nulls">
      <term><varname>array_nulls</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>array_nulls</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This controls whether the array input parser recognizes
        unquoted <literal>NULL</> as specifying a null array element.
        By default, this is <literal>on</>, allowing array values containing
        null values to be entered.  However, <productname>PostgreSQL</> versions
        before 8.2 did not support null values in arrays, and therefore would
        treat <literal>NULL</> as specifying a normal array element with
        the string value <quote>NULL</>.  For backward compatibility with
        applications that require the old behavior, this variable can be
        turned <literal>off</>.
       </para>

       <para>
        Note that it is possible to create array values containing null values
        even when this variable is <literal>off</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-backslash-quote" xreflabel="backslash_quote">
      <term><varname>backslash_quote</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm><primary>strings</><secondary>backslash quotes</></>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>backslash_quote</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This controls whether a quote mark can be represented by
        <literal>\'</> in a string literal.  The preferred, SQL-standard way
        to represent a quote mark is by doubling it (<literal>''</>) but
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> has historically also accepted
        <literal>\'</>. However, use of <literal>\'</> creates security risks
        because in some client character set encodings, there are multibyte
        characters in which the last byte is numerically equivalent to ASCII
        <literal>\</>.  If client-side code does escaping incorrectly then a
        SQL-injection attack is possible.  This risk can be prevented by
        making the server reject queries in which a quote mark appears to be
        escaped by a backslash.
        The allowed values of <varname>backslash_quote</> are
        <literal>on</> (allow <literal>\'</> always),
        <literal>off</> (reject always), and
        <literal>safe_encoding</> (allow only if client encoding does not
        allow ASCII <literal>\</> within a multibyte character).
        <literal>safe_encoding</> is the default setting.
       </para>

       <para>
        Note that in a standard-conforming string literal, <literal>\</> just
        means <literal>\</> anyway.  This parameter only affects the handling of
        non-standard-conforming literals, including
        escape string syntax (<literal>E'...'</>).
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-default-with-oids" xreflabel="default_with_oids">
      <term><varname>default_with_oids</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>default_with_oids</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This controls whether <command>CREATE TABLE</command> and
        <command>CREATE TABLE AS</command> include an OID column in
        newly-created tables, if neither <literal>WITH OIDS</literal>
        nor <literal>WITHOUT OIDS</literal> is specified. It also
        determines whether OIDs will be included in tables created by
        <command>SELECT INTO</command>. The parameter is <literal>off</>
        by default; in <productname>PostgreSQL</> 8.0 and earlier, it
        was on by default.
       </para>

