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 <sect1 id="release-9-5">
  <title>Release 9.5</title>

  <note>
   <title>Release Date</title>
   <para>AS OF 2015-06-01</para>
   <simpara>2015-XX-XX</simpara>
  </note>

  <sect2>
   <title>Overview</title>

   <para>
    Major enhancements in <productname>PostgreSQL</> 9.5 include:
   </para>

   <!-- This list duplicates items below, but without authors or details-->

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

   <para>
    The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
   </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>

  <title>Migration to Version 9.5</title>

   <para>
    A dump/restore using <xref linkend="app-pg-dumpall">, or use
    of <xref linkend="pgupgrade">, is required for those wishing to migrate
    data from any previous release.
   </para>

   <para>
    Version 9.5 contains a number of changes that may affect compatibility
    with previous releases.  Observe the following incompatibilities:
   </para>

   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Adjust <link linkend="functions-comparison">operator precedence</>
      to match the <acronym>SQL</> standard (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      "&lt;" and "&gt;" now have the same precedence as "&lt;="
      "&gt;=" and "&lt;&gt;", and <literal>IS</> now has lower
      precedence.  <literal>NOT</> now also has symmetric precedence.
      The <acronym>GUC</> <varname>operator_precedence_warning</> can be
      enabled to warn about queries where the precedence has changed.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Use cast conversions for <application>PL/pgSQL</> type conversions,
      rather than converting to and from text (Tom Lane)
     </para>

     <para>
      This causes conversions of booleans to strings to
      return <literal>true</> or <literal>false</>, not
      <literal>t</>/<literal>f</>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Allow special characters in <link linkend="libpq-envars">server
      startup option values</> to be escaped with a backslash (Andres
      Freund)
     </para>

     <para>
      This allows characters like spaces to be passed inside option values.
      Passing a backslash now requires supplying a double-backslash.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Set the default value of <link
      linkend="gssapi-auth"><varname>include_realm</></> to not remove
      the <acronym>GSS</> and <acronym>SSPI</> realm from the principal
      (Stephen Frost)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Fix <link linkend="SQL-REASSIGN-OWNED"><command>REASSIGN</></>
      and <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER OWNER TO</></>
      to properly reassign ownership of types, foreign data wrappers,
      and foreign servers (Bruce Momjian)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove server-side <acronym>GUC</> <varname>autocommit</>, which
      was already deprecated and non-operational (Tom Lane)
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      Remove <link
      linkend="catalog-pg-authid"><structname>pg_authid</>.<structname>rolcatupdate</></>,
      as it had no purpose (Adam Brightwell)
     </para>
    </listitem>

   </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
   <title>Changes</title>

   <para>
     Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 9.5 and the previous major
     release.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server</title>

    <sect4>
     <title>Indexes</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="BRIN">Block Range Indexes</> (<acronym>BRIN</>)
        (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera, Heikki Linnakangas, Emre Hasegeli)
       </para>

       <para>
        <acronym>BRIN</> indexes are very compact and store the min/max
        values for a range of heap blocks.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow queries to perform accurate distance filtering of
        bounding-box-indexed objects (polygons, circles) using <link
        linkend="GiST">GiST</> indexes (Alexander Korotkov, Heikki
        Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, a common table expression was required to return a
        large number of rows ordered by bounding-box distance, and then
        filtered further with a more accurate non-bounding-box distance
        calculation.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="GiST">GiST</> indexes to perform index-only
        scans (Anastasia Lubennikova, Heikki Linnakangas, Andreas Karlsson)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>GUC</> <link
        linkend="guc-gin-pending-list-limit"><varname>gin_pending_list_limit</></>
        to control the size of <acronym>GIN</> pending lists (Fujii Masao)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously this was controlled by <link
        linkend="guc-work-mem"><varname>work_mem</></>.  This can also
        be set as an index storage parameter.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Issue a warning during the creation of <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATEINDEX">hash</> indexes because they are not
        crash-safe (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>General Performance</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve the speed of sorting character and numeric fields (Peter
        Geoghegan, Andrew Gierth, Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Extend the infrastructure that allows sorting to be performed by
        inlined, non-<acronym>SQL</acronym>-callable comparison functions to
        cover <command>CREATE INDEX</>, <command>REINDEX</>, and
        <command>CLUSTER</> (Peter Geoghegan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve in-memory hash performance (Tomas Vondra, Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve concurrency of <link linkend="guc-shared-buffers">shared
        buffer</> replacement (Robert Haas, Amit Kapila)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve concurrent locking and buffer scan performance (Andres
        Freund, Kevin Grittner)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the optimizer to remove unnecessary references to left
        outer join subqueries (David Rowley)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow pushdown of query restrictions into <link
        linkend="functions-window">window functions</>, where appropriate
        (David Rowley)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Speed up <acronym>CRC</> (cyclic redundancy check) computations
        (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        Also use <acronym>CPU</> instructions for <acronym>CRC</>
        calculations, if supported
       </para>
      </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Monitoring</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add per-table autovacuum logging control via
        <varname>log_min_autovacuum_duration</> (Michael Paquier)
       </para>

