<!-- doc/src/sgml/citext.sgml -->

<sect1 id="citext" xreflabel="citext">
 <title>citext</title>

 <indexterm zone="citext">
  <primary>citext</primary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  The <filename>citext</filename> module provides a case-insensitive
  character string type, <type>citext</type>. Essentially, it internally calls
  <function>lower</function> when comparing values. Otherwise, it behaves almost
  exactly like <type>text</type>.
 </para>

 <tip>
  <para>
   Consider using <firstterm>nondeterministic collations</firstterm> (see
   <xref linkend="collation-nondeterministic"/>) instead of this module.  They
   can be used for case-insensitive comparisons, accent-insensitive
   comparisons, and other combinations, and they handle more Unicode special
   cases correctly.
  </para>
 </tip>

 <sect2>
  <title>Rationale</title>

  <para>
   The standard approach to doing case-insensitive matches
   in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has been to use the <function>lower</function>
   function when comparing values, for example

<programlisting>
SELECT * FROM tab WHERE lower(col) = LOWER(?);
</programlisting>
  </para>

  <para>
   This works reasonably well, but has a number of drawbacks:
  </para>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      It makes your SQL statements verbose, and you always have to remember to
      use <function>lower</function> on both the column and the query value.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      It won't use an index, unless you create a functional index using
      <function>lower</function>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      If you declare a column as <literal>UNIQUE</literal> or <literal>PRIMARY
      KEY</literal>, the implicitly generated index is case-sensitive.  So it's
      useless for case-insensitive searches, and it won't enforce
      uniqueness case-insensitively.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>

   <para>
    The <type>citext</type> data type allows you to eliminate calls
    to <function>lower</function> in SQL queries, and allows a primary key to
    be case-insensitive. <type>citext</type> is locale-aware, just
    like <type>text</type>, which means that the matching of upper case and
    lower case characters is dependent on the rules of
    the database's <literal>LC_CTYPE</literal> setting. Again, this behavior is
    identical to the use of <function>lower</function> in queries. But because it's
    done transparently by the data type, you don't have to remember to do
    anything special in your queries.
   </para>

 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>How to Use It</title>

  <para>
   Here's a simple example of usage:

<programlisting>
CREATE TABLE users (
    nick CITEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    pass TEXT   NOT NULL
);

INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'larry',  sha256(random()::text::bytea) );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Tom',    sha256(random()::text::bytea) );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Damian', sha256(random()::text::bytea) );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'NEAL',   sha256(random()::text::bytea) );
INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Bj&oslash;rn',  sha256(random()::text::bytea) );

SELECT * FROM users WHERE nick = 'Larry';
</programlisting>

   The <command>SELECT</command> statement will return one tuple, even though
   the <structfield>nick</structfield> column was set to <literal>larry</literal> and the query
   was for <literal>Larry</literal>.
  </para>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>String Comparison Behavior</title>

  <para>
   <type>citext</type> performs comparisons by converting each string to lower
   case (as though <function>lower</function> were called) and then comparing the
   results normally.  Thus, for example, two strings are considered equal
   if <function>lower</function> would produce identical results for them.
  </para>

  <para>
   In order to emulate a case-insensitive collation as closely as possible,
   there are <type>citext</type>-specific versions of a number of string-processing
   operators and functions.  So, for example, the regular expression
   operators <literal>~</literal> and <literal>~*</literal> exhibit the same behavior when
   applied to <type>citext</type>: they both match case-insensitively.
   The same is true
   for <literal>!~</literal> and <literal>!~*</literal>, as well as for the
   <literal>LIKE</literal> operators <literal>~~</literal> and <literal>~~*</literal>, and
   <literal>!~~</literal> and <literal>!~~*</literal>. If you'd like to match
   case-sensitively, you can cast the operator's arguments to <type>text</type>.
  </para>

  <para>
   Similarly, all of the following functions perform matching
   case-insensitively if their arguments are <type>citext</type>:
  </para>

  <itemizedlist>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>regexp_match()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>regexp_matches()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>regexp_replace()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>regexp_split_to_array()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>regexp_split_to_table()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>replace()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>split_part()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>strpos()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
   <listitem>
    <para>
      <function>translate()</function>
    </para>
   </listitem>
  </itemizedlist>

  <para>
   For the regexp functions, if you want to match case-sensitively, you can
   specify the <quote>c</quote> flag to force a case-sensitive match.  Otherwise,
   you must cast to <type>text</type> before using one of these functions if
   you want case-sensitive behavior.
  </para>

 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Limitations</title>

   <itemizedlist>
    <listitem>
     <para>
      <type>citext</type>'s case-folding behavior depends on
      the <literal>LC_CTYPE</literal> setting of your database. How it compares
      values is therefore determined when the database is created.
      It is not truly
      case-insensitive in the terms defined by the Unicode standard.
      Effectively, what this means is that, as long as you're happy with your
      collation, you should be happy with <type>citext</type>'s comparisons. But
      if you have data in different languages stored in your database, users
      of one language may find their query results are not as expected if the
      collation is for another language.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      As of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.1, you can attach a
      <literal>COLLATE</literal> specification to <type>citext</type> columns or data
      values.  Currently, <type>citext</type> operators will honor a non-default
      <literal>COLLATE</literal> specification while comparing case-folded strings,
      but the initial folding to lower case is always done according to the
      database's <literal>LC_CTYPE</literal> setting (that is, as though
      <literal>COLLATE "default"</literal> were given).  This may be changed in a
      future release so that both steps follow the input <literal>COLLATE</literal>
      specification.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
       <type>citext</type> is not as efficient as <type>text</type> because the
       operator functions and the B-tree comparison functions must make copies
       of the data and convert it to lower case for comparisons. It is,
       however, slightly more efficient than using <function>lower</function> to get
       case-insensitive matching.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <type>citext</type> doesn't help much if you need data to compare
      case-sensitively in some contexts and case-insensitively in other
      contexts.  The standard answer is to use the <type>text</type> type and
      manually use the <function>lower</function> function when you need to compare
      case-insensitively; this works all right if case-insensitive comparison
      is needed only infrequently.  If you need case-insensitive behavior most
      of the time and case-sensitive infrequently, consider storing the data
      as <type>citext</type> and explicitly casting the column to <type>text</type>
      when you want case-sensitive comparison.  In either situation, you will
      need two indexes if you want both types of searches to be fast.
    </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The schema containing the <type>citext</type> operators must be
      in the current <varname>search_path</varname> (typically <literal>public</literal>);
      if it is not, the normal case-sensitive <type>text</type> operators
      will be invoked instead.
    </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      The approach of lower-casing strings for comparison does not handle some
      Unicode special cases correctly, for example when one upper-case letter
      has two lower-case letter equivalents.  Unicode distinguishes between
      <firstterm>case mapping</firstterm> and <firstterm>case
      folding</firstterm> for this reason.  Use nondeterministic collations
      instead of <type>citext</type> to handle that correctly.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
 </sect2>

 <sect2>
  <title>Author</title>

  <para>
   David E. Wheeler <email>david@kineticode.com</email>
  </para>

  <para>
    Inspired by the original <type>citext</type> module by Donald Fraser.
  </para>

 </sect2>

</sect1>