       <para>
        The use of OIDs in user tables is considered deprecated, so
        most installations should leave this variable disabled.
        Applications that require OIDs for a particular table should
        specify <literal>WITH OIDS</literal> when creating the
        table. This variable can be enabled for compatibility with old
        applications that do not follow this behavior.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-escape-string-warning" xreflabel="escape_string_warning">
      <term><varname>escape_string_warning</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm><primary>strings</><secondary>escape warning</></>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>escape_string_warning</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When on, a warning is issued if a backslash (<literal>\</>)
        appears in an ordinary string literal (<literal>'...'</>
        syntax) and <varname>standard_conforming_strings</varname> is off.
        The default is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
       <para>
        Applications that wish to use backslash as escape should be
        modified to use escape string syntax (<literal>E'...'</>),
        because the default behavior of ordinary strings is now to treat
        backslash as an ordinary character, per SQL standard.  This variable
        can be enabled to help locate code that needs to be changed.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lo-compat-privileges" xreflabel="lo_compat_privileges">
      <term><varname>lo_compat_privileges</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lo_compat_privileges</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        In <productname>PostgreSQL</> releases prior to 9.0, large objects
        did not have access privileges and were, in effect, readable and
        writable by all users.  Setting this variable to <literal>on</>
        disables the new privilege checks, for compatibility with prior
        releases.  The default is <literal>off</>.
       </para>
       <para>
        Setting this variable does not disable all security checks related to
        large objects &mdash; only those for which the default behavior has
        changed in <productname>PostgreSQL</> 9.0.
        For example, <literal>lo_import()</literal> and
        <literal>lo_export()</literal> need superuser privileges independent
        of this setting.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry id="guc-quote-all-identifiers" xreflabel="quote-all-identifiers">
      <term><varname>quote_all_identifiers</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>quote_all_identifiers</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When the database generates SQL, force all identifiers to be quoted,
        even if they are not (currently) keywords.  This will affect the
        output of <command>EXPLAIN</> as well as the results of functions
        like <function>pg_get_viewdef</>.  See also the
        <option>--quote-all-identifiers</option> option of
        <xref linkend="app-pgdump"> and <xref linkend="app-pg-dumpall">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-sql-inheritance" xreflabel="sql_inheritance">
      <term><varname>sql_inheritance</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>sql_inheritance</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>inheritance</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This controls the inheritance semantics.  If turned <literal>off</>,
        subtables are not accessed by various commands by default; basically
        an implied <literal>ONLY</literal> key word.  This was added for
        compatibility with releases prior to 7.1.  See
        <xref linkend="ddl-inherit"> for more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-standard-conforming-strings" xreflabel="standard_conforming_strings">
      <term><varname>standard_conforming_strings</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm><primary>strings</><secondary>standard conforming</></>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>standard_conforming_strings</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This controls whether ordinary string literals
        (<literal>'...'</>) treat backslashes literally, as specified in
        the SQL standard.
        Beginning in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1, the default is
        <literal>on</> (prior releases defaulted to <literal>off</>).
        Applications can check this
        parameter to determine how string literals will be processed.
        The presence of this parameter can also be taken as an indication
        that the escape string syntax (<literal>E'...'</>) is supported.
        Escape string syntax (<xref linkend="sql-syntax-strings-escape">)
        should be used if an application desires
        backslashes to be treated as escape characters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-synchronize-seqscans" xreflabel="synchronize_seqscans">
      <term><varname>synchronize_seqscans</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>synchronize_seqscans</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        This allows sequential scans of large tables to synchronize with each
        other, so that concurrent scans read the same block at about the
        same time and hence share the I/O workload.  When this is enabled,
        a scan might start in the middle of the table and then <quote>wrap
        around</> the end to cover all rows, so as to synchronize with the
        activity of scans already in progress.  This can result in
        unpredictable changes in the row ordering returned by queries that
        have no <literal>ORDER BY</> clause.  Setting this parameter to
        <literal>off</> ensures the pre-8.3 behavior in which a sequential
        scan always starts from the beginning of the table.  The default
        is <literal>on</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>

    <sect2 id="runtime-config-compatible-clients">
     <title>Platform and Client Compatibility</title>
     <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-transform-null-equals" xreflabel="transform_null_equals">
      <term><varname>transform_null_equals</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm><primary>IS NULL</></>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>transform_null_equals</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When on, expressions of the form <literal><replaceable>expr</> =
        NULL</literal> (or <literal>NULL =
        <replaceable>expr</></literal>) are treated as
        <literal><replaceable>expr</> IS NULL</literal>, that is, they
        return true if <replaceable>expr</> evaluates to the null value,
        and false otherwise. The correct SQL-spec-compliant behavior of
        <literal><replaceable>expr</> = NULL</literal> is to always
        return null (unknown). Therefore this parameter defaults to
        <literal>off</>.
       </para>

       <para>
        However, filtered forms in <productname>Microsoft
        Access</productname> generate queries that appear to use
        <literal><replaceable>expr</> = NULL</literal> to test for
        null values, so if you use that interface to access the database you
        might want to turn this option on.  Since expressions of the
        form <literal><replaceable>expr</> = NULL</literal> always
        return the null value (using the SQL standard interpretation), they are not
        very useful and do not appear often in normal applications so
        this option does little harm in practice.  But new users are
        frequently confused about the semantics of expressions
        involving null values, so this option is off by default.
       </para>

       <para>
        Note that this option only affects the exact form <literal>= NULL</>,
        not other comparison operators or other expressions
        that are computationally equivalent to some expression
        involving the equals operator (such as <literal>IN</literal>).
        Thus, this option is not a general fix for bad programming.
       </para>