       <para>
        NOT DOCUMENTED?
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>GUC</> variable <link
        linkend="guc-cluster-name"><varname>cluster_name</></> (Thomas
        Munro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This string, set in <link
        linkend="config-setting-configuration-file"><filename>postgresql.conf</></>,
        allows clients to query the cluster name.  This name also appears
        in the process title, allowing for easier grouping of processes
        belonging to the same cluster.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent non-superusers from changing <link
        linkend="guc-log-disconnections"><varname>log_disconnections</></>
        on connection startup (Fujii Masao)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><acronym>SSL</></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Check <link linkend="libpq-ssl"><quote>Subject Alternative
        Names</></> in <acronym>SSL</> server certificates, if present
        (Alexey Klyukin)
       </para>

       <para>
        Their presence replaces checks against the certificate's
        <quote>Common Name</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add system view <link
        linkend="pg-stat-ssl-view"><structname>pg_stat_ssl</></> to report
        <acronym>SSL</> connection information (Magnus Hagander)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <application>libpq</> function <link
        linkend="libpq-pqsslAttribute"><function>PQsslAttribute()</></>
        that returns <acronym>SSL</> information (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        While <link linkend="libpq-pqgetssl"><function>PQgetssl()</></>
        can still be used to then call <productname>OpenSSL</>
        functions, <function>PQsslAttribute()</> returns <acronym>SSL</>
        information in an <acronym>SSL</>-implementation-independent way.
        (Future versions of libpq might support other <acronym>SSL</>
        implementations.)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <application>libpq</> honor any <productname>OpenSSL</>
        thread callbacks (Jan Urbanski)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously they were overwritten.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Server Settings</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Replace <varname>checkpoint_segments</> with <link
        linkend="guc-min-wal-size"><varname>min_wal_size</></> and
        <link linkend="guc-max-wal-size"><varname>max_wal_size</></>
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the allocation of a large number of <acronym>WAL</>
        files without keeping them if they are not needed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>GUC</> <link
        linkend="guc-wal-compression"><varname>wal_compression</></> to
        enable compression of full page images stored in <acronym>WAL</>
        (Rahila Syed, Michael Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the recording of transaction
        commit timestamps when <acronym>GUC</> <link
        linkend="guc-track-commit-timestamp"><varname>track_commit_timestamp</></>
        is enabled (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera, Petr Jel&iacute;nek)
       </para>

       <para>
        Timestamp information can be accessed using functions <link
        linkend="functions-commit-timestamp"><function>pg_xact_commit_timestamp()</></>
        and <function>pg_last_committed_xact()</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="guc-local-preload-libraries"><varname>local_preload_libraries</></>
        to be set by <command>ALTER ROLE SET</> (Peter Eisentraut,
        Kyotaro Horiguchi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow running <link linkend="autovacuum">autovacuum workers</>
        to respond to configuration parameter changes (Michael Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Make <acronym>GUC</> <link
        linkend="guc-debug-assertions"><varname>debug_assertions</></>
        read-only (Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        This means that assertions can no longer be turned
        off once enabled at compile-time, allowing for more
        efficient code optimization.  This also removed the <link
        linkend="app-postgres-options">postgres</> <option>-A</> option.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow setting <link
        linkend="guc-effective-io-concurrency"><varname>effective_io_concurrency</></>
        on systems where it has no effect (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add environment variables <link
        linkend="linux-memory-overcommit"><envar>PG_OOM_ADJUST_FILE</></>
        and <link
        linkend="linux-memory-overcommit"><envar>PG_OOM_ADJUST_VALUE</></>
        to control Linux <acronym>OOM</> killer (Gurjeet Singh)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous <acronym>OOM</> control involved a compile-time
        option.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function and view <link
        linkend="view-pg-file-settings"><function>pg_file_settings</></>
        to show the source of <acronym>GUC</> values set in configuration
        files (Sawada Masahiko)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <structname>pending_restart</> to the system view <link
        linkend="view-pg-settings"><structname>pg_settings</></> to
        indicate a change is pending a restart (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-ALTERSYSTEM"><command>ALTER SYSTEM</></>
        values to be reset with <command>ALTER SYSTEM RESET</> (Vik
        Fearing)
       </para>

       <para>
        This removes the setting from <filename>postgresql.auto.conf</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Replication and Recovery</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="recovery-config"><filename>recovery.conf</></>
        parameter <link
        linkend="recovery-target-action"><varname>recovery_target_action</></>
        to control post-recovery activity (Petr Jel&iacute;nek)
       </para>

       <para>
        <acronym>GUC</> <varname>pause_at_recovery_target</> was also
        removed.
       </para>
      </listitem>

        
      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="guc-archive-mode"><varname>archive_mode</></>
        <literal>always</> to allow standbys to always archive received
        <acronym>WAL</> files (Fujii Masao)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>GUC</> <link
        linkend="guc-wal-retrieve-retry-interval"><varname>wal_retrieve_retry_interval</></>
        to control <acronym>WAL</> read retry after failure (Alexey
        Vasiliev, Michael Paquier)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is particularly helpful for warm standbys.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Archive <acronym>WAL</> files with suffix <literal>.partial</>
        during standby promotion (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>GUC</> <link
        linkend="guc-log-replication-commands"><varname>log_replication_commands</></>
        to log replication commands (Fujii Masao)
       </para>

       <para>
        By default, replication commands, e.g. <link
        linkend="protocol-replication"><literal>IDENTIFY_SYSTEM</></>,
        are not logged, even when <link
        linkend="guc-log-statement"><varname>log_statement</></> is set
        to <literal>all</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow the <link linkend="pg-replication-origin-create">labeling</>
        of the origin of logical replication changes (Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        This helps with change tracking.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Report the backends holding replication slots in <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-replication-slots"><structname>pg_replication_slots</></>
        (Craig Ringer)
       </para>

       <para>
        The new output column is <structname>active_pid</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <filename>recovery.conf</>'s <link
        linkend="primary-conninfo"><varname>primary_conninfo</></> to
        use connection <acronym>URI</>s, e.g. <literal>postgres://</>
        (Alexander Shulgin)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Queries</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="sql-on-conflict"><command>INSERTS</></>
        that would generate constraint conflicts to be turned into
        <command>UPDATE</>s or ignored (Peter Geoghegan, Heikki
        Linnakangas, Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        The syntax is <command>INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING/UPDATE</>.
        This is the Postgres implementation of the popular
        <command>UPSERT</> command.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>GROUP BY</> analysis functions <link
        linkend="queries-grouping-sets"><literal>GROUPING SETS</></>,
        <link linkend="queries-grouping-sets"><literal>CUBE</></> and
        <link linkend="queries-grouping-sets"><literal>ROLLUP</></>
        (Andrew Gierth, Atri Sharma)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multi-column <link
        linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></>s with a single subselect
        (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is accomplished using the syntax <command>UPDATE tab SET
        (col1, col2, ...) = (SELECT ...)</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add new <link linkend="SQL-SELECT"><command>SELECT</></> option
        <literal>SKIP LOCKED</> to skip locked rows (Thomas Munro)
       </para>

       <para>
        This does not throw an error for locked rows like
        <literal>NOWAIT</> does.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="SQL-SELECT"><command>SELECT</></> option
        <literal>TABLESAMPLE</> to return a subset of a table (Petr
        Jel&iacute;nek)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Suggest possible matches for mistyped column names (Peter
        Geoghegan, Robert Haas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Utility Commands</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add more details about sort ordering in <link
        linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"><command>EXPLAIN</></> output (Marius Timmer,
        Lukas Kreft, Arne Scheffer)
       </para>

       <para>
        Details include <literal>COLLATE</>, <literal>DESC</>,
        <literal>USING</>, and <literal>NULLS FIRST</><literal>/LAST</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <link linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></> log the
        number of pages skipped due to pins (Jim Nasby)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Have <link linkend="SQL-TRUNCATE"><command>TRUNCATE</></> properly
        update the <literal>pg_stat</>* tuple counters (Alexander Shulgin)
       </para>
      </listitem>

       </itemizedlist>

       <sect4>
        <title><xref linkend="SQL-REINDEX"></title>

        <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <command>REINDEX</> to reindex an entire schema using the
        <literal>SCHEMA</> option (Sawada Masahiko)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>VERBOSE</> option to <command>REINDEX</> (Sawada
        Masahiko)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Prevent <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> and <command>SCHEMA</>
        from outputting object names, unless <literal>VERBOSE</> is used
        (Simon Riggs)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove obsolete <literal>FORCE</> option from <command>REINDEX</>
        (Fujii Masao)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect4>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Object Manipulation</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add row-level security control (Craig Ringer, KaiGai Kohei,
        Adam Brightwell, Dean Rasheed, Stephen Frost)
       </para>