       <para>
        Refer to <xref linkend="functions-comparison"> for related information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>
    </sect2>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-error-handling">
    <title>Error Handling</title>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-exit-on-error" xreflabel="exit_on_error">
      <term><varname>exit_on_error</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>exit_on_error</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If true, any error will terminate the current session.  By default,
        this is set to false, so that only FATAL errors will terminate the
        session.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-restart-after-crash" xreflabel="restart_after_crash">
      <term><varname>restart_after_crash</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>restart_after_crash</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        When set to true, which is the default, <productname>PostgreSQL</>
        will automatically reinitialize after a backend crash.  Leaving this
        value set to true is normally the best way to maximize the availability
        of the database.  However, in some circumstances, such as when
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> is being invoked by clusterware, it may be
        useful to disable the restart so that the clusterware can gain
        control and take any actions it deems appropriate.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-preset">
    <title>Preset Options</title>

    <para>
     The following <quote>parameters</> are read-only, and are determined
     when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is compiled or when it is
     installed. As such, they have been excluded from the sample
     <filename>postgresql.conf</> file.  These options report
     various aspects of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> behavior
     that might be of interest to certain applications, particularly
     administrative front-ends.
    </para>

    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry id="guc-block-size" xreflabel="block_size">
      <term><varname>block_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>block_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the size of a disk block.  It is determined by the value
        of <literal>BLCKSZ</> when building the server. The default
        value is 8192 bytes.  The meaning of some configuration
        variables (such as <xref linkend="guc-shared-buffers">) is
        influenced by <varname>block_size</varname>. See <xref
        linkend="runtime-config-resource"> for information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-integer-datetimes" xreflabel="integer_datetimes">
      <term><varname>integer_datetimes</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>integer_datetimes</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports whether <productname>PostgreSQL</> was built with
        support for 64-bit-integer dates and times.  This can be
        disabled by configuring with <literal>--disable-integer-datetimes</>
        when building <productname>PostgreSQL</>.  The default value is
        <literal>on</literal>.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lc-collate" xreflabel="lc_collate">
      <term><varname>lc_collate</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lc_collate</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the locale in which sorting of textual data is done.
        See <xref linkend="locale"> for more information.
        This value is determined when a database is created.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-lc-ctype" xreflabel="lc_ctype">
      <term><varname>lc_ctype</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>lc_ctype</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the locale that determines character classifications.
        See <xref linkend="locale"> for more information.
        This value is determined when a database is created.
        Ordinarily this will be the same as <varname>lc_collate</varname>,
        but for special applications it might be set differently.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-function-args" xreflabel="max_function_args">
      <term><varname>max_function_args</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_function_args</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the maximum number of function arguments. It is determined by
        the value of <literal>FUNC_MAX_ARGS</> when building the server. The
        default value is 100 arguments.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-identifier-length" xreflabel="max_identifier_length">
      <term><varname>max_identifier_length</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_identifier_length</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the maximum identifier length. It is determined as one
        less than the value of <literal>NAMEDATALEN</> when building
        the server. The default value of <literal>NAMEDATALEN</> is
        64; therefore the default
        <varname>max_identifier_length</varname> is 63 bytes, which
        can be less than 63 characters when using multibyte encodings.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-max-index-keys" xreflabel="max_index_keys">
      <term><varname>max_index_keys</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>max_index_keys</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the maximum number of index keys. It is determined by
        the value of <literal>INDEX_MAX_KEYS</> when building the server. The
        default value is 32 keys.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-segment-size" xreflabel="segment_size">
      <term><varname>segment_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>segment_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the number of blocks (pages) that can be stored within a file
        segment.  It is determined by the value of <literal>RELSEG_SIZE</>
        when building the server.  The maximum size of a segment file in bytes
        is equal to <varname>segment_size</> multiplied by
        <varname>block_size</>; by default this is 1GB.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-server-encoding" xreflabel="server_encoding">
      <term><varname>server_encoding</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>server_encoding</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <indexterm><primary>character set</></>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the database encoding (character set).
        It is determined when the database is created.  Ordinarily,
        clients need only be concerned with the value of <xref
        linkend="guc-client-encoding">.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-server-version" xreflabel="server_version">
      <term><varname>server_version</varname> (<type>string</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>server_version</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the version number of the server. It is determined by the
        value of <literal>PG_VERSION</> when building the server.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-server-version-num" xreflabel="server_version_num">
      <term><varname>server_version_num</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>server_version_num</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the version number of the server as an integer. It is determined
        by the value of <literal>PG_VERSION_NUM</> when building the server.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-block-size" xreflabel="wal_block_size">
      <term><varname>wal_block_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_block_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the size of a WAL disk block.  It is determined by the value
        of <literal>XLOG_BLCKSZ</> when building the server. The default value
        is 8192 bytes.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-segment-size" xreflabel="wal_segment_size">
      <term><varname>wal_segment_size</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_segment_size</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reports the number of blocks (pages) in a WAL segment file.
        The total size of a WAL segment file in bytes is equal to
        <varname>wal_segment_size</> multiplied by <varname>wal_block_size</>;
        by default this is 16MB.  See <xref linkend="wal-configuration"> for
        more information.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-custom">
    <title>Customized Options</title>