       <para>
        This controls viewing and adding/modifying rows via new commands
        <link linkend="SQL-CREATEPOLICY"><command>CREATE</></>/<link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERPOLICY"><command>ALTER</></>/<link
        linkend="SQL-DROPPOLICY"><command>DROP POLICY</></> and <link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER TABLE ... ENABLE/DISABLE
        ROW SECURITY</></>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow control of table <acronym>WAL</> logging after table creation
        with <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER TABLE .. SET
        LOGGED / UNLOGGED</></> (Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <literal>IF NOT EXISTS</> clause to <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLEAS"><command>CREATE TABLE AS</></>,
        <link linkend="SQL-CREATEINDEX"><command>CREATE INDEX</></>,
        <link linkend="SQL-CREATESEQUENCE"><command>CREATE SEQUENCE</></>,
        and <link linkend="SQL-CREATEMATERIALIZEDVIEW"><command>CREATE
        MATERIALIZED VIEW</></> (Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <literal>IF EXISTS</> to <link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER TABLE ... RENAME
        CONSTRAINT</></> (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>CURRENT</><literal>/SESSION_USER</> to specify the
        current user in some commands (Kyotaro Horiguchi, &Aacute;lvaro
        Herrera)
       </para>

       <para>
        Commands include <link linkend="SQL-ALTERUSER"><command>ALTER
        USER</></>,
       <link linkend="SQL-ALTERGROUP"><command>ALTER
        GROUP</></>, <link linkend="SQL-ALTERROLE"><command>ALTER
        ROLE</></>, <link linkend="SQL-GRANT"><command>GRANT</></>,
        and various <command>ALTER OBJECT / OWNER TO</> commands.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow comments on <link linkend="SQL-CREATEDOMAIN">domain
        constraints</> (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce lock levels of some create and alter trigger and foreign
        key commands (Simon Riggs, Andreas Karlsson)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="SQL-LOCK"><command>LOCK TABLE .. ROW EXCLUSIVE
        MODE</></> for those with <command>INSERT</> privileges (Stephen
        Frost)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously only <command>UPDATE</>, <command>DELETE</>, and
        <command>TRUNCATE</> privileges allowed this.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Apply table and domain <literal>CHECK</> constraints in name order
        (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        The previous order was indeterminate.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="SQL-CREATEDATABASE"><command>CREATE</></>/<link
        linkend="SQL-ALTERDATABASE"><command>ALTER DATABASE</></>
        to manipulate <structname>datistemplate</> and
        <structname>datallowconn</> (Vik Fearing)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows these database settings to be
        changed more easily than modifying the <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-database"><structname>pg_database</></>
        system table.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

     <sect4>
      <title><xref linkend="SQL-CREATEFOREIGNDATAWRAPPER"></title>

      <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add support for <link
        linkend="SQL-IMPORTFOREIGNSCHEMA"><command>IMPORT FOREIGN
        SCHEMA</></> (Ronan Dunklau, Michael Paquier, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows the creation of local foreign tables definitions
        that match the remote table structure.  Currently, only the
        <link linkend="postgres-fdw"><application>postgres_fdw</></>
        foreign data wrapper supports this feature.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow foreign tables to participate in inheritance (Shigeru Hanada,
        Etsuro Fujita)
       </para>

       <para>
        This also allows foreign tables to mark check constraints as not
        valid, and to set storage and <type>OID</> characteristics.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <literal>CHECK</> constraints to be placed on foreign tables
        (Shigeru Hanada, Etsuro Fujita)
       </para>

       <para>
        These checks are assumed to be enforced on the remote server,
        and are not checked locally.  However, they are considered for
        optimization and constraint-exclusion checking.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow foreign data wrappers and custom scans to implement join
        pushdown (KaiGai Kohei)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

     </sect4>

     <sect4>
      <title><xref linkend="SQL-CREATEEVENTTRIGGER"></title>

      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <link
         linkend="pg-event-trigger-ddl-command-end-functions"><function>pg_event_trigger_ddl_commands</></>
         set-returning function, which returns <acronym>DDL</> activity
         associated with event triggers (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow event triggers on table rewrites caused by <link
         linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><command>ALTER TABLE</></> (Dimitri
         Fontaine)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add event trigger support for database-level <link
         linkend="SQL-COMMENT"><command>COMMENT</></>, <link
         linkend="SQL-SECURITY-LABEL"><command>SECURITY LABEL</></>,
         and <link linkend="SQL-GRANT"><command>GRANT</></>/<link
         linkend="SQL-REVOKE"><command>REVOKE</></> (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add columns to the output of <link
         linkend="pg-event-trigger-sql-drop-functions"><function>pg_event_trigger_dropped_objects</></>
         (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
        </para>

        <para>
         This allows simpler processing of delete operations.
        </para>
       </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Data Types</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow the <link linkend="datatype-xml"><type>XML</></> data type
       to accept empty or all-whitespace values (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is required by the <acronym>SQL</>/<acronym>XML</>
       specification.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Fix <type>XML</> <link
       linkend="functions-xml-processing"><function>xpath()</></> handling
       to return namespace declarations even if the namespace is in a
       parent element (Ali Akbar)
      </para>

      <para>
       Previously the namespace was not returned, leading to invalid
       <type>XML</>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="datatype-macaddr"><type>MACADDR</></> input
       using the format <literal>xxxx-xxxx-xxxx</> (Herwin Weststrate)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Tighten specification of <link
       linkend="datatype-interval-input"><type>INTERVAL</></> precision
       specifications (Bruce Momjian)
      </para>

      <para>
       Only allow interval precision to be specified after the
       <literal>INTERVAL</> keyword if no units are specified.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add selectivity estimators for <link
       linkend="datatype-inet"><type>INET</></>/<link
       linkend="datatype-cidr"><type>CIDR</></> operators and improve
       estimators for text search functions (Emre Hasegeli, Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><link linkend="datatype-json"><acronym>JSON</></link></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <type>JSONB</> functions <link
        linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>jsonb_set()</></>
        and <link
        linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>jsonb_pretty</></>
        (Dmitry Dolgov, Andrew Dunstan, Petr Jel&iacute;nek)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add several generator functions for <type>JSONB</> that exist
        for <type>JSON</> (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>

       <para>
        The functions are <link
        linkend="functions-json-creation-table"><function>to_jsonb()</></>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-json-creation-table"><function>jsonb_object()</></>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-json-creation-table"><function>jsonb_build_object()</></>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-json-creation-table"><function>jsonb_build_array()</></>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-aggregate-table"><function>jsonb_agg()</></>,
        and <link
        linkend="functions-aggregate-table"><function>jsonb_object_agg()</></>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Reduce casting requirements to/from <link
        linkend="datatype-json"><type>JSON</></> and <link
        linkend="datatype-json"><type>JSONB</></> (Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <type>TEXT</>, <type>TEXT</> array, and <type>INTEGER</>
        values to be <link linkend="functions-jsonb-op-table">subtracted</>
        from <type>JSONB</> documents (Dmitry Dolgov, Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <type>JSONB</> <link
        linkend="functions-jsonb-op-table">operator</> <literal>||</>
        (Dmitry Dolgov, Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>json_strip_nulls()</></>
        and <link
        linkend="functions-json-processing-table"><function>jsonb_strip_nulls()</></>
        functions to remove <type>JSON</> null values from documents
        (Andrew Dunstan)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Functions</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link linkend="functions-srf"><function>generate_series()</></>
        for <type>NUMERIC</> values (Plato Malugin)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link
        linkend="functions-aggregate-table"><function>array_agg()</></> and
        <function>ARRAY()</> to take arrays as inputs (Ali Akbar, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add functions <link
        linkend="array-functions-table"><function>array_position()</></>
        and <link
        linkend="array-functions-table"><function>array_positions()</></>
        to return subscripts of array values (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="gist-builtin-opclasses-table"><type>point</>-to-<type>polygon</></>
        distance operator (&lt;-&gt;) (Alexander Korotkov)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multi-byte characters as escape in <link
        linkend="functions-similarto-regexp"><literal>SIMILAR TO</></>
        and <link linkend="functions-string-sql"><literal>SUBSTRING</></>
        (Jeff Davis)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, only a single-byte character was allowed as an escape.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="functions-math-func-table"><function>width_bucket()</></>
        which supports any sortable data type and non-uniform bucket widths
        (Petr Jel&iacute;nek)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="sql-syntax-calling-funcs"><literal>=&gt;</></>
        to specify named parameters in function calls (Pavel Stehule)
       </para>

       <para>
        User-defined <literal>=&gt;</> operators have been issuing
        warnings since Postgres 9.0, and were removed in hstore in 9.2.
        Previously only <literal>:=</> could be used.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <acronym>POSIX</>-compliant rounding for platforms that use
        Postgres-supplied rounding functions (Pedro Gimeno Fortea)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>System Information Functions and Views</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function <link
        linkend="functions-info-object-table"><function>pg_get_object_address()</></>
        to return <type>OID</>s that uniquely identify an object
        (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add function <link
        linkend="functions-info-object-table"><function>pg_identify_object_as_address()</></>
        to return object information based on <type>OID</>s (&Aacute;lvaro
        Herrera)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Loosen security checks for viewing <link
        linkend="pg-stat-activity-view"><structname>pg_stat_activity</></>,
        <link
        linkend="functions-admin-signal-table"><function>pg_cancel_backend()</></>,
        and <link
        linkend="functions-admin-signal-table"><function>pg_terminate_backend</></>
        (Stephen Frost)
       </para>