    <para>
     This feature was designed to allow parameters not normally known to
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to be added by add-on modules
     (such as procedural languages).  This allows extension modules to be
     configured in the standard ways.
    </para>

    <para>
     Custom options have two-part names: an extension name, then a dot, then
     the parameter name proper, much like qualified names in SQL.  An example
     is <literal>plpgsql.variable_conflict</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     Because custom options may need to be set in processes that have not
     loaded the relevant extension module, <productname>PostgreSQL</>
     will accept a setting for any two-part parameter name.  Such variables
     are treated as placeholders and have no function until the module that
     defines them is loaded. When an extension module is loaded, it will add
     its variable definitions, convert any placeholder values according to
     those definitions, and issue warnings for any unrecognized placeholders
     that begin with its extension name.
    </para>
   </sect1>

   <sect1 id="runtime-config-developer">
    <title>Developer Options</title>

    <para>
     The following parameters are intended for work on the
     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source code, and in some cases
     to assist with recovery of severely damaged databases.  There
     should be no reason to use them on a production database.
     As such, they have been excluded from the sample
     <filename>postgresql.conf</> file.  Note that many of these
     parameters require special source compilation flags to work at all.
    </para>

    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry id="guc-allow-system-table-mods" xreflabel="allow_system_table_mods">
      <term><varname>allow_system_table_mods</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>allow_system_table_mods</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allows modification of the structure of system tables.
        This is used by <command>initdb</command>.
        This parameter can only be set at server start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-debug-assertions" xreflabel="debug_assertions">
      <term><varname>debug_assertions</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>debug_assertions</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Turns on various assertion checks. This is a debugging aid. If
        you are experiencing strange problems or crashes you might want
        to turn this on, as it might expose programming mistakes. To use
        this parameter, the macro <symbol>USE_ASSERT_CHECKING</symbol>
        must be defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is
        built (accomplished by the <command>configure</command> option
        <option>--enable-cassert</option>). Note that
        <varname>debug_assertions</varname> defaults to <literal>on</>
        if <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has been built with
        assertions enabled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-ignore-system-indexes" xreflabel="ignore_system_indexes">
      <term><varname>ignore_system_indexes</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
        <primary><varname>ignore_system_indexes</varname> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Ignore system indexes when reading system tables (but still
        update the indexes when modifying the tables).  This is useful
        when recovering from damaged system indexes.
        This parameter cannot be changed after session start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-post-auth-delay" xreflabel="post_auth_delay">
      <term><varname>post_auth_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>post_auth_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If nonzero, a delay of this many seconds occurs when a new
        server process is started, after it conducts the
        authentication procedure.  This is intended to give developers an
        opportunity to attach to the server process with a debugger.
        This parameter cannot be changed after session start.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-pre-auth-delay" xreflabel="pre_auth_delay">
      <term><varname>pre_auth_delay</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>pre_auth_delay</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If nonzero, a delay of this many seconds occurs just after a
        new server process is forked, before it conducts the
        authentication procedure.  This is intended to give developers an
        opportunity to attach to the server process with a debugger to
        trace down misbehavior in authentication.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-trace-notify" xreflabel="trace_notify">
      <term><varname>trace_notify</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_notify</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Generates a great amount of debugging output for the
        <command>LISTEN</command> and <command>NOTIFY</command>
        commands.  <xref linkend="guc-client-min-messages"> or
        <xref linkend="guc-log-min-messages"> must be
        <literal>DEBUG1</literal> or lower to send this output to the
        client or server logs, respectively.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-trace-recovery-messages" xreflabel="trace_recovery_messages">
      <term><varname>trace_recovery_messages</varname> (<type>enum</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_recovery_messages</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Enables logging of recovery-related debugging output that otherwise
        would not be logged. This parameter allows the user to override the
        normal setting of <xref linkend="guc-log-min-messages">, but only for
        specific messages. This is intended for use in debugging Hot Standby.
        Valid values are <literal>DEBUG5</>, <literal>DEBUG4</>,
        <literal>DEBUG3</>, <literal>DEBUG2</>, <literal>DEBUG1</>, and
        <literal>LOG</>.  The default, <literal>LOG</>, does not affect
        logging decisions at all.  The other values cause recovery-related
        debug messages of that priority or higher to be logged as though they
        had <literal>LOG</> priority; for common settings of
        <varname>log_min_messages</> this results in unconditionally sending
        them to the server log.