       <para>
        Now, role membership is sufficient;  previously only the same
        role could perform such operations.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="monitoring-stats-funcs-table"><function>pg_stat_get_snapshot_timestamp()</></>
        to output the timestamp of the statistics snapshot (Matt Kelly)
       </para>

       <para>
        This represents the last time the snapshot files was written to
        the file system.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <link
        linkend="vacuum-for-multixact-wraparound"><function>mxid_age()</></>
        to compute multi-xid age (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add data type <link
        linkend="datatype-oid-table"><type>regrole</></> that returns
        the <type>OID</> of a role (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add data type <link
        linkend="datatype-oid-table"><type>regnamespace</></> that returns
        the <type>OID</> of a schema (Kyotaro Horiguchi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Aggregates</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add <function>MIN()</>/<function>MAX()</> aggregates
        for <link linkend="datatype-inet"><type>INET</></>/<link
        linkend="datatype-cidr"><type>CIDR</></> data types (Haribabu
        Kommi)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Use 128-bit integers, where supported, as aggregate accumulators
        (Andreas Karlsson)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Server-Side Languages</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve support for composite types in <link
       linkend="plpython"><application>PL/Python</></> (Ed Behn, Ronan
       Dunklau)
      </para>

      <para>
       This allows <application>PL/Python</> functions to return arrays
       of composite types.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Reduce lossiness of <link
       linkend="plpython"><application>PL/Python</></> floating value
       conversions (Marko Kreen)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add specification of conversion routines to/from <acronym>SQL</>
       data types to procedural languages data types (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>

      <para>
       This adds new commands <link
       linkend="SQL-CREATETRANSFORM"><command>CREATE</></>/<link
       linkend="SQL-DROPTRANSFORM"><command>DROP TRANSFORM</></>.
       This also adds transformations between <link
       linkend="hstore"><application>hstore</></> and <link
       linkend="ltree"><application>ltree</></> to/from <link
       linkend="plperl"><application>PL/Perl</></> and <link
       linkend="plpython"><application>PL/Python</></>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

     <sect4>
      <title><link linkend="plpgsql">PL/pgSQL</link> Server-Side Language</title>

      <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Improve <link linkend="plpgsql"><application>PL/pgSQL</></> array
       performance (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="plpgsql-statements-assert"><command>ASSERT</></>
       statement in <application>PL/pgSQL</> (Pavel Stehule)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow more <link linkend="plpgsql"><application>PL/pgSQL</></>
       keywords to be used as identifiers (Tom Lane)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Client Applications</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Move <link
       linkend="pgarchivecleanup"><application>pg_archivecleanup</></>,
       <link linkend="pgtestfsync"><application>pg_test_fsync</></>,
       <link linkend="pgtesttiming"><application>pg_test_timing</></>,
       and <link linkend="pgxlogdump"><application>pg_xlogdump</></>
       from <filename>contrib</> to <filename>src/bin</> (Peter Eisentraut)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link
       linkend="app-pgreceivexlog"><application>pg_receivexlog</></>
       to manage physical replication slots (Michael Paquier)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is controlled via new <option>--create-slot</> and
       <option>--drop-slot</> options.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow the <link
       linkend="app-pgreceivexlog"><application>pg_receivexlog</></>
       to synchronously flush <acronym>WAL</> to storage using
       <option>--synchronous</> (Furuya Osamu, Fujii Masao)
      </para>

      <para>
       Without this, <acronym>WAL</> files are fsynced only on close.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="APP-VACUUMDB"><command>vacuumdb</></> to
       vacuum in parallel using <option>--jobs</> (Dilip Kumar)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <option>--verbose</> option to <link
       linkend="APP-REINDEXDB"><application>reindexdb</></> (Sawada
       Masahiko)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Have <link
       linkend="app-pgbasebackup"><application>pg_basebackup</></> use
       a tablespace mapping file with the <application>tar</> format,
       to handle file paths of 100+ characters in length and sybolic
       links on <systemitem class="osname">MS Windows</> (Amit Kapila)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

     <sect4>
      <title><xref linkend="APP-PSQL"></title>

      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow <application>psql</> to produce AsciiDoc output (Szymon Guz)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <literal>errors</> mode to <application>psql</>'s
         <varname>ECHO</> variable to display only failed commands
         (Pavel Stehule)
        </para>

        <para>
         This can also be enabled with the <application>psql</>
         <option>-b</> option.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow column, header, and border control to <application>psql</>'s
         Unicode style (Pavel Stehule)
        </para>

        <para>
         Single or double output is supported;  the default is
         <literal>single</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <application>psql</> <link
         linkend="APP-PSQL-variables"><envar>PROMPT</></> variables option
         (<literal>%l</>) to display the multi-line statement line number
         (Sawada Masahiko)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <application>psql</> setting <link
         linkend="APP-PSQL-meta-commands"><varname>pager_min_lines</></>
         setting to control pager invocation (Andrew Dunstan)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Improve <application>psql</> line counting used when deciding
         to invoke the pager (Andrew Dunstan)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <application>psql</> tab completion when setting the
         <varname>search_path</> variable (Jeff Janes)
        </para>

        <para>
         Currently only the first schema can be tab-completed.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Improve <application>psql</> tab-completion for triggers and rules
         (Andreas Karlsson)
        </para>
       </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     <sect5>
      <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL-meta-commands">Backslash Commands</link></title>

      <itemizedlist>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Add <application>psql</> <command>\?</> help sections
         <literal>variables</> and <literal>options</> (Pavel Stehule)
        </para>

        <para>
         <literal>variables</> outputs <application>psql</> variables
         and <literal>options</> shows command-line options.
         <command>\? commands</> is the default output. This help
         information can also be output via <literal>--help=section</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Show tablespace size in <application>psql</>'s <literal>\db+</>
         (Fabr&iacute;zio de Royes Mello)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Show data type owners in <application>psql</>'s <literal>\dT+</>
         (Magnus Hagander)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow <application>psql</> <command>\watch</> to output
         <command>\timing</> information (Fujii Masao)
        </para>

        <para>
         Also prevent <option>--echo-hidden</> from echoing
         <command>\watch</> queries.
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow <application>psql</>'s <literal>\sf</> and <literal>\ef</>
         to honor <envar>ECHO_HIDDEN</> (Andrew Dunstan)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Improve <application>psql</> tab completion for <command>\set</>,
         <command>\unset</>, and <literal>:variable</> names (Pavel
         Stehule)
        </para>
       </listitem>

       <listitem>
        <para>
         Allow tab completion of <application>psql</> <literal>\c</>
         role names (Ian Barwick)
        </para>
       </listitem>

      </itemizedlist>

     </sect5>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="APP-PGDUMP"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to share a snapshot taken by another
        session using <option>--snapshot</> (Simon Riggs, Michael Paquier)
       </para>

       <para>
        The remote snapshot must have been exported by
        <function>pg_export_snapshot()</> or been defined when creating
        a logical replication slot.  This can be used by parallel
        <application>pg_dump</> to use a consistent snapshot across
        <application>pg_dump</> processes.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Always have <application>pg_dump</> print server and
        <application>pg_dump</> versions (Jing Wang)
       </para>

       <para>
        Previously, version information was only printed in
        <option>--verbose</> mode.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="app-pg-ctl"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change <application>pg_ctl</> default shutdown mode from
        <literal>smart</> to <literal>fast</> (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multiple <application>pg_ctl</> <option>-o</> options to
        be appended (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow control of <application>pg_ctl</>'s event source logging
        on <systemitem class="osname">MS Windows</> (MauMau)
       </para>

       <para>
        This only controls <application>pg_ctl</>, not the server, which
        has separate settings in <filename>postgresql.conf</>.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="pgupgrade"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move <application>pg_upgrade</> from <filename>contrib</> to
        <filename>src/bin</> (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        In connection with this change, the functionality previously
        provided by the <application>pg_upgrade_support</> module has been
        moved into the core server.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow multiple <application>pg_upgrade</>
        <option>-o</>/<option>-O</> options to be appended (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve database collation comparisons in
        <application>pg_upgrade</> (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Document the use of <application>rsync</> for standby server
        upgrades using <application>pg_upgrade</> (Stephen Frost,
        Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove support for upgrading from 8.3 clusters (Bruce Momjian)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Source Code</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Simplify <link linkend="wal"><acronym>WAL</></> record format
        (Heikki Linnakangas)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows external tools to more easily track what blocks
        are modified.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add basic atomics <acronym>API</> support (Andres Freund, Oskari
        Saarenmaa)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add native compiler and memory barriers for <productname>Solaris
        Studio</> (Oskari Saarenmaa)
       </para>

       <para>
        IS THIS PART OF ATOMICS?
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow custom path and scan methods (KaiGai Kohei, Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows extensions greater control over the optimizer and
        executor.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow foreign data wrappers to do post-filter locking (Etsuro
        Fujita)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve dynahash capabilities (Teodor Sigaev, Tom Lane)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Improve parallel execution infrastructure (Robert Haas, Amit
        Kapila, Noah Misch, Rushabh Lathia, Jeevan Chalke)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove <productname>Alpha</> (<acronym>CPU</>) and <systemitem
        class="osname">Tru64</> (OS) ports (Andres Freund)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Remove swap-byte-based spinlock implementation for
        <acronym>ARM</>v5 and earlier <acronym>CPU</>s (Robert Haas)
       </para>