        This parameter can only be set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</>
        file or on the server command line.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-trace-sort" xreflabel="trace_sort">
      <term><varname>trace_sort</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_sort</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If on, emit information about resource usage during sort operations.
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>TRACE_SORT</symbol> macro
        was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was compiled.
        (However, <symbol>TRACE_SORT</symbol> is currently defined by default.)
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>trace_locks</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_locks</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If on, emit information about lock usage.  Information dumped
        includes the type of lock operation, the type of lock and the unique
        identifier of the object being locked or unlocked.  Also included
        are bit masks for the lock types already granted on this object as
        well as for the lock types awaited on this object.  For each lock
        type a count of the number of granted locks and waiting locks is
        also dumped as well as the totals.  An example of the log file output
        is shown here:
<screen>
LOG:  LockAcquire: new: lock(0xb7acd844) id(24688,24696,0,0,0,1)
      grantMask(0) req(0,0,0,0,0,0,0)=0 grant(0,0,0,0,0,0,0)=0
      wait(0) type(AccessShareLock)
LOG:  GrantLock: lock(0xb7acd844) id(24688,24696,0,0,0,1)
      grantMask(2) req(1,0,0,0,0,0,0)=1 grant(1,0,0,0,0,0,0)=1
      wait(0) type(AccessShareLock)
LOG:  UnGrantLock: updated: lock(0xb7acd844) id(24688,24696,0,0,0,1)
      grantMask(0) req(0,0,0,0,0,0,0)=0 grant(0,0,0,0,0,0,0)=0
      wait(0) type(AccessShareLock)
LOG:  CleanUpLock: deleting: lock(0xb7acd844) id(24688,24696,0,0,0,1)
      grantMask(0) req(0,0,0,0,0,0,0)=0 grant(0,0,0,0,0,0,0)=0
      wait(0) type(INVALID)
</screen>
        Details of the structure being dumped may be found in
        <filename>src/include/storage/lock.h</filename>.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>LOCK_DEBUG</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>trace_lwlocks</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_lwlocks</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If on, emit information about lightweight lock usage.  Lightweight
        locks are intended primarily to provide mutual exclusion of access
        to shared-memory data structures.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>LOCK_DEBUG</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>trace_userlocks</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_userlocks</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If on, emit information about user lock usage.  Output is the same
        as for <symbol>trace_locks</symbol>, only for advisory locks.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>LOCK_DEBUG</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>trace_lock_oidmin</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_lock_oidmin</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If set, do not trace locks for tables below this OID. (use to avoid
        output on system tables)
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>LOCK_DEBUG</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>trace_lock_table</varname> (<type>integer</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>trace_lock_table</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Unconditionally trace locks on this table (OID).
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>LOCK_DEBUG</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>debug_deadlocks</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>debug_deadlocks</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If set, dumps information about all current locks when a
        deadlock timeout occurs.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>LOCK_DEBUG</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term><varname>log_btree_build_stats</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>log_btree_build_stats</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If set, logs system resource usage statistics (memory and CPU) on
        various B-tree operations.
       </para>
       <para>
        This parameter is only available if the <symbol>BTREE_BUILD_STATS</symbol>
        macro was defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry id="guc-wal-debug" xreflabel="wal_debug">
      <term><varname>wal_debug</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>wal_debug</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        If on, emit WAL-related debugging output. This parameter is
        only available if the <symbol>WAL_DEBUG</symbol> macro was
        defined when <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was
        compiled.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry id="guc-zero-damaged-pages" xreflabel="zero_damaged_pages">
      <term><varname>zero_damaged_pages</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)</term>
      <indexterm>
       <primary><varname>zero_damaged_pages</> configuration parameter</primary>
      </indexterm>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Detection of a damaged page header normally causes
        <productname>PostgreSQL</> to report an error, aborting the current
        transaction.  Setting <varname>zero_damaged_pages</> to on causes
        the system to instead report a warning, zero out the damaged
        page in memory, and continue processing.  This behavior <emphasis>will destroy data</>,
        namely all the rows on the damaged page.  However, it does allow you to get
        past the error and retrieve rows from any undamaged pages that might
        be present in the table.  It is useful for recovering data if
        corruption has occurred due to a hardware or software error.  You should
        generally not set this on until you have given up hope of recovering
        data from the damaged pages of a table.  Zeroed-out pages are not
        forced to disk so it is recommended to recreate the table or
        the index before turning this parameter off again.  The
        default setting is <literal>off</>, and it can only be changed
        by a superuser.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </sect1>
  <sect1 id="runtime-config-short">
   <title>Short Options</title>

   <para>
    For convenience there are also single letter command-line option
    switches available for some parameters.  They are described in
    <xref linkend="runtime-config-short-table">.  Some of these
    options exist for historical reasons, and their presence as a
    single-letter option does not necessarily indicate an endorsement
    to use the option heavily.
   </para>

    <table id="runtime-config-short-table">
     <title>Short Option Key</title>
     <tgroup cols="2">
      <thead>
       <row>
        <entry>Short Option</entry>
        <entry>Equivalent</entry>
       </row>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-A <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>debug_assertions = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-B <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>shared_buffers = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-d <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>log_min_messages = DEBUG<replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-e</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>datestyle = euro</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry>
          <option>-fb</option>, <option>-fh</option>, <option>-fi</option>,
          <option>-fm</option>, <option>-fn</option>, <option>-fo</option>,
          <option>-fs</option>, <option>-ft</option>
         </entry>
         <entry>
          <literal>enable_bitmapscan = off</>,
          <literal>enable_hashjoin = off</>,
          <literal>enable_indexscan = off</>,
          <literal>enable_mergejoin = off</>,
          <literal>enable_nestloop = off</>,
          <literal>enable_indexonlyscan = off</>,
          <literal>enable_seqscan = off</>,
          <literal>enable_tidscan = off</>
         </entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-F</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>fsync = off</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-h <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>listen_addresses = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-i</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>listen_addresses = '*'</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-k <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>unix_socket_directories = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-l</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>ssl = on</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-N <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>max_connections = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-O</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>allow_system_table_mods = on</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-p <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>port = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-P</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>ignore_system_indexes = on</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-s</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>log_statement_stats = on</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-S <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>work_mem = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-tpa</option>, <option>-tpl</option>, <option>-te</option></entry>
        <entry><literal>log_parser_stats = on</>,
        <literal>log_planner_stats = on</>,
        <literal>log_executor_stats = on</></entry>
       </row>
       <row>
        <entry><option>-W <replaceable>x</replaceable></option></entry>
        <entry><literal>post_auth_delay = <replaceable>x</replaceable></></entry>
       </row>
      </tbody>
     </tgroup>
    </table>

  </sect1>
</chapter>