       <para>
        <acronym>ARM</>v5's weak memory ordering made this locking
        implementation unsafe.  Spinlock support is still possible on
        newer gcc implementations with atomics support.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Generate an error when excessively long (100+ character) file
        paths are written to tar files (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>

       <para>
        Tar does not support such overly-long paths.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Change columns <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-seclabel"><structname>pg_seclabel</></>.<structname>provider</>
        and <link
        linkend="catalog-pg-seclabel"><structname>pg_shseclabel</></>.<structname>provider</>
        to <type>TEXT</> (Tom Lane)
       </para>

       <para>
        This allows these columns to store 64+ characters.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title>MS Windows</title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow higher-precision timestamp resolution on <systemitem
        class="osname">Windows 8</> or <systemitem class="osname">Windows
        Server 2012</> and later Windows systems (Craig Ringer)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Install shared libraries to <filename>bin</> in <systemitem
        class="osname">MS Windows</> (Peter Eisentraut, Michael Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Install <filename>src/test/modules</> together with
        <filename>contrib</> on <productname>MSVC</> builds (Michael
        Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <link linkend="install-procedure">configure's
        <option>--with-extra-version</></> to be honored by the
        <productname>MSVC</> build (Michael Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Pass <envar>PGFILEDESC</> into <productname>MSVC</> contrib builds
        (Michael Paquier)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add icons to all <productname>MSVC</>-built binaries and version
        information to all <systemitem class="osname">MS Windows</>
        binaries (Noah Misch)
       </para>

       <para>
        MinGW already had such icons.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Add optional-argument support to the internal
        <function>getopt_long()</> implementation (Michael Paquier,
        Andres Freund)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is used by the <productname>MSVC</> build.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Additional Modules</title>

    <itemizedlist>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="app-pgrewind"><application>pg_rewind</></>,
       which allows re-synchronizing a master server after failback
       (Heikki Linnakangas)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add statistics for minimum, maximum,
       mean, and standard deviation times to <link
       linkend="pgstatstatements-columns"><application>pg_stat_statements</></>
       (Mitsumasa Kondo, Andrew Dunstan)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="pgcrypto"><application>pgcrypto</></> function
       <function>pgp_armor_headers()</> to extract <productname>PGP</>
       armor headers (Marko Tiikkaja, Heikki Linnakangas)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow empty replacement strings in <link
       linkend="unaccent"><application>unaccent</></> (Mohammad Alhashash)
      </para>

      <para>
       This is useful in languages where diacritic signs are represented
       as separate characters.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow multi-character source strings in <link
       linkend="unaccent"><application>unaccent</></> (Tom Lane)
      </para>

      <para>
       This could be useful in languages where diacritic signs are
       represented as separate characters.  It also allows more complex
       unaccent dictionaries.
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <filename>contrib</> modules <link
       linkend="tsm-system-rows"><application>tsm_system_rows</></> and
       <link linkend="tsm-system-time"><application>tsm_system_time</></>
       to allow additional table sampling methods (Petr Jel&iacute;nek)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add <link linkend="pgxlogdump"><application>pg_xlogdump</></> option
       <option>--stats</> to display summary statistics (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</></>
       index inspection functions to <link
       linkend="pageinspect"><application>pageinspect</></> (Heikki
       Linnakangas, Peter Geoghegan, Michael Paquier)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Add information about buffer pins to <link
       linkend="pgbuffercache"><application>pg_buffercache</></> display
       (Andres Freund)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Allow <link linkend="pgstattuple"><application>pgstattuple</></>
       to report approximate answers with less overhead using
       <function>pgstattuple_approx()</> (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
      </para>
     </listitem>

     <listitem>
      <para>
       Move <application>dummy_seclabel</>, <application>test_shm_mq</>,
       <application>test_parser</>, and <application>worker_spi</>
       from <filename>contrib</> to <filename>src/test/modules</>
       (&Aacute;lvaro Herrera)
      </para>
     </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

    <sect4>
     <title><xref linkend="pgbench"></title>

     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Move pgbench from <filename>contrib</> to <filename>src/bin</>
        (Peter Eisentraut)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow counting of pgbench transactions that take over a specified
        amount of time (Fabien Coelho)
       </para>

       <para>
        This is controlled by new <option>--latency-limit</> option.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow pgbench to generate Gaussian/exponential distributions
        using <command>\setrandom</> (Kondo Mitsumasa, Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        Allow <application>pgbench</>'s <command>\set</> command to handle
        multi-operator expressions (Robert Haas, Fabien Coelho)
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>

    </sect4>

   </sect3>

  </sect2>

 </sect1>
